phd in germany vs australia

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PhD in Germany: All You Must Know

German Universities

Updated on 10 April, 2024

Urvi Agrawal

Germany has become an increasingly popular study destination for PhD students worldwide. Every year, 28,000 students complete their doctoral degrees in Germany, significantly more than in any other European Union country.

With numerous prestigious universities, exceptional research facilities, and low or no tuition fees at public universities, Germany offers an attractive path to a PhD. Let’s learn more about PhD in Germany.

Key highlights, international focus, high living standard at low-cost, exceptional research, freedom to explore your potential, funding opportunities, phd in germany: subjects and specialization, phd in germany admission requirements, phd in germany: document checklist, cost of phd in germany, living expenses in germany, scholarships for phd in germany, salary after phd in germany, why study phd in germany.

A PhD in Germany for Indian students offers several advantages:

About 5,800 international students finish doctorates in Germany yearly, showing it attracts talent worldwide. Notably, English is the primary language of many PhD programs, providing accessibility and inclusivity to international scholars as they can write their PhD thesis in English.

Despite affordable costs, Germany offers a high standard of living, making it attractive for doctoral studies. Public universities charge low or no tuition fees for doctoral programs, easing the financial burden of students.

Germany boasts a strong academic environment and offers an excellent scientific culture with an investment of around 121 billion euros in its research and development sectors. Thus, aspirants will be at the forefront of cutting-edge research.

PhD students in Germany benefit from a supportive and free environment valuing creativity. Moreover, as a PhD student in Germany, you will get to travel to other countries in the European Union for your research, providing ample opportunities for networking and professional growth.

Germany offers extensive funding for promising doctoral candidates. Organizations like the German Academic Exchange Service support 4000+ international doctoral students annually through scholarships. With a good academic record and compelling research proposals, prospective PhD students stand a strong chance of securing financial assistance to pursue their higher studies in Germany.

In Germany, students can pursue their PhD studies in a wider range of subjects or academic disciplines. From the liberal arts to biology, prospective PhD students can explore different fields. Here are ten specializations for PhD programs in Germany.

Medicine and Health
Engineering and Design
Life Sciences
Natural Sciences
Social Sciences and Technology
Computer, Information, and Technology
Environmental Health
Historical Studies

PhD in Germany: Admissions

Getting accepted into PhD programs in Germany involves adhering to specific guidelines and completing essential documentation. Understanding the requirements and compiling the necessary paperwork are crucial steps for individuals aspiring to pursue doctoral studies in Germany.

Here are the admission requirements and document checklists:

The requirements for admission to PhD programs in Germany for international students may differ depending on the university and the discipline. Here are the general requirements for admission to PhD programs.

Applicants are required to possess either a master's degree (MSc) or a Diploma from a German university or a recognized institution. In rare cases, a bachelor's degree (BSc) with honors, equivalent to a 4-year program that includes a thesis, will be considered. Students must have obtained a minimum average grade of 2.5 or equivalent.
English proficiency proof, such as the TOEFL or IELTS, is strongly recommended unless the applicant is a native speaker, or possesses an educational background in English, or has completed six months of study in an English-speaking institution. Usually, an IELTS score of 6.5 and a TOEFL score of 95 are required.
You will also have to submit your GRE/GMAT scores if required by the university.
International students also need to show a minimum of €11,208 per year in their blocked account to obtain a German visa.

Applicants for PhD positions in Germany are generally required to submit a comprehensive set of documents, but the specific requirements may vary depending on the specialization and university. The general documents required are:

Letter of Application
Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Academic Certificates (including graduate and post-graduate)
Motivation Letter or SOP
Language Proficiency Proof
Minimum two Recommendation Letters
Passport Copy
Portrait Picture
GRE/GMAT subject scores

In Germany, students can pursue doctoral studies at public universities with low or no tuition fees. However, you will still need to submit a "semester contribution" every semester, which is essential for financing student services.

This amount varies depending on the university you choose, though it usually varies from €100 to €350. However, private institutions may still charge for their PhD programs. The fees can vary from €2,000–€2,280 per year.

Living expenses, covering accommodation, transportation, and food, are essential for a standard lifestyle. In Germany, these costs are moderate compared to other European nations. They are also generally lower than in Denmark, Luxembourg, or Switzerland.

A student in Germany can expect to spend around €842 monthly. Thus, planning your budget before reaching the country is crucial to manage your finances well.

Here is the average cost of living in Germany for international students:

Source: DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service)

Germany offers a number of merit-based and need-based scholarships to meritorious students across the globe. Below is a comprehensive list of various PhD scholarships available in the country with their details:

Here is a table outlining different roles after a PhD in Germany, along with their expected salaries:

Source: Glassdoor(as of March 2024)

Pursuing a PhD in Germany can pave the way for an enriching and lucrative academic career for students who are passionate about research. Thus, the prospect of living in a vibrant nation with cutting-edge infrastructure makes Germany an ideal destination for a PhD.

Discover More:

Why study in Germany
Cost of Study in Germany
Career Opportunities in Germany
Scholarships in Germany for Indian students
Requirements for study in Germany for Indian Students

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Are there any tuition fees for PhD in Germany for Indian students?

Indian students pursuing a PhD in Germany do not have to pay tuition. Public universities do not charge fees for PhD study, and this includes all international students. Some private universities may charge fees, but fellowship funding or support often covers costs.

Can I pursue a PhD in Germany if I don't speak German?

While knowing German can be helpful, it is not absolutely necessary. Many colleges in Germany currently provide classes taught in English to welcome international students. When pursuing a PhD, candidates often have the flexibility to choose between writing their thesis in English or German.

What are the types of PhD in Germany?

In Germany, doctoral studies offer two primary options: the individual doctorate and structured PhD programs. The individual PhD option includes self-directed research under the guidance of a single professor, while structured programs featuring collaborative supervision and shared coursework. Structured programs may provide funding or stipends, whereas the individual pathway remains the conventional preference for most doctoral candidates in Germany.

Urvi has 3 years of experience as a content writer and marketer. Over years, she has established herself as a study-abroad expert and is adept at crafting compelling and engaging content for students. Self-driven and passionate professional, she likes writing poetry and has authored a poetry book ‘Thoughts of a Wallflower’.

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PhD Percentage by Country / Number of Doctorate Degrees per Country 2024

1. slovenia.

Slovenia is the highest-ranking country in the number of Ph.D. degrees earned by adults between the ages of 25 and 64. 5% of the entire population in Slovenia has a Ph.D. The distribution between Ph.D. adults in Slovenia finds more female doctorates than males. About 4.5% of adult females have a Ph.D., compared to about 3% of adult males in Slovenia.

2. Switzerland

Switzerland has the second-highest rate of Ph.Ds. globally, with nearly 3% of the adult population holding this advanced degree. In Switzerland, men are more likely to hold a Ph.D., representing 4% of the total doctorate population, compared to about 2.5% for female doctorates.

3. Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, 2% of the total population holds a Ph.D. There are several countries tied for 2% of the population with a Ph.D., and almost all of the highly educated countries are in Europe . In Luxembourg, 2.5% of Ph.D. holders are male, compared to 2% female.

4. United States

The United States is tied with European countries when it comes to being a highly educated population. About 2% of the U.S. population holds a Ph.D. Men are more likely than women to have a Ph.D. in the United States, with 2.5% of the Ph.D. candidates male and about 2% female.

Like other countries on our list, Sweden is tied with 2% of the total population holding a doctorate degree. In this country, males and females are just about equal when it comes to this advanced degree. Around 2.5% of males have a Ph.D., while 2.2% of females hold a Ph.D. in Sweden.

6. The United Kingdom

Rounding out our list of highly educated countries with the most Ph.Ds., the United Kingdom has about 2% of the population holding a Ph.D. In the United Kingdom, males and females are pretty close to equal in higher education. Males account for more Ph.D. degrees, with about 2.5%, while females are close behind with nearly 2.3% Ph.Ds.

Another European country on our list of the most Ph.Ds., Germany, has about 2% of its population with a Ph.D. This country sees a more significant discrepancy between males and females when it comes to higher education. About 1.75% of males account for Ph.Ds. awarded, while only about 1% of females have their Ph.D. in Germany.

8. Australia

Breaking up the stranglehold at the top of our list between Europe and the United States, Australia makes the list with the 8th most Ph.D. citizens per capita. In Australia, 2% of the population holds a doctorate degree. Males and females are almost identical regarding Ph.Ds., with males just slightly earning a Ph.D. more frequently. Males account for 1.1% of Ph.Ds. in the country, while females account for 1.0% of the Ph.Ds. awarded in Australia.

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What country has the highest percentage of PhDs?

Frequently asked questions.

What are the characteristics and outcomes of doctoral graduates? - OECD
These countries have the most doctoral graduates - World Economic Forum
List of countries by number of doctorates awarded - Wiki

Nidhi Mehrotra

Germany vs australia which is better for indian students.

Fulfil your Futuristic Academic Goals with AECC

Choosing between Germany and Australia for higher education is a significant decision for Indian students, each offering distinct advantages. Germany is celebrated for its affordable education and a strong focus on research, particularly in science and technology, making it ideal for those seeking quality education at a lower cost. In contrast, Australia is known for its diverse course offerings, vibrant multicultural environment, and excellent post-study work opportunities, appealing to students looking for a dynamic educational experience with broader career prospects. Ultimately, the decision hinges on individual preferences, financial considerations, and career goals, with both countries standing as excellent choices for Indian students.

Eligibility & student visa requirements in germany vs australia.

Education System in Germany vs Australia/a>

Cost of studying in Germany vs Australia

Top universities in germany vs australia, scholarships in germany vs australia, most demand courses in germany vs australia, in-demand jobs & salaries in germany vs australia, pr in germany vs australia.

When planning to study abroad , understanding the eligibility and student visa requirements is crucial. For students torn between Germany and Australia, each country presents its own set of rules and prerequisites. Here's a brief yet comprehensive comparison to guide you through the eligibility and student visa requirements for Germany and Australia.

Education System in Germany vs Australia

For students contemplating overseas education, the choice between Germany and Australia can be influenced significantly by their distinct education systems. Both countries are renowned for their high standards of education, but they offer different experiences and structures. This concise comparison aims to shed light on the education systems in Germany and Australia, helping students make informed decisions.

What are the major differences in the education system of Germany and Australia?

Germany's education system is known for its strong emphasis on research and technical courses, often at a lower cost, while Australia offers a diverse range of courses with a focus on practical skills and a multicultural environment.

Is it more affordable to study in Germany or Australia?

Generally, studying in Germany can be more affordable due to low or no tuition fees at public universities, whereas Australia, while offering a wide range of scholarships, typically has higher tuition and living costs.

What are the post-study work opportunities in Germany and Australia?

Germany offers an 18-month post-study work visa, extendable under certain conditions, while Australia offers various post-study work visa options, including the Temporary Graduate visa (subclass 485), allowing students to work in Australia temporarily after graduation.

How easy is it to obtain a Permanent Residency (PR) in Germany and Australia?

PR pathways vary; in Germany, it involves transitioning from a student visa to an EU Blue Card and then to PR, while in Australia, it involves a points-based system with several visa options based on skills and qualifications.

Can I work while studying in Germany or Australia?

Yes, in both countries, international students are allowed to work part-time during their studies, but the number of allowable working hours per week can vary, so it's important to check the specific visa regulations.

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Germany vs ireland: which is better for indian students, australia vs ireland - which is better to study, mba vs engineering which is better for indian students.

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PhD Studies & Research

Science and research in Germany are characterised by a distinguished infrastructure, a wide variety of disciplines, well-equipped research facilities and competent staff. Germany offers various career opportunities for international PhD students and researchers.

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International perspective: a German student in Australia

Christine mittler shares her experience studying her phd in australia as a german international student.

Christine Mittler

Multiracial friends taking big group selfie shot smiling

My name is Christine Mittler and I am a PhD student in aerospace engineering at the University of Queensland (UQ) in Brisbane. I moved to Australia around five years ago and I am originally from Germany.

In December 2017, I arrived in Melbourne with a working holiday visa and a plan to stay for half a year in Australia before returning to Munich. There is a saying in German that I have heard a few times in Bavaria: “Erstens kommt es anders und zweitens als man denkt”. It translates roughly as “things turn out differently to how you think”.

Dream global, study global: get involved today

I enjoyed my time in Australia so much that I stayed for the whole year. Then I applied for the second-year working holiday visa and started looking into PhD positions in Brisbane. Since two good friends from Edinburgh, where I studied my master’s degree, both did PhDs, I had been thinking about that career path for a while. Both of my friends supported my idea to go back to university.

I searched online for PhD positions in Brisbane. With a master’s in pure mathematics and a passion for space technologies and discoveries, I was thrilled when I found the description of my current position in aerospace engineering. However, I was also concerned whether I would fit in, so I contacted my supervisor and asked for his opinion. He assured me that having a mathematics background would be fine; everything else could be learned throughout the candidature.

I applied for the position, which came with a UQ Research Training Scholarship that covered the full cost of tuition fees. The scholarship was also part of the Research Training Programme, which includes a living allowance stipend. This PhD position is part of a project with the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and included a research stay.

The research group consists of four PhD students in all. Two of the group study at TUM and the other two are enrolled with UQ in Brisbane. This collaboration was initiated and is funded by the TUM International Graduate School of Science and Engineering (IGSSE), the School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering and the Graduate School at UQ.

Luckily, I was accepted for the position. Before the start of my candidature, I visited my family and friends back in Germany, so it was where I applied for the student visa (subclass 500).

Fortunately, my supervisor had provided me with the contact of another student from Germany who was already in Brisbane and who helped me with my visa application.

It is a great idea for anyone who is going to start a position in another country to ask whether there is someone from your home country already at the new place and get their contact details. There are different country-specific requirements and questions in the visa process. For me it was great to be able to ask someone who had already gone through the process.

Everything you need to know about studying in Germany How much does it cost to study in Germany as an international student? Scholarships available in Germany for international students

I arrived in Brisbane in January 2020, staying for the first two weeks in a hostel (Somewhere to Stay Backpackers) while I was inspecting places to live. This is another tip for long-term living arrangements in a foreign country: I recommend booking temporary accommodation at the beginning, then it is easy to view places in person instead of organising accommodation from a different country.

This works especially well in Australia because the rental market is such that you can usually move in very soon after finding a place. If the stay is only short, it is probably worth investing a little more money and staying somewhere convenient and central so you can make the most of your time abroad.

I found a room in an old Queenslander (a kind of wooden house that is very common in Queensland) in Annerley. The location was close enough to the university campus that I could ride there on the bike I found on Facebook marketplace.

Facebook marketplace is the common platform for second-hand things here in Brisbane. Many of the things you need in a new household can be found either there or at Kmart, which sells cheap household equipment.

On my first day at university, I rode my bicycle over the Green Bridge, which is only for pedestrians, buses and bicycles, to campus, where my supervisors showed me around and helped me settle in.

The UQ campus in Brisbane is located in the suburb of St Lucia. From Brisbane’s CBD it is possible to reach it in many different ways: by bicycle, by bus, by car, by motorcycle, on foot or by ferry. I have tried all the above options. In my opinion, taking the ferry is the nicest and most special one. You can stand at the front of the boat and feel the refreshing breeze in your face when it takes off while seeing amazing views of the city.

The river in Brisbane is unique. It is very bendy, so I do not recommend trying to orientate around the city according to which side of the river you are on. It depends on where you are: you can be either south or north of the river without being further south or north than before. I also recommend you avoid swimming in it because it is home to bull sharks. And take the ferry to campus only if you have a lot of time because it is one of the slower transport options.

On campus, there are lots of shops that sell food throughout the semesters. As a PhD student, semester dates do not apply for your research work, so be aware that some of the food shops and cafés will be closed in the semester breaks.

For students new to the campus, I suggest you invest your money and time trying out various cafés to find one that you really like. How rewarding is it having a coffee in your favourite place after some hard work?

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How to Apply for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding, & FAQs

If you’re considering advancing your academic journey with a PhD and have a passion for conducting research in your field, Germany could be an excellent destination for you. With its top-tier universities, exciting research opportunities, financial support, and diverse culture, Germany stands out as an excellent choice for PhD studies.

These are the main steps to doing a PhD in Germany:

Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor

Decide Between Individual and Structured PhD Programs
Meet All Requirements & Prepare Your Application

Apply for Doctoral Studies

Secure funding, get a student visa or resident permit, arrive in germany and begin your phd program, why pursue a phd in germany.

Here are some compelling reasons to pursue a PhD in Germany:

Top universities. Germany boasts four universities ranked in the top 100 globally, offering access to world-class education and research facilities.
International student community. Germany welcomes a diverse and thriving international student community, with over 458,210 international students studying across the country.
Abundant research institutions. Germany’s 1,000+ publicly funded research institutions, spanning universities, applied sciences, research institutes, businesses, and government bodies, offer countless opportunities for collaboration and networking.
Investment in research and development. Germany’s commitment to research and development is evident through its increasing expenditure, which reached a record high of 112.6 billion euros in 2021.
Strong economy. Germany is known for its robust and stable economy, offering potential career opportunities in academia, industry, and research sectors after completing your PhD.

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany

Below, you will find all the steps you need to take, from discovering your perfect program to submitting your application and commencing your PhD adventure in Germany.

To start your PhD in Germany, define your research focus by considering your interests and academic background. Explore resources, attend conferences, and connect with professors. Use online sources, engage with academic communities, and seek advice from current PhD students for insights into the research scene.

If you’re already clear about your research direction, it’s time to search for suitable programs. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) provides a comprehensive database of current opportunities, which you can explore at the DAAD PhD Database . Additionally, consider researching universities in Germany individually to understand what each institution offers in terms of research and programs.

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You will also have to find a supervisor. One way to do so is by visiting university websites to find faculty directories with profiles of professors and their research interests. Contact professors whose work aligns with your research interests, express your interest and inquire about supervision opportunities.

> You can search PhD programs using the GERiT database , which features over 31,000 research institutions.

Types of PhD Programs in Germany

Before you start searching for a PhD program, it’s essential to understand that in Germany, there are two different paths you can take when pursuing a PhD, each with its own set of advantages and opportunities.

Individual PhD Programs

An individual doctorate program is considered the more common and traditional PhD route in Germany. It is a flexible and self-directed path to earning a doctoral degree, particularly in fields like humanities and social sciences. You take the initiative to find a supervisor (called “Doktorvater” or “Doktormutter”) for your research project and often suggest your research topic.

There’s no fixed curriculum, giving you the freedom to set your research timeline and choose coursework. This approach requires self-discipline and active networking, including participation in doctoral candidate meetings and research events.

Structured PhD Programs

Structured PhD programs in Germany offer a clear path to a PhD degree, typically lasting three to five years. Unlike individual doctorate studies, they include a curriculum, research proposal submission that has to fit an existing program, and a set timeline for coursework and research.

Candidates benefit from advisor supervision and are encouraged to collaborate across disciplines, making structured programs ideal if you’re seeking a guided and comprehensive doctoral experience.

Ensure You Meet All Requirements & Prepare the Application

The requirements and application documents for a PhD in Germany can vary depending on your chosen institution and research area. However, as a general guideline, you should prepare the following:

Academic degree recognized in Germany. Typically, you’ll need a master’s degree or a German state examination (Staatsexamen) to qualify for a PhD program.
Copy of master’s thesis. Provide a copy of your master’s thesis, showcasing your research skills and the depth of your academic work.
Research proposal. Craft a clear and comprehensive research proposal outlining your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and significance.
Statement of purpose. Write a statement of purpose explaining why you wish to pursue a PhD in your chosen field, your academic and career goals, and how this program aligns with your aspirations.
Curriculum Vitae (CV). Prepare a detailed CV highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, relevant coursework, publications, and any other qualifications.
Proof of language proficiency. Depending on the language of instruction (usually German or English), you may have to provide proof of language proficiency. You can do this with certificates like TestDaF, DSH, TOEFL, IELTS, or proof of previous studies in the language.
Academic references. You may need to provide contact information or recommendation letters from professors or academic advisors confirming your academic abilities and research potential.
Predoctoral examination. Some programs may require you to pass a predoctoral examination as part of the application process.

Once you’ve found a suitable PhD program and a mentor, and your academic qualifications are recognized in Germany, you can start your application. Depending on the university or research institute, you can apply online or by post, so it’s essential to check their specific requirements. Keep in mind that admission committees are selective and may conduct interviews to admit the best candidates.

Securing funding is a crucial step when preparing for a PhD in Germany. To meet visa requirements and stay in the country, you must demonstrate access to a minimum of €934 per month, totaling €11,208 annually. This proof can be provided through an admission agreement or relevant contract, or you can open a blocked account with individual funds.

There are various ways to financially support yourself while pursuing a PhD in Germany:

PhD scholarships. DAAD offers the highest number of doctoral scholarships. PhD students get an average monthly stipend of €1,139.
Paid PhD positions. Many universities and research institutions offer paid PhD positions in Germany. You will have a contract and work on specific research projects while receiving a salary.
Research associate positions. You can also work as a research associate in a university, research institution, or company and receive a salary as compensation.
Part-time jobs. Some PhD students/researchers work part-time jobs that are not related to their studies to secure additional income.

> Read more about the costs associated with studying in Germany.

> Explore scholarship opportunities.

Once your acceptance into the PhD program is confirmed by the university or institution, you can begin the process of applying for a student visa or residence permit. The PhD visa or permit requirements for Germany can vary depending on your nationality and individual circumstances:

Visa Requirements

Citizens of the EU, the European Economic Area (EEA), and Switzerland do not need any special permit or visa to pursue a PhD in Germany. They can research and work with just a valid passport or ID card.

For international researchers who are not citizens of the EU, EEA, or Switzerland, a visa will be required to work as a researcher in Germany.

The type of visa you need depends on your specific situation:

Study visa. If you’re pursuing a full-time doctoral program, you may apply for a student visa.
Research visa. If your focus is on research and you have a formal affiliation with a research institution in Germany, you can apply for a research visa.
EU Blue Card. If your PhD offer includes a gross annual salary of at least €45,300 (or €41,041.80 in certain professions), you may be eligible for an EU Blue Card, which is a special residence title for international academics.

Residence Permit Requirements

Once you arrive in Germany, you’ll need to apply for a residence permit based on the visa you have:

Study permit. If you’re accepted into a PhD program at a German university, you can get a study-based residence permit for up to two years, extendable.
Research permit. If you’re a researcher with the right qualifications for doctoral programs, you can get a research permit for Germany. This requires a contract with a research institution for your project.
EU Blue Card. You may be eligible for the EU Blue Card, which is for foreign academics and qualified workers in Germany. To get it through a PhD offer, your salary should be at least €45,300 per year, or €41,041.80 for certain bottleneck professions .

*Note that nationals of certain countries , including the United States, Australia, Israel, Japan, and Korea, who are not required to obtain a visa, must still apply for a residence permit.

> For more specific information tailored to your situation, we recommend contacting the German embassy or consulate in your home country. You can also use this visa navigator.

Arriving in Germany and commencing your PhD program is an exciting step, but there are certain formalities you need to take care of. The international office at the university or a representative can guide you, however here are the main things to take care of once you’re in the country:

Register Your Residence

Shortly after your arrival, you must register your residence at the local registration office (Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt). This is mandatory, and you typically have a window of two weeks to complete this process.

Obtain Health Insurance

Everyone in Germany, including international PhD students, is obligated by law to have health insurance coverage . The type of health insurance you are eligible for depends on the source of your funding:

Doctoral candidates with an employment contract are typically insured automatically with a state-regulated health insurance provider (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung -GKV)
Doctoral candidates without an employment contract (with a fellowship or private funding) may choose between:
Voluntary health insurance coverage with a state-regulated provider.
Coverage with a private health insurance company.

Some exceptions allow you to retain your insurance from your home country, such as students from a European Union (EU) country or other countries with social security agreements with Germany.

Open a Bank Account

It’s advisable to open a German bank account as soon as possible. Many financial transactions in Germany, including receiving your stipend or salary, are typically done through a German bank account.

Enrollment at University

If your PhD program requires enrollment at a university, you’ll need to complete this step. Submit the necessary documents to the university’s enrollment office, which may include your admission letter, passport, proof of health insurance, and proof of financial means.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

There’s a lot to think about when you’re considering pursuing a PhD, especially if it’s in a foreign country. We’re sure you’ve got more questions, and we’re here to help.

What Is the Duration of a PhD Program in Germany?

In general, a PhD program in Germany typically lasts between three to six years.

The duration of a PhD program in Germany can vary depending on several factors, including the university, the subject area, and individual progress.

Are PhD Programs in Germany Tuition-Free?

Most PhD programs in Germany are tuition-free, at least for the first six semesters. However, if you are enrolled at a university, you will need to cover a semester fee. This can vary depending on the university but usually falls within the range of €100 to €350.

Is Knowing German Mandatory to Pursue a PhD in Germany?

Knowing German is not always mandatory to pursue a PhD in Germany. Many German universities offer PhD programs in English, especially in fields like science, engineering, and the humanities. In such programs, you can write your thesis and communicate with professors and peers in English.

However, language requirements differ by university and department. If your program is in German, you might need to prove your proficiency. Knowing German can also be helpful for daily life and integration if you’re living in Germany.

Will I Get a PhD Salary in Germany?

PhD candidates in Germany, whether affiliated with universities, research institutions, or companies collaborating with them, typically receive financial support in the form of a salary or grant.

The majority of doctoral positions are structured under the TV-L (Tarifvertrag im Öffentlichen Dienst) salary scale, often falling within the TV-L 13 category, with a salary range spanning from €4,188 (Tier 1) to €6,037 (Tier 6).

Salaries are typically determined based on a wage agreement that specifies the contract tier (Stufe) and working hours (percentage-based). Many entry-level PhD students start with tier 1 contracts that are not full-time. For example, if your contract places you in Pay Group E-13 Tier 1 of the TV-L and you work at 75% capacity, your monthly gross salary will be €3,141.

Can I Work While Pursuing a PhD in Germany?

It’s generally allowed for PhD students in Germany to have part-time jobs to cover living expenses. However, the rules and expectations can vary depending on your supervisor, field of study, and specific circumstances.

While part-time work is an option, keep in mind that pursuing a PhD can be quite demanding, often requiring long hours of research and study. It’s essential to find the right balance between work and your academic commitments. Additionally, make sure to be aware of any legal and contractual obligations related to your employment while studying for your PhD.

What Is the Process for Defending a PhD Thesis in Germany?

In Germany, defending your PhD thesis involves several steps. You start by submitting your thesis and necessary documents, making sure they meet all the formal requirements. A commission is formed, and you may have the opportunity to suggest reviewers.

Then, you will have to prepare and undergo an oral defense, which can be either public or private and typically lasts between 30 minutes to 2 hours. During this, you present your research and discuss it with the committee.

The outcome of this discussion determines your final grade, which you receive after the defense. If everything goes well, you’re granted the Ph.D. title and have about two years to publish your dissertation.

What Are the Career Prospects After Completing a PhD in Germany?

After completing a PhD in Germany, career prospects are promising. Graduates often find opportunities in academia as professors or researchers or in various industries, including technology, healthcare, and finance. Germany’s strong economy and research-oriented environment make it an attractive place for career development.

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Studying in Germany vs. Australia: What You Need to Know

If you are an international student looking for a study destination, you may be wondering whether Germany or Australia is the best choice. Both countries have a lot to offer, but there are some crucial differences that you need to consider before deciding. In this article, we will compare and contrast the two countries in terms of tuition fees, living costs, university admission rate, option to work while studying, taxes, visa requirements, opportunity to live and work after graduating, the number of international students, location, safety, health system, employability after graduating, language barrier and weather. We hope this information will help you make an informed decision about where to pursue your higher education.

Why are Germany and Australia popular among international students?

Germany and Australia are popular study destinations for international students because they both offer high-quality education. In addition, the two countries provide you the opportunity to work while studying, which can help offset the cost of living and tuition. Each country has its pros and cons, so choosing where to study is subject to personal fit. For example, Germany is famous for its free education, while Australia is known for its nature and wildlife.

Deciding factors when choosing a study destination

These factors should serve as a guideline when you are making your decision. Of course, your decision will eventually be influenced by the lifestyle you want to follow, your budget, and your field of study.

Tuition fees

In Germany, tuition fees are free at most public universities for EU and non-EU students. Even if you have to pay a tuition fee at a private university in Germany, the cost is still generally cheaper than in any other country (between €2,000 and €20,000). In Australia, the cost of studying is on the higher side. Tuition fees for international students in Australia can range from AUD$20,000 to $30,000 per year , depending on the educational institution and the course of study.

Living costs

The cost of living in Germany is significantly lower than in Australia. Rent for a one-bedroom apartment in a major city like Berlin can be as low as €700 per month, while in Sydney, you can expect to pay at least AUD$2,000 per month. Groceries and other daily necessities are cheaper in Germany, perfect for international students on a budget.

University admission rate

Germany has a relatively low university admission rate, with less than 30% of applicants accepted into their chosen programs. This aspect could make things difficult for those wanting to pursue their dreams of studying for free in the country. In Australia, the admissions rate is higher, with some even as high as 85%. This factor makes it more attractive for international students to apply to Australian universities as it may be easier to get into.

Option to work while studying

In Germany, international students are allowed to work full-time or part-time, up to 120 full days or 240 half days per year while studying. In Australia, the rules are a bit more lenient, with students able to work for 20 hours per week during term time and virtually no limits during the holidays. However, keep in mind that international students in Australia are constantly being exploited by their employers as they struggle to fund the high costs of living and tuition fees.

In Germany, income tax is charged between 14% and 45%. In Australia, the tax rate is slightly lower, with most students paying an average of 15.5% on their earnings. In both countries, you only get taxed when you earn above a certain threshold. Your income is tax-free if you make less than €9,984 per year in Germany, while in Australia, you only get taxed when you earn above AUD$18,000.

Visa requirements

International students must obtain a student visa to study in Germany or Australia. The process for applying for a visa is similar in both countries, but there are some critical differences you should be aware of. For example, to apply for a student visa for Germany, you must have proof of financial support for your studies, such as a Blocked Account , whereas this is not required for an Australian student visa.

Option to live and work after graduating

After graduation, international students can stay in Germany for 18 months to find full-time employment. In Australia, graduates can continue in the country for two years. The job prospects in both countries are good, and you also have the option to earn above-average minimum wage.

Number of international students

Over 350,000 international students are studying in Germany, making it one of the most popular non-English study destinations for international students worldwide. There are over 500,000 international students in Australia.

Germany is located in the heart of Europe and offers easy access to other countries on the continent. If you need a weekend getaway, a trip to a beautiful country, such as Spain or Italy, is just a drive, train, or plane ride away. Australia is located further away from other nearby destinations, making international travel more expensive and time-consuming.

Germany is considered a safe country to live in for international students. The police are highly efficient and reliable. While Australia's general level of safety is high, there are a few natural threats to watch out for, such as jellyfishes, spiders, snakes, and crocodiles.

Health system

German healthcare system relies on a mandatory health insurance system. This factor implies that all Germans and international students must have health insurance. In Australia, the healthcare system is not as centrally organized, meaning that there can be a wide variety of options for healthcare coverage via private insurers.

Employability after graduating

German degrees are highly respected worldwide, and graduates often find it easy to obtain work in their field. Graduates from German universities are highly employable, and some even went on to build $1 billion startups in less than a year .

Australian degrees are also highly respected. However, a recent report shows that graduates in the country struggle to find work related to their study field.

Language barrier

The language barrier can be a challenge for students studying in Germany or Australia. In Germany, most universities offer courses taught in English, but some classes may only be provided in German. However, most universities offer German language courses in preparation for your class. In Australia, you’ll mainly find courses in English, as it is the country's official language.

Germany has a temperate climate, with average temperatures ranging from negative degrees Celsius in winter to 25 degrees Celsius in summer. The weather is more varied in Australia, with tropical climates in the north and temperate climates in the south. Some parts of Australia also experience extreme heat, with the hottest temperature recorded at 50.7 degrees Celsius as recent as 2022.

Germany is known for its rich culture and history. There is a lot to explore in the country – from art and architecture to music and food. Australia is also a culturally diverse country with a unique history. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are an essential part of Australian society, and there are many multicultural festivals and events celebrating the country's diversity.

So, should you study in Germany or Australia?

In conclusion, there are many factors to consider when deciding whether to study in Germany or Australia. Both countries have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. It is essential to do your research and select what is right for you.

Before deciding, consider your academic goals, budget, lifestyle preferences, and other factors. Whichever country you choose, you can be sure that you will have a fantastic experience studying abroad!

Study in France vs. Germany: The Complete Guide

Germany or UK to Study: Which is Best for Students?

Studying in Spain vs. Germany: Which is better?

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11 Secrets of a PhD in Europe vs USA that Matter

A PHD in Europe or USA?

They’re VERY different!

If you are trying to decide between pursuing a PhD in the USA vs a PhD in the UK, you should think more about which fits you best. There are 11 major differences between the two systems and you need to choose the one that fits you best:

Masters Degree

Typically, in Europe, you would join a PhD program after completing your Master’s degree. In the US, you would spend a few years taking courses (alongside research) to get your Master’s degree.

If you already have a Master’s degree, you may get a course waiver, which could reduce the time needed to complete your PhD.

Most of the US universities ask for GRE and TOEFL in your application for PhD program. But this not mandatory for PhD in europe, including UK and German universities. Though TOEFL, preferably above 90, is highly recommended for international students.

Choose your project before starting your PhD

For PhD in the UK (and Europe) , you need to choose a project before starting your PhD program.

This is different from the US , where you typically apply to a department for your PhD first and your thesis and research evolves in a year or two.

There are no class requirements for a PhD in the UK . You begin your research right away. The assumption is PhD students know their research areas. After all, you start by applying to a professor / lecturer with a research area in mind.

Now, that might be true for some students. Others may want to get exposed to new ideas and potential research topics. In addition, they may also want to have a wider peer group that gets formed in classes.

PhD in US vs Europe: Time to completion

PhD programs in the UK (and rest of Europe) take around 3 to 4 years to complete .

After a PhD in the UK, students generally go on to their postdoctoral research.

In the US , a PhD may take up to 5 or 6 years.

After a PhD in the US , students tend to go directly from graduation to academia or research jobs without a postdoc.

In many UK (and European) universities, there are firm guidelines on just how long a PhD takes and those are more important than individual decisions by a student’s advisers. In comparison, in the US, some students can fly through their PhD in 3 years with tremendous amounts of research, while others can take as long as 8 to 10 years to complete their PhD.

There are different systems within Europe.

In Sweden and other Scandinavian countries, a PhD takes 4 to 5 years and includes additional teaching duties. Students in these schools are considered as employees. They receive monthly salaries which are comparable to the salaries earned by graduate students working in various industries and are taxable as well. A PhD student is allowed to either present or attend at least one conference anywhere in the world, expenses for which are taken care of by the research group.

In Germany, a 4-year PhD is considered too long and funding might not be available after the first three years of the PhD program.

Work-life balance

This point is less about the PhD in question, and more about the cultural difference between the UK (and Europe) and the US, but this could be a factor in your decision making if you are particular about the type of culture around you and the kind of lifestyle you wish to have.

The PhD lifestyle is much more relaxed in the UK (and in Europe). You will have more time for yourself as well as your friends and family in the UK, while pursuing your PhD.

In the US, PhD students are often overworked with more teaching and grading responsibilities. They also have a lot of class work.

PhD in UK vs US: Hierarchical Structure

In the US, PhD students report to and directly interact with their professors, but some of the PhD programs in the UK are headed by the Professor but there is also a Reader and a Lecturer. Students sometimes feel this hampers their flexibility to work, while restricting their exposure to the lab as well as the head of the lab.

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Future opportunities.

Some students feel that the US offers more opportunities to PhD students in academia as well as jobs. This can be true as the US has many universities offering teaching positions as well as companies offering jobs to PhD students.

However, irrespective of whether you earn your PhD from Europe or the US, some experts say you may have to hustle to find a great job after your PhD.

Different Stipend (salary)

For most PhD in the UK (and Europe), stipend (or salary) comes centrally from the universities or from Government research organizations. These stipends (or salaries) may be limited to only 3 years.

In the US , stipend (or salary) comes directly from your supervisor without any limitation on the duration of the PhD. Unlike in big US universities, there are fewer TA responsibilities for PhD students in UK universities.

In many cases, you don’t need to pay tax on your income as a graduate student in the UK (and Europe).

In Germany , international PhD students are funded for 3 years by the German government.

Less Publications

In the UK , you have less chances of getting published . Your time is more focused on your thesis document.

Less Chance of Faculty Position Afterwards

In the US , students opt for faculty positions after receiving their PhD .

This isn’t necessarily the case with PhD students in the UK , who opt for postdoc positions to remain in academia.

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More Similarity Than Differences

The UK (and European) universities are being influenced by the US system. Many UK universities’ Computer Science schools have Doctoral Training Programs which are essentially 4-year PhD programs, with the first year focused on teaching. These programs offer more flexibility about what you end up doing and who you end up working with. Also, these programs often are sponsored by industries, which means these have higher stipends and you may get an adviser in industry.

So, which one to choose – UK (or Europe) PhD vs US PhD?

Apart from the factors mentioned above, you should focus on the quality of the research group and reputation of the professor. You should look at the top conferences about your topic of interest and note where the papers come from. That’s your best clue as to which university / school you should choose.

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Two ways to get your PhD

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A doctorate is the highest academic degree that a university can award. In Germany, studying for a doctorate primarily means working intensely on a specific subject or research project for a long period of time. It typically takes five to six years to obtain a doctorate, though the length of time can vary.

How to obtain a PhD in Germany

If you decide to do a doctorate, you can choose between different forms of study. Depending on your discipline, research area, personal circumstances and formal qualifications, there are two different paths:

Individual doctorate The individual doctorate is based on independent research carried out alone under the supervision of one professor. This is the traditional path followed by over three quarters of all doctoral students in Germany.
Structured PhD programmes These programmes offer a form of study similar to that found in English-speaking countries. You will be supervised by a team and will attend courses, lectures and seminars together with other doctoral students. Normally, such programmes are publicly advertised and often feature grants or paid doctoral positions.

Individual doctorate

Two researchers are sitting in comfortable chairs and are discussing a book.

DAAD/Jan Zappner

The "traditional" or "individual" path to a PhD remains the most common in Germany. An individual doctorate involves a thesis or dissertation that is produced under the supervision of one professor .

This form of PhD study offers a great deal of flexibility , but also demands a high degree of personal initiative and responsibility . A professor supervises a PhD student, who works on his or her subject in consultation with the professor, but largely independently .

How long a traditional individual doctorate takes depends on your own time schedule – or on the duration of your work contract. On average, you can expect it to take five to six years . Although a university is normally responsible for the doctoral process, you can also carry out your research at other institutions.

Depending on your subject, research area and interests, you can choose whether to work on a research project and your PhD at a university or non-university research institute – or indeed in industry. However, no matter where you conduct your research, a professor will always supervise your PhD.

You can obtain a doctorate by pursuing research:

at a university
at a non-university research institute or
in a German company

PhD at a university

The "typical" PhD student in Germany works – usually part-time – as a research associate at his or her university. Although research is generally part of the job description, most of the associate’s own doctoral research usually has to be carried out outside working hours. How closely teaching, research and/or administrative duties are actually tied into the doctoral student’s own research depends very much on the individual situation.

PhD at a non-university research institute

Non-university research establishments – such as the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft , Helmholtz Association , Leibniz Association and Max Planck Society – offer an excellent research environment in which to conduct your research. These institutions do not have the right to award doctorates themselves, but collaborate with universities for that purpose. They offer PhD students scholarships and/or (usually fixed-term) contracts of employment – or a combination of the two. However, support is also possible in the form of regular research posts, which are especially typical of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and the Max Planck Society.

PhD in industry

Graduates who decide to work in industry and study for a doctorate part-time – often with funding and support from their employer – also need a university professor to supervise their research. In some cases, the employer will already be collaborating with a university or research institute and can help the PhD student find the right supervisor.

People who have PhD research posts within a company usually have part-time temporary contracts and work on a research project that allows them to pursue their doctoral research under the supervision of a professor. When a university and an industrial company collaborate in specially established institutes, doctoral researchers usually work on their projects with their professor and a supervisor from the company.

More information:

Find your individual doctorate

The traditional individual path to a doctorate remains the most common in Germany. In this case, the doctoral student works for the most part independently on their thesis, though in consultation with their supervising professor.

Structured PhD programmes

Three researchers are standing at a whiteboard and are looking towards the camera laughing. The one in the middle holds a pen in her hand holding it near the whiteboard as if she was interrupted in writing something on it.

DAAD/Volker Lannert

Structured doctoral programmes often have a strong international orientation with English as the team language. Unlike the individual doctorate model that can be freely structured to suit the individual research project, here doctoral students and their research proposals have to fit in with an existing PhD programme.

The doctorate frequently entails a clearly structured doctoral study programme with compulsory attendance at lectures or seminars and interim assessment (credit points). The programme frequently also covers academic and scientific methods or soft skills , such as presentation techniques.

As a rule, PhD Students work steadily at realising their research project within the team and with intensive support from a group of academic staff (often referred to as the “thesis committee”).

The duration of your studies is generally limited to three to five years, and there is usually a fixed curriculum within which you work toward your doctorate and write your thesis.

Find your structured PhD programme

Though no database containing all structured PhD programmes in Germany is available yet, we can point you in the direction of databases that will help you find what you are looking for nonetheless, where to obtain information about eligibility requirements and how to apply.

Check out our brochure:

Doing a phd in germany (2019, 40 pages).

This booklet for (prospective) international doctoral students presents the different options for doing a doctorate in Germany. It explains the formal requirements and gives some practical advice on finding the right supervisor or doctoral programme. It also outlines different sponsorship and funding options.

The Expatrist

Which Country Is Better To Live In: Germany or Australia?

Germany and Australia are both wealthy, developed countries with a high standard of living. Both countries offer good opportunities for education and employment. However, this doesn’t mean that either country is necessarily better than the other. The decision of which country to live in depends on your individual preferences and priorities.

In this article, we help you decide on the best country to live in between these two. We compare and contrast the two countries regarding the weather, lifestyle, populations, healthcare, jobs, salaries, economy, and cost of living. Hopefully, this information will help you make an informed decision about where to live.

Living in Germany vs Australia

Notably, there are some clear differences between the two countries. Germany has a much higher population density than Australia, and its cities are generally much more crowded. This can make life in Germany feel more hectic and fast-paced than in Australia.

Australia, on the other hand, is a much more spacious country. It has a lower population density, and its cities tend to be more spread out. This, on the other hand, can make Australia feel more relaxed and laid-back than Germany.

Both countries have a lot to offer, but you need to consider the following crucial differences before making a decision:

Living in Australia vs USA: Pros and Cons

Generally, Australia is a warmer country compared to Germany. Australia has the following four seasons across the country:

Summer: December to March (average temperature of 29 °C)
Autumn: March to May (from 12.7 to 22.7°C)
Winter: June to August (average temperature of 13 °C)
Spring: September to November (11 – 23°C)

German summers are hot, and the winters are cold and snowy, but rains are common and unpredictable during all seasons. The average summer temperature is 22°C, while in winter, it goes up to 3°C.

The maximum temperatures in Germany are usually -10°C in winter and 35°C in summer. The country has numerous states, each with a unique landscape; this causes the weather to vary from one area to another.

Below is a table showing a summary of the climate in Germany and Australia:

Lifestyle

Germany and Australia have very enormously diverse lifestyles. Australia’s lifestyle is quite laid back compared to the German lifestyle.

Australians are pretty easygoing and friendly, even to foreigners, as they tend to value good friendships and neighborhoods.

Australia has some of the most beautiful natural landscapes globally; hence, most people enjoy outdoor activities. They value connecting with the earth through nature, part of Australian culture for more than 50,000 years.

Australians love sports; the continent has received awards severally for being the world’s sports capital. According to data by Clearinghouse for Sport , 70% of Australia’s total population participates in one sports activity at least once a week.

On the other hand, Germany’s lifestyle is very private and involves straightforward structure and routines in their life. Germans have high demands for punctuality from their acquaintances, friends, and business partners.

The lifestyle of a typical worker in Germany usually consists of balancing work and social life. They are very high-skilled and diplomatic at work but love the outdoors, sharing meals, and drinking beer after work or over the weekends.

Germans are very active and engage in many sports, such as football , leading to a healthy life. Nonetheless, obesity in younger people has been increasing in this country.

Related: Which country is better for living: Australia or the UK?

Is It Better To Live in the UK or Australia?

Germany is approximately 357,022 sq km, while Australia is approximately 7,741,220 sq km, making Australia 68% larger than Germany.

Nonetheless, According to Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data , the population in Germany is 802 million. This is 54.7 million higher than Australia, with approximately 26 million people.

The life expectancy for females in Australia is slightly higher than in Germany at 85 years, while women in Germany are 83 years. The life expectancy of men in Australia is somewhat higher at 81 years, while Germany’s is at 79 years.

Below is a table showing summary details on both Germany’s and Australia’s populations:

Both Australia and Germany offer free, publicly funded healthcare .

In Germany, statutory contributions fund healthcare, making it freely available to all residents and citizens. At the same time, one can also take out private health insurance to replace or top up state cover.

The Federal Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy in Germany. The Joint Federal Committee regulates the sector.

Australia uses the medicare health system, which is the government’s public health insurance scheme. This system provides Australian residents with free treatment for an optometrist, dental care, psychology services, and treatment by doctors.

The services available through the Medicare healthcare system vary depending on whether you are an Australian citizen, overseas visitor, or visa holder.

The needs and entitlements of an individual are influenced by many components, such as the nature and degree of their health status, age, gender, location, and cultural background.

Is Healthcare Free in Germany?

Both Germany and Australia have numerous exciting job opportunities for foreigners and locals.

There are plenty of job opportunities in all industries in Germany, but most of them are concentrated in the STEM fields.

Alongside jobs in German, many English-speaking positions are available for expats. Tech and IT have the majority of vacancies for non-German speakers since the jobs involve little to no human interaction.

To get them, you have to meet specific qualifications and have experience. Lower manual work jobs are usually done by German-speaking people, with the exception of the hospitality and tourism industry.

Employees enjoy several benefits when working in Germany. It includes health, pension, unemployment insurance, paid vacation, and parental leave. Workers also rarely do overtime.

Germany regularly needs foreign workers, from highly qualified expats to common laborers. The immense opportunities with the highest salaries are within STEM industries, such as IT, research, and engineering.

It’s essential to have qualifications to work in Germany as a non-EU national. Sticking to the job for at least two years can get you permanent residency in Germany when coming on an EU Blue Card.

In Australia, there are numerous job opportunities in all fields. However, the top jobs in Australia are in accounting, education, computer system design, hospitality, and medical services.

Regarding the unemployment rate, both Australia and Germany have low rates, below the OECD average of 5.6 %. Australia ranks number 20 among the countries with the lowest unemployment, with a current rate of 5.2%, while Germany is at 5.3% in 2022.

Check out the most in-demand jobs in Germany in 2022 .

According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany , an employee in Germany earns an average of 3,810 EUR per month before taxes. Salaries in the country range from 960 EUR to 17,000 EUR.

The average monthly wage includes transport, housing, and other benefits. Salaries vary drastically between different careers.

What Expats Need To Know About Average Gross Salary – Germany Before Moving

Individual salaries can vary significantly from this figure, as they are affected by career path, age, working hours, seniority, experience in the industry, and geographical location.

Below is a table showing the average salary in Germany by industry based on the 2022 German salary report:

On the other hand, an employee in Australia usually earns approximately AU$90,800 (60,831 EUR) per year or 5,069 EUR per month gross.

It’s significantly higher than in Germany. Salaries range from AU$23,000 (15,408 EUR) to AU$405,000 (271,330 EUR).

Below is a table showing the average salary for different occupations in Australia:

What Is A Good Salary in Australia? [Average Salaries 2023]

Both Germany and Australia have strong and resilient economies, which have been leading globally for years. The automotive industry remains the most productive in Germany, with 436 billion euros per annum earnings.

The vehicle manufacturing industry also secures earnings for other sectors. Mainly because it has close links with companies in the metal, chemical, textile, electrical engineering, and steel industries.

Another industry that generates high returns in Germany is the healthcare industry, generating approximately 372 billion euros per year.

The electrical industry and electrical engineering usually generate 191 billion euros per year. With a broad portfolio of services, these sectors offer various employment opportunities.

On the other hand, Australia is highly developed with a mixed-market economy. According to data from the World Bank , Australia has the 18th and 13th largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP and nominal GDP (Gross Domestic Product), respectively.

Additionally, it’s the 20th-largest goods importer and 25th-largest exporter globally.

The Australian economy is dominated by the service sector, which comprises 62.7% of the GDP and employs 78.8% of the labor force.

Australia has numerous natural resources which immensely contribute to its economy; these resources are valued at $19.98 trillion.

Cost of living

The cost of living in Germany is pretty low compared to Australia . The average cost of living for a single person in Australia is AU$3,537 (2,353 EUR) per month. It’s at least 9% more expensive than in Germany (2,160 EUR).

Read how much you need to live in Germany as a single.

However, in reality, Australia is significantly more expensive if we consider cities like Sydney and Melbourne . Australia ranks 16th among the most expensive countries to live in, while Germany ranks 31st.

As a household in Australia, you are likely to spend, on average, AU$2,200 (1,473 EUR) per week or about AU$8,000 (5,359 EUR) per month.

This estimate includes home loans or rents at an average of AU$600 a week, followed by food and eating out at AU$400 (267 EUR), and insurance and other financial services at AU$200 (133 EUR).

Housing – AU$2,400
Food – AU$1,600
Insurances and others – AU$800
Total: at least AU$4,800 or 3,194 EUR per month

In Germany, the cost of living varies depending on your location and way of life. However, on average, you’ll require about 1,500 EUR per month and at least 18,000 EUR per year to live comfortably as a single. A family of four will need 3,906 EUR per month to live a good life in Germany.

All the prices for entertainment, food, clothes, accommodation and other bills in Germany are usually in line or even cheaper than the EU average.

Cost of Living for a Family in Germany [2023 Guide]

The US, UK, Canada, Australia or Germany: Where should I go for higher studies?

In the age of information and ease of mobility across borders, more and more Bangladeshi students are choosing to pursue their higher studies abroad. According to Unesco data, roughly 70,000 – 90,000 Bangladeshi students each year travel abroad for education purposes.

However, travelling abroad for students who come from middle-class and upper-middle-class families can be a daunting task, given the minimal support structure and the high cost of living in host countries.

Higher studies are often considered an investment, only pursued when the expected return exceeds the short-term costs. Hence, it is important to make an informed decision before pursuing higher studies at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

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One of the many important decisions concerns the choice of the destination country. The United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Canada, Germany etc, are some of the more prominent countries to host international students. However, each country differs from the other in aspects, such as the number of highly-ranked universities, the availability of scholarships, employment opportunities, PR (Permanent Residency), citizenship prospects, etc. You need to choose the country that best suits your needs.

Does the destination even matter?

Many argue that it does not matter where one travels; what matters more is the quality of education provided by the school.

When asked about his decision to pursue his Master's in Australia, Sourodip Paul, an alumnus of Australian National University said, "when I was applying to different universities, I did not look at the country. Instead, I looked at the schools and whether they would serve my academic prospects well."

If your intentions are simply to return home after completing your studies (undergraduate or master's) and you are confident about your chances of getting into a good university with a lucrative scholarship, like Sourodip, the destination should not matter to you either.

That being said, not every country can boast a similar level of investment in higher education, and as a result, the number and quality of universities tend to vary. Moreover, if you are thinking of settling down or seeking employment opportunities after completing your studies, it might be worth considering the pros and cons of studying in each.

Ease of finding a school

While there is a common misconception that every university abroad is better than those in Bangladesh, that may not necessarily be true, and it is always best to aim for the best schools internationally.

Nahian Bin Khaled, a PhD student at Michigan State University, believes that it is more convenient to get into a top-ranked school in the US when compared to other countries.

"Usually, across all university rankings, the US has the highest share among the top 150-200 schools. So, mathematically speaking, the probability of finding a highly ranked university across different tiers and getting admitted is higher," said Nahian.

Among the top 200 universities, according to the QS University Ranking 2023, a whopping 45 universities are situated in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom (26), Australia (21), Germany (15) and Canada (08).

The US is also a global economic hub, which means there is a disproportionately higher amount of investment in education, and thereby more scholarships (even at less reputed universities) than other destinations like the UK, Australia or Canada.

"While I was looking to apply for my Master's degree, I could not find enough institutional scholarship opportunities in the UK or Australia. While there were other international or government-sponsored scholarships like Chevening, Commonwealth scholarship etc; they are highly competitive and difficult to get in," said Khandker Wahedur Rahman, who got his Master's and PhD degrees in the US.

"There were simply more universities in the US that provided institutional scholarships and so, I did not have to look elsewhere to get admitted," he added.

It's all about academic excellence

To many students, pursuing higher studies is all about getting the best out of their student life. Academic cultures, intensity, diversity of courses, accessibility to world-renowned professors, and networking opportunities with representatives from the most prominent companies are key factors in determining academic excellence.

Many believe that universities in the US and Australia provide the most rigorous academic degrees.

Dr Zubair Imam Syed is a former professor at Teesside University in the UK. Currently, he is working as a consultant for Arcadis Australia Pacific Ltd. He had the experience of teaching in both countries and believes that Australia has a more rigorous academic environment than the UK.

"There are some top-ranked universities in the UK which maintain similar standards. But in general, Australia has a more rigorous, academic environment," said Zubair.

Asif Zaman studied in the UK and Australia; he currently lives in Australia. In his experience, Australian universities were more diverse and welcoming when compared to their counterparts in the UK.

"Australian university professors are a bit more informal when compared to the UK ones. Professors work in shorts and sandals in the summer, something you cannot see in the UK. You can converse with the professors more easily and get help on your studies, assignments, etc," said Asif.

"Australian universities are also very multicultural. You can see a lot of black and Asian students there. The UK is not as diverse, mostly dominated by caucasian and Indian students," he added.

However, when it comes to academic excellence, there is a common notion that the USA is the best by far.

As Nahian explained, "Most of the Fortune-500 companies, as well as prominent international organisations, are headquartered in the US, making it a prime destination for students in STEM and social sciences."

Dr Amanatullah Khan, a former Professor at the University of Dhaka, had the experience of studying in both Canada and the US. In his experience, he believes that the coursework in the US was considerably more rigorous, flexible and diverse than those in Canada.

"In my experience, you need to study meticulously to get a degree from a US university. Your entire semester will be bridled with coursework, assignments, etc, to make sure that you get the best out of your degree," said Dr Khan.

"When deciding to take courses, you also have a lot of diverse options to choose from in US universities. Most universities around the world do not offer such a diverse plethora of courses. The US is more flexible in this regard," he added.

Moreover, the US, Australia and Canada allow students to take courses from different disciplines before deciding on a major. The UK is more rigid and traditional as students have to pick a major first.

Tuition fees and living expenses

Although in high demand and there are ample institutional scholarship opportunities (ones provided by the university), you still might fail to get a fully-funded one. And even if you can avail of fully-funded scholarships, you will still need to manage the other expenses associated with living in a foreign country.

If you don't get a fully-funded scholarship, getting a university degree in the US can be incredibly expensive. The average annual tuition is $28,000, and can potentially reach $50,000.

In comparison, the average tuition fees in Australia, UK and Canada are less expensive, at around $22,000, $20,000 and $12,000, respectively.

Then comes the cost of living, which includes rent and other living expenditures for the duration of the course. Within each country, it differs from one city to the next.

However, on average, living costs in Australia and the UK are usually higher than in the US and Canada. The estimated annual cost of living in the US ranges between $11,000 – $12,500 and in Canada, it varies from $6,500 – $8,500 a year. Compared to that, living in Australia can cost around $14,500 on average, and in the UK living expenses can rise to $12,000 – $16000 a year.

That being said, you should also remember that getting an undergraduate degree typically takes more time (four years) in the US and Canada, while it typically lasts three years in the UK.

Finally, if you are looking to study at top-ranked universities without going through the hassle of finding scholarships, Germany can also be a great option. Most public universities in Germany do not charge undergraduate tuition fees. To cover administrative costs, only a nominal university fee of approximately $170 – $280 is charged. It should be mentioned that aspiring students need to show a blocked account with sufficient funds (€11,208) to be eligible for a German student Visa.

Possibilities of obtaining Permanent Residency

The undisputed champion of the PR and citizenship round is Canada. Given its small population, the country frequently needs qualified people. As a result, it gives international students a lot more chances to stay in the nation when they graduate. If their application is approved, students can stay and work in the nation for three years under the PGWP (Post-Graduate Work Permit) visa scheme. Students can then seek permanent residency once this visa has been granted.

Although it depends on the global political situation, the US can be a prime destination for graduates who intend to be immigrants. STEM graduates can avail of Optional Practical Training (OPT), under which they can work in the US for three years after graduation. In the meantime, the companies are allowed to sponsor their immigrant visa. Non-STEM graduates can get the OPT for one year only. However, amid an ongoing global recession, it may not be easy to get this H1B sponsorship.

Another way many people follow is the National Interest of Waiver (NIW). If you can show that your research work will benefit the US (usually through a lawyer), the government may approve your immigrant visa.

In the short run, however, immigration to both the USA and Canada from Bangladesh has been difficult supposedly due to the influx of Ukrainian refugees. Consequently, many Bangladeshi students who have gotten admission to universities are still waiting for their Visa interviews.

Over the past seven years, it has gotten harder for international students to stay in the UK after graduation and look for work. Theresa May, who was the home secretary at the time, amended the rules in 2012 to limit students' stays in the UK to two months (later extended to two years) following their graduation. However, as Dr Zubair said, after Covid-19 and the subsequent economic crunch, the UK might need more skilled workers and should open up immigration more.

Australia is much more accepting of foreign students who decide to stay on after finishing their education. International students can stay in Australia for 18 months after graduating thanks to the Skilled-Graduate Temporary visa. Those who have finished two years of education in Australia can apply for the Skilled-Independent (Resident) Visa, which grants permanent residency.

"Although immigration in Australia had been difficult in the past, recent governments are more pro-immigration than its predecessors and are likely to make immigration more convenient," said Dr Zubair. Asif had a similar response to the question.

It should be mentioned that all countries allow students to partake in part-time jobs to cover their living expenses. Hence, getting such a job should not be too difficult for a qualified international student.

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Study in Germany /

Germany vs Australia

Updated on
Sep 8, 2022

Germany is renowned for its free and quality higher education (with distinguished students) and educational facilities, while Australia is known for its leading universities in the world, with the added advantage being the striking student life atmosphere and scenic attractions. These vital factors and contrasts between the two countries with top facilities and standard education include eligibility, student expenses, college administration, the process and ease of acquiring a post-graduate visa or a PR visa. This blog brings you an exclusive country comparison between Germany vs Australia to find out which is better for Indian and international students.

This Blog Includes:

Cost of studying in germany vs australia, eligibility requirements, student visa in germany vs australia , scholarships in germany vs scholarships in australia, top 5 universities in germany vs australia.

The cost of tuition and accommodation is the biggest deciding factor when it comes to picking a country to pursue higher studies. A majority of tuition fees depend on the level of the course, the city and the chosen institution. Let’s take a look at the cost of studying in Germany vs Australia for Indian students:

In Germany, almost 16 state colleges and universities have withdrawn students from any university education, there is only one obligation to pay nominal and miscellaneous fees to study in Germany. The nation still requires students to obtain insurance care as they apply for an educational institution in the country.

To know more, check out Cost of Studying in Germany !

Living Costs in Germany

In addition, housing and other costs are very curable. According to Numbeo’s figures, the cost of living in Germany is around EUR 730.28 [564,500 INR] (in the city center) and EUR 541.52 [41,884 INR] (outside the Centre of the city), and the cost of travel is around INR 5,420 per month (taking monthly pass). Munich is estimated to be the city with the highest living standard expenditures, while Aachen has the lowest estimate provided by Numbeo for rent, food and other basic utilities. The nation also requires applicants to obtain health benefits to enroll in the country with an academic institution. You will need to pay 80€ (6200 INR) on a regular basis in the case of healthcare coverage.

On the other hand, higher education in Australia can be done at the bachelor, master and doctoral levels. In addition, the country’s universities give the chance to take up a double bachelor’s degree in a number of fields. Australian universities are commonly known for engineering, technology, medicine, environmental science, accounting, and finance.

Living Costs in Australia

Accommodation costs in Australia depend upon the type of accommodation that you choose to stay in. Here is an overview of the cost of living in Australia:

Cost for Hostels/Guest House is $90-$150 which is approximately Rs 4,000 – Rs 7,000
Shared Apartments Expenses is $95-$220 which is approximately Rs 4,600 – Rs 11,000
On-campus Costs is $110-$300 which adds up to Rs 5,000 – Rs 14,000
Other Expenses can add up to Gas, Electricity, Entertainment, Transportation, Internet, etc. which can add up to $270-$540 which is Rs 13,000 – Rs 26,000.

To know more, check out Cost of Studying in Australia !

When it comes to the eligibility requirements of Germany vs Australia, the admission requirements for international students are almost the same though Australian universities mainly offer English-taught programs while you can also explore German-taught courses in the former.

Requirements to Study in Germany

Academic transcripts of your previous degrees as well as senior secondary marksheets
Proof of language proficiency (German- DSH , TestDaf or English- IELTS , TOEFL , etc.)
Passport-size photographs
Copies of your passport (personal details and photo ID page)
GRE / GMAT Scores
Proof of Financial Resources
Motivation Letter (optional)
Statement of Purpose (SOP)
Letters of Recommendation (LORs)

More or less, the eligibility requirements are almost the same for the two countries.

Requirements to Study in Australia

For an undergraduate course, universities will require 12 years of education from a recognised institute.
Furthermore, some universities might require TOEFL or IELTS to prove English proficiency.
For post-graduate degrees, all universities need a 3-year undergraduate program.
However, for engineering, you will have to produce a certificate for a 4-year undergraduate degree.
TOEFL or IELTS may not be compulsory for some universities, but you will need to sit for them for a Visa.

Must Read: Australian Education System

Although the contrast between Germany vs Australia is complicated, it is also necessary to understand both countries through their immigration and visa process for international students.

Here is a detailed comparison between the student visa process for Germany vs Australia:

German Student Visa
German Student Application Visa
German Language Course Visa
Validity : 3 Months (can be extended to 6 months given that you get accepted into an academic institution or else get admission into a foundation course or any preparatory German language program within the six-month period.)
The application process here is that you can commence your student visa application either with your letter of acceptance or entrance exam scores (specified by your chosen institution) or else if you do not have any of these two, then you can opt for a prospective student visa instead.
Processing Time : Up to 25 days.

Australian Student Visa

Even though there are many types of Australian Visas , in order to study in Australia, one needs to apply for a SUBCLASS 500 visa.
To apply for a visa, visa options and requirements are subject to change and to ensure that you have accurate information, stay up to date on the official website of the Department of Home Affairs.
There are two intakes for admission in the universities – February and July, with some offering intakes in September and November and it takes 4 to 6 weeks to process an application so you must apply at least 6 months prior to the intake.
Once you’ve completed your application, you will receive a “Letter of Offer” confirming the offer for enrollment. In return, you are required to sign and send an acceptance to the concerned institution.
Validity: The Australian Student Visa allows you to stay in Australia for upto 5 years and not exceed that time.
Processing Time: The average processing time for you to get your Australian Student Visa can take upto 4 weeks.

Visa Process

The overall process for applying for a visa in Germany and Australia is comparatively similar with a slight variation in the application fee.

For international students who are applying for a German visa, the following rules shall apply:

If you are required to stay in Germany for more than 90 days because of your course, then you are required to apply for a Residence Permit.
In order to prove that you are financially stable to live in Germany as a student, you are required to show funds worth €8,640 ( INR 7,36,473).
If the duration of your course is longer than 2 years then you shall renew your residence permit again as it stays valid for only 2 years.
Presently, Germany is the only country that allows students to work on technical part-time jobs if it’s related to their course. Overall, Germany allows international students to work 180 days in a single academic year while few universities also offer students in campus jobs which are called Hi/wi.

In order to get an Australian student visa, here are the rules that need to be followed:

Unlike other visas, Australian Visa does not come in the form of a sticker
The Australian visa has an application fee of AUD $535 (INR 28,763)
Only the spouses of those who are studying a Master’s or PhD course are allowed to become dependent and work full-time
International students are allowed to work for a maximum of 40 hours per fortnight.

Post Study Work Permit

Both Germany and Australia allows International Students to work after the completion of their courses if they get a job opportunity. Here’s how you can stay back in Australia and Germany after graduation.

After the completion of their course from a German university, international students have an option to apply for a Residence Permit. Those students who have completed their course are allowed by the Immigration Laws permit to apply for a residence permit that is valid for 18 months. In this duration, it is required for the graduate to look for a job that is related to their qualification. Please note that this permit does not come along with the student visa so you have to apply for it separately.

In Australia, international students are allowed to apply for a post-study work visa that remains valid for 2 years. This option is only for those who have completed a Bachelor’s or a Master’s course from an Australian University. In the case of graduates from other courses, they can apply for a subclass 485 visa through the graduate work stream that allows them to stay for 18 months during which they can find a job fit for them.

Whether you are planning to study in Germany or Australia, international students can avail varied scholarships offered by universities or government organizations in these countries. So, adding to our showdown between Germany vs Australia, we have listed some of the top scholarships for international students aspiring to study in these countries.

Scholarships in Germany

Along with the DAAD Scholarships , you can also choose from various other financial aid schemes offered to international students to accomplish their German dream and some of these are as follows:

Deutschland Stipendium National Scholarship Programme
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Scholarships in Germany for International Students
The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Scholarship
Erasmus Scholarship Programs in Germany
Heinrich Böll Foundation Scholarships in Germany

Scholarships in Australia

Scholarships by Australian Embassy
Australia Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship
Australia Award Scholarship
ACU Destination Australia International Scholarship

Job Opportunities

Both Australia and Germany are home to some of the largest corporations in the world. Along with that students can choose to work from both the private and public sectors. Amongst many, the sectors which have most of the employment opportunities in Germany and Australia are as follows.

In terms of Germany, there are lucrative job opportunities in the following sectors:

Health Sector
Mechanical and automotive
Electrical and electronics industry
Building and construction
Information technology
Telecommunication

Australia has a plethora of job opportunities for international students in the following sectors:

Medical Services
Hospitality Industry
Computer System Design

To know more, Register here for UniConnect by creating an account and interact one on one with top university representatives, apply with one click and secure on-spot offers and scholarships .

Thus, these are the differences between Germany vs Australia. If you are sure to study in Australia or Germany, get ready to experience cutting-edge academic and research exposure with a world of learning and career opportunities in a safe and welcoming setting. Our Leverage Edu experts are always a click away from helping you select the best course and university in your dream study destination and further guide you through the admissions process. Sign up for a free session with us now!

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IMAGES

The Countries With The Most Doctoral Graduates [Infographic]
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Studying in Australia vs Germany (1/5)
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COMMENTS

PhD in Germany: All You Must Know
Pursuing a PhD in Germany can pave the way for an enriching and lucrative academic career for students who are passionate about research. Thus, the prospect of living in a vibrant nation with cutting-edge infrastructure makes Germany an ideal destination for a PhD. Discover More: Why study in Germany; Cost of Study in Germany; Education System ...
Newbie Question: Why does it seem that doing a Phd in Germany ...
Our academic state is unsustainable as an industry. What you've observed is a reality for the average phd student in America vs (some) EU. PhD in Europe more-so is a professional training degree for industry or research. PhD in America (in academic tracks, not necessarily engineering etc) is like a closed off sphere itself.
Is it just me or are PhDs in europe and USA so wildly ...
Depends, you can have salary in Germany. The starting bruto (before tax) salary for a PhD position in most cases will be 42207€ a year. After tax that's 26861. However, some PhD positions, especially in computer science, start at 64934€ bruto a year. Additionally, if you have some previous experience, it can go up a bit.
How are PhD studies in Australia perceived?
After you graduate, you are judged on your publication record, ability to attract grants, etc. In a US PhD, because you spend longer as a PhD student, you usually also build up more of a publication record. Furthermore, because you take courses, you usually also become knowledgeable in more subfields. Comparatively, in a Europe-style PhD, you ...
PhD Percentage by Country / Number of Doctorate Degrees per Country 2024
About 1.75% of males account for Ph.Ds. awarded, while only about 1% of females have their Ph.D. in Germany. 8. Australia. Breaking up the stranglehold at the top of our list between Europe and the United States, Australia makes the list with the 8th most Ph.D. citizens per capita. In Australia, 2% of the population holds a doctorate degree.
PhD Study in Germany
A traditional PhD usually takes four years, compared to three years for a structured doctoral programme. The academic year in Germany is usually comprised of two semesters with the Wintersemester running from 1 October to 31 March and Sommersemester running from 1 April to 30 September.
graduate admissions
Some research projects by their nature itself require different amounts of time to develop. For instance if you are going to work on modelling a specific data set vs. having to obtain the samples directly in the Amazon. Regarding the mobility, I think after the PhD what really matters is your CV.
Germany vs Australia Country Comparison
Discover the ultimate face-off between Germany vs Australia ! Unravel the hidden gems, compare cultures, and find out which country steals the spotlight.Visit AECC for more Study Abroad ... Bachelor's, Master's, and PhD, with a strong emphasis on research-oriented studies. Wide range of degrees including Bachelor's, Master's, PhD ...
PhD Studies & Research
PhD Studies & Research. Science and research in Germany are characterised by a distinguished infrastructure, a wide variety of disciplines, well-equipped research facilities and competent staff. Germany offers various career opportunities for international PhD students and researchers. Discover Germany's top-tier PhD programs and research scene ...
International perspective: a German student in Australia
ADVERTISEMENT. My name is Christine Mittler and I am a PhD student in aerospace engineering at the University of Queensland (UQ) in Brisbane. I moved to Australia around five years ago and I am originally from Germany. In December 2017, I arrived in Melbourne with a working holiday visa and a plan to stay for half a year in Australia before ...
How to Apply for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding, & FAQs
Academic degree recognized in Germany. Typically, you'll need a master's degree or a German state examination (Staatsexamen) to qualify for a PhD program. Copy of master's thesis. Provide a copy of your master's thesis, showcasing your research skills and the depth of your academic work. Research proposal.
Studying in Germany vs. Australia: What You Need to Know
In Germany, income tax is charged between 14% and 45%. In Australia, the tax rate is slightly lower, with most students paying an average of 15.5% on their earnings. In both countries, you only get taxed when you earn above a certain threshold. Your income is tax-free if you make less than €9,984 per year in Germany, while in Australia, you ...
11 Secrets of a PhD in Europe vs USA that Matter
PhD in US vs Europe: Time to completion. PhD programs in the UK (and rest of Europe) take around 3 to 4 years to complete.. After a PhD in the UK, students generally go on to their postdoctoral research. In the US, a PhD may take up to 5 or 6 years.. After a PhD in the US, students tend to go directly from graduation to academia or research jobs without a postdoc.
Australia vs Germany : r/PhD
Australia vs Germany. Admissions. I have two PhD offers from Australia and Germany respectively. Australia was my first choice because of the language, despite of the fact that post-PhD job opportunities are scarce when compared with Germany. I was supposed to start my PhD there in April 2020, but Australia decided to close the borders amid the ...
Find your PhD position
Finding a PhD position. PhDGermany publishes PhD openings in Germany that specifically target international applicants. Accordingly, in most cases the working language is English. Fluent knowledge of German is only required for certain special positions. PhDGermany helps you find the right PhD opening or supervisor for your doctoral thesis and ...
Two ways to get your PhD
The "traditional" or "individual" path to a PhD remains the most common in Germany. An individual doctorate involves a thesis or dissertation that is produced under the supervision of one professor.. This form of PhD study offers a great deal of flexibility, but also demands a high degree of personal initiative and responsibility.A professor supervises a PhD student, who works on his or her ...
Which Country Is Better To Live In: Germany or Australia?
Notably, there are some clear differences between the two countries. Germany has a much higher population density than Australia, and its cities are generally much more crowded. This can make life in Germany feel more hectic and fast-paced than in Australia. Australia, on the other hand, is a much more spacious country.
The US, UK, Canada, Australia or Germany: Where should I go for higher
Nahian Bin Khaled, a PhD student at Michigan State University, believes that it is more convenient to get into a top-ranked school in the US when compared to other countries. ... Ranking 2023, a whopping 45 universities are situated in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom (26), Australia (21), Germany (15) and Canada (08). ...
Germany vs Australia: Which is Better for Indian Students
Germany is renowned for its free and quality higher education (with distinguished students) and educational facilities, while Australia is known for its leading universities in the world, with the added advantage being the striking student life atmosphere and scenic attractions. These vital factors and contrasts between the two countries with top facilities and standard education include ...
PhD in the US vs Uk vs Europe vs Australia! : r/PhD
Although in general, you should do your PhD in the country you want to stay in. Eg Australia will look down upon a US degree (seen as less rigorous) so if you want to live in Australia, do your degree in Australia. Same for Europe and the US. I didn't know about the 'less rigorous' viewpoint so thanks for this.
PhD in UK vs Sweden vs Australia : r/PhD
So the three PhD positions are: University of Manchester (UK): It is a split-site project where I will spend 50% of my time in Manchester and the other 50% at a research institute in Singapore. Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden) Monash University (Australia)