new international economic order research paper

The New International Economic Order, Utopian Realism, and the Recovery of an Alternative Vision for Global Governance

Duke Global Working Paper Series No. 2019/12

15 Pages Posted: 6 Sep 2019

Giuliana Chamedes

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Date Written: September 5, 2019

Not so long ago, an alternative to American hegemony and progressive isolationism was elaborated by non-aligned segments of the international left. In the search for potentially usable models from the past, this paper will shed light on the New International Economic Order (NIEO). Promulgated as a United Nations resolution in 1974, and drafted by leaders in the Global South, the NIEO was one of the most widely discussed transnational governance reforms of the twentieth century. This paper will argue that the NIEO was an exercise in utopian realism that fundamentally depended on foregrounding the global security dilemma and defending the legitimacy and lasting utility nation-state. As a result of these commitments, the NIEO's proponents unwittingly self-limited their chances for long-term success on the international stage.

Keywords: Realism, New International Economic Order (NIEO), utopianism, Global North, Global South

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Giuliana Chamedes (Contact Author)

University of wisconsin, madison ( email ).

Madison, WI United States

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Building pro-development multilateralism: Towards a “New” New International Economic Order

• Author: Ha-Joon Chang
• Source: CEPAL Review , Volume 2020, Issue 132 , Aug 2021, p. 65 - 75
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/16840348-2020-132-4
• Language: English
• Published online: 27 Aug 2021
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This paper explains how a “New” New International Economic Order (NNIEO) may be emerging from the slowly crumbling neoliberal international economic order that came into being in the 1980s and 1990s. First, it examines how the neoliberal order has been fading and is being reshaped in the wake of the decline of the multilateral international trading system (embodied by the World Trade Organization (WTO)) and the 2008 global financial crisis. It then discusses how recent changes in the world economy and in prevailing ideas, together with a number of contingent factors—such as climate change, the rise of China and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis— are making the emergence of an NNIEO more likely, while recognizing that some factors may hinder progress towards it.

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The New International Economic Order: What Is It?

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John White, The New International Economic Order: What Is It?, International Affairs , Volume 54, Issue 4, October 1978, Pages 626–634, https://doi.org/10.2307/2617309

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The New International Economic Order

• Section 1 — Setting The Scene
• Published: December 1982
• Volume 28 , pages 407–429, ( 1982 )

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• Paul P. Streeten  

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Starting from a premise of optimism, this paper first sets out the essence of the proposed New International Economic Order and then traces its origins and interpretations. It examines the options available for different groups of the developing countries and those open to the constructively-minded of the industrialized states. It also explores what avenues there might be for furthering common interests, for countering hidden biases which might be operating against developing states, and for avoiding unnecessary conflicts. The paper ends with a plea for the consideration of the higher interests both of the nation-state and of the human race.

Zusammenfassung

Von einer optimistischen Prämisse ausgehend, stellt dieser Bericht den wesentlichen Kern des New International Economic Order dar und gibt einen Überblick über seine Anfänge und Interpretationen. Er untersucht die Möglichkeiten, die sich für die verschiedenen Gruppen der Entwicklungsländer anbieten und für die Konstruktivdenkenden unter den Industriestaaten. Er erforscht auch die Wege, die es geben könnte, um gemeinsame Interessen zu entwickeln, um versteckten Voreingenommenheiten entgegenzutreten, die gegen Entwicklungsstaaten handeln könnten und um unnötige Konflikte zu umgehen. Der Bericht schließt mit einer Aufforderung, die höheren Interessen sowohl der Nationstaaten als auch der menschlichen Rasse zu berücksichtigen.

Partant de prémices optimistes, cet article expose l'essence du Nouvel Ordre Économique International, puis remonte à ses origines et retrace ses interprétations. Il examine les options accessibles à différents groupes des pays en développement ainsi que celles qui sont ouvertes à ceux des pays industrialisés à l'esprit constructif. Cet article explore aussi le terrain pour découvrir quelles voies pourraient permettre de mieux servir les intérêts communs, d'enrayer les préventions cachées susceptibles de jouer contre les états en développement et d'éviter les conflits inutiles. L'article se conclut sur un appel à la considération des intérêts supérieurs tant de l'état-nation que de la race humaine.

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Streeten, P.P. The New International Economic Order. Int Rev Educ 28 , 407–429 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00606912

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Issue Date : December 1982

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00606912

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The New International Economic Order (NIEO): A Review

Related Papers

sam nicholls

The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a political campaign brought to the United Nations by the Group of 77 (G77) – the state elites from 120 countries of the Global South. The G77 sought to transcend what they saw as ongoing colonial features of the post-World War II world order, defined as the rules and institutions designed to manage the world capitalist system. The NIEO project aimed to overturn Northern protectionism; increase the stability and diversity of Southern economies through the creation of new institutions; and increase the power of the South in global institutions. With few exceptions, International Relations (IR) theory, both Orthodox and Critical, has either ignored the NIEO, or constructed it as an authoritarian attack on global liberalism that had little to no chance of succeeding. With new archival research and a relational historical materialist approach, this thesis traces the rise and decline of the NIEO as a political project and challenges these assumptions. First, it argues that the systemic reforms advocated by the G77 were not based on a rejection of liberalism, but on the premise that the post-war order was not “liberal” enough. Second, it shows that experiments in a NIEO came very close to being launched and offers an explanation of how G77 state elites might have succeeded. This history of the NIEO contains important insights into the role that non-Western agency and power have played in the post-war order. Not only did G77 state elites, in relying on the wider ‘Third World Project’, offer a powerful critique of the post-war order, they created a viable strategy for its reformation. This is significant for several reasons. First, it challenges the assumption of Critical IR theory that the United States was so overpowering that non-Western agency was insignificant to the post-war order. Second, it questions the prevalent assumption of Orthodox Liberal Internationalism that only liberal states create liberal international institutions and orders. These assumptions are embedded within Eurocentric narratives that conceive the post-war order as the sole creation of the United States. Such narratives are used to frame the present crisis of world order as a result of the rise of non-Western powers, and a failure of American leadership. Any potential for non-Western states to participate in reforming world order is viewed as unprecedented and is certainly not linked to any possibility of global movements encompassing the world’s poorest states. This thesis revises such historical narratives, and in doing so, sheds light on the present crisis. A more general implication of this is a historically justified optimism. The NIEO was built by decades of work by many Third World intellectuals, diplomats, and states people. Their collective praxis culminated in evidence that amidst the uncertainties of world economic crises, global projects aimed at reforming world order can create viable power and are therefore worth pursuing.

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The global economy and oil prices no doubt transformed Venezuela in the 1970s, almost certainly for the worse. Less understood is how during that time Venezuela, in concert with other Third World producers as well as consumers, sought to use oil prices to transform the global economy. Historians now acknowledge the oil price increases initiated by Arab members of OPEC in October 1973 as part of a longer and larger arc of Third World efforts toward “economic decolonization” and development. These efforts culminated in the 1974 Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) at the United Nations. Venezuela’s advocacy for the NIEO during the 1970s deeply impacted its relationship with the United States, especially in the areas of human rights and foreign aid. Yet its warnings about the growing borrowing costs of Third World nations (including but far from limited to itself) were dismissed by the U.S. and other rich countries. Failure to head these warnings led in the 1980s to a debt crisis spanning three continents and a “lost decade of development” for Latin America in particular.

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New international economic order.

Title English:  new international economic order Definition English:  The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means. It was meant to be a revision of the international economic system in favour of Third World countries, replacing the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it – especially the United States. Title Arabic:  نظام اقتصادي دولي جديد Domain:  Economic Development Subject:  Economic Analysis InformationType:  Term SourceSymbol:  E/ESCWA/27/9/Report Link:  Wikipedia

International Spillovers of U.S. Fiscal Challenges

Expansionary fiscal policies have increased significantly following the subprime crisis in 2007 and the COVID-19 crisis, leading to fiscal dominance concerns, where a growing share of monetary authorities may be forced to deviate from policy targets to accommodate fiscal policies. Meanwhile, peripheral economies are constantly influenced by monetary and fiscal conditions in center economies, with the United States (U.S.) as the predominant force. In light of these developments, we examine the potential international spillovers from U.S. inflationary spells and growing fiscal concerns to the policy interest rates in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs) and Developed Economies (DEs). We introduce a new index of fiscal dominance concerns using Principal Components Analysis, and extend the concept to an international perspective, as opposed to previous literature examining fiscal dominance in a domestic environment. The results are confirmed by robustness analysis and show that greater U.S. fiscal challenges affect negatively the policy rates in both EMEs and DEs, with a greater impact observed in EMEs. Moreover, a low degree of financial repression is associated with more significant spillover effects from greater U.S. fiscal challenges.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the economics division of Linköping University, Sweden. The authors are deeply grateful to Bo Sjö, Donghyun Park, Jamel S., Ayhan Kose, Franziska Ohnsorge, and Naotaka Sugawara for sharing the fiscal space data. Joshua Aizenman gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Dockson Chair at the University of Southern California The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research and the Asian Development Bank.

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Solar photovoltaic module end-of-life waste management regulations: international practices and implications for the kingdom of saudi arabia.

1. Introduction

1.1. literature survey, 1.2. research methodology, 1.2.1. research design, 1.2.2. data collection, 1.2.3. analytical framework, 1.2.4. criteria for analysis.

• Comprehensiveness: the scope and depth of regulations covering the life cycle of solar PV modules.
• Stakeholder Engagement: the involvement of manufacturers, consumers, and recyclers in the EOL process.
• Enforcement and Compliance: mechanisms in place to enforce regulations and ensure compliance.

1.2.5. Link to Objectives and Research Questions

• What are the best practices in solar PV EOL waste management among leading countries?
• How can these practices be adapted to fit the Saudi context under Vision 2030?
• What are the potential benefits of implementing these international practices in Saudi Arabia?

1.2.6. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

• The policy document must address solar photovoltaic (PV) end-of-life waste management, with a focus on recycling, reuse, and disposal of PV components.
• The policy document must be accessible to the public and written in English.
• The policy document must have been published by 2024.
• The policy document does not pertain to solar PV end-of-life waste management.
• The policy document is not publicly accessible or is written in a language other than English.
• Legal Framework : evaluation of the legal and regulatory structures governing solar PV end-of-life waste management in each country.
• Policy Goals : analysis of the objectives outlined in the policies concerning solar PV end-of-life waste management.
• Policy Tools : review of the instruments utilized to achieve the goals related to solar PV end-of-life waste management.
• Implementation : examination of the effectiveness of policy implementation regarding solar PV end-of-life waste management.
• Policy Effectiveness : assessment of how successful the policies have been in managing solar PV end-of-life waste.
• Stakeholder Engagement : Analysis of the involvement of key stakeholders, including industry and civil society, in the development and execution of solar PV end-of-life waste management policies.

2. Solar PV Module Waste Composition

Composition of solar pv waste, 3. countries generating higher solar pv end-of-life waste volumes, 4.1. national solid waste law.

• The new Solid Waste Law stipulates that “solid waste” refers to items and substances that are in a solid, semi-solid, or gaseous state, contained in containers, and are generated from various activities such as production, daily life, and other activities. These items and substances have lost their original usefulness, are discarded or abandoned, despite potentially still having value.
• In the new Solid Waste Law, “solid waste” refers to objects and substances that are subject to management under laws and administrative regulations, except for waste that has undergone treatment to reduce its volume and hazardousness, meets national product quality standards, and does not pose a risk to public health or the environment. Additionally, any items that do not meet the standards and procedures for solid waste identification are not classified as solid waste.
• Producers’ Responsibility : the law requires producers of products to establish a sound EOL management system and to bear the primary responsibility for the collection, transportation, and disposal of EOL waste generated by their products.
• Collection and Disposal : Producers of products are required to set up collection points for EOL waste generated by their products and to ensure the proper disposal of such waste. In addition, producers are required to publish information about the EOL waste management system on their websites and in product manuals.
• Environmental Protection : Producers are responsible for ensuring that the disposal of EOL and it does not cause harm to the environment or human health. This includes proper handling and disposal of hazardous materials, such as lead, cadmium, and other toxic substances, which may be present in the panels.
• Reporting and Record-Keeping : producers of products are required to submit annual reports on the EOL waste management activities and to maintain records of the EOL waste collected and disposed of.
• Public Information : the law requires producers of products to provide information to the public about their EOL waste management activities and to promote public awareness of the importance of proper EOL waste management.
• Penalties : Companies that violate the provisions of the National Solid Waste Law, including those related to the management of EOL solid waste, may face fines and other penalties. The amount of the fine will depend on the severity of the violation and the extent of any environmental damage caused.

4.2. Specifications for Recycling and Reusing Thin-Film Solar Panels in Construction Applications (GB/T 38785-2020)

• Strategies for the collection, transit, and processing of discarded panels, extraction, and refinement of valuable components, alongside secure management and elimination of toxic substances;
• Establishes benchmarks for assessing the environmental repercussions of recycling and repurposing thin-film solar panels, alongside recommendations for the architectural and manufacturing phases to enhance recyclability and reusability;
• Seeks to advance the photovoltaic sector’s ecofriendly growth by advocating for the conscientious disposal of waste panels and effective resource utilization.

4.3. Regulations for the Control of Pollution from Storage and Landfill of Nonhazardous Industrial Solid Waste (GB 18599-2020)

• Comprehensive guidelines for the design, construction, operation, and closure of nonhazardous industrial solid waste storage and landfill sites;
• Criteria for site selection, groundwork, sludge management, gasses emission control, and overall site supervision to avoid pollution;
• Directions on acceptable waste categories for these sites, detailing procedures for waste reception, processing, and transportation;
• Requirements for continuous monitoring, documentation, and emergency response plans to efficiently identify and address environmental risks;
• Emphasizes community engagement in waste management processes and outlines methods for effective communication with local communities and stakeholders.

4.4. Technical Guidelines for the Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste (GB/T 23685-2009)

• Detailed procedures for the gathering, storing, transport, and dealing of WEEE, including the design and operational standards for collection facilities and safe handling practices for hazardous components;
• Guidelines for the extraction and purification of valued materials from WEEE, like metals and plastics. It contains techniques for material separation, reprocessing processes, and the potential reutilization of components;
• Standards for assessing the environmental effect of WEEE recycling activities, considering energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, to promote sustainability in recycling practices;
• The importance of community awareness and education regarding the proper management of WEEE, including recommendations for educational campaigns and community engagement efforts;
• Encouragement of the advancement of a healthy market for recycled materials to support a circular economy and decrease the waste generation.

4.5. Definitions Related to the Recuperation of Waste Products (GB/T 20861-2007)

• Offers a detailed compilation of definitions and terms relevant to the recovery of waste materials, encompassing aspects like sorting, collection, transportation, and processing of waste;
• Covers a wide range of terms related to the recovery and recycling operations for various waste materials, including plastics, metals, paper, and glass;
• Introduces vocabulary related to the environmental and economic advantages of waste recovery, emphasizing efficient resource use, principles for carbon footprint assessment, and circular economy;
• Objectives for standard harmonization to facilitate waste recovery global collaboration and communication;
• Highlights the reputation of exact and uniform terminology to enhance mutual cooperation and understanding between shareholders in waste recycling and recovery industries.

4.6. Observations

5. the united states of america (usa), 5.1. national legislation: resource conservation and recovery act (rcra).

• Solid Waste Definition Clarification: A new guideline was established to delineate when discarded PV panels are considered as solid waste, exempting them from RCRA mandates under certain conditions. This clarification aids the solar sector in navigating EOL waste management with reduced regulatory ambiguity;
• Hazardous Waste Regulation Adjustments: a conclusive regulation now omits specific PV panel types from being treated under hazardous waste guidelines, alleviating the solar industry’s regulatory obligations and fostering the recycling and repurposing of PV panels;
• PV Panels Conditional Exclusion: a conditional exclusion has been formulated for PV panels managed under specific criteria, enabling their recycling in a manner that is both environmentally responsible and exempt from the RCRA’s stringent regulations;
• Recycling Standards for PV Panels: the EPA has set forth standards for the recycling processes of PV panels, ensuring their environmentally sound management and recycling practices;
• National Recycling Capacity Assessment for PV Panels: An analysis to gauge the United States’ recycling industry’s capacity to handle PV panel waste was conducted. This assessment is instrumental in shaping future policy directions for PV panel waste management.

5.2. Overview of State-Level Regulations for Managing End-of-Life Waste from Solar PV Systems in the U.S.

5.3. observation, 6.1. waste management and public cleansing law (1970), 6.2. the resource recycling act (2013), 6.3. promotion of recycling of small waste electrical and electronic equipment (small appliance recycling act) (2013), 6.4. japan photovoltaic energy association (jpea) recycling guidelines (2014).

• Some of the key recommendations in the guidelines include the following:
• Manufacturers and importers of PV panels should establish a system for the collection and disposal of their products at the end of their useful life;
• Recycling companies should be certified by the government and follow appropriate safety and environmental regulations;
• PV panels should be dismantled and recycled to the extent possible, with materials such as glass, aluminum, and copper separated and sent for recycling;
• Hazardous materials contained within PV panels, such as lead and cadmium, should be managed and disposed of properly.

6.5. Ministry of the Environment’s Guidelines for the Sound Material-Cycle Society (2018)

6.6. observations, 7.1. the national programme on solar pv waste management provides a framework for managing eol solar pv waste (2020).

• Developing a comprehensive regulatory framework for the managing of PV EOL;
• Establishing a mechanism for the collection, transportation, and storage of PV EOL waste;
• Creating a system for the environmentally sound disposal of EOL solar PV waste;
• Promoting research and development in the area of solar PV waste management;
• Building capacity for the management of EOL solar PV waste;
• Creating awareness among stakeholders about the importance of sustainable solar PV waste management.

7.2. The E-Waste (Management) Rules (2016)

7.3. cpcb guidelines on the environmentally sustainable management of eol solar pv waste (2018), 7.4. observations, 8.1. the electrical and electronic equipment act (elektrog) (2005), 8.2. the waste electrical and electronic equipment directive (weee) (2012), 8.3. the german solar association (bsw), 8.4. observations, 9. global concern about solar pv end-of-life waste recycling and management, 9.1. challenges in recycling solar pv waste, 9.1.1. technological and economic barriers, 9.1.2. regulatory and logistical issues, 9.2. potential environmental impacts, 10. the kingdom of saudi arabia, 10.1. saudi arabia waste management law, 10.2. observations, 11. lesson learned for the ksa.

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) : mandating that manufacturers take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products, including the design, take-back programs, and covering recycling costs.
• Public Awareness and Education Campaigns : launching initiatives to educate the public about the importance of recycling and proper waste management practices.
• Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) : fostering collaborations between the government and private sector to develop and operate recycling facilities and waste management programs.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) : implement policies that require manufacturers to manage the life cycle of their products, ensuring they are recyclable and facilitating take-back programs.
• Public Awareness and Education Campaigns : develop and execute campaigns to raise public awareness about EOL waste and encourage community participation in recycling efforts.
• Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) : encourage partnerships to invest in and manage recycling infrastructure and waste management programs effectively.
• Development of Recycling Infrastructure : invest in specialized facilities and technologies to handle the anticipated increase in solar PV waste.

12. Conclusions and Policy Implications

• Detailed policy analysis to support the development of robust EOL waste management regulations.
• Exploration of advanced technological solutions for recycling and disposal.
• Strategies for effective stakeholder engagement and public awareness.
• Economic assessment of EOL waste management practices to ensure sustainability.

Author Contributions

Data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Ali, A.; Islam, M.T.; Rehman, S.; Qadir, S.A.; Shahid, M.; Khan, M.W.; Zahir, M.H.; Islam, A.; Khalid, M. Solar Photovoltaic Module End-of-Life Waste Management Regulations: International Practices and Implications for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7215. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167215

Ali A, Islam MT, Rehman S, Qadir SA, Shahid M, Khan MW, Zahir MH, Islam A, Khalid M. Solar Photovoltaic Module End-of-Life Waste Management Regulations: International Practices and Implications for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability . 2024; 16(16):7215. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167215

Ali, Amjad, Md Tasbirul Islam, Shafiqur Rehman, Sikandar Abdul Qadir, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Waseem Khan, Md. Hasan Zahir, Asif Islam, and Muhammad Khalid. 2024. "Solar Photovoltaic Module End-of-Life Waste Management Regulations: International Practices and Implications for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7215. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167215

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