dharavi case study a level

• Age: 14-16 MYP Individuals and Societies
• Age: 14-16 GCSE / IGCSE Geography
• Natural Environments
• Economic Development
• IGCSE Geography Revision Question Bank
• 1.5 Settlements and service provision
• 1.6 Urban settlements
• 1.7 Urbanisation
• Urbanization
• Out of town activities
• Squatter settlements

Squatter settlement case study: Dharavi, Mumbai, India

• Urbanization and the environment

BBC News - Life in a slum

SFGate - Slums separate Bombay from its future / Struggle over plans for redevelopment slows city's progress [12 October 2006]

• Where in the world is Dharavi?
• Describe the location of Dharavi.
• Briefly describe the history of Dharavi.
• What is the current population of Dharavi?
• Describe the industry and economic activities that can be found in Dharavi.
• Using actual quotes and examples – describe what it is like to live in Dharavi.
• Why do some people want to redevelop in Dharavi?
• Describe the planned redevelopment of Dharavi.
• What criticisms have there been of the planned redevelopment of Dharavi?
• What alternative projects have been suggested to improve Dharavi besides its complete destruction?
• Which proposed project – building a new town on the site or improving the current shanty town – do you think is the best and why?

• Give three pieces of map evidence which suggest that this area is part of a squatter settlement and not occupied by high-cost housing. [3 marks]
• Suggest why many people living in rural areas in developing countries make the decision to migrate to urban settlements such as Dhaka. [5 marks]
• Describe what has been done to improve the quality of life in squatter settlements in developing countries. You should refer to examples which you have studied to illustrate your answer. [7 marks]
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What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

Managing urban growth – squatter settlements

Chawls are a popular form of housing in Mumbai. These are overcrowded blocks of one small room and were built over 100 years ago. This type of accommodation is no longer built, but the remaining structures are still in demand because they are cheap to rent.

A chawl in Mumbai

Squatter settlements have grown rapidly in Mumbai, spreading onto private land. They are typically poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Dharavi is Mumbai’s and India’s biggest squatter settlement, with a population of approximately 1.2 million people crowded into one square mile. Many of the residents are second generation, living in small dwellings with many extended family members.

Dharavi, Mumbai

Dharavi lies between two railway lines on low-lying land, previously used as a rubbish tip. The settlement is made up of twelve different neighbourhoods, and there are no road signs. The further you enter the settlements, the more permanent and solid the structure become.

Conditions in Dharavi are challenging. People live by open sewers, and children play amongst the sewage waste. There is an average of 4,000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria each day. Access to freshwater is mainly by standpipes turned on at 5:30 am for two hours as water is rationed. There is an average of one toilet per 1,450 people. The average life expectancy is under 60 years old (compared to the national average of 69.27 years in 2020), due to disease and health concerns.

Providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy

Sixty per cent of Mumbai’s population rely on communal taps. In some areas, access to freshwater is limited to standpipes from 5 am for two hours.

Only around sixty per cent of households are connected to Mumbai’s sewerage system, so many open sewers and polluted streams present a health risk. In the unplanned squatter settlements, there is on average, only one toilet per 1000 people. It is only the wealthier suburbs that typically have private water supplies. Factories heavily pollute the Mithi River, and 800 million litres of untreated sewage enter the river every day.

Recycling is common in Mumbai, with over 80% of waste recycled. Over 1000 people are employed in waste disposal. However, many people work in the informal sector, collecting waste from tips to earn money through recycling. An army of 120,000 rag-pickers – unofficial waste collectors – gathers anything reusable they find and takes it to Dharavi (slum settlement) for recycling in small-scale workshops. While the work is effective, it’s incredibly hazardous, with few units adhering to any form of regulation. Workers will sift through piles of festering rubbish with no safety equipment in extreme heat, with many children, aged as young as five, working alongside the adults for as little as £1 a day.

Providing access to services – health and education

Rapid urbanisation has placed considerable pressure on Mumbai’s strained health and education services. Although the Sion hospital has grown, it has not been able to match population growth. Many people have to wait a long time to be treated.

Despite education provision improving, many schools are overcrowded, and there is a shortage of teachers. School drop-out rates are high, with many youngsters unable to continue education as they must work to earn money to help support their families. This is particularly the case in slums and squatter settlements.

Reducing unemployment and crime

Rapid urbanisation is the leading cause of unemployment in Mumbai. Economic growth has not been fast enough to create enough jobs for the available workforce. Underemployment is common (people paid less than they should be for their task, with poor working standards).

In Mumbai, there is a shortage of technicians and skilled engineers. Most people work in the ‘informal sector’, which are low paid, have little job security, and often work in dangerous conditions. These workers do not pay tax on their earnings to the government.

Crime rates are very high in Mumbai. It has the third-highest crime rate of all Indian cities. Nearly one-third of the population have been victims of crime. Corruption is rife, and 22.9% of citizens have been exposed to bribery. Fraud and cybercrime are also widespread.

Managing environmental issues – waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion

Millions of tonnes of waste enter Mumbai’s Mithi River every year. In 2018 it was the state of Maharashtra’s most polluted river. Faecal coliform content (an indication of human and animal excreta) and biochemical oxygen demand (oxygen levels for aquatic life to survive ) of the Mithi river were above the safe limit. Human and animal excreta was almost 15 times the safe limit! Doctors deal with 4,000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria each day.

Many water pipes run close to sewers, with leakages causing water contamination, leading to the spread of water-borne diseases.

In 2020 Mumbai had the 6th highest level of air pollution in India. Many people in the city are dependent on public transport . Buses and trains are often overcrowded. Traffic congestion is a significant problem in Mumbai, and peak traffic times can last several hours. Air pollution is very high due to the high number of old, inefficient cars and there is also little regulation of emissions from factories.

The urban train and bus networks do not have enough capacity to meet the needs of the city. 3500 people die on Mumbai’s railway each year. Most deaths are caused by passengers crossing tracks, sitting on train roofs and being electrocuted by overhead cables, or hanging from doors and windows.

According to the environmental status report by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) in 2018, Mumbai generates 9,400 metric tonnes of waste per day, of which only 30% gets treated with a proper procedure, the rest gets dumped at the already overloaded landfills and dumping grounds.

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Land, housing and gentrification in Mumbai

Case Study on Dharavi

Mumbai houses the largest  slums in Asia. Most notable is Dharavi, which lies in the center of Mumbai where more than one million squatters live in temporary housing on one square mile of government land, juxtaposed beside the modern and high-priced commercial developments. 

In this section, we look at the gentrification process in Mumbai through the slum redevelopment project in Dharavi.

This will be analyzed by looking at the process of the proposed Dhravai Redevelopment Plan (DRP), combined with examining failed policies regarding gentrification in Dharavi.

Archithoughts, (2009). Dharavi Mumbai . [image] Available at: https://archithoughts.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/room-with-views/ [Accessed 1 Apr. 2017].

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Dharavi slum case study-world cities

• Rural and urban challenges and regeneration
• Created by: david
• Created on: 14-02-14 11:09
• chores are complted in spheral groups to give a strong community sense
• 85% employement rate
• dhravi locals are generally happy
• postive recycling scheme
• residents are hardworking and some have be known to become self-made millionaires
• in dharavi 80% of waste plastic is recycled compared to 23% in the u.k.
• dharavi recycles a much wider range of goods than in the u.k. including cosmetics and keyboard cases
• around 1,000,000 rubbish bags are collected from mumbai daily
• 35,000 ragpickers in mumbai trawl through the vast heaps of waste in serach of recyclable goods
• ragpickers earn around £1 a day for their work
• densly populated with 600,000 people living in a 2kmsq area
• extremely deprived with no sanitation
• running water is only available for 2 hours a day at 5.30
• within indias financail district and therforte very expoensive to buy property
• second largest slum in asia
• formely bombay,dharavi  currently has  a population of 14,350,000
• known as "the gateway to india"
• was originally a fishing village
• popularised by its port
• plan to remove slum area and replace with 7 story tenamaents
• residents of the dharavi slums that can prove to have lived their since 1995 will recieve free housing accomodation
• new buildings will hopefully have improved infrastructure including roads,drainage systems and schools

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Reengineering an urban slum: a case study of Dharavi, India

2010, International Journal of Sustainable Society

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Case study: Dharavi

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6.4.1 Development of squatter settlements

6.4.3 problems and management, improvement schemes: top-down approaches.

• Top-down schemes are expensive large-scale plans, usually by the government, aimed to improving squatter settlements
• A $2 billion development project aims to rehouse slum dwellers in high-rise apartment blocks built next to the slum
• This is controversial as it will break the sense of community to the settlement

Improvement schemes: Bottom-up approaches

• Bottom-up schemes are cheaper and smaller plans usually by the community and NGOs to improve squatter settlements by helping the individual
• Self-help schemes give people the tools and training to improve their homes