critical essay guidelines

How to Write a Critical Essay

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A critical essay is a form of academic writing that analyzes, interprets, and/or evaluates a text. In a critical essay, an author makes a claim about how particular ideas or themes are conveyed in a text, then supports that claim with evidence from primary and/or secondary sources.

In casual conversation, we often associate the word "critical" with a negative perspective. However, in the context of a critical essay, the word "critical" simply means discerning and analytical. Critical essays analyze and evaluate the meaning and significance of a text, rather than making a judgment about its content or quality.

What Makes an Essay "Critical"? 

Imagine you've just watched the movie "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory." If you were chatting with friends in the movie theater lobby, you might say something like, "Charlie was so lucky to find a Golden Ticket. That ticket changed his life." A friend might reply, "Yeah, but Willy Wonka shouldn't have let those raucous kids into his chocolate factory in the first place. They caused a big mess."

These comments make for an enjoyable conversation, but they do not belong in a critical essay. Why? Because they respond to (and pass judgment on) the raw content of the movie, rather than analyzing its themes or how the director conveyed those themes.

On the other hand, a critical essay about "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory" might take the following topic as its thesis: "In 'Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory,' director Mel Stuart intertwines money and morality through his depiction of children: the angelic appearance of Charlie Bucket, a good-hearted boy of modest means, is sharply contrasted against the physically grotesque portrayal of the wealthy, and thus immoral, children."

This thesis includes a claim about the themes of the film, what the director seems to be saying about those themes, and what techniques the director employs in order to communicate his message. In addition, this thesis is both supportable  and  disputable using evidence from the film itself, which means it's a strong central argument for a critical essay .

Characteristics of a Critical Essay

Critical essays are written across many academic disciplines and can have wide-ranging textual subjects: films, novels, poetry, video games, visual art, and more. However, despite their diverse subject matter, all critical essays share the following characteristics.

• Central claim . All critical essays contain a central claim about the text. This argument is typically expressed at the beginning of the essay in a thesis statement , then supported with evidence in each body paragraph. Some critical essays bolster their argument even further by including potential counterarguments, then using evidence to dispute them.
• Evidence . The central claim of a critical essay must be supported by evidence. In many critical essays, most of the evidence comes in the form of textual support: particular details from the text (dialogue, descriptions, word choice, structure, imagery, et cetera) that bolster the argument. Critical essays may also include evidence from secondary sources, often scholarly works that support or strengthen the main argument.
• Conclusion . After making a claim and supporting it with evidence, critical essays offer a succinct conclusion. The conclusion summarizes the trajectory of the essay's argument and emphasizes the essays' most important insights.

Tips for Writing a Critical Essay

Writing a critical essay requires rigorous analysis and a meticulous argument-building process. If you're struggling with a critical essay assignment, these tips will help you get started.

• Practice active reading strategies . These strategies for staying focused and retaining information will help you identify specific details in the text that will serve as evidence for your main argument. Active reading is an essential skill, especially if you're writing a critical essay for a literature class.
• Read example essays . If you're unfamiliar with critical essays as a form, writing one is going to be extremely challenging. Before you dive into the writing process, read a variety of published critical essays, paying careful attention to their structure and writing style. (As always, remember that paraphrasing an author's ideas without proper attribution is a form of plagiarism .)
• Resist the urge to summarize . Critical essays should consist of your own analysis and interpretation of a text, not a summary of the text in general. If you find yourself writing lengthy plot or character descriptions, pause and consider whether these summaries are in the service of your main argument or whether they are simply taking up space.
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How to Write a Critical Essay

Last Updated: April 8, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,161,992 times.

The goal of a critical essay is to analyze a book, film, article, painting, or event and support your argument with relevant details. When writing a paper like this, you will have to come up with an interpretation of your own and then use facts or evidence from the work or other sources to prove that your interpretation is acceptable. A critical essay on a book, for example, might focus on the tone and how that influences the meaning of the book overall and would use quotations from the book to support the thesis. This type of paper requires careful planning and writing, but is often a creative way to engage with a subject that you are interested in and can be very rewarding!

Preparing to Write a Critical Essay

• Get to know the text inside and out by reading and rereading it. If you have been asked to write about a visual text like a film or piece of art, watch the film multiple times or view the painting from various angles and distances.

• What is the text about?
• What are the main ideas?
• What is puzzling about the text?
• What is the purpose of this text?
• Does the text accomplish its purpose? If not, why not? Is so, how so? [3] X Research source Don't: summarize the plot — you should already be familiar with it. Do: jot down thoughts that may guide your paper: Does he mean __? Does this connect to __?

• Your solution to the problem should help you to develop a focus for your essay, but keep in mind that you do not need to have a solid argument about your text at this point. As you continue to think about the text, you will move closer to a focus and a thesis for your critical analysis essay. Don't: read the author's mind: Mary Shelley intended Frankenstein's monster to be more likable because... Do: phrase it as your own interpretation: Frankenstein's monster is more sympathetic than his creator, leading the reader to question who the true monster really is.

Conducting Research

• Books, articles from scholarly journals, magazine articles, newspaper articles, and trustworthy websites are some sources that you might consider using.
• Use your library’s databases rather than a general internet search. University libraries subscribe to many databases. These databases provide you with free access to articles and other resources that you cannot usually gain access to by using a search engine.

• The author and his or her credentials. Choose sources that include an author’s name and that provide credentials for that author. The credentials should indicate something about why this person is qualified to speak as an authority on the subject. For example, an article about a medical condition will be more trustworthy if the author is a medical doctor. If you find a source where no author is listed or the author does not have any credentials, then this source may not be trustworthy. [5] X Research source
• Citations. Think about whether or not this author has adequately researched the topic. Check the author’s bibliography or works cited page. If the author has provided few or no sources, then this source may not be trustworthy. [6] X Research source
• Bias. Think about whether or not this author has presented an objective, well-reasoned account of the topic. How often does the tone indicate a strong preference for one side of the argument? How often does the argument dismiss or disregard the opposition’s concerns or valid arguments? If these are regular occurrences in the source, then it may not be a good choice. [7] X Research source (Note, however, that literary criticism often presents a very strong preference for one reading; this is not usually considered "bias" because the field of literary study is inherently subjective.) Don't: dismiss an author for favoring one point of view. Do: engage critically with their argument and make use of well-supported claims.
• Publication date. Think about whether or not this source presents the most up to date information on the subject. Noting the publication date is especially important for scientific subjects, since new technologies and techniques have made some earlier findings irrelevant. [8] X Research source
• Information provided in the source. If you are still questioning the trustworthiness of this source, cross check some of the information provided against a trustworthy source. If the information that this author presents contradicts one of your trustworthy sources, then it might not be a good source to use in your paper. [9] X Research source

• Clearly indicate when you have quoted a source word for word by putting it into quotation marks and including information about the source such as the author’s name, article or book title, and page number. Don't: highlight a phrase just because it sounds significant or meaningful. Do: highlight phrases that support or undermine your arguments.

Writing Your Essay

• Make sure your thesis provides enough detail. In other words, avoid simply saying that something is "good" or "effective" and say what specifically makes it "good" or "effective." [12] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
• Place your thesis statement at the end of your first paragraph unless your instructor tells you to place it elsewhere. The end of the first paragraph is the traditional place to provide your thesis in an academic essay.
• For example, here is a multi-sentence thesis statement about the effectiveness and purpose of the movie Mad Max: Fury Road : "Many action films follow the same traditional pattern: a male action hero (usually white and attractive) follows his gut and barks orders at others, who must follow him or die. Mad Max: Fury Road is effective because it turns this pattern on its head. Instead of following the expected progression, the movie offers an action movie with multiple heroes, many of whom are women, thereby effectively challenging patriarchal standards in the Hollywood summer blockbuster." Don't: include obvious facts ( Mad Max was directed by George Miller ) or subjective opinions ( Mad Max is the greatest movie of 2015 ). [13] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source Do: present an argument that you can back up with evidence.

• You may want to use a formal outline structure that uses Roman numerals, Arabic numerals, and letters. Or, you may want to use an informal "mind-map" type of outline, which allows you to gather your ideas before you have a complete idea of how they progress.

• Other good techniques to open an essay include using a specific, evocative detail that links to your larger idea, asking a question that your essay will answer, or providing a compelling statistic.

• If you are writing about a book, provide the name of the work, the author, and a brief summary of the plot.
• If you are writing about a film, provide a brief synopsis.
• If you are writing about a painting or other still image, provide a brief description for your readers.
• Keep in mind that your background information in the first paragraph should lead up to your thesis statement. Explain everything the reader needs to know to understand what your topic is about, then narrow it down until you reach the topic itself.

• Provide a claim at the beginning of the paragraph.
• Support your claim with at least one example from your primary source(s).
• Support your claim with at least one example from your secondary sources.

• Summarize and review your main ideas about the text.
• Explain how the topic affects the reader.
• Explain how your narrow topic applies to a broader theme or observation.
• Call the reader to action or further exploration on the topic.
• Present new questions that your essay introduced. Don't: repeat the same points you made earlier in the essay. Do: refer back to earlier points and connect them into a single argument.

Revising Your Essay

• It is important to begin writing a paper far enough ahead of time to allow yourself a few days or even a week to revise before it is due. If you do not allow yourself this extra time, you will be more prone to making simple mistakes and your grade may suffer as a result. [16] X Research source

• What is your main point? How might you clarify your main point?
• Who is your audience? Have you considered their needs and expectations?
• What is your purpose? Have you accomplished your purpose with this paper?
• How effective is your evidence? How might your strengthen your evidence?
• Does every part of your paper relate back to your thesis? How might you enhance these connections?
• Is anything confusing about your language or organization? How might your clarify your language or organization?
• Have you made any errors with grammar, punctuation, or spelling? How can you correct these errors?
• What might someone who disagrees with you say about your paper? How can you address these opposing arguments in your paper? [17] X Research source

• If you are submitting your paper online or through email, check with your teacher or professor to find out what format s/he prefers. If you have used any textual formatting in your paper, you may wish to save it as a PDF file to preserve your formatting.

Sample Essays

Community Q&A

• Ask a friend, family member or other acquaintance to proofread and make constructive comments on your paper. Professional writers go through several drafts of their work and you should expect to do the same. Thanks Helpful 9 Not Helpful 0
• It is often easier to write a rough introduction and proceed with the rest of the paper before returning to revise the introduction. If you're feeling lost on how to introduce your paper, write a placeholder introduction. Thanks Helpful 8 Not Helpful 1
• Write in your own voice. It is better to correctly use the words you know than to misuse the words you do not know in an attempt to sound scholarly. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 1

• Make sure to cite all of your research including quotations, statistics and theoretical concepts as accurately as possible. When in doubt, err on the side of citing more rather than less, since failing to cite your research can result in a charge of plagiarism. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2
• Papers written at the last minute suffer from logic gaps and poor grammar. Remember that your teacher has read hundreds, if not thousands of student papers, and as such, can tell when you've written a paper at the last minute. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://uwc.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/UWC_handouts_readingessayprompts.pdf
• ↑ http://www.sussex.ac.uk/s3/?id=122
• ↑ http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/elejeune/critique.htm
• ↑ https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/faq/reliable
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/553/03/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/1/
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/thesis-statements/
• ↑ https://www.irsc.edu/students/academicsupportcenter/researchpaper/researchpaper.aspx?id=4294967433
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/58/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/561/05/

About This Article

To write a critical essay, develop a thesis that expresses your essay's main focus and states an arguable claim. Next, write an introduction that gives a basic overview of your paper and introduces your thesis. Then, create paragraphs that discuss your specific ideas, focusing on one main idea per paragraph. Be sure to start each paragraph with a claim and use examples from primary and secondary sources to support that claim. Finally, create a conclusion that summarizes your main points. For tips on outlining and revising your paper, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to write a critical analysis

Unlike the name implies a critical analysis does not necessarily mean that you are only exploring what is wrong with a piece of work. Instead, the purpose of this type of essay is to interact with and understand a text. Here’s what you need to know to create a well-written critical analysis essay.

What is a critical analysis?

A critical analysis examines and evaluates someone else’s work, such as a book, an essay, or an article. It requires two steps: a careful reading of the work and thoughtful analysis of the information presented in the work.

Although this may sound complicated, all you are doing in a critical essay is closely reading an author’s work and providing your opinion on how well the author accomplished their purpose.

Critical analyses are most frequently done in academic settings (such as a class assignment). Writing a critical analysis demonstrates that you are able to read a text and think deeply about it. However, critical thinking skills are vital outside of an educational context as well. You just don’t always have to demonstrate them in essay form.

How to outline and write a critical analysis essay

Writing a critical analysis essay involves two main chunks of work: reading the text you are going to write about and writing an analysis of that text. Both are equally important when writing a critical analysis essay.

Step one: Reading critically

The first step in writing a critical analysis is to carefully study the source you plan to analyze.

If you are writing for a class assignment, your professor may have already given you the topic to analyze in an article, short story, book, or other work. If so, you can focus your note-taking on that topic while reading.

Other times, you may have to develop your own topic to analyze within a piece of work. In this case, you should focus on a few key areas as you read:

• What is the author’s intended purpose for the work?
• What techniques and language does the author use to achieve this purpose?
• How does the author support the thesis?
• Who is the author writing for?
• Is the author effective at achieving the intended purpose?

Once you have carefully examined the source material, then you are ready to begin planning your critical analysis essay.

Step two: Writing the critical analysis essay

Taking time to organize your ideas before you begin writing can shorten the amount of time that you spend working on your critical analysis essay. As an added bonus, the quality of your essay will likely be higher if you have a plan before writing.

Here’s a rough outline of what should be in your essay. Of course, if your instructor gives you a sample essay or outline, refer to the sample first.

• Background Information

Critical Analysis

Here is some additional information on what needs to go into each section:

Background information

In the first paragraph of your essay, include background information on the material that you are critiquing. Include context that helps the reader understand the piece you are analyzing. Be sure to include the title of the piece, the author’s name, and information about when and where it was published.

“Success is counted sweetest” is a poem by Emily Dickinson published in 1864. Dickinson was not widely known as a poet during her lifetime, and this poem is one of the first published while she was alive.

After you have provided background information, state your thesis. The thesis should be your reaction to the work. It also lets your reader know what to expect from the rest of your essay. The points you make in the critical analysis should support the thesis.

Dickinson’s use of metaphor in the poem is unexpected but works well to convey the paradoxical theme that success is most valued by those who never experience success.

The next section should include a summary of the work that you are analyzing. Do not assume that the reader is familiar with the source material. Your summary should show that you understood the text, but it should not include the arguments that you will discuss later in the essay.

Dickinson introduces the theme of success in the first line of the poem. She begins by comparing success to nectar. Then, she uses the extended metaphor of a battle in order to demonstrate that the winner has less understanding of success than the loser.

The next paragraphs will contain your critical analysis. Use as many paragraphs as necessary to support your thesis.

Discuss the areas that you took notes on as you were reading. While a critical analysis should include your opinion, it needs to have evidence from the source material in order to be credible to readers. Be sure to use textual evidence to support your claims, and remember to explain your reasoning.

Dickinson’s comparison of success to nectar seems strange at first. However the first line “success is counted sweetest” brings to mind that this nectar could be bees searching for nectar to make honey. In this first stanza, Dickinson seems to imply that success requires work because bees are usually considered to be hard-working and industrious.

In the next two stanzas, Dickinson expands on the meaning of success. This time she uses the image of a victorious army and a dying man on the vanquished side. Now the idea of success is more than something you value because you have worked hard for it. Dickinson states that the dying man values success even more than the victors because he has given everything and still has not achieved success.

This last section is where you remind the readers of your thesis and make closing remarks to wrap up your essay. Avoid summarizing the main points of your critical analysis unless your essay is so long that readers might have forgotten parts of it.

In “Success is counted sweetest” Dickinson cleverly upends the reader’s usual thoughts about success through her unexpected use of metaphors. The poem may be short, but Dickinson conveys a serious theme in just a few carefully chosen words.

What type of language should be used in a critical analysis essay?

Because critical analysis papers are written in an academic setting, you should use formal language, which means:

• No contractions
• Avoid first-person pronouns (I, we, me)

Do not include phrases such as “in my opinion” or “I think”. In a critical analysis, the reader already assumes that the claims are your opinions.

Your instructor may have specific guidelines for the writing style to use. If the instructor assigns a style guide for the class, be sure to use the guidelines in the style manual in your writing.

Additional t ips for writing a critical analysis essay

To conclude this article, here are some additional tips for writing a critical analysis essay:

• Give yourself plenty of time to read the source material. If you have time, read through the text once to get the gist and a second time to take notes.
• Outlining your essay can help you save time. You don’t have to stick exactly to the outline though. You can change it as needed once you start writing.
• Spend the bulk of your writing time working on your thesis and critical analysis. The introduction and conclusion are important, but these sections cannot make up for a weak thesis or critical analysis.
• Give yourself time between your first draft and your second draft. A day or two away from your essay can make it easier to see what you need to improve.

Frequently Asked Questions about critical analyses

In the introduction of a critical analysis essay, you should give background information on the source that you are analyzing. Be sure to include the author’s name and the title of the work. Your thesis normally goes in the introduction as well.

A critical analysis has four main parts.

• Introduction

The focus of a critical analysis should be on the work being analyzed rather than on you. This means that you should avoid using first person unless your instructor tells you to do otherwise. Most formal academic writing is written in third person.

How many paragraphs your critical analysis should have depends on the assignment and will most likely be determined by your instructor. However, in general, your critical analysis paper should have three to six paragraphs, unless otherwise stated.

Your critical analysis ends with your conclusion. You should restate the thesis and make closing remarks, but avoid summarizing the main points of your critical analysis unless your essay is so long that readers might have forgotten parts of it.

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How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay?

So, you want to write a critical analysis essay, but it feels a bit overwhelming, right? No worries! We're here to guide you through the process step by step. Whether you're a pro or a newbie, we've got practical tips and insights to help you nail your critical analysis essay. Let's make this academic adventure a bit less scary and a lot more exciting.

Have you ever wondered, "How to write a critical analysis essay?" We get it. It's not as easy as just summarizing stuff. But fear not! In this article, we're going to break down the whole process for you. Whether you're a seasoned thinker or just dipping your toes into critical analysis, we've got your back. Get ready for some straightforward advice to help you tackle that critical analysis essay like a champ. Let's do this together! For additional reading, please consult our guide on how to write an essay in general.

What Is Critical Analysis Essay?

A critical analysis essay is a type of academic writing in which the writer evaluates and interprets a piece of literature, artwork, film, music, or any other work of art. The primary purpose of a critical analysis essay is to assess the effectiveness or merit of the work in question, providing insights into its strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact.

Writing critical analysis essay demands a thoughtful, informed, and evaluative approach to a work, with a focus on details, evidence, and interpretation. It's an exercise in understanding the layers and complexities within creation and expressing your informed perspective on its merits and shortcomings.

• The primary purpose of a critical analysis essay is to assess and evaluate a specific work, such as a piece of literature, art, film, or any other cultural creation. Unlike a summary, where you merely recap the content, a critical analysis delves deeper. It aims to explore the work's meaning, effectiveness, and significance.

Depth of Research

• To conduct a thorough critical analysis, you often need to go beyond surface-level understanding. This might involve researching the background of the author or artist, understanding the historical context, and exploring any relevant cultural influences. The depth of research ensures that your analysis is well-informed and provides a nuanced perspective.
• Learning how to write critical analysis paper involves paying attention to subtle details and nuances within the work. This could include examining the use of literary devices, artistic techniques, symbolism, or the choices made by the creator. Identifying these nuances allows you to offer a more insightful and detailed analysis.

Evidence-Based Insights

• A strong critical analysis is not merely an expression of personal opinion but is supported by evidence from the work itself. This might involve quoting specific lines from a text, describing particular scenes in a film, or pointing to elements within a piece of art. By using evidence, you strengthen your argument and make your analysis more persuasive.

Judgment and Evaluation

• The analysis goes beyond observation; it includes forming a judgment about the work. This involves assessing its strengths and weaknesses. You might discuss what the creator did well and where improvements could be made. This evaluative aspect adds depth to your analysis and demonstrates your engagement with the work.

Insights and Interpretation

• A critical analysis invites interpretation. It's an opportunity to express your unique perspective on the work and offer insights that might not be immediately apparent. This could involve exploring symbolism, thematic connections, or the impact of specific artistic choices.

Critical Analysis Essay Outline

Here's a basic outline for critical analysis essay. Remember, this is a general outline, and you may need to adjust it based on the specific requirements of your assignment or the nature of the work you are analyzing.

Introduction

Introduction to the Work

• Briefly introduce the work being analyzed.
• Provide necessary background information about the author, artist, or creator.

Thesis Statement

• State the main argument or perspective you will present in your analysis.
• Provide a concise summary of the work.
• Ensure that readers have a basic understanding of the content and context.

Introduction to Analysis

• Briefly explain the specific elements you will analyze (e.g., themes, characters, techniques).

Element 1 Analysis

• Discuss the first element in detail.
• Provide evidence from the work to support your analysis.

Element 2 Analysis

• Repeat the process for the second element.
• Again, support your analysis with relevant evidence.

Additional Elements (if needed)

• Include additional elements you plan to analyze.
• Provide analysis and evidence for each.

Introduction to Evaluation

• Briefly explain the criteria you will use to evaluate the work.

Positive Aspects

• Discuss the strengths or positive aspects of the work.
• Support your evaluation with evidence.

Areas for Improvement

• Discuss weaknesses or areas where the work could be improved.
• Again, support your evaluation with evidence.

Summary of Analysis and Evaluation

• Summarize the main points of your analysis.
• Recap your evaluation.

Final Thoughts

• Offer any final insights or reflections.
• Restate the significance of your analysis.

Writing critical analysis essay involves a systematic and thoughtful approach. Remember, the critical analysis essay is an opportunity to showcase your ability to analyze and evaluate a work thoughtfully. It's essential to provide clear reasoning and support your arguments with evidence from the work itself. 

To learn how to start a critical analysis essay, it is crucial to begin with a compelling introduction that captivates the reader's attention and sets the stage for the subsequent analysis. Start by providing contextual information about the work under scrutiny, including the author, artist, or creator, and briefly outlining the overall content. Engage your audience by posing a thought-provoking question, presenting a relevant quote, or offering a striking observation of the subject matter. 

Clearly articulate the main purpose of your analysis and introduce your thesis statement, which succinctly encapsulates the central argument you will be exploring in the essay. By establishing a solid foundation in the introduction, you invite readers to delve into your critical examination with a clear understanding of your perspective and the significance of the work at hand. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you through the entire writing process:

Understand the Assignment

• Read the assignment instructions carefully.
• Identify the specific work (e.g., a book, film, artwork) you need to analyze.
• Note any guidelines or criteria provided by your instructor.

Choose a Literary Work

• If the work is not assigned, select one that interests you and aligns with the assignment requirements.

Read/View/Experience the Work

• Engage with the work attentively.
• Take notes on significant details, themes, characters, and any elements that stand out.

Research Background Information

• Gather information about the author, artist, or creator.
• Understand the historical and cultural context if relevant.

Develop a Thesis Statement

• Formulate a clear thesis statement that presents the main argument or perspective you will explore in your analysis.

Create an Outline

• Structure your essay with an introduction, body paragraphs for analysis, an evaluation section, and a conclusion.
• Use the outline provided earlier as a template.

Write the Introduction

• Introduce the work and provide essential background information.
• Present your thesis statement, outlining the focus of your analysis.

Write the Summary

• Provide a concise summary of the work, ensuring readers have a basic understanding of its content and context.

Analyze Specific Elements

• Follow your outline to analyze specific elements of the work.
• Discuss themes, characters, techniques, or any other relevant aspects.

Evaluate the Work

• Introduce your criteria for evaluation.
• Discuss the positive aspects of the work, supporting your points with evidence.
• Address areas for improvement, again using evidence to support your evaluation.

Write the Conclusion

• Summarize the main points of your analysis and evaluation.
• Restate your thesis and its significance.
• Offer final thoughts or reflections.

Revise and Edit

• Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency.
• Check for grammatical errors, typos, and proper citation if applicable.

Seek Feedback (Optional)

• If possible, get feedback from peers, instructors, or writing centers to refine your essay.

Finalize Your Essay

• Make any necessary revisions based on feedback.
• Ensure your essay meets the assignment requirements.

Cite Sources (If Required)

• If you used external sources for background information, quotes, or references, ensure proper citation according to the specified style guide (e.g., APA, MLA).

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Critical Analysis Essay Topics

Students can explore a myriad of thought-provoking topics for critical analysis essay for their across various disciplines. For example, you might dissect the portrayal of power dynamics in dystopian novels or scrutinize the evolution of a character's identity throughout a classic work. Venturing into the cinematic landscape, students could critically analyze the symbolism and visual storytelling techniques in a renowned film or examine the cultural commentary embedded in a contemporary piece. For those inclined toward the visual arts, delving into the complexities of a particular artwork or artistic movement offers an opportunity to unravel hidden meanings. Moreover, students may consider such critical analysis essay ideas as the representation of gender roles, the impact of technology on human connections, or the exploration of mental health in literature. Consider the following topic examples:

• Identity and self-discovery in 'The Catcher in the Rye.'
• The impact of social media on interpersonal relationships.
• Symbolism in Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Raven.'
• Gender roles in the film 'Wonder Woman.'
• Environmental conservation messages in Nike advertisements.
• Historical accuracy in 'The Crown' TV series.
• Technology's role in shaping modern higher education.
• Cultural significance of traditional Japanese Noh theatre.
• Portrayal of mental health in 'BoJack Horseman.'
• Ethical implications of CRISPR gene editing.
• Metaphor in Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech.
• Impact of Affordable Care Act on healthcare accessibility.
• Symbolism in Leonardo da Vinci's 'Mona Lisa.'
• Influence of jazz on American society.
• Representation of diversity in 'The Sneetches' by Dr. Seuss.
• Role of humor in addressing social issues in Dave Chappelle's comedy special.
• Effectiveness of anti-smoking public service announcements.
• Portrayal of cultural clashes in 'The Joy Luck Club.'
• Impact of artificial intelligence on daily life.
• Role of education in addressing economic inequality.

Tips for Writing a Critical Analysis Essay

Thoroughly understand the work.

Before diving into a critical analysis essay, ensure a comprehensive understanding of the work. Read a literary piece multiple times, watch a film attentively, or study an artwork closely. Take notes on key elements, themes, and characters to form a solid foundation for your analysis.

Focus on Specific Elements

Instead of attempting to analyze the entire work, narrow down your focus to specific elements. This could include examining the use of symbolism, characterization, narrative structure, or visual techniques. By concentrating on specific aspects, you can provide a more in-depth and focused analysis.

Support Your Analysis with Evidence

A critical analysis is strengthened by providing evidence from the work itself. Quote specific lines from a text, reference particular scenes in a film, or describe elements in an artwork. This evidence supports your interpretation and demonstrates a deep engagement with the work.

Consider the Context

Acknowledge the context in which the work was created. Consider the historical, cultural, and social background that might influence its meaning. Understanding the context allows you to offer a more nuanced analysis, recognizing the creator's intent and the work's relevance within a broader framework.

How to Format a Critical Analysis Essay?

Critical analysis essay format follows general guidelines for academic writing. Always refer to your assignment guidelines and any specific instructions from your instructor, as formatting requirements can vary. Here's a typical structure in terms of formatting:

• Include the title of your essay, your name, the course title, the instructor's name, and the date.
• Follow any specific formatting instructions provided by your instructor.
• Begin with a strong introduction that introduces the work and provides essential background information.
• State your thesis clearly and concisely.

Body Paragraphs

• Organize your analysis into well-structured paragraphs.
• Each paragraph should focus on a specific element or aspect of the work.
• Begin each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that relates to your thesis.

Analysis and Evidence

• Analyze the chosen elements of the work thoroughly.
• Support your analysis with evidence, such as quotes, examples, or specific scenes.
• Ensure that your analysis is logical and well-connected.
• Include a section where you evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the work.
• Discuss what works well and areas that could be improved.
• Provide thoughtful judgments and support them with evidence.
• Restate your thesis and highlight the significance of your analysis.
• Offer any final thoughts or reflections.

References or Works Cited

• Include a list of all the sources you cited in your essay.
• Follow the citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) specified by your instructor.

Formatting Style

• Use a standard font (e.g., Times New Roman, Arial) in 12-point size.
• Double-space the entire essay.
• Set 1-inch margins on all sides.
• Align text to the left; do not justify.

Page Numbers

• Number pages consecutively, starting from the title page (if applicable).
• Place page numbers in the header or footer.

Additional Instructions

• Follow any additional formatting guidelines provided by your instructor.
• Check for any specific requirements regarding headers, footers, or additional elements.

Following a clear and consistent format ensures that your critical analysis essay is well-organized and easy to read.

Critical Analysis Essay Example

We believe that a critical analysis essay sample can help students master the intricacies of a particular assignment. In this article, we’ve decided to give you two different examples that will definitely inspire you to move the needle when tackling this task.

The Symbolism of Light and Dark in Shakespeare's "Macbeth"

William Shakespeare's tragedy "Macbeth" explores the intricate interplay of light and dark imagery as symbols throughout the play. In this critical analysis, we will delve into how Shakespeare employs these symbols to convey complex themes and character motivations. The juxtaposition of light and dark in "Macbeth" serves as a powerful metaphor for the moral and psychological transformations undergone by the characters.

Shakespeare strategically employs light and dark imagery to signify moral clarity and corruption. In the opening scenes, the protagonist – Macbeth – associates darkness with deception and evil intentions. For instance, when contemplating regicide, Macbeth implores the stars to "hide [their] fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires" (1.4.50-51). The contrast between light and dark intensifies as the narrative progresses, underscoring the characters' moral dilemmas.

As Macbeth succumbs to his ambition, the imagery of darkness deepens. The murder of King Duncan occurs under the cover of night, symbolizing the moral obscurity of Macbeth's actions. The once honorable protagonist descends into darkness both metaphorically and literally, as evidenced by Lady Macbeth's plea to "come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell" (1.5.49-50). The darkness that initially masked his ambitions becomes a pervasive element in Macbeth's psyche.

Interestingly, the play also presents a paradoxical relationship between light and darkness. While darkness represents evil, light is not always synonymous with goodness. The false sense of security in the daylight becomes apparent as Macbeth's heinous deeds unfold. Banquo's murder, planned in broad daylight, challenges the traditional association of light with virtue, revealing the deceptive nature of appearances.

In conclusion, Shakespeare's adept use of light and dark imagery in "Macbeth" contributes to the thematic richness of the play. The evolving symbolism underscores the moral complexities the characters face, particularly Macbeth, as they navigate the consequences of their choices. By examining the nuanced interplay of light and dark, we gain profound insights into the psychological and moral dimensions of Shakespeare's tragic narrative.

The Dystopian Mirror: A Critical Analysis of Societal Portrayal in George Orwell's "1984"

George Orwell's "1984" stands as a dystopian masterpiece, a haunting vision of a totalitarian society that raises profound questions about power, control, and individual agency. In this critical analysis, we will delve into how Orwell's portrayal of society in "1984" serves as a reflection of his concerns about government overreach and the erosion of personal freedoms.

Orwell's vision of an omnipresent surveillance state in "1984" serves as a chilling forecast of the erosion of privacy in contemporary society. The ubiquitous presence of telescreens and the Thought Police in the novel underscores the dangers of unchecked governmental power. Through the character of Winston Smith, Orwell illustrates the psychological impact of living under constant surveillance and the pervasive fear of dissent.

Orwell introduces the concept of Newspeak, a language designed to eliminate rebellious thoughts, further illustrating the manipulative power of the state. The controlled language in "1984" becomes a tool for thought control, limiting the ability of individuals to articulate dissenting ideas. This linguistic manipulation echoes Orwell's concerns about the potential distortion of truth and the stifling of independent thought in a society governed by authoritarian rule.

The portrayal of Big Brother in "1984" serves as a powerful commentary on the creation of a cult of personality to consolidate power. The Party's ability to shape and control public perception through the iconic figure of Big Brother reflects Orwell's apprehensions about manipulating truth and the dangers of blind loyalty to charismatic leaders. The relentless propaganda in the novel underscores the potential consequences of unchecked authority on societal values.

To sum up, George Orwell's "1984" remains a poignant critique of societal structures that compromise individual freedoms in the pursuit of unchecked power. Through the vivid portrayal of surveillance, linguistic manipulation, and the cult of personality, Orwell prompts readers to reflect on the fragility of democratic values. As we navigate the complexities of our own society, the warnings embedded in "1984" continue to resonate, urging us to remain vigilant against threats to individual autonomy and the integrity of truth.

Learning how to write critical analysis essays is crucial for students as it cultivates essential skills vital for academic and professional success. Firstly, it hones their analytical thinking abilities, enabling them to dissect complex ideas, texts, or artworks and discern underlying themes, motifs, and messages. This skill is invaluable in academia, where critical analysis forms the cornerstone of scholarly discourse and research. 

Secondly, critical analysis writing fosters effective communication skills as students learn to articulate their thoughts coherently, provide evidence-based arguments, and engage with diverse perspectives. Such proficiency not only enhances their academic writing but also prepares them for future endeavors in fields such as research, journalism, or policymaking. Does that sound interesting, or maybe you would like to do something different today rather than critique literary works? In that case, pay for an essay and have a wonderful evening! 

Frequently asked questions

What is a critical analysis essay structure, what type of language should be used in a critical analysis essay, what are the benefits of writing a critical analysis essay.

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• Subject Guides

Being critical: a practical guide

• Critical writing
• Being critical
• Critical thinking
• Evaluating information
• Reading academic articles
• Critical reading

This guide contains key resources to introduce you to the features of critical writing.

For more in-depth advice and guidance on critical writing , visit our specialist academic writing guides:

What is critical writing?

Academic writing requires criticality; it's not enough to just describe or summarise evidence, you also need to analyse and evaluate information and use it to build your own arguments. This is where you show your own thoughts based on the evidence available, so critical writing is really important for higher grades.

Explore the key features of critical writing and see it in practice in some examples:

Introduction to critical writing [Google Slides]

While we need criticality in our writing, it's definitely possible to go further than needed. We’re aiming for that Goldilocks ‘just right’ point between not critical enough and too critical. Find out more:

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Please ensure you sign up at least one working day before the start of the session to be sure of receiving joining instructions.

If you're based at CITY College you can book onto the following sessions by sending an email with the session details to your Faculty Librarian:

[email protected]

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Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising

Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising are different ways that you can use evidence from sources in your writing. As you move from one method to the next, you integrate the evidence further into your argument, showing increasing critical analysis.

Here's a quick introduction to the three methods and how to use them:

Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising: an introduction [YouTube video]  |  Quoting, paraphrasing and synthesising [Google Doc]

Want to know more? Check out these resources for more examples of paraphrasing and using notes to synthesise information:

Using evidence to build critical arguments

Academic writing integrates evidence from sources to create your own critical arguments.

We're not looking for a list of summaries of individual sources; ideally, the important evidence should be integrated into a cohesive whole. What does the evidence mean altogether?  Of course, a critical argument also needs some critical analysis of this evidence. What does it all mean in terms of your argument?

These resources will help you explore ways to integrate evidence and build critical arguments:

Building a critical argument [YouTube] |  Building a critical argument [Google Doc]

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Critical Essay Writing

Critical Essay Outline

Critical Essay Outline - Writing Guide With Examples

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Critical Essay - A Step by Step Guide & Examples

A Comprehensive List of 260+ Inspiring Critical Essay Topics

Writing a critical analysis essay can be a daunting task for many students. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and the ability to critically evaluate it.

But here's the challenge: without a well-structured outline, the task becomes even more overwhelming. You might find yourself lost in a sea of information, struggling to organize your thoughts, and not knowing where to begin.

In this blog, we will provide you with a solution to this problem. We'll walk you through the process of creating a comprehensive critical analysis essay outline that will not only make your writing process smoother but also increase your chances of producing a top-notch essay.

By the end of this guide, you'll be well-equipped to tackle critical analysis essays with confidence and finesse. 

Let's get started!

• 1. How to Write a Critical Essay Outline?
• 2. Critical Essay Outline Examples
• 3. Tips for Writing an Effective Critical Essay Outline

How to Write a Critical Essay Outline?

Writing an outline is an essential part of drafting an effective critical essay . It provides a sensible structure to the content through which a reader easily keeps track of the writer’s ideas and explanations. 

Here’s a sample outline for critical essay:

Critical Essay Introduction

The introduction of your essay serves as the gateway, enticing readers to delve into your analysis. Follow these guidelines to craft an engaging and effective introduction:

• Opening Hook: Begin with a captivating hook that sparks curiosity or addresses the relevance of your topic. This could be a thought-provoking quote, a startling statistic, or a compelling anecdote.
• Contextualize the Topic: Provide background information to ensure readers understand the context of your critical analysis. Briefly introduce the work or topic you are critiquing, highlighting its significance.
• Thesis Statement:  Clearly state your thesis statement and the main argument or perspective you will be exploring in your critical essay. This concise declaration sets the stage for the reader, outlining the focus and purpose of your analysis.
• Preview of Key Points: Offer a brief overview of the key points or arguments you will be addressing in the body paragraphs. This roadmap prepares readers for the critical insights they can expect in the following sections.
• Transition to Body: Smoothly transition from the introduction to the body of your essay. Ensure a logical flow that keeps readers engaged and eager to explore your critical analysis further.

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Critical Essay Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of your critical essay are the heart of your analysis, where you dissect and examine the chosen work or topic. Here's how to structure and develop these crucial sections:

• Topic Sentence : Begin each body paragraph with a clear topic sentence that encapsulates the main point or argument of that specific section.
• Introduction of Evidence : Introduce evidence to support your analysis. This may include quotes, examples, or data that reinforce your critical perspective. 
• Critical Analysis : Dive into a detailed analysis of the evidence you've presented. Explain how it relates to your thesis and critically evaluate its significance. 
• Transition to the Next Point : Provide a smooth transition to the next paragraph by summarizing the key points. Explain how they connect to the overall argument of your critical essay.
• Consistency and Coherence : Maintain consistency and coherence throughout the body paragraphs. Each section should contribute logically to the development of your thesis, creating a cohesive narrative.

Critical Essay Conclusion

The conclusion of your critical essay is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression. Follow these steps to create a powerful and memorable conclusion:

• Restate the Thesis: Begin by restating your thesis in a slightly different way. Summarize the main argument or perspective you've presented in your critical essay.
• Review Key Points: Briefly review the key points or arguments discussed in the body paragraphs. Reiterate their significance in supporting your overall thesis.
• Broader Implications: Explore the broader implications of your analysis. Discuss how your critical insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the work or topic, and consider any broader implications for the field.
• Concluding Thoughts: Offer some final thoughts or reflections on the significance of your critical analysis. Consider the larger context and encourage readers to think further about the themes you've explored.
• Closing Statement: End with a strong and memorable closing statement. This could be a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a reflection on the enduring relevance of your critical examination.

Critical Essay Outline Examples

When writing a critical essay outline, even the slightest error can jeopardize both your grades and reputation.

Examining an example allows you to determine the appropriate tone and structure for your critical paper. For that the examples given below serve as a valuable starting point, providing clarity and guidance as you begin your writing process without uncertainty.

Critical Essay Outline Example

Critical Analysis Essay Outline Example

Critical Response Essay Outline Example

Critical Essay Sample

Critical Essay Outline Template

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Tips for Writing an Effective Critical Essay Outline

Crafting a robust critical essay structure is essential for a successful writing process. Here are valuable tips to guide you through the outline creation:

• Start with a Strong Thesis Statement

Begin your outline by clearly articulating your thesis statement. This should succinctly convey the main argument or perspective you will be exploring in your critical essay.

• Identify Strengths and Weaknesses

As you outline, consider the strengths and weaknesses of your argument. Acknowledge potential counterarguments and ensure your outline addresses them, strengthening your overall analysis.

• Support Your Thesis Statement

Each section of your outline should contribute to supporting your thesis. Ensure that your key points and evidence align cohesively to strengthen the central argument of your critical essay.

• Consider Writing Style

Pay attention to your writing style within the outline. Maintain a formal and analytical tone appropriate for a critical essay. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.

• Choose a Relevant Essay Topic

Select an essay topic that aligns with your interests and allows for in-depth analysis. The relevance of your topic will contribute to a more engaging and compelling critical essay.

• Analyze and Evaluate Key Points

For each section of your outline, go beyond surface-level analysis. Dive deep into the material, analyzing and evaluating key points to provide a nuanced and comprehensive critical assessment.

• Pay Attention to Detail

Detail matters. Pay attention to the specifics of your outline, ensuring a logical flow of ideas and a well-organized structure. Clarity at this stage sets the foundation for a polished final essay.

• Start Writing Early

Once your outline is complete, don't procrastinate. Start writing early to allow ample time for revisions and refinements. A well-thought-out outline expedites the writing process.

In conclusion , crafting a critical essay requires careful planning and consideration. By following a well-constructed outline, you lay the groundwork for a compelling essay that showcases your analytical prowess. 

Remember to start with a strong thesis statement, identify strengths and weaknesses, and support your argument with well-researched evidence.

If you think your writing and analyzing skills are not up to the mark, you can always take help from an expert essay writer.

MyPerfectWords.com is an essay writing service that provides guidance and assistance to all students. No matter what field or level you belong to, MyPerfectWords.com provides academic writing services for everyone. Moreover, if you are looking for free essay samples and original content, MyPerfectWords.com is the right place. 

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Nail your critical essay writing with this great guide.

Most times, a critical analysis requires the writer to critique a theme in a film or book. Writing a critical essay also requires an ability to present the thoughts of the original author and explain it in the simplest manner so the audience can follow it.

What Is A Critical Essay?

Critical essays are intended to interpret, analyze, and evaluate a text. This paper is an academic paper, and so the audience is usually an academic one.

The goal of a critical essay is to help writers hone their skills in critical writing. The readers of the text are also presented with the writer’s interpretation or a thought-provoking explanation of the medium that is being critiqued.

There are several goals when it comes to writing a critical analysis essay. They include:

• Providing a full analysis of the original author’s work
• Offering a different view of the work of the original writer
• Providing a complete assessment of the work of the original author while also maintaining and supporting the main argument.
• Criticizing the original author’s work
• Presenting the weaknesses and strengths of a journal or article.

How To Write A Critical Essay

Critical writing may be complicated, but it is easier than it seems. With the right critical essay structure, you can prepare a critical paper with ease. The first step is to ensure that you understand all the requirements of the assignment. It is easy to make the mistake of starting without understanding the instructions fully.

Start by asking for clarification if you aren’t sure about the assignment details. Be sure to go through the source material to find anything that can enhance the essay. If you need to write an essay on a film or book, it is advisable to read the source material several times.

Put down notes as you go through the source material. This simple habit can make or mar any paper. As you review the chosen medium, take note of the main concepts or ideas that the original writer had.

The next step is to find the patterns or primary challenges in your critique of any work. After reviewing the film or text, you should identify the main patterns, challenges, and problems that exist. When these aspects come together, other key concepts and issues will emerge.

You need to find solutions for the patterns or problems you previously identified. This step helps guide you as you prepare your thesis statement.

How To Start A Critical Essay – Different Types Of Critical Essays

There are lots of categories when it comes to critical analysis writing. Some of the types include:

• Reader-response Criticism
• Sociological Criticism
• Mythological Criticism
• Gender Criticism
• New Historicism
• Biographical Criticism
• Formalist Criticism
• Psychoanalytical Criticism

From critical essays examples, you can see the required structure for the paper. As a matter of fact, this paper follows the standard structure of essays, which includes an introductory paragraph, the body paragraph, and the closing statement. Without these parts, an essay is considered incomplete. Before tackling the sections, don’t forget to write your outline. This part is crucial because it allows the writer to create a roadmap for the paper.

The introductory part often offers a concise description of your reviewed topic. It shouldn’t be too long but should give the reader an idea about what the essay focuses on.

You will need to write a thesis statement, so there are a few things you should remember while doing this. You need to use only clear sentences an avoid any cliché statement. As much as you can, try to be specific as you highlight the purpose of the paper.

The body of the essay needs to communicate the point in every single sentence. All paragraphs in the essay have to support your thesis statement. It can either present an argument or offer a claim. You need to back this up with evidence. A good criticism essay example contains three to six paragraphs. However, you can choose your number of paragraphs according to the instructions from your professor.

The next part is the conclusion, which summarizes the key argument and restates the thesis statement. The reader should have something to reflect upon, which is tied to the essay. After reading your paper, the readers should be interested in reading more about your topic or researching it on their own. If you are unable to come up with this, get writing help from professionals. The service is quite cheap.

Tips On Writing Critical Essay Outline

If you are writing a critical essay on the movie “The Lord of The Rings,” your outline should look like this:

Introduction

• Explain how the ring comes into existence and the risk it poses
• Write a brief description of Frodo’s character as well as the other supporting characters.
• Provide an important event in the movie that shakes the plot
• Assess the hurdles the fellowship passed on the way to Mordor.
• Provide an analysis of the conflicts along the way.

Here, restate the thesis statement in this case and not forget to add why you chose to critique the part.

Summarize all these parts written above and use the same ideal for any topic of your choice. Don’t forget to focus on the three parts of the essay. These parts ease the writing process since it structures the essay. Add three or more main concepts in each heading to be used as a framework for the essay.

Critical writing definition is critiquing a text or film or any other media. Following these tips will give you an idea for your critical essay. However, if you feel that you’re not up to this task, it is advisable to ask for a professional writing help .

How to Write a Critical Thinking Essay: Examples & Outline

Critical thinking is the process of evaluating and analyzing information. People who use it in everyday life are open to different opinions. They rely on reason and logic when making conclusions about certain issues.

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A critical thinking essay shows how your thoughts change as you research your topic. This type of assignment encourages you to learn rather than prove what you already know. In this article, our custom writing team will:

• explain how to write an excellent critical essay;
• introduce 30 great essay topics;
• provide a critical thinking essay example in MLA format.
• 🤔 Critical Thinking Essay Definition
• 💡 Topics & Questions
• ✅ Step-by-Step Guide
• 📑 Essay Example & Formatting Tips
• ✍️ Bonus Tips

🔍 References

🤔 what is a critical thinking essay.

A critical thinking essay is a paper that analyses an issue and reflects on it in order to develop an action plan. Unlike other essay types, it starts with a question instead of a thesis. It helps you develop a broader perspective on a specific issue. Critical writing aims at improving your analytical skills and encourages asking questions.

Critical Thinking in Writing: Importance

When we talk about critical thinking and writing, the word “critical” doesn’t have any negative connotation. It simply implies thorough investigation, evaluation, and analysis of information. Critical thinking allows students to make objective conclusions and present their ideas logically. It also helps them avoid errors in reasoning.

The Basics: 8 Steps of Critical Thinking Psychology

Did you know that the critical thinking process consists of 8 steps? We’ve listed them below. You can try to implement them in your everyday life:

It’s possible that fallacies will occur during the process of critical thinking. Fallacies are errors in reasoning that fail to provide a reasonable conclusion. Here are some common types of fallacies:

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• Generalization . It happens when you apply generally factual statements to a specific case.
• Ambiguity . It occurs when the arguments are not clear and are not supported by evidence.
• Appeal to authority . This mistake happens when you claim the statement is valid only because a respected person made it.
• Appeal to emotion . It occurs when you use highly emotive language to convince the audience. Try to stay sensible and rely on the evidence.
• Bifurcation . This mistake occurs when you choose only between two alternatives when more than two exist.
• False analogy . It happens when the examples are poorly connected.

If you want to avoid these mistakes, do the following:

• try not to draw conclusions too quickly,
• be attentive,
• carefully read through all the sources,
• avoid generalizations.

How to Demonstrate Your Critical Thinking in Writing

Critical thinking encourages you to go beyond what you know and study new perspectives. When it comes to demonstrating your critical thinking skills in writing, you can try these strategies:

• Read . Before you start writing an essay, read everything you can find on the subject you are about to cover. Focus on the critical points of your assignment.
• Research . Look up several scholarly sources and study the information in-depth.
• Evaluate . Analyze the sources and the information you’ve gathered. See whether you can disagree with the authors.
• Prove . Explain why you agree or disagree with the authors’ conclusions. Back it up with evidence.

According to Purdue University, logical essay writing is essential when you deal with academic essays. It helps you demonstrate and prove the arguments. Make sure that your paper reaches a logical conclusion.

There are several main concepts related to logic:

If you want your essay to be logical, it’s better to avoid syllogistic fallacies, which happen with certain invalid deductions. If syllogisms are used carelessly, they can lead to false statements and ruin the credibility of your paper.

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💡 Critical Thinking Topics & Questions

An excellent critical thinking essay starts with a question. But how do you formulate it properly? Keep reading to find out.

How to Write Critical Thinking Questions: Examples with Answers

Asking the right questions is at the core of critical thinking. They challenge our beliefs and encourage our interest to learn more.

Here are some examples of model questions that prompt critical thinking:

• What does… mean?
• What would happen if…?
• What are the principles of…?
• Why is… important?
• How does… affect…?
• What do you think causes…?
• How are… and… similar/different?
• How do you explain….?
• What are the implications of…?
• What do we already know about…?

Now, let’s look at some critical thinking questions with the answers. You can use these as a model for your own questions:

Question: What would happen if people with higher income paid more taxes?

• Answer: It would help society to prosper and function better. It would also help people out of poverty. This way, everyone can contribute to the economy.

Question: How does eating healthy benefit you?

• Answer: Healthy eating affects people’s lives in many positive ways. It reduces cancer risk, improves your mood and memory, helps with weight loss and diabetes management, and improves your night sleep.

Critical Thinking Essay Topics

Have you already decided what your essay will be about? If not, feel free to use these essay topic examples as titles for your paper or as inspiration. Make sure to choose a theme that interests you personally:

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• What are the reasons for racism in healthcare ?
• Why is accepting your appearance important?
• Concepts of critical thinking and logical reasoning .
• Nature and spirit in Ralf Waldo Emerson ’s poetry.
• How does technological development affect communication in the modern world?
• Social media effect on adolescents.
• Is the representation of children in popular fiction accurate?
• Domestic violence and its consequences.
• Why is mutual aid important in society?
• How do stereotypes affect the way people think?
• The concept of happiness in different cultures.
• The purpose of environmental art .
• Why do people have the need to be praised ?
• How did antibiotics change medicine and its development?
• Is there a way to combat inequality in sports ?
• Is gun control an effective way of crime prevention?
• How our understanding of love changes through time.
• The use of social media by the older generation.
• Graffiti as a form of modern art .
• Negative health effects of high sugar consumption.
• Why are reality TV shows so popular?
• Why should we eat healthily ?
• How effective and fair is the US judicial system ?
• Reasons of Cirque du Soleil phenomenon.
• How can police brutality be stopped?
• Freedom of speech : does it exist?
• The effects of vaccination misconceptions .
• How to eliminate New Brunswick’s demographic deficit: action plan .
• What makes a good movie ?
• Critical analysis of your favorite book.
• The connection between fashion and identity .
• Taboo topics and how they are discussed in gothic literature .
• Critical thinking essay on the problem of overpopulation .
• Does our lifestyle affect our mental health ?
• The role of self-esteem in preventing eating disorders in children .
• Drug abuse among teenagers.
• Rhetoric on assisted suicide .
• Effects of violent video games on children’s mental health.
• Analyze the effect stress has on the productivity of a team member.
• Discuss the importance of the environmental studies .
• Critical thinking and ethics of happy life.
• The effects of human dignity on the promotion of justice.
• Examine the ethics of advertising the tobacco industry.
• Reasons and possible solutions of research misconduct.
• Implication of parental deployment for children.
• Cultural impact of superheroes on the US culture.
• Examine the positive and negative impact of technology on modern society.
• Critical thinking in literature: examples.
• Analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on economic transformation.
• Benefits and drawbacks of mandatory vaccination .

Haven’t found a suitable essay idea? Try using our topic generator !

✅ How to Write a Critical Thinking Essay Step by Step

Now, let’s focus on planning and writing your critical thinking essay. In this section, you will find an essay outline, examples of thesis statements, and a brief overview of each essay part.

Critical Thinking Essay Outline

In a critical thinking essay, there are two main things to consider: a premise and a conclusion :

• A premise is a statement in the argument that explains the reason or supports a conclusion.
• A conclusion indicates what the argument is trying to prove. Each argument can have only one conclusion.

When it comes to structuring, a critical thinking essay is very similar to any other type of essay. Before you start writing it, make sure you know what to include in it. An outline is very helpful when it comes to structuring a paper.

How to Start a Critical Essay Introduction

An introduction gives readers a general idea of an essay’s contents. When you work on the introduction, imagine that you are drawing a map for the reader. It not only marks the final destination but also explains the route.

An introduction usually has 4 functions:

• It catches the reader’s attention;
• It states the essay’s main argument;
• It provides some general information about the topic;
• It shows the importance of the issue in question.

Here are some strategies that can make the introduction writing easier:

• Give an overview of the essay’s topic.
• Express the main idea.
• Define the main terms.
• Outline the issues that you are going to explore or argue about.
• Explain the methodology and why you used it.
• Write a hook to attract the reader’s attention.

Critical Analysis Thesis Statement & Examples

A thesis statement is an integral part of every essay. It keeps the paper organized and guides both the reader and the writer. A good thesis:

• expresses the conclusion or position on a topic;
• justifies your position or opinion with reasoning;
• conveys one idea;
• serves as the essay’s map.

To have a clearer understanding of what a good thesis is, let’s have a look at these examples.

The statement on the left is too general and doesn’t provide any reasoning. The one on the right narrows down the group of people to office workers and specifies the benefits of exercising.

Critical Thinking Essay Body Paragraphs: How to Write

Body paragraphs are the part of the essay where you discuss all the ideas and arguments. In a critical thinking essay, arguments are especially important. When you develop them, make sure that they:

• reflect the key theme;
• are supported by the sources/citations/examples.

Using counter-arguments is also effective. It shows that you acknowledge different points of view and are not easily persuaded.

In addition to your arguments, it’s essential to present the evidence . Demonstrate your critical thinking skills by analyzing each source and stating whether the author’s position is valid.

To make your essay logically flow, you may use transitions such as:

• Accordingly,
• For instance,
• On the contrary,
• In conclusion,
• Not only… but also,
• Undoubtedly.

How to Write a Critical Thinking Conclusion

In a critical thinking essay, the notion of “conclusion” is tightly connected to the one used in logic. A logical conclusion is a statement that specifies the author’s point of view or what the essay argues about. Each argument can have only one logical conclusion.

Sometimes they can be confused with premises. Remember that premises serve as a support for the conclusion. Unlike the conclusion, there can be several premises in a single argument. You can learn more about these concepts from the article on a logical consequence by Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Keeping this in mind, have a look at these tips for finishing your essay:

• Briefly sum up the main points.
• Provide a final thought on the issue.
• Suggest some results or consequences.
• Finish up with a call for action.

📑 Critical Thinking Essays Examples & Formatting Tips

Formatting is another crucial aspect of every formal paper. MLA and APA are two popular formats when it comes to academic writing. They share some similarities but overall are still two different styles. Here are critical essay format guidelines that you can use as a reference:

Finally, you’re welcome to check out a full critical essay sample in MLA format. Download the PDF file below:

Currently, the importance of critical thinking has grown rapidly because technological progress has led to expanded access to various content-making platforms: websites, online news agencies, and podcasts with, often, low-quality information. Fake news is used to achieve political and financial aims, targeting people with low news literacy. However, individuals can stop spreading fallacies by detecting false agendas with the help of a skeptical attitude.

✍️ Bonus Tips: Critical Thinking and Writing Exercises

Critical thinking is a process different from our regular thinking. When we think in everyday life, we do it automatically. However, when we’re thinking critically, we do it deliberately.

So how do we get better at this type of thinking and make it a habit? These useful tips will help you do it:

• Ask basic questions. Sometimes, while we are doing research, the explanation becomes too complicated. To avoid it, always go back to your topic.
• Question basic assumptions. When thinking through a problem, ask yourself whether your beliefs can be wrong. Keep an open mind while researching your question.
• Think for yourself. Avoid getting carried away in the research and buying into other people’s opinions.
• Reverse things. Sometimes it seems obvious that one thing causes another, but what if it’s the other way around?
• Evaluate existing evidence. If you work with sources, it’s crucial to evaluate and question them.

Another way to improve your reasoning skills is to do critical thinking exercises. Here are some of them:

Thanks for reading through our article! We hope that you found it helpful and learned some new information. If you liked it, feel free to share it with your friends.

Further reading:

• Critical Writing: Examples & Brilliant Tips [2024]
• How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay: Outline, Steps, & Examples
• How to Write an Analysis Essay: Examples + Writing Guide
• How to Write a Critique Paper: Tips + Critique Essay Examples
• How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay Step by Step
• Critical Thinking and Writing: University of Kent
• Steps to Critical Thinking: Rasmussen University
• 3 Simple Habits to Improve Your Critical Thinking: Harvard Business Review
• In-Class Writing Exercises: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Demonstrating Critical Thinking in Writing: University of South Australia
• 15 Questions that Teachers and Parents Can Ask Kids to Encourage Critical Thinking: The Hun School
• Questions to Provoke Critical Thinking: Brown University
• How to Write a College Critical Thinking Essay: Seattle PI
• Introductions: What They Do: Royal Literary Fund
• Thesis Statements: Arizona State University
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The Exploratory Essay

What is an Exploratory Essay?

The purpose of an exploratory essay is to investigate a topic through critical inquiry and present the research findings to your audience. An exploratory essay can take different forms, depending on its purpose. For example, a literature review in the social sciences is a form of exploratory essay. The writer identifies and evaluates the research that others in the field have already done in order to provide the background information needed for either a new interpretation of existing research or new research to add to the existing body of knowledge. Market analyses and environment scans are forms that the exploratory essay can take in business and industry. The company identifies and analyzes key external factors in order to inform strategic decisions.

The CRIT 602 Exploratory Essay & Your Audience

In the case of the exploratory essay in CRIT 602, its purpose is to answer the following question:

How will current trends, concerns, and research related to my academic discipline inform the decisions I make about my academic and professional development or personal interests?

A good way to think about your approach to the CRIT 602 exploratory essay is to go back to your hypothetical external audience. Your readers  are at the same stage of academic and professional development that you are and have similar goals. They are looking for credible information to examine key trends in the field, but they want the information to be evaluated by someone who understands from where they are coming.

You have already provided your readers with relevant trending information about professional organizations, social media, and information resources. They have appreciated the information you’ve presented from these contexts because it is current and relevant to their own academic and professional development. Moreover, you have demonstrated through your analysis and citations that the information you’ve shared is valid.

Purpose & Content:

Currently, your readers are coming back to you because they would really like to know what conclusions you’ve reached about the critical inquiry question you have in common, now that you’ve had the opportunity to look at your research findings in their entirety. How are the different contexts related to each other? Are there trends or patterns across contexts? Contradictions? Controversies? What about employment trends related to the field? Based on your research, are there assumptions you’ve identified that should be challenged?  What implications do you see for someone at your stage of academic and professional development? Finally, your readers would be interested in how you plan to apply this information to your own academic and professional development, so that they can more fully understand the implications of your research findings and apply them to their personal situations.

This is not an analytical paper.   You are presenting information and drawing conclusions based on your research, but you are not tasked with providing a thesis statement.  You should have a clear purpose stated, but your aim is to show your audience the information you’ve collected this term and explore the contexts and trends in the field that you’ve discovered.  After presenting that information, you’ll want to discuss assumptions and implications you see and how this newfound information would affect your audience’s academic and career goals.

Purdue University has an excellent site that describes how to approach writing an exploratory essay. As you plan your paper, please use the Assignment Guidelines below in conjunction with the Purdue OWL sources on Organizing an Exploratory Essay, as well as other resources found on that website.  Remember: this is NOT a research paper- you are to EXPLORE the research you have compiled throughout this term and present it an organized and synthesized way.

Although there are many ways to write an essay like this, a sample of a strong Exploratory Essay can be found here . Any assignment submitted later than three days after the due date will receive a zero for the assignment.

• ALL essays should be formatted using APA style and in-text citations (or citation format used in your major or industry).
• You should include a Works Cited page or Bibliography
• Even though this is an exploratory, partially reflective, essay, it should use formal language and adhere to common grammatical and stylistic guidelines.

Exploratory Essay Guidelines

Area of Exploration: Your essay should focus on the following question: What current external factors impacting my field of study and its associated professions should inform the decisions of someone at my stage of academic and professional development?

Format: This essay should be 7-10 pages, double-spaced, with proper citations and a works cited page. It should be thorough, evaluative, well-written, and free of syntax and grammatical errors.

Outline: You may want to use the following outline and prompts to organize all the information you have gathered in the past few weeks. For information on grading, please consult the exploratory essay rubric.

Introduction:

Purpose, Audience & Context: Provide information and analysis about the larger context for your field of study and its associated professions to people at the same stage of academic and professional development as you are?

Keep in mind: This is an exploratory and evaluative assignment so a thesis/argument is not necessary, however the purpose of the assignment should be clear in the introduction.

• Discuss each of the contexts you explored in the research assignments and how they are related to each other.  This should not be a list, or copied from your Annotated Bibliography.  It should be in paragraph format with topic sentences and smooth transitions.

Influence of Context & Assumptions:

• Address your own assumptions about your field of study and its associated professions. What did you assume about the field before you started researching?  What do you find the most important aspects of the profession?
• Identify how contexts outside of higher education influence the study and/or practice of your field.
• Show how the different contexts are related to each other. Compare and contrast them.
• Discuss trends or patterns across contexts. Explain any contradictions or controversies you encountered in your research.
• Assess the employment trends related to the field.

Conclusions & Related Implications & Consequences:

• After presenting your research, draw any conclusions you’ve reached about the critical inquiry question.
• Identify the contexts outside of higher education that are most relevant for someone at your stage of academic and professional development.
• Discuss any implications you see for someone at your stage of academic and professional development or personal interest in the field.
• Based on your research, assess any assumptions you’ve identified that should be challenged.
• Show how you plan to apply this information to your own academic and professional development or personal interest, so that the audience can more fully understand the implications of your research findings and apply them to their personal situations.

References: Access and Use Information Ethically and Legally:

• Have you clearly identify information and ideas taken from outside sources though the use of citations?

Formatting the Exploratory Essay

Paper Length, Format & Citation of Sources

The body of your paper should be a minimum of 7-10 pages.

Your paper must align with the style guide used by your major: American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), or Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). Use the following sample papers to ensure that you’re following the style conventions appropriately:

• Sample APA Paper,
• Sample MLA Paper,
• Sample Chicago-Style Paper.

For questions about citation format for the most common sources of information, you can begin with the CPS Library & Information Commons:

• Citation Resources.

For questions about citation format for sources that don’t exactly fit the customary models, consult the style manual or go to the applicable site below, and type your question in the search box. Chances are that someone else has already asked the question and received an answer:

• APA Style Blog,
• Ask the MLA ,
• Browse Q&A (Chicago Manual of Style).

Integrating Research Findings into the Exploratory Essay

The following link to the Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL) will take you to resources for paragraphing, summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. The resources are intended for writing traditional research papers; however, they apply to our Exploratory Essay as well:

• Drafting & Integrating

CRIT 602 Readings and Resources Copyright © 2019 by Granite State College (USNH) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• Knowledge Base
• How to structure an essay: Templates and tips

How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates

Published on September 18, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction , a body , and a conclusion . But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body.

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Table of contents

The basics of essay structure, chronological structure, compare-and-contrast structure, problems-methods-solutions structure, signposting to clarify your structure, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay structure.

There are two main things to keep in mind when working on your essay structure: making sure to include the right information in each part, and deciding how you’ll organize the information within the body.

Parts of an essay

The three parts that make up all essays are described in the table below.

Order of information

You’ll also have to consider how to present information within the body. There are a few general principles that can guide you here.

The first is that your argument should move from the simplest claim to the most complex . The body of a good argumentative essay often begins with simple and widely accepted claims, and then moves towards more complex and contentious ones.

For example, you might begin by describing a generally accepted philosophical concept, and then apply it to a new topic. The grounding in the general concept will allow the reader to understand your unique application of it.

The second principle is that background information should appear towards the beginning of your essay . General background is presented in the introduction. If you have additional background to present, this information will usually come at the start of the body.

The third principle is that everything in your essay should be relevant to the thesis . Ask yourself whether each piece of information advances your argument or provides necessary background. And make sure that the text clearly expresses each piece of information’s relevance.

The sections below present several organizational templates for essays: the chronological approach, the compare-and-contrast approach, and the problems-methods-solutions approach.

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The chronological approach (sometimes called the cause-and-effect approach) is probably the simplest way to structure an essay. It just means discussing events in the order in which they occurred, discussing how they are related (i.e. the cause and effect involved) as you go.

A chronological approach can be useful when your essay is about a series of events. Don’t rule out other approaches, though—even when the chronological approach is the obvious one, you might be able to bring out more with a different structure.

Explore the tabs below to see a general template and a specific example outline from an essay on the invention of the printing press.

• Thesis statement
• Discussion of event/period
• Consequences
• Importance of topic
• Strong closing statement
• Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages
• Background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press
• Thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation
• High levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe
• Literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites
• Consequence: this discouraged political and religious change
• Invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg
• Implications of the new technology for book production
• Consequence: Rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible
• Trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention
• Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation
• Consequence: The large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics
• Summarize the history described
• Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period

Essays with two or more main subjects are often structured around comparing and contrasting . For example, a literary analysis essay might compare two different texts, and an argumentative essay might compare the strengths of different arguments.

There are two main ways of structuring a compare-and-contrast essay: the alternating method, and the block method.

Alternating

In the alternating method, each paragraph compares your subjects in terms of a specific point of comparison. These points of comparison are therefore what defines each paragraph.

The tabs below show a general template for this structure, and a specific example for an essay comparing and contrasting distance learning with traditional classroom learning.

• Synthesis of arguments
• Topical relevance of distance learning in lockdown
• Increasing prevalence of distance learning over the last decade
• Thesis statement: While distance learning has certain advantages, it introduces multiple new accessibility issues that must be addressed for it to be as effective as classroom learning
• Classroom learning: Ease of identifying difficulties and privately discussing them
• Distance learning: Difficulty of noticing and unobtrusively helping
• Classroom learning: Difficulties accessing the classroom (disability, distance travelled from home)
• Distance learning: Difficulties with online work (lack of tech literacy, unreliable connection, distractions)
• Classroom learning: Tends to encourage personal engagement among students and with teacher, more relaxed social environment
• Distance learning: Greater ability to reach out to teacher privately
• Sum up, emphasize that distance learning introduces more difficulties than it solves
• Stress the importance of addressing issues with distance learning as it becomes increasingly common
• Distance learning may prove to be the future, but it still has a long way to go

In the block method, each subject is covered all in one go, potentially across multiple paragraphs. For example, you might write two paragraphs about your first subject and then two about your second subject, making comparisons back to the first.

The tabs again show a general template, followed by another essay on distance learning, this time with the body structured in blocks.

• Point 1 (compare)
• Point 2 (compare)
• Point 3 (compare)
• Point 4 (compare)
• Advantages: Flexibility, accessibility
• Disadvantages: Discomfort, challenges for those with poor internet or tech literacy
• Advantages: Potential for teacher to discuss issues with a student in a separate private call
• Disadvantages: Difficulty of identifying struggling students and aiding them unobtrusively, lack of personal interaction among students
• Advantages: More accessible to those with low tech literacy, equality of all sharing one learning environment
• Disadvantages: Students must live close enough to attend, commutes may vary, classrooms not always accessible for disabled students
• Advantages: Ease of picking up on signs a student is struggling, more personal interaction among students
• Disadvantages: May be harder for students to approach teacher privately in person to raise issues

An essay that concerns a specific problem (practical or theoretical) may be structured according to the problems-methods-solutions approach.

This is just what it sounds like: You define the problem, characterize a method or theory that may solve it, and finally analyze the problem, using this method or theory to arrive at a solution. If the problem is theoretical, the solution might be the analysis you present in the essay itself; otherwise, you might just present a proposed solution.

The tabs below show a template for this structure and an example outline for an essay about the problem of fake news.

• Introduce the problem
• Provide background
• Describe your approach to solving it
• Define the problem precisely
• Describe why it’s important
• Indicate previous approaches to the problem
• Present your new approach, and why it’s better
• Apply the new method or theory to the problem
• Indicate the solution you arrive at by doing so
• Assess (potential or actual) effectiveness of solution
• Describe the implications
• Problem: The growth of “fake news” online
• Prevalence of polarized/conspiracy-focused news sources online
• Thesis statement: Rather than attempting to stamp out online fake news through social media moderation, an effective approach to combating it must work with educational institutions to improve media literacy
• Definition: Deliberate disinformation designed to spread virally online
• Popularization of the term, growth of the phenomenon
• Previous approaches: Labeling and moderation on social media platforms
• Critique: This approach feeds conspiracies; the real solution is to improve media literacy so users can better identify fake news
• Greater emphasis should be placed on media literacy education in schools
• This allows people to assess news sources independently, rather than just being told which ones to trust
• This is a long-term solution but could be highly effective
• It would require significant organization and investment, but would equip people to judge news sources more effectively
• Rather than trying to contain the spread of fake news, we must teach the next generation not to fall for it

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Signposting means guiding the reader through your essay with language that describes or hints at the structure of what follows.  It can help you clarify your structure for yourself as well as helping your reader follow your ideas.

The essay overview

In longer essays whose body is split into multiple named sections, the introduction often ends with an overview of the rest of the essay. This gives a brief description of the main idea or argument of each section.

The overview allows the reader to immediately understand what will be covered in the essay and in what order. Though it describes what  comes later in the text, it is generally written in the present tense . The following example is from a literary analysis essay on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein .

Transitions

Transition words and phrases are used throughout all good essays to link together different ideas. They help guide the reader through your text, and an essay that uses them effectively will be much easier to follow.

Various different relationships can be expressed by transition words, as shown in this example.

Because Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany. Although it was an outcome the Allies had hoped to avoid, they were prepared to back up their ultimatum in order to combat the existential threat posed by the Third Reich.

Transition sentences may be included to transition between different paragraphs or sections of an essay. A good transition sentence moves the reader on to the next topic while indicating how it relates to the previous one.

… Distance learning, then, seems to improve accessibility in some ways while representing a step backwards in others.

However , considering the issue of personal interaction among students presents a different picture.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

College essays

• Choosing Essay Topic
• Write a College Essay
• Write a Diversity Essay
• College Essay Format & Structure
• Comparing and Contrasting in an Essay

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The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

An essay isn’t just a loose collection of facts and ideas. Instead, it should be centered on an overarching argument (summarized in your thesis statement ) that every part of the essay relates to.

The way you structure your essay is crucial to presenting your argument coherently. A well-structured essay helps your reader follow the logic of your ideas and understand your overall point.

Comparisons in essays are generally structured in one of two ways:

• The alternating method, where you compare your subjects side by side according to one specific aspect at a time.
• The block method, where you cover each subject separately in its entirety.

It’s also possible to combine both methods, for example by writing a full paragraph on each of your topics and then a final paragraph contrasting the two according to a specific metric.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.

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Stephan Flores/Overview Guidelines for Evaluation, Context, and Resources for Critical Essay Assignments

Typical Writing Assignment(s)/Examples [from Engl 345]: (1) The Critical Analysis assignment on your choice of Richard III or The Merchant of Venice or Henry the Fifth (850 words, single-spaced, titled) directs you to explore a significant issue and rhetorical strategy that you identify in relation to cultural, historical, or theoretical contexts and concerns, with some support/citation--at minimum--from the Norton edition headnotes and instructor-specified essays and online resources and from McEvoy's Shakespeare: The Basics . Your topic may be prompted in part by our discussions, by published scholarship/criticism (from a select/provided list), and of course by your reactions and understanding. Your analysis can be quite "thesis-driven"—that is, you may find it effective to compose a thesis for your response that maps out for readers the engaging, important points that you want to develop—or you may prefer a more reflective, question and problem-posing approach; (2) Critical Essay on Richard III , or The Merchant of Venice , or Henry the Fifth , or Twelfth Night , or Measure for Measure (do not write about the play that was the subject of your prior Critical Analysis); 1600 words for main body of essay, double-spaced, with reference to at least one piece of “instructor-specified” secondary criticism beyond our assigned reading in the Norton edition and in McEvoy, according to selections posted on our class website for criticism on each play. The primary aims of this thesis-seeking/problem-posing exploratory essay assignment is to engage with the play and its critical interpretation/reception by identifying problems, developing claims and arguments, and enriching your literary understanding, interests, and commitments. Use/learn Modern Language Association format for any notes or works cited (see, for instance, link to MLA format guidelines further below, and the Norton Shakespeare 's online resources/example of developing a research essay; (3) Term Essay on play or plays (excluding topic of prior Critical Essay and Critical Analysis, 2100-2200 words for main body of essay, double-spaced (12 pt, Times New Roman, 1-inch margins, MLA format), with significant reference to at least two “instructor-specified” secondary works of criticism, which include recent articles or book chapters: this critical essay develops ideas prompted by our study, discussion, and viewing of the plays, by recent scholarship, and by your perspectives. I shall attend to the ways that you select, define, and engage questions and contradictions, and to the clarity, imagination, and grace that you demonstrate in presenting your topic, (hypo)thesis, and argument, and the extent to which your work engages with, explains, and contributes to the larger "conversation" of scholarship on the topic and drama under analysis. I do not always expect essays to conclude by "solving" such problems or by "proving" your thesis; I hope that you address interesting topics (questions for debate, interpretation, and analysis) in thoughtful and useful ways. Please feel invited to confer with me during the writing process.

Initial/General Criteria for Evaluating Critical Writing/Essays :

1. Strength and clarity of (hypo)thesis/focus/introduction 2. Intellectual/conceptual strength and persuasiveness of main claim and ensuing argument/logic/premises/critical method/theory/ideas; 3. Cohesive and coherent development, logical organization, including well structured paragraphs with clear points and compelling, specific support/evidence 4. Analysis of text’s/topic’s relevant cultural/historical contexts and if specified, related scholarship/criticism; Text’s rhetorical methods, structure 5. Topic’s depth/complexity, including recognition of conflicts/contradictions 6. Significance/ conclusion 8. Effective sentences, syntax, verbs, diction, punctuation, complexity, and suitable style: academic, critical, appropriate to your understanding of the materials/subjects 9. MLA style--parenthetical citation of sources, works cited; format; spelling ungraded but noted

Questions to Guide Review of Draft of Critical Essay :

1. Does the essay clarify and advance understanding of problem/topic/method/perspective related to the “literary” text’s purposes and rhetorical strategies and to the ‘student’ writer’s interpretation and understanding of the text? 2. Can one understand the writer’s approach and strategies for introducing and developing the critical essay? 3. Sum up the essay’s central idea, hypothesis or purpose in one sentence. 4. What might a reader like best about the essay? Where might the reader want to know more or to pose a critical question?

See and review several additional resources about writing, on the course Blackboard site, and also examples of students' writing on the main course website.

Lessons on Style (general advice/quited dated handout but perhaps worth looking over) [pdf]

Quick Advice on Punctuation (also dated) [pdf]

Online Writing Center Resources (from writing essays to grammar and usage advice):

http://web.mit.edu/writing/Resources/Writers/index.html

http://writingcenter.gmu.edu/resources/handouts.html

OWL Review Guide to Using MLA Style for Citing Sources

Desired learning outcomes in the context of the Department of English and its major:

1. Students can exhibit knowledge of the aesthetic qualities of literature. 2. Students can exhibit knowledge of the cultural and historical contexts of diverse literatures in English. 3. Students can write a well-focused essay that exhibits critical thinking and effective rhetorical strategies. 4. Students exhibit standard usage in their edited work. 5. Students can conduct research in accordance with professional conventions. 6. Students can integrate their knowledge and abilities so that they attain a level of competence sufficient for productive citizenship and sustained learning.

Professor Lye's Advice on Analyzing Literature

Professor Lye's useful review-essay on Contemporary Literary Theory

UI and Department of English Policy on Plagiarism (also applies to work in this course)

Flores: Review of Initial Concepts from Critical Terms for Literary Study

Broader Contexts and Criteria for Learning at the University:

University level learning outcomes broadly describe expected and desired consequences of learning through integrated curricular and co-curricular experiences. The outcomes become an expression of the desired attributes of an educated person and guide coherent, integrated and intentional educational experiences. They provide us with a basis for ongoing assessment to continuously improve teaching and learning. 1. Learn and integrate - Through independent learning and collaborative study, attain, use and develop knowledge in the arts, humanities, sciences and social sciences, with disciplinary specialization and the ability to integrate information across disciplines. 2. Think and create - Use multiple thinking strategies to examine real-world issues, explore creative avenues of expression, solve problems and make consequential decisions. 3. Communicate – Acquire, articulate, create and convey intended meaning using verbal and non-verbal methods of communication that demonstrate respect and understanding in a complex society. 4. Clarify purpose and perspective – Explore one's life purpose and meaning through transformational experiences that foster an understanding of self, relationships and diverse global perspectives. 5. Practice citizenship – Apply principles of ethical leadership, collaborative engagement, socially responsible behavior, respect for diversity in an interdependent world and a service-oriented commitment to advance and sustain local and global communities. –University-Level Outcomes Affirmed by UI Faculty Council, October 3, 2006

• How it works

How to Critically Discuss in An Essay

Published by Carmen Troy at September 19th, 2023 , Revised On January 5, 2024

Writing an essay often involves more than just relaying information or expressing an opinion. For many academic and professional purposes, you are required to critically discuss topics, demonstrate an understanding of various perspectives and showcase your analytical skills. 

So, what does it mean to critically discuss something in an essay? And more importantly, how can you do it effectively?

What is Critical Discussion?

Before diving into the how-to, grasping what critical discussion entails is essential. Essay writing help often emphasises the importance of this step. Critical discussion requires a deeper level of analysis where you explain a topic and evaluate and dissect its various facets.

Imagine an object in the middle of a room, with observers standing at different points around it. Each person sees the object from a unique angle. Similarly, when you critically discuss a topic, you are trying to view it from multiple angles, considering various perspectives and arguments and avoiding biases where certain perspectives might be overlooked.

How to Critically Discuss

Consider the following steps to critically discuss an essay. 

Start with Thorough Research

To critically discuss a topic, you need to understand its nuances. This requires in-depth research:

• Diverse Sources: Instead of relying on a single type of source, such as books, expand your horizons. Use academic journals, reputable news articles, podcasts, interviews, and more. Essay services can be an invaluable tool in this stage for collating resources.
• Contrasting Opinions: Deliberately seek out sources that disagree with each other. This will provide a more holistic view of the topic and help you understand the key debates in the field. 

Organise your Thoughts

Begin by brainstorming. Jot down the key points, arguments, counterarguments, and evidence you have gathered. Categorise them and try to identify connections or patterns.

Structure your Essay for Critical Discussion

Critical discussion typically follows this essay structure :

• Introduction of an Essay : Introduce the topic and highlight its significance. Outline the main points you intend to discuss, backed up by scholarly source references.
• Main Body: This is where the meat of your critical discussion will lie and where techniques like the rhetorical analysis of an essay can be invaluable.
• Present Different Angles: Every paragraph should tackle a unique perspective or argument. Discuss its strengths and weaknesses. If you are discussing a controversial topic, you might delve into the argumentative essay.
• Use Evidence: Always back up your statements with evidence. Quotations, statistics, and examples can bolster your claims.
• Contrast and Compare: Highlight how different perspectives agree or differ from one another. This comparative approach will enrich your analysis.
• Conclusion: Summarise the main points discussed and reiterate their significance. You might also want to mention areas for further research or exploration.

Question Everything

When critically discussing, you are essentially playing the devil’s advocate. Some questions to pose include:

• What are the underlying assumptions here?
• How might someone oppose this perspective?
• Are there any weaknesses or limitations?
• What real-world implications does this have?

Avoid Bias and Stay Objective

While it is challenging to be entirely free from biases, strive for objectivity. Remember, a critical discussion is not about what you believe; it’s about presenting a rounded view of the topic.

Write with Clarity

Complex topics demand clear writing. Avoid jargon unless it is essential, and ensure your sentences are concise and straightforward. Each paragraph should have a clear focus, and the flow from one paragraph to another should be logical.

Incorporate Feedback

Once you have written your essay, share it with peers, mentors, or tutors. Their feedback will provide fresh perspectives and highlight areas requiring more clarity or depth.

Revise and Refine

Like any essay, the first draft might not be perfect. Dedicate time to revising your work, refining your arguments, and ensuring the essay flows smoothly.

Conclude with Forward-Thinking

A hallmark of an excellent critical discussion is leaving the reader with something to ponder. Highlight areas where research is still ongoing, or propose questions that have not been addressed adequately.

What Critical Discussion is Not

Critical discussion is essential for deepening understanding, stimulating creative thought, and promoting a collaborative environment. However, certain behaviors and attitudes are not conducive to critical discussion. Here is what critical discussion is not:

Ad Hominem Attacks

A critical discussion does not involve attacking a person’s character, motives, or other personal attributes. The focus should be on the content of the argument, not on the person making it.

Appeal to Emotion

While emotions can be involved, a critical discussion should not be based solely on emotional appeals, nor should it be used to manipulate participants.

Straw Man Fallacy

Misrepresenting or oversimplifying an opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack is not genuine discussion.

Dodging questions, changing the topic abruptly, or not addressing the central issues is not a part of critical discussion.

Closed-mindedness

A true critical discussion requires participants to be open to new ideas and willing to change their minds if presented with compelling evidence.

Talking Over Others

Dominating the conversation, interrupting, or not allowing others to speak does not foster a healthy discussion.

Confirmation Bias

Only seeking out or acknowledging information that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs is not the essence of critical discussion.

Appeal to Authority

Simply stating that an authority figure believes something does not make it true or end the discussion.

Overgeneralisations

Making broad statements without sufficient evidence or specifics undermines a constructive dialogue.

False Dichotomies

Presenting issues as if there are only two sides or solutions when there might be a spectrum of possibilities, in reality, is not conducive to critical exploration.

Circular Arguments

Arguing a point by merely restating it in different words does not add depth or clarity to a discussion.

Unwillingness to Listen

Entering a discussion with the intent to lecture rather than also to listen, learn, and potentially adjust your views stifles genuine discourse.

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Critical Discussion Example

let’s set up a scenario for a critical discussion:

Topic: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health

Participants: Alex and Jamie

Alex: I have read a lot of articles recently that suggest social media has a negative impact on the mental health of users, particularly young people. There’s a correlation between increased social media use and increased rates of depression, anxiety, and loneliness.

Jamie: That is a valid point, Alex. There have been studies that suggest that. However, correlation does not imply causation. People who are already feeling lonely or depressed may be simply more likely to spend time on social media. How do we know that social media is the cause and not just a symptom?

Alex: That is a fair point. Some studies have shown that excessive use of social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy, especially when people compare their lives to others. The constant barrage of highlight reels from other people’s lives can make users feel like they’re not doing enough or not leading fulfilling lives.

Jamie: True, comparison can be detrimental. But social media also has its benefits. It is a way for people to connect, especially those who might feel isolated in their real lives. For some, it offers a community and a sense of belonging. Shouldn’t we consider these positive aspects as well?

Alex: Absolutely, I agree that social media can provide vital connections for many. But there is also the element of screen time. Being constantly connected can disrupt sleep patterns and reduce face-to-face social interactions, which are crucial for emotional and social development.

Jamie: Yes, moderation is key. Users need to be self-aware and ensure that their online interactions enhance their lives rather than detract from them. Healthy social media use education might be more beneficial than demonising the platforms.

This is a simplified example, but it highlights some features of critical discussion, similar to what you would find in a discursive essay :

• Respectful Exchange: Both participants listened to each other’s viewpoints.
• Exploration of Ideas: The participants delved into the complexities of the issue.
• Use of Evidence: Alex and Jamie provided reasons and evidence for their perspectives.
• Open-Mindedness: Both were open to adjusting their views or considering the other’s viewpoint.

Seeking Understanding: Instead of trying to “win” the argument, they aimed for a clearer understanding of the topic.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does critically discuss mean.

“Critically discuss” means analysing and evaluating a topic or argument thoroughly, considering its strengths and weaknesses. It involves a detailed assessment rather than a mere description, often requiring one to question assumptions, recognise biases, and provide evidence to support the analysis. It is a deep, balanced examination of a subject.

How to answer a critically discuss question?

To answer a “critically discuss” question:

• Introduce the topic briefly.
• Present key arguments or points.
• Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each.
• Use evidence to support your analysis.
• Consider alternative viewpoints.
• Conclude with a balanced assessment.
• Ensure clarity, coherence, and proper referencing throughout.

How to critically discuss a theory?

To critically discuss a theory:

• Outline the theory’s main propositions.
• Examine its historical and academic context.
• Evaluate its strengths and weaknesses.
• Compare with alternative theories.
• Highlight empirical evidence supporting or refuting it.
• Analyse underlying assumptions.
• Conclude with a balanced perspective, acknowledging its relevance and limitations.

How to critically discuss a topic?

To critically discuss a topic:

• Introduce the topic succinctly.
• Present key facts or arguments.
• Analyse strengths and limitations.
• Reference relevant evidence or research.
• Consider opposing views or counterarguments.
• Assess the implications or significance.
• Conclude with an informed perspective, reflecting a comprehensive understanding.

How to critically discuss in psychology?

• Introduce the psychological concept/theory.
• Detail its historical development and key proponents.
• Evaluate empirical evidence supporting and opposing it.
• Examine methodological strengths and limitations.
• Compare with alternative theories or explanations.
• Discuss real-world implications or applications.
• Conclude, reflecting on its overall validity and relevance.

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Essay Critique Guidelines

Whenever you read an essay, use the following questions to guide your response.

First, keep in mind that, although you may not be a writing expert, you are THE reader of this essay and your response is a valid one . I have found that almost every reader, regardless of experience, can identify the primary strength and weakness in an essay, although their method of describing those issues may be different. The author will welcome your response and your ability to explain your reaction in a new way. Although the author is not required to, and really shouldn’t, respond to everything you say, he or she will take your comments seriously and consider how the essays has enlightened or confused you. Therefore, comment freely, although respectfully. Keep in mind that it is better to begin by noting the strengths of the essay before pointing out the areas that need improvement. I would always include a personal response to questions like the following: What about the essay most connects with your experience? Moves you? Provokes you? Entertains you?

So that is how to respond. So how do you critique? For every essay, regardless of the mode, consider the broad categories of content, organization, style, and correctness.

• Content : Consider the topic (its appropriateness and interest for the assignment as well as a clear focus suitable to essay length) and the way the topic is developed (clarity sufficiency of its argument, its scope, subcategories, amount and type of examples, anecdotes, evidence, etc.).
• Organization : Consider how the essay is introduced and concluded (especially looking for a “frame” to the essay, where the intro and conclusion refer to the same idea), whether the thesis is located in the most helpful place (direct or implied), how the essay is structured, whether the order or extent of development is successful, as well as how individual paragraphs are organized (clear topic sentences, appropriate and concrete evidence, logical organization of evidence).
• Style : Style can refer to the overall style of an essay: whether the tone is appropriate (humorous, serious, reflective, satirical, etc.), whether you use sufficient and appropriate variety (factual, analytical, evaluative, reflective), whether you use sufficient creativity. Style can also refer to the style of individual sentences: whether you use a variety of sentences styles and lengths, whether sentences are worded clearly, and whether word choice is interesting and appropriate.

Rolling around in the bottom of the drawer, Tim found the missing earring. [certainly the earring was rolling, not Tim!]

You could also easily tell that the following sentence actually contains two sentences that need punctuation between them:

The new manager instituted several new procedures some were impractical. [You need to add punctuation (period) after “procedures” and capitalize “some.”]

Further Directions for Specific Assignments

Below are more detailed questions to consider when responding to individual types of essays. First, make sure that you have reviewed the description of the essay mode in the Essay Assignment Guidelines. Use at least one or two of these when responding to an essay. Do not simply answer yes or no; offer specific evidence from the text and elaborate on the reasons behind your answer.

Personal Essay Critique:

• Does the writer have a clear but understated purpose to the essay?
• Does it avoid being overly moralistic or heavy-handed?
• Does the essay contain suspense or tension that is resolved in some way?
• Do you have any suggestions for organizing the essay, such as focusing in on one event rather than many, providing more background, turning explanation into action, etc.?
• Does the essay make good use of concrete description, anecdote, and dialogue?
• Does the essay help you to feel the emotions rather than just describe the emotions of the author?
• Does the essay reveal a significant aspect of the writer’s personality?
• Does the writer seem authentic?
• Is this a passionate piece? Is it creative?

Critical Review Critique

• Does a direct thesis convey both the subject and the reviewer’s value judgment?
• Does the review provide a summary or description to help you experience the film, music, event, etc.? Note places where the author provides too much or too little detail.
• Does the essay clearly identify relevant criteria for evaluation? Are they appropriate, believable, and consistent?
• Are any important features of the reviewed subject omitted?
• Logos (logic, content) : Does the essay provide sufficient, relevant, and interesting details and examples to adequately inform and entertain?
• Ethos (author) : Does the author’s judgment seem sound and convincing?
• Pathos (emotional appeals) : Does the author responsibly and effectively utilize emotional appeals to the audience?
• Does the author include adequate reference to the opposition and respond to that opposition appropriately?

Information Essay Critique : The questions posed about an informative essay will vary, depending on the purpose and strategy of the essay. The SMGW suggests evaluating for the following issues:

• Is topic clearly explained and sufficiently focused?
• Does the content fit the audience?
• Is it organized effectively?
• Are definitions clear?
• Are other strategies (classification, comparison/contrast, analysis) used effectively?
• Are sources used sufficiently, effectively, and appropriately?

You might also assess the following criteria:

• Does the author utilize vivid detail, interesting examples, and lively language?
• Does the essay avoid emphasizing judgment over explanation?
• Does the essay have a clear focus or implied thesis?

Comparison/Contrast Essay Critique

• Is the purpose for a comparison or contrast evident and convincing?
• Does the essay identify significant and parallel characteristics for comparison?
• Does the author adequately explain, analyze, or reflect on the comparison or contrast?
• Does the author provide appropriate transitions words to indicate comparison and contrast?
• Is the treatment of each side of the comparison or contrast in balance?
• Does the essay provide sufficient, relevant, and interesting details?

Feature Article Critique

• Does this article interest you? Do you think it will interest the intended audience? Can you suggest ways to increase interest?
• Can you tell what the “angle” or implied thesis is? Does the author avoid editorial judgment on the subject while still keeping the purpose clear?
• Has the writer done sufficient research? What questions have gone unasked or unanswered? Whose point of view or what information would add further to the completeness of the feature?
• Is the subject presented vividly with sensory images, graphic detail, and figurative language? Do you have suggestions of details or images to include?
• Does the writer use an appropriate mixture of anecdote, quotation, description, and explanation? Would more or less of one of these improve the essay?
• Are the beginning and ending paragraphs interesting and appropriate for the specific audience? Consider the need for a “lead sentence” if intended for a newspaper.

Documented Argument Critique

• Is the thesis clear, argumentative, and effective? Why or why not?
• Are the topic and thesis are reasonable for the assignment, audience, and context of the essay?
• Does the author define his or her terms and provide sufficient background information? What ideas or terms are undefined or inadequately explained?
• Is the thesis supported by clear reasons? Are the reasons clearly worded and supported sufficiently?
• Do the reasons fit logically together and are they placed in the right order?
• Does the author adequately address the opposition? What is another opposing argument he/she should or could have addressed?
• Has the author done adequate research?
• Are the works cited adequately introduced and explained before citing from them?
• Does the paper contain an appropriate blend of well-placed quotations within a context of the author’s own words and paraphrases from other sources?
• Is the writer clearly in charge, naturally introducing and interacting with sources rather than merely reporting on them?
• Do you find the argument convincing? What might you add or omit?

Business Writing Critique

• Does the memo begin with the most important information?
• Does the memo build rapport by involving the reader in opening paragraph?
• Does the memo provide sufficient, relevant, and interesting details? Is it focused and brief?
• Does the memo focus each paragraph on one idea?
• Is the memo informed, accurate, demonstrating the author’s grasp of the situation?
• Is the final paragraph calling for a specific action? Is it brief? Does it build good will?
• Is the memo form correct, with concise subject line, initialed name, correct spacing?
• Is the information arranged (indentations and numbering) in a way that makes it easy to skim and still get central information?

Cover letter

• Does the first paragraph identify who the author is, briefly state why he/she is writing, and refer to how he/she found out about the job?
• Does the second paragraph highlight specific strengths, special abilities, or features of the résumé to be noted?
• Does the third paragraph make a specific request of the reader or address what action is to be taken?
• Does the letter provide sufficient, relevant, and interesting details to make the request convincing?
• Is the letter brief and focused? What elements could be eliminated?
• Does the writer achieve his or her purpose? Does it make you want to consider the résumé more carefully?
• Is the tone of the letter courteous without being too formal, relaxed without being too familiar?
• Is the letter’s form appropriate (heading, spacing, greeting, salutation)? Is the letter addressed to a specific person rather than a general “Dear Madam/Sir”?
• Does the résumé contain the necessary features for the position (name/address, position desired, education, work experience, achievements, relevant personal information, references)?
• Does the résumé contain only essential, relevant information for the position required?
• Does the résumé emphasize the applicant’s strengths?
• Does the résumé emphasize what is unique about this person’s experience? Does it demonstrate a common interest or ability (leadership, teaching experience, dedication, creativity, etc.)?
• What additional information might you like to have about this applicant?
• If you were leading an interview based on this résumé, what are two questions you might ask?
• Does the résumé look neat (appropriate spacing, clear headings, good quality paper)?
• Is the résumé easy to read?
• Is the information presented as concisely as possible?
• Are the elements of each section of the résumé presented in a parallel format and style (begin w/ active verbs, put date in consistent place, use of parallelism for elements, consistent underlining or italics)?

Scholastic Art & Writing Awards - Alliance for Young Artists & Writers

Art categories, a note on size limitation for all art categories.

Regional programs may limit the size of work that they accept. Check out your regions guidelines  for details.

Oversized works that earn National Medals are not guaranteed opportunities for display in the National Exhibition.

Collaborative works are not allowed in any art categories. To credit contributors on Expanded Projects and Film & Animation, follow the instructions for those categories. 

Architecture & Industrial Design

Category description.

This category also includes industrial design plans for models of structures, environments, systems, or products.

Examples (including but not limited to)

Building designs, landscape designs, interior designs, urban plans, or product designs. Can include 2D work such as hand-drawn sketches, computer-aided designs, blueprints, and floor plans, OR 3D work such as handmade or 3D-printed scale models, conceptual models, sketch models, or prototypes. 

Special Instructions

Plans may be hand-drawn or computer-generated. Models must be sturdy and able to endure shipping and exhibition. 

Entry Requirements 

Each entry requires four images of your piece. Showcase the scale and details of your work and include pictures from different angles. For 2D works, show your plans in detail. You may choose to include concept drawings, sketches, material palettes, sections, elevations, site plans and renderings in your image selection. For 3D works, include one image that shows the work from the front at a slight angle against a white or neutral colored background. For the remaining images include one detail shot, an image with a ruler for scale, and an image from the back of the work. Visit our blog for tips on documenting your work.

View award-winning art

Additional Instructions

If you enter 2D work (a design as opposed to a model), select “0” for the “Depth” and “Weight” fields. 

3D Work (Height x Width x Diameter and Weight)

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Ceramics & Glass

Handcrafted objects made from ceramics or glass.

Anything made exclusively out of ceramics and/or glass belongs in this category. This includes busts, figures, abstract forms, vases, teapots, bowls, plates, cups, tiles, tableware, or other vessels. Ceramic pieces may include earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, etc. Glass pieces may include stained glass, cast glass, fused glass, blown glass, etc. 

• Unfired ceramics and oil-based clay works should not be entered.
• Ceramic or glass pieces intended to be worn for personal adornment should be entered in the Jewelry category.

Each entry requires four images of your piece. Showcase the scale and details of your work and include pictures from different angles. Include one image that shows the work from the front at a slight angle against a white or neutral colored background. For the remaining images include one detail shot, an image with a ruler for scale, and an image from the back of the work. Visit our blog for tips on documenting your work.

A pictorial narrative in deliberate sequence—with or without text—that tells a story or develops an idea using single or multiple panels. Concepts for characters should be entered in Drawing & Illustration. 

Comic strips, comic books, storyboards, webcomics, or selections from graphic novels.

Do not base characters and plots on already published comic books or published series. 

You can upload up to eight images for each Comic Art entry. If your image includes text, enter the text of each panel in the field provided on the upload page. This will ensure jurors can read your work during judging. 

If your entry consists of more than one page, please indicate how many pages are in your entry in the space provided.

2D Work (Height x Width)

Art created for commercial or applied purposes. This includes graphic design work that has a defined use such as advertising or communications.

Magazine layouts, book covers, greeting cards, fonts, letterhead, business cards, calendars, or signage.

Special Instructions 

Work that is based off preexisting brands is discouraged. If your work references preexisting brands, your design must represent a new, original idea or contribute added value to the source material according to our Copyright & Plagiarism guidelines . 

You are strongly encouraged to upload four images for each Design entry.

If you are submitting a 2D work, select “0” for the “Depth” and “Weight” fields.

Digital Art

Artwork created digitally and intended to exist in a digital space or images that are heavily collaged or manipulated to produce a new image using digital tools. This includes illustrations created digitally. 

Digital collages, CGI, VR, digital painting, and fractal art.

• Do not enter AI-generated art. 
• Identify the software used to create the artwork in the “List Materials” section of your application (ex: Adobe Suite programs, Sketchbook, Procreate, Corel PaintShop, Clip Studio Paint, etc.). 
• Digital artwork may contain text, but entries that contain text for commercial purposes should be entered in the Design category. 
• Digital photographs that are “touched up” or lightly manipulated using computer software should be entered in the Photography category. 
• Consider entering the Expanded Projects category if your work has a strong interactive element. 
• If you are using collaged images, refer to the Copyright & Plagiarism guide .

You can upload one image for each Digital Art entry.

Drawing & Illustration

Art that is composed of marks made with dry materials on a 2D surface. Drawings include all renderings made by a manual or mechanical instrument on a surface and may include formal, realistic, and/or abstract imagery. Illustrations made with dry materials should be entered in this category. Illustrations made with paint should be entered in Painting and illustrations made digitally should be entered in Digital Art. Ink drawings colored with paint like watercolors should be entered in Drawing & Illustration. 

Pencil, ink, charcoal, pastel, crayon, scratchboard, marker, ink drawings colored with paint, etc. 

• Drawings copied from published photographs, the internet, or existing works should not be entered and will be disqualified. Refer to the Copyright & Plagiarism guide for more detailed information. 
• Sequential illustrations should be entered in Comic Art. 
• Illustrations made digitally should be entered in Digital Art. 
• Illustrations made with paint should be entered in Painting. 
• Illustrations that directly depict political or social commentary should be entered in the Editorial Cartoon category. 
• Animated .gif files will not be accepted for this category. An uploaded .gif file will be adjudicated as a static .gif file. 
• Do not upload .zip files for the category. Zip files will not be judged. 

You can upload one image for each Drawing or Illustration entry.

Editorial Cartoon sponsored by The Herb Block Foundation

A drawing or illustration or series of artworks that offers commentary or criticism on current events or political topics. 

About Herb Block

This category is sponsored by The Herb Block Foundation in honor of Mr. Block’s remarkable contribution to the genre of political cartoons. Visit  herbblockfoundation.org  to learn more and see examples of his work.

Single panel drawings with captions, sequential comic art, illustrations, or digitally created drawings with a political theme or message.

• If your image includes text, enter the text of each panel in the field provided on the upload page. This will ensure jurors can read your work during judging. 
• Multi-panel cartoons or other narrative illustrations that do not contain commentary or criticism of a political event or current event should be entered in Comic Art.  
• Illustrations that do not contain commentary or criticism of a political event or current event should be entered in Drawing & Illustration or Digital Art depending on the tools used.  

Expanded Projects

Interdisciplinary work that is primarily driven by concept or invites participation by a viewer or community. Expanded Projects may include the documentation of live art, installation, research-based practices, or interactive visual art. Expanded Projects do not include dance, music, theater, or spoken word poetry. 

Original work in this category will explore new genres, ideas, or experimental methods that could not be represented in other categories. The evaluation of skill may include both the way the work is documented and the conceptual background of the work in addition to the work’s construction. 

Expanded Projects that don’t fit the category description or that belong in another category will not be awarded. 

Documentation of live art, experimental video art, installation, site-specific or research-driven processes, conceptual art, social discourse, or community projects.

Do not enter dance, music, theater, or spoken word poetry to the Scholastic Awards.

Entry Requirements

You must upload 1-8 files that clearly present the work. (.pdf, .jpg, .png, .mp3, or .mp4)

The file size limit for each upload is 350 MB. If you are having trouble uploading a video file, please visit  Frequently Asked Questions .

Along with the work, you must submit a written statement that summarizes the work and contextualizes the provided files. This statement must not include your name or biographical information because it will be viewed by the judges.

• Acknowledge contributors in the work sources section of your entry. 

Articles of clothing or fashion accessories other than jewelry (which should be entered in the Jewelry category). 

Fully realized articles and outfits, sketches, tech packs, jackets, dresses, shirts, gowns, scarves, hats, bags, belts, shoes, etc. as well as experimental designs, wearable art, and work made from found materials. 

Garments not intended to be worn on the body should be submitted to the Sculpture category.

Each entry requires four images of your design. Visit our blog for tips on documenting your work .

If you enter a 2D work (a design as opposed to a model), select “0” for the “Depth” and “Weight” fields. 

Film & Animation

A sequence of moving images viewed with a monitor, television, or projector.

Documentary films, narrative films, commercials, experimental videos, as well as hand-drawn, computer-generated, or stop-motion animations, etc.

• In your application, identify equipment and software used in the “List Materials” section. 
• Since works are judged without knowledge of the student’s gender, age, or hometown, do not include any credits in your film. 

Copyrighted Music

The Alliance for Young Artists & Writers strongly encourages the use of original or public domain music. You cannot use copyrighted music in your work without the permission of the original artist.   

Teens who obtain copyrights to music must obtain documentation from the artist and reference it in the work sources section of your entry.  

If you use non-original music in your work, you must cite your source. 

Even if you have permission to use a piece of music or the music is in the public domain, the film or animation that you enter to the Scholastic Awards must represent a new, original work.  

If your work transforms some sort of source material, then it may be considered original. We define transformative work as a new work that adds value, substantially changes, comments on, or gives a new expression or meaning to the source. 

View our Copyright & Plagiarism guidelines for more information. 

• Your film must be in one of the following formats: .mp4 or .mov 
• You must enter the film synopsis in the provided textbox. 
• If your entry is over 5 minutes long, we strongly encourage you to enter a 5-minute-or-under version. Judges will use the 5-minute version in their initial assessment of your work. 

For Film & Animation entries longer than 5 minutes, upload the following: 

• A five-minute-or-under version of your film (the file size limit for this upload is 350 MB) 
• The full-length version of your film. If your full film is under five minutes long, this second upload does not apply to you–do NOT upload a higher resolution of the same film. 
• The file size limit for this upload is 800 MB.

Time-based Work (Minutes:Seconds)

Art objects worn for personal adornment.

Bracelets, rings, brooches, earrings, cufflinks, necklaces, etc.

Materials may include metal, semi-precious stones, plastic, beading, glass, found objects, etc.

Each entry requires four images of your jewelry. Showcase the scale and details of your work and include pictures from different angles. Include one image that shows the work from the front at a slight angle against a white or neutral colored background. For the remaining images include one detail shot, an image with a ruler for scale, and an image from the back of the work. Visit our blog for tips on documenting your work.

Mixed Media

Wall-based artwork made from more than one medium, with a 3D or readymade element. This includes works made with physical and digital materials. 

Collage, assemblage, cut paper, handmade paper, batik, fiber-based art, etc. 

• Combinations of painting and drawing applied only to one surface should be entered into either the Painting or Drawing categories. 
• Mixed media pieces meant to be viewed in the round should be entered in the Sculpture category. 

Each entry requires four images of your Mixed Media piece. Showcase the scale and details of your work and include pictures from different angles. Include one image that shows the work from the front at a slight angle against a white or neutral colored background. For the remaining images include one detail shot, an image with a ruler for scale, and an image from the back of the work. Visit our blog for tips on documenting your work.

If your mixed media entry does not have a 3D element, select “0” for the “Depth” and “Weight” fields. 

Art created by applying wet materials to a 2D surface. This includes illustrations made with any type of paint. If you use more than two non-paint materials or if you create a collage, your work should be entered in Mixed Media. 

Oil, acrylic, watercolor, gouache, tempera, ink, encaustic, fresco, spray paint, etc. applied on canvas, canvas board, paper, or any flat surface. 

• Paintings copied from published photographs, the internet, or existing works should not be entered and will be disqualified. For more detailed information, check out the Copyright & Plagiarism guide . 

You can upload one image for each Painting entry.

Photography

Images captured by either an analog or digital camera.

Black and white photographs, color photographs, digital or analog photographs, photograms, other experimental photography, etc.

• Do not enter AI-generated art.
• Identify type of photographic techniques used in the “List Materials” section of online registration.
• Editing software (Adobe Suite programs, Procreate, Corel PaintShop, Clip Studio Paint, etc.) is acceptable to use for minor touch-ups and image correction in a manner that replicates traditional darkroom techniques (cropping, dodging, burning, adjusting brightness, contrast, color balance, etc.). Heavily edited works should be entered in Digital Art. 
• Works that are digitally collaged, cloned, layered, merged, distorted, or heavily manipulated with computer software must be entered in the Digital Art category. 
• Each work entered in Photography should be a distinct image that presents a unique artistic vision.

Entering multiple similar images from the same series of photographs is highly discouraged. Part of the entry process to the Awards is determining which image best fulfills the Scholastic Awards criteria: originality, skill, and the emergence of a personal vision. 

You can upload one image for each Photography entry. Participants may enter up to 16 individual photo entries. 

Printmaking

Work made by transferring ink from one prepared surface (plate, screen, etc.) onto paper or another flat surface.

Woodcut/linocut, monotype, intaglio, lithography, etching, silkscreen printing, collagraph, etc.

Identify the printmaking technique used in the “List Materials” section of online registration.

Entry Requirement 

For each Printmaking entry, you can upload one image. 

Three-dimensional art objects created by carving, casting, or other shaping techniques that  can  have interactive qualities.

Modeled, carved, cast, constructed, or assembled objects, including artist books. Materials may include but are not limited to clay, cardboard, metal, acrylic, wood, glass, stone, marble, textiles, plastics, and found objects. 

• Large-scale installation art should be entered into the Expanded Projects category.
• Anything made  exclusively  out of ceramics and/or glass belongs in the Ceramics & Glass category.

Each entry requires four images of your Sculpture. Showcase the scale and details of your work and include pictures from different angles. Include one image that shows the work from the front at a slight angle against a white or neutral colored background. For the remaining images include one detail shot, an image with a ruler for scale, and an image from the back of the work. Visit our blog for tips on documenting your work.

Art Portfolio

(For Graduating Seniors Only)

A series of 6 distinct works that communicate a single cohesive idea or visual investigation. Works can come from one category or any combination of multiple categories.

Graduating seniors may submit up to two Art Portfolios, but may not submit the same work in both portfolios.

• Each work within the Art Portfolio is subject to the same upload rules as its equivalent in individual categories. For example, a Sculpture work as part of a portfolio requires four images, while a Photography work requires one image. 
• Work included in a portfolio may also be entered in an individual category (i.e., Drawing & Illustration, Mixed Media, etc.). Seniors may re-enter artworks that were entered to the Scholastic Awards in a previous year as part of their Art Portfolio. 
• Do not include any identifying information, such as your name, in the title of your portfolio or the works included in the entries. 
• You must provide an Artist Statement and Personal Statement —these are two separate statements. Do not copy and paste the same statement for both! 

Artist Statement:  Write about your art! This required statement should provide insight into your creative process: How did you curate the works in your portfolio? 

Consider questions like: 

• What do you want viewers to understand about your collection of works? 
• What are the key ideas, issues, struggles, or goals within the portfolio? 
• Did you make deliberate decisions about materials, processes, etc.? 

Your artist statement should be at least 100 words must not exceed 500 words. The statement will be visible to jurors. Do not use self-identifying information in the statement. 

Personal Statement:  Write about you! Tell a story from your life, describing an experience that either demonstrates your character or helped to shape it. 

• What is a significant challenge, setback, or failure that you experienced? How did you respond to it? How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience? 
• Have you ever had a long-cherished or accepted belief challenged? How did you respond? How did the challenge affect your beliefs? 

Your personal statement should be at least 100 words and must not exceed 500 words. This statement will be viewed by the scholarship committee if your work receives a Gold Key and goes on to be considered for a national portfolio scholarship award .

Writing Categories

Instructions for all writing categories.

• Entries must be primarily in English. 
• No identifying information, including the writer’s name, should appear anywhere on the manuscript, including areas such as a header or title page. 
• For real people in non-fiction works, use fictional names. You do not need to change the name of public or historical figures. 
• No illustrations, photographs, graphics, or hyperlinks are permitted in the body of the work. 
• Sources must be cited. Footnotes/works cited are not considered part of the word count. We do not require a specific citation format. It may help to view examples of past award-winning works in the Online Gallery . 
• Collaborative works are not allowed in any categories. 

Critical Essay

Writing intended to inform or convince a reader about a specific idea or topic, such as art or media reviews, persuasive essays, opinion essays, etc. 

Sources must be cited. Footnotes/works cited are not considered part of the word count. We do not require a specific citation format. Use the citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) that best supports your work. 

View award-winning writing

500–3,000 words

Dramatic Script

Work that uses dialogue, action, and stage direction to tell a story, including scripts for television, film, or stage.

Excerpts can be entered but should be clearly labeled as excerpts. 

500–3,000 words. If the script exceeds 3,000 words, you may provide a 250-word summary and attach a PDF of the full script.

Flash Fiction

Highly focused stories characterized by brevity. Each piece should include a beginning, middle, and end. This should not be an excerpt of a longer work. Longer works may be better suited for the Short Story or Novel Writing categories. 

Please note word length for Flash Fiction compared to Short Story. Stories in which humor is a key element or speculative fiction like science fiction, fantasy, horror, or alternate histories should be entered in those respective categories. 

Maximum 1,000 words

Writing that uses comedic forms such as jokes, satire, farce, irony, parody, absurdity, comedic anecdote, etc. 

All work in which humor is the key element should be entered in this category. 

Writing that informs and educates about newsworthy topics or current events, characterized by a presentation of facts or description of events.

Writing intended for publication in newspapers, magazines, or online media and characterized by a presentation of facts or description of events. 

Works cited are not considered part of the word count. We do not require a specific citation format. Use the citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) that best supports your work. 

Novel Writing

An excerpt from a long-form prose narrative. Provide an excerpt no longer than 3,000 words. Novel entries must also include a brief 250-word summary of the entire novel. Follow the detailed instructions below: 

• Novel entries should be excerpted from completed manuscripts. The excerpt should be a complete chapter or section from a chapter. Use a sample that showcases your writing and story setup. 
• Novel entries must include a summary (250 words or less) of the entire novel. The summary is meant to provide readers with an understanding of the full scope, themes, arc, and plot of your novel. The summary does not count toward the maximum word limit. Think about what would appear on the back cover of your book, but with spoilers! 
• The writer’s name and school must NOT appear on any materials in the entry. 
• Adaptations of or sequels to existing published works are not accepted. 

An excerpt up to 3,000 words and a 250-word summary of the entire novel. 

Personal Essay & Memoir

A non-fiction work based on opinion, experience, and/or emotion that explores a topic or event of importance to the author. 

Essays in which humor is the key element should be entered in the Humor category.

Writing in verse. May include but is not limited to prose poetry, free verse, formal poetry, song lyrics, and spoken word. 

Each entry consists of 1 poem. If you have more than one poem they should be entered separately as individual poetry pieces. If you have a longer form poem with sections, that should be entered as one piece. 

3–100 lines

Science Fiction & Fantasy

Writing in speculative fiction genres like science fiction, fantasy, horror, or alternate history. This writing uses supernatural, magical, futuristic, scientific, or technological themes as key elements of the narrative. These may include short stories or prose focused on world building, mythology, etc. 

All works in which science fiction/fantasy is the key element should be entered in this category. Do not base characters or plots on already published works (books, movies, comics, etc.). Works that are novel length should be entered in Novel Writing. 

Short Story

A fictional narrative that is written in prose.

Short Stories in which humor is a key element or speculative fiction like science fiction, fantasy, horror, or alternate histories should be entered in those respective categories. 

1,000–3,000 words

Writing Portfolio

A series of 6 distinct works that demonstrate versatility as a writer, diversity in writing techniques and styles, and a developed, cohesive voice. The works can come from one category or any combination of multiple categories. 

Graduating seniors may submit up to two Writing Portfolios, but may not submit the same work in both portfolios.

• The word count for each piece submitted in a writing portfolio should adhere to the length limits listed in each individual category. The maximum length for a writing portfolio is 24,000 words (not including the writer’s statement).
• Work included in a portfolio may also be entered in an individual category (i.e., Short Story, Critical Essay, etc.). 
• Seniors may re-enter writing that was entered to the Scholastic Awards in a previous year as part of their writing portfolio. 
• Do not include any identifying information, such as your name, in the title of your portfolio or the works included in the entry. 
• You must provide a Writer Statement and a Personal Statement —these are two separate statements. Do not copy and paste the same statement for both! 

Writer Statement:  Write about your writing! This required statement should provide insight into how you curated your writing portfolio.

Consider questions like:

• What do you want readers to understand about your collection of works? 
• Did you make deliberate decisions about voice, literary devices, etc.? 

Your Writer Statement should be at least 100 words must not exceed 500 words. The statement will be visible to jurors. Do not use self-identifying information in the statement. 

Personal Statement:  Write about you! Tell a story from your life, describing an experience that either demonstrates your character or helped to shape it.