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리튬이온 2차전지를 중심으로 글로벌 2차전지의 application별 시장을 깊이 있게 전망하고 4대소재 및 기타부품소재의 시장 및 기술에 대한 분석 정보를 제공

전기자동차(HEV/PHEV/BEV)에 대한 주요 국가별 시장 및 정책동향을 분석하고 관련 배터리, 모듈, 팩, 부품 시장에 대한 시장 및 최신기술동향 분석 정보를 제공

에너지저장장치(ESS)산업의 최신 시장, 기술, 각국 정책과 설치시장, 그리고 주요기업의 정보를 제공

미래의 산업으로 성장이 기대되는 분야에 대해 시장 및 기술동향을 전망하고 분석하여 통찰력 있는 정보를 제공

Battery Materials

• Electric Vehicle

Energy Storage System

Emerging industry.

2024-07-23 ~ 2024-07-24

xEV Sales in Jan ~ Feb 2024 (BEV+PHEV) -->

Battery usage m/s in jan ~ feb 2024 (all xevs, include e-cvs) -->.

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SNE in Media

EV batteries

• LG Energy Solutions

CATL dominates global EV battery market for sixth straight year

The 2022 report from South Korean firm SNE Research shows that EV battery manufacturer  CATL  once again holds its title as the largest in the world by installed battery capacity. That’s now six years in a row that CATL leads the global EV battery market and based on 2022’s numbers, is showing no signs of slowing down.

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd., better known as CATL, is a global energy technology company and the leading  EV battery manufacturer  in China. As a supplier to major EV automakers like Tesla , CATL has an ever-growing rolodex of EV clients demanding its products.

CATL also provides EV batteries to companies like NIO and Volkswagen, in addition to the Fisker Ocean SUV . In recent years, CATL has also begun developing other battery technologies and even launched its own  EV battery swap brand . All on its way to becoming a globally carbon neutral brand .

Last year, SNE Research released its annual report for 2021, which showed a big lead by CATL . Following this year’s report, CATL’s share of the global EV battery market grew even more while other competitors saw their percentages shrink.

CATL’s lead in the EV battery market grew in 2022

According to the most recent report from SNE Research in South Korea, global EV battery usage was 517.9 GWh in 2022, up 71.8% compared to a year prior. Based off data trends from the research firms compiled data, it predicts battery consumption will jump to 749 GWh in 2023.

Based on battery usage in 2022, CATL lead by more than double its second place competitor with 191.6 GWh. As a result, its percentage of the EV battery market grew to 37%. LG Energy Solution takes silver for a second year in a row, but saw its share of the market drop by over 6%.

Panasonic was in third place at the end of 2021, but also saw a drop in EV battery market share by nearly 5%, causing it to be usurped by Chinese battery maker BYD for bronze. In fact, BYD is the only company besides CATL in the top six of the list that saw market share growth in 2022. Per the SNE Research:

Japanese companies showed a relatively low growth rate, and their market share also decreased compared to the previous year. Panasonic grew by 4.6% compared to the previous year, and its market share decreased by 4.7%. In the case of Panasonic, as one of Tesla’s main battery suppliers, it was able to continue its growth trend thanks to increased sales of Tesla vehicles in the North American market and increased sales of TOYOTA ‘s BZ4X. In contrast , Chinese companies including CATL and BYD showed explosive growth. CATL ‘s growth was driven by increased sales of Tesla Model 3/Y, GAC ‘s Aion Y, and Geely ‘s ZEEKR 001. BYD ‘s high growth was driven by high sales of BEVs and PHEVs in China’s domestic market, including Yuan, Han, and Qin PLUS EVs.

While CATL feels untouchable for yet another year, this is overall good news for all of these companies, who are seeing a demand for their battery products that still far outweighs their capacity. Furthermore, many are collaborating with US automakers to establish production footprints in North America to help more EVs qualify for federal tax credits .

You know, as soon as we get that tardy battery guidance from the US Department of Treasury.

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Scooter Doll is a writer, designer and tech enthusiast born in Chicago and based on the West Coast. When he’s not offering the latest tech how tos or insights, he’s probably watching Chicago sports. Please send any tips or suggestions, or dog photos to him at [email protected]

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SNE Research: Global EV battery market doubled in 2021

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Ro , 21 February 2022

According to SNE Research the global EV installed battery capacity has more than doubled in 2021 compared to 2020. In fact, in December alone, the total GWh grew some 53.2% sequentially to 43.7 GWh. In 2021 the total battery capacity deployed on all commercial vehicles (BEVs, PHEVs, HEVs) was 298.8 GWh, a 102.3% increase over 2020.

About a third of those were manufactured by CATL, recording an impressive 168% growth year-over-year. The Chinese manufacturer shipped 96.7 GWh worth of batteries. LG Chem takes the second position with 60.2 GWh (75.5% growth) and the third-place takes Panasonic with 36.1 GWh deployed and a relatively modest growth of 33.5%. The Chinese BYD is getting pretty close to Panasonic with an impressive 167.7% growth and 26.3 GWh shipped.

Here's a full list of xEV battery manufacturers in 2021.

1. CATL - 96.7 GWh (up 167.5%) and 32.6% share 2. LG Chem's LG Energy Solution - 60.2 GWh (up 75.5%) and 20.3% share 3. Panasonic - 36.1 GWh (up 33.5%) and 12.2% share 4. BYD - 26.3 GWh (up 167.7%) and 8.8% share 5. SK Innovation - 16.7 GWh (up 107.5%) and 5.6% share 6. Samsung SDI - 13.2 GWh (up 56.0%) and 4.5% share 7. CALB - 7.9 GWh (up 130.5%) and 2.7% share 8. Guoxuan - 6.4 GWh (up 161.3%) and 2.1% share 9. Envision AESC - 4.2 GWh (up 7.8%) and 1.4% share 10. SVOLT - 3.1 GWh (up 430.8%) and 1.0% share

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SNE Research

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SNE Research is a leading market research and consulting firm in Korea, covering the secondary battery and electric vehicle industries around the world.

Based on more than 10 years of experience in the field, SNE Research has built a close relation with key players in the market, accumulated knowledge and established database.

We are a sought-after and go-to research firm in Korea, drawing attention from global customers as well, equipped with strong research capability and manpower.

Not only with the K-trio battery makers (LGES, Samsung SDI, SK On), but also with the global industry leaders - CATL, BYD, EVE in China as well as BASF, IMERYS, Stora Enso in Europe and Panasonic, AsahiKASEI, Sumitomo in Japan - have been in a long and cooperative relation with us, helping each other grow in the market and develop strategies for future.

We publish 30+ reports per year, providing market insight and forecast, technology development status and next-generation battery development and technology roadmap.

Our data aggregated from the global market is regarded as a reliable source for critical decision making and strategy development by battery manufacturers and car OEMs.

Our conferences and seminars successfully attract 300+ participants who come to learn more about the current market status and outlook as well as technology development roadmap by battery makers and OEMs. We host 2 major conferences in spring and autumn, 2 seminars with special focus on next-generation technology and recycling/reuse of battery, and 1 year-end seminar.

The exhibitor mentioned above is responsible for the content published in the "individual company presentation" section.

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SNE Research: global EV battery usage for 2022

8 february 2023, 05:18:49.

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One third of the world’s EV batteries come from CATL

• battery cells

According to an analysis by the market research company SNE Research, electric vehicle batteries with a total capacity of 203.4 GWh were installed worldwide in the first half of 2022. The leading supplier was CATL with 70.9 GWh or a market share of 34.8 per cent.

The gap to the second place is significant: LG Energy Solution follows CATL with a share of 14.4 per cent, ahead of BYD in third place with a share of 11.8 per cent. However, this also means that exactly 61 per cent of all electric car batteries come from these three manufacturers.

All other battery manufacturers only have a single-digit market share. Panasonic, with its major customer Tesla, is ranked fourth by SNE Research with a market share of 9.6 per cent. This is followed by another big step to SK On (6.5 per cent, before the field becomes somewhat narrower again: Samsung SDI comes in at 4.9 per cent, CALB from China at 4.1 per cent. VW partner Gotion High-Tech follows with 2.9 per cent, ahead of Sunwoda (1.5 per cent) and SVOLT Energy (1.3 per cent). All other manufacturers add up to 8.2 per cent.

Source: SNE Research

The half-year evaluation clearly shows the pace of growth in the battery industry: In 2021, CATL had built 96.7 GWh of capacity (market share 32.6 per cent) and this year already reached 70.9 GWh in only six months. BYD also made significant gains from a market share of 8.8 per cent in 2021 in just one half of the year – it was even only 6.8 per cent in the first half of 2021. CALB (2.7 to 4.1 per cent) and Gotion (2.1 to 2.9 per cent) also made gains, albeit at a different level.

However, other companies were not able to grow as fast or do not yet have new, important factories in operation. LGES, for example, has lost significant market share; in 2021 as a whole, SNE Research had still calculated 20.3 per cent market share – instead of 14.4 per cent in H1 2022. LGES has hardly gained any production capacity: 27.3 GWh in H1 2021, now 29.2 GWh. CATL, on the other hand, has expanded from 32.9 to 70.9 GWh, BYD from 7.9 to 24.0 GWh. And it is not only the Chinese who are expanding: SK On also scaled up from 6.2 to 13.2 GWh, Samsung SDI from 6.6 to 10.0 GWh.

Panasonic also went down, from 12.2 to 9.6 per cent – up from 15 per cent in the first half of 2021. At the bottom of the top ten, AESC also failed to get above one per cent, with 1.4 per cent in 2021. Instead of AESC, SNE Research has now listed Sunwoda, and AESC is now only included in the “other” category.

With reporting by Sebastian Schaal, Germany.

sneresearch.com (in Korean), cnevpost.com

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Global xEV Battery Market Exceeds 105 GWh In H1 2021

Catl quadrupled its volume to retain first place, but lg chem's lg energy solution is right behind..

The global xEV (BEVs, PHEVs, HEVs) battery market continues to expand at a very high speed.

According to SNE Research , the total battery capacity installed in xEVs registered in June amounted to 23.8 GWh , which is 148% more than a year ago and a few GWh more than in May .

SNE Research reports only battery capacity deployed in new passenger cars (buses and trucks are excluded).

The two biggest players in the market are  CATL  with 6.6 GWh (up 295%) and LG Chem's LG Energy Solution with 6.3 GWh (up 134%). Those two manufacturers account for more than a half (54.2%) of all xEV batteries deployed globally.

Panasonic is third with 4.0 GWh and a 17% share, but its rate of growth of nearly 54% is significantly below industry average.

Noteworthy is the high expansion rate of BYD , which is up 395% to 1.6 GWh.

Global EV Battery Shipment - June 2021:

• CATL - 6.6 GWh (up 295%) with 27.8% share
• LG Chem's LG Energy Solution - 6.3 GWh (up 134%) with 26.4% share
• Panasonic - 4.0 GWh (up 54%) with 17.0% share
• BYD - 1.6 GWh (up 395%) with 6.7% share
• SK Innovation - 1.2 GWh (up 170%) with 5.2% share
• Samsung SDI - 1.2 GWh (up 113%) with 4.9% share
• CALB - 0.6 GWh (up 134%) with 2.7% share
• Guoxuan - 0.4 GWh (up 135%) with 1.6% share
• Envision AESC - 0.3 GWh (up 32%) with 1.3% share
• PEVE - 0.2 GWh (up 23%) with 0.9% share other - 1.3 GWh (up 195%) with 5.4% share Total - 23.8 GWh (up 148%)

Global EV Battery Shipment - January-June 2021:

During the first six months of the year, over 105 GWh of xEV batteries were deployed globally, which is 163% more than a year ago.

With 28.4 GWh (up 295% year-over-year), CATL was the top xEV battery manufacturer in the first half of this year. However, LG Energy Solution is not far behind with 27.9 GWh (up 170%).

Third on the list is Panasonic, but both the volume and growth rate—17.1 GWh (up 69%)—are significantly lower than in the case of CATL and LG Energy Solution.

• CATL - 28.4 GWh (up 295%) with 27.0% share
• LG Chem's LG Energy Solution - 27.9 GWh (up 170%) with 26.5% share
• Panasonic - 17.1 GWh (up 69%) with 16.3% share
• BYD - 7.1 GWh (up 261%) with 6.7% share
• Samsung SDI - 5.8 GWh (up 109%) with 5.6% share
• SK Innovation - 5.1 GWh (up 160%) with 4.9% share
• CALB - 3.1 GWh (up 316%) with 3.0% share
• Envision AESC - 2.0 GWh (up 14%) with 1.9% share
• Guoxuan - 1.8 GWh (up 266%) with 1.7% share
• PEVE - 1.2 GWh (up 40%) with 1.2% share other - 5.6 GWh (up 225%) with 5.3% share Total - 105.2 GWh (up 163%)

Source: SNE Research

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CATL’s Global Installed Battery Capacity Exceeded 100GWh From Jan to Aug

South Korean energy market research institution SNE Research on October 6 released its latest data on the global installed battery capacity of electric vehicles. From January to August, 2022, the total installed battery capacity of electric vehicles in the world reached 287.6 GWh, up 78.7% year-on-year. Among them, Chinese firm CATL continued to dominate the list with cumulative installed capacity reaching 102.2 GWh, exceeding the 96.7 GWh achieved last year. From January to August 2022, its global market share was 35.5%, an increase of 5.9% from the same period last year.

SEE ALSO: CATL to Build 13th Battery Production Base

Meanwhile, LG Energy Solution of South Korea ranked second with an installed battery capacity of 39.4 GWh, only 2.9 GWh more than BYD in third place. BYD has maintained rapid growth momentum since the beginning of this year, ranking third with an installed capacity of 36.5 GWh, representing a year-on-year increase of 192.3%. In August, BYD’s installed battery capacity was 6.5 GWh, second only to CATL’s 18 GWh, ranking second in the world that month.

Japan’s Panasonic reached an installed battery capacity of 24 GWh, ranking fourth, with a slight increase of 5.3% from 22.8 GWh in the same period last year, but its market share has dropped from 14.1% last year to 8.3%.

In the 5th to 10th places, SK On and Samsung SDI of South Korea ranked 5th and 6th respectively, followed by all Chinese enterprises, namely CALB, Gotion Hi-Tech, Sunwoda and SVOLT.

According to SNE Research, the growth momentum of the three South Korean battery companies is mainly driven by EV sales. Among them, SK On has been propelled by an increase in sales of the Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Kia EV6, while Samsung SDI is driven by an increase in sales of the Audi E-Tron, BMW iX and i4. LG Energy Solution is driven by the favorable sales of Volkswagen ID.4 and Ford Mustang Mach-E and the increased sales of Tesla ModelY.

The data show that the gap between Chinese and South Korean enterprises has further widened. In terms of growth rate, during the eight months, the installed capacity of Chinese enterprises among the top 10 power batteries increased by more than 100% year-on-year, and the loading capacity of Sunwoda increased by 587.5% year-on-year. Among South Korean battery companies, SK On has the largest year-on-year growth rate, reaching 99.2%, and it is also the only South Korean company with an increase in market share.

In the first eight months of this year, the market share of Chinese battery companies reached about 58.1%, an increase of 0.8% from the previous month, while South Korean enterprises held only about 25%, down 0.9% from the previous month.

In addition to publishing data on installed capacity, SNE Research also forecasts battery supply and demand in various regions around the world. It predicts that there will be no shortage of batteries in China before 2030, while the battery supply in Europe and North America is expected to be very tight, although the production capacity in these two regions will be greatly expanded.

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CATL and Didi Establish A Joint Venture for Battery Swapping

Didi and CATL established a joint venture for battery swapping. They plan to enter the ride-hailing scene and provide battery swapping services for new energy vehicles.

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SNE Research has been founded in order to provide global market research and consulting services in renewable energy industry including solar energy, fuel cell and wind power, secondary battery market which is expanding its area from IT to mass energy storage system, high efficiency new lighting market such as LED and OLED. SNE Research currently specializes on the following four major research areas and is aiming to expand as a professional research company focusing on environmentally friendly energy.

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Who powers the world’s EVs? China has 6 of the top 10 EV battery makers with 60 per cent market share, led by CATL and Warren Buffett-backed BYD

• Besides CATL and BYD, CALB, Gotion High-tech, Sunwoda, and Eve Energy feature among the world’s top 10 EV battery makers, according to SNE Research
• CATL installed 165.7 gigawatt hours of battery cells in the first 11 months of last year, giving it a global market share of 37.1 per cent

Chinese electric vehicle (EV) battery makers dominated the global market in 2022, with six companies featuring among the world’s top 10 players and accounting for a 60.5 per cent share amid a doubling of EV sales on the mainland.

CATL installed 165.7 gigawatt hours (GWh) of battery cells from January to November in 2022, 101.8 per cent more than the same period a year earlier, according to the research and consulting services provider. The company’s global market share rose from 32.8 per cent at the end of 2021 to 37.1 per cent.

Shenzhen-based EV and battery maker BYD ranked second. Its installation volume jumped 168.3 per cent to 60.6GWh, taking a 13.6 per cent share of the global market, compared with 8.8 per cent in 2021. Berkshire Hathaway owned 14.9 per cent of BYD’s Hong Kong-listed stock as of December 8, according to stock market filings.

Chinese smart-battery swap stations can change EV batteries automatically

Another four Chinese companies – CALB, Gotion High-tech, Sunwoda, and Eve Energy – were among the world’s top 10 EV battery makers.

CALB ranked seventh and had a 4 per cent market share; Gotion, in eighth place, had 2.8 per cent market share; Sunwoda was the ninth-largest player with a 1.7 per cent share while Eve, in 10th position, accounted for 1.3 per cent market share.

Sales of pure electric and plug-in hybrid cars in China are likely to have topped 6.4 million units in 2022, more than double the 2.99 million units recorded a year earlier, according to estimates from the China Passenger Car Association.

China accounts for two-thirds of the global sales, making it the world’s largest EV market.

The International Energy Agency predicted that EV deliveries in 2022 could represent 13 per cent of total passenger vehicles worldwide, which translates to about 10 million units.

CATL and BYD have been supplying to international carmakers such as Tesla and BMW. Their lithium-ion batteries, viewed as safe, economical and high-performance, are well received by the global marques.

Currently, two technologies – LFP (lithium, iron and phosphate) and NCM (lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese) – are widely used to make EV batteries.

CATL’s LFP and NCM batteries are popular with Chinese and international electric-car makers.

BYD’s blade LFP battery packs, designed to be long and thin, have been supplied to Tesla’s factory in Berlin.

Chinese EV battery producers have to look abroad for customers as their capacity after a period of aggressive expansion will soon be three times greater than demand from domestic electric-car makers, according to a report by the Economic Daily, a newspaper run by the State Council.

Mainland manufacturers will produce an estimated 3,000 GWh of EV batteries in 2025, three times the expected domestic demand in 2025, the report said, basing its estimates on expansion plans unveiled by the major battery producers.

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Chinese manufacturers’ share of global EV battery market exceeded 60% in 2022

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According to data from Korean renewable energy consultancy SNE Research, Chinese manufacturers’ share of the global EV battery market increased by a clear margin in 2022, with companies CATL, BYD, CALB, Gotion High-Tech, Sunwoda, and Farasis rising to a combined 60.4% from 48.2% in 2021. Since the US Inflation Reduction Act came into force, seen in some quarters as containing measures aimed at cutting China out of the US’s EV market, Chinese battery companies have looked to expand their presence in Asian and European markets instead. This brings their competition with South Korea into sharper relief. Although the use of batteries made by South Korean companies has been continuously increasing in recent years, its market share in 2022 dropped by 6.5%. South Korea’s three major EV battery manufacturers — LG Energy Solution, SK On, and Samsung SDI — accounted for 23.7% of the global market in 2022, according to SNE. [ SNE Research ]

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Science News

In a seafloor surprise, metal-rich chunks may generate deep-sea oxygen.

These nodules can act like batteries that split seawater into hydrogen and oxygen

Metallic nodules (such as the 10-centimeter one seen above being collected from the North Atlantic Ocean seafloor in 2021) can act like weak batteries and produce enough voltage to split seawater into hydrogen and oxygen, new research suggests.

NOAA Ocean Exploration

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By Sid Perkins

July 22, 2024 at 11:00 am

In an unexpected twist, metal-rich nodules found on the seafloor are generating oxygen, new research suggests. This meager but steady supply of the vital gas may help support seafloor ecosystems in areas currently targeted for deep-sea mining, scientists say.

Scientists have long presumed that much of the dissolved oxygen in the deep sea was transported there from surface waters. It can be generated at the surface by plant life via photosynthesis or diffuse from the atmosphere as a result of wave action, says Andrew Sweetman, a deep-sea ecologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science in Oban.

But new experiments, both in chambers lowered to the Pacific Ocean seafloor and in the lab, indicate that there can be other sources for that oxygen , Sweetman and his colleagues report July 22 in Nature Geoscience.

Sweetman has been studying seafloor ecosystems thousands of meters deep in the Pacific for years. In broad areas there, metal-rich nodules that contain valuable minerals — and are thus targets for mining — litter the seabed ( SNE: 2/21/14 ). On several expeditions, the team’s dissolved oxygen sensors oddly suggested that the substance, rather than just being consumed by organisms, was actually, on the whole, being produced. The researchers dismissed the readings as erroneous and then had the instruments recalibrated for their next outing.

After several such expeditions yielded similarly anomalous readings, the team developed a different method of measuring dissolved oxygen — which also showed that the gas was being generated.

The team’s data showed that the rogue oxygen wasn’t coming from bubbles trapped in their equipment, nor was it seeping out of the polymer material used to make the test chambers. It also wasn’t the result of natural radioactivity of metals in the nodules splitting water molecules or the breakdown of manganese oxide minerals in the nodules. Lab tests under conditions mimicking the frigid darkness of the Pacific seafloor also indicated the concentrations of dissolved oxygen were rising, not falling, in the presence of the nodules.

“That’s when we said ‘My god, we have another source of oxygen,’” says Sweetman.

When team members further tested the nodules, they found that the lumps were acting like tiny batteries, producing up to 0.95 volts between some spots on the lumps’ surfaces. Although it takes a little more than 1.5 volts to split seawater into hydrogen and oxygen, Sweetman suggests that under certain conditions, groupings of nodules can together produce enough voltage to do the trick.

Oxygen production seems to be happening on the surfaces of the nodules, Sweetman says. In the team’s tests, the rate of oxygen production appears to be correlated with the average nodule surface area, the researchers report.

“In the bigger picture, this is just one of many processes in the deep sea that we’re only now discovering,” says Lisa Levin, a biological oceanographer at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. More than half of the biodiversity in these ecosystems lives on the nodules, taking advantage of the hard surfaces for footholds, but also possibly to access the oxygen being generated there. It’s not clear, she notes, whether the organisms living in the underlying sediments also depend on this local source of oxygen.

“It’s surprising that we didn’t know about this [process] before, that we’ve overlooked it,” says Beth Orcutt, a geomicrobiologist at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in East Boothbay, Maine.

Deep-sea mining of the metallic nodules would stir up plumes of sediment that could reaccumulate and smother nearby unmined areas. If so, mining could reduce the production of oxygen there, Orcutt adds, though it’s unclear what this might do to the wider ecosystem. That reduction would be above and beyond the amount resulting from removal of the nodules themselves.

“At this point,” she notes, “we don’t know if oxygen production has an impact beyond the area around the nodules.”

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Shifting phenotype and differentiation of CD11b + Gr.1 + immature heterogeneous myeloid derived adjuster cells support inflammation and induce regulators of IL17A in imiquimod induced psoriasis

• Original Research Paper
• Published: 25 July 2024

Cite this article

• Debanjan Sarkar 1 ,
• Anik Pramanik 1 ,
• Dona Das 1 &
• Sankar Bhattacharyya 1  

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Objective and design

The exact immunological mechanism of widespread chronic inflammatory skin disorder psoriasis has not been fully established. CD11b + Gr.1 + myeloid-derived cells are immature heterogeneous cells with T-cell suppressive property in neoplasia; however, influence of these cells on adaptive immunity is highly contextual; therefore, we dubbed these cells as myeloid-derived adjuster cells (MDAC). We studied imiquimod induced psoriasis in mouse model and evaluated for the first time the RORγt-NFAT1 axis in MDACs and the function, differentiation and interaction of these cells with T cells.

Materials and methods

The status of T cells and MDACs; their functionality and differentiation properties, and the roles of RORγt and NFAT1 in MDACs were evaluated using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and confocal imaging.

We found gradual increase in T cells and MDACs and an increase in the number of IL17 -secreting MDACs and T cells in the skin of psoriatic animals. We also noted that MDAC differentiation is biased toward M1 macrophages and DCs which perpetuate inflammation. We found that psoriatic MDACs were unable to suppress T-cell proliferation or activation but seemingly helped these T cells produce more IL17. Inhibition of the RORγt/NFAT1 axis in MDACs increased the suppressive nature of MDACs, allowing these cells to suppress the activity of psoriatic T-cells.

Our results indicate that altered MDAC properties in psoriatic condition sustains pathological inflammation and RORγt and NFAT1 as promising intervention target for psoriasis management.

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Data availability

Authors ensure that any data utilized and generated for this MS will be provided including detailed description of software and plug-in upon request.

Abbreviations

Toll like receptor

Myeloid derived suppressor cells

Interleukin-10

Interleukin-12

Transforming growth factor-beta

Myeloid derived adjuster cells

Nuclear factor of activated T cells

Retinoic acid orphan receptor gamma t

Chemokine receptor 4

Chemokine receptor 2

Programme cell death protein 1

Programme death ligand 1

Cluster of differentiation

Psoriasis area and severity index

Fragment crystallization receptor

Bovine serum albumin

4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

Fluorescent activated cell sorter

Interleukin

Polymerase chain reaction

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640

All trans retinoic acid

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulation factor

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Acknowledgements

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of West Bengal (BOOST programme) and Department of Higher Education, Govt. of West Bengal for Infrastructure Grants, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India (FIST programme). The authors are also thankful to Dr. Jayasree Saha, SKBU, Ms. Krishna Mahanti, SKBU, Ms. Pallabi Mondal, SKBU and Ms. Maniprabha Mahato, SKBU, for their support. We would like to express our gratitude towards Mr. Sanjoy Das, Faculty of English language (Bara Urma High School, Purulia, India) for final grammar and language check and language editing. AJE (as part of Springer Nature) Curie software (not a generative AI software) was used strictly for English language editing purpose.

Debanjan Sarkar and Anik Pramanik are grateful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India (Reference No: 09/1156(0002)/2017-EMR-I) and the University Grants Commission (UGC), India (Reference No.: 688/(CSIR-UGC NET DEC. 2017), respectively, for their fellowships.

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DS established the disease model, performed flowcytometry, imaging and histology experiments along with data analysis, and in drafting the manuscript. AP helped with fluorescent based cell sorting, inflammation assays, flowcytometry and confocal imaging. Ms. DD helped during data acquisition, preparation of figures and with animal model. SB conceived the disease model, designed all experiments, participated in acquisition and analysis of data and wrote the manuscript. All authors have approved the final article. Authors further declare that all part of the MS was written by them without using any generative AI tool or paper mill service. The authors subjected the manuscript to AJE (as part of Springer Nature) Curie English language software (not a generative AI software) for grammar check. The software was used exclusively for English language editing purpose.

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All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the "Principles of Laboratory Animal Care" (NIH publication no. 85-23, revised in 1985) and specific Indian laws on "Prevention of Cruelty to Animal (1960) and Protection of Animals (1972)”. All animal experiments were approved by CCSEA, Govt. of India (Registration Number: 1973/GO/Re/S/17/CCSEA dated 08.02.2023) approved the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC). The animal experiments included in this manuscript was approved in IAEC meeting held on 29.03.2023.

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Sarkar, D., Pramanik, A., Das, D. et al. Shifting phenotype and differentiation of CD11b + Gr.1 + immature heterogeneous myeloid derived adjuster cells support inflammation and induce regulators of IL17A in imiquimod induced psoriasis. Inflamm. Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-024-01918-0

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Received : 22 February 2024

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Accepted : 09 July 2024

Published : 25 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-024-01918-0

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Metallurgical alchemy: synthesizing steel microstructure images using dcgans.

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1. introduction, 2. materials and methods, 2.1. steel samples and dataset, 2.2. image generative models, 2.2.1. generator architecture, 2.2.2. discriminator architecture, 2.3. training loop, 2.4. experiments, 2.5. computational resources, 4. discussion, 4.1. training dynamics and loss metrics, 4.2. probability metrics, 4.3. additional metrics, 4.4. visual quality of generated images, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Muñoz-Rodenas, J.; García-Sevilla, F.; Miguel-Eguía, V.; Coello-Sobrino, J.; Martínez-Martínez, A. Metallurgical Alchemy: Synthesizing Steel Microstructure Images Using DCGANs. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156489

Muñoz-Rodenas J, García-Sevilla F, Miguel-Eguía V, Coello-Sobrino J, Martínez-Martínez A. Metallurgical Alchemy: Synthesizing Steel Microstructure Images Using DCGANs. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(15):6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156489

Muñoz-Rodenas, Jorge, Francisco García-Sevilla, Valentín Miguel-Eguía, Juana Coello-Sobrino, and Alberto Martínez-Martínez. 2024. "Metallurgical Alchemy: Synthesizing Steel Microstructure Images Using DCGANs" Applied Sciences 14, no. 15: 6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156489

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