medical microbiology essay questions and answers

Compilation of long essay questions.

• Explain the structure of bacterial cell with the aid of a neatly labelled diagram. Also mention the roles of these structures and methods of their detection.
• Define sterilization. Classify various methods of sterilization with suitable examples.
• Define disinfection. Classify various methods of disinfection with suitable examples.
• What are culture media. Classify the types of culture media with examples and their uses.
• Describe the various methods of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and mention their significance.
• Enlist the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus. Describe the various conditions caused by this bacterium along with their laboratory diagnosis.
• Classify Streptococci. Describe the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes along with the lesions produced and the laboratory diagnosis.
• Enumerate the pyogenic bacteria. Describe the procedure involved in the diagnosis of any suppurative infection.
• What is pyogenic meningitis? Enlist the various etiological agents and describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Neisseria meningitis.
• Which are the bacterial STDs? Write the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea.
• Name the infections produced by pneumococcus. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of pneumococal pneumonia.
• Classify Mycobacteria. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Enlist the bacterial zoonotic diseases. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of anthrax.
• Define Pyrexia of Unknown Origin. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis.
• Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of diphtheria.
• Classify Clostridia. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of gas gangrene.
• Classify the non-sporing anaerobes. Describe the various infections produced by them and the strategies adopted to culture them.
• Classify Enterobacteriaceae. Mention the various infections produced by Escherichia coli. Describe the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of acute cystitis.
• Name the bacteria capable of causing dysentery. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of bacillary dysentery.
• Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of enteric fever.
• Enumerate the bacteria causing gastroenteritis. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of cholera.
• What is meant by nosocomial infection? Which are common nosocomial pathogens? Describe the various infections produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Name the bacterial etiolgical agents of food-poisoning. Describe the strategy involved in diagnosing outbreaks of food-poisoning.
• Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of plague.
• Describe the pathogenesis, classification, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy.
• Name the bacterial STDs. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis.
• Classify treponemes. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of leptospirosis.
• Classify Rickettsiae. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of spotted fevers.
• Classify Chlamydia. Describe the various infections produced by C. trachomatis along with its laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
• Classify fungi and their diseases. Describe the procedures involved in laboratory diagnosis of mycoses.
• What are dermatophytes? Enlist the various dermatophytic infections along with their etiological agents. Describe the process of laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
• Name the sub-cutaneous fungal infections along with their etiological agent. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of eumycotic mycetoma.
• Name the systemic fungal infections along with their etiological agent. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of histoplasmosis.
• Enumerate the opportunistic fungal infections along with their etiological agent. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis.
• Classify viruses. Describe the strategies adopted in the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections.
• Classify Herpes viruses. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of HSV infections.
• Name the viruses causing hepatitis. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of HBV infection.
• Classify arboviruses. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of dengue.
• Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and prophylaxis of rabies.
• Enlist the oncogenic viruses. Describe the mechanism of oncogenic transformation.
• Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of HIV infection.
• Name the virus transmitted parenterally. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of HCV.
• Name the sexually transmitted viral infections and their etiological agents. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of papilloma virus.
• Enlist the viruses causing respiratory tract infections. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of influenza.
• Name the viral diseases of childhood. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of measles.
• Name the opportunistic viral diseases. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of CMV infections.
• Classify Picornaviridae. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of polio.
• Enumerate the nematodes infesting intestine. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of roundworm/hookworm/pinworm.
• Classify tapeworms. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of conditions produced by tapeworm.
• Describe the life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of entamoeba infection.
• Describe the etiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis.
• Name the parasites causing infections in the immunocompromised. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Cryptosporidium.
• Name the species of Plasmodium and differentiate their features. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of malaria.
• Name the filarial nematodes. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of bancroftian filariasis.
• Name the parasites causing infection of the nervous system. Describe the life cycle, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of Acanthamoeba infection.
• Classify antigen-antibody reactions. Describe the various types of agglutination/precipitation reactions along with examples.
• Draw a neat and labelled diagram of an IgG molecule. Describe the properties of all the classes of immunoglobulins.
• Describe the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Describe their role in innate immunity.
• Classify immunity. Describe the various mechanism of innate/acquired immunity.
• Classify hypersensitivity reactions. Describe the mechanism of action of Immediate/Delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
• What is autoimmunity. Describe the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders and tests employed to detect them.
• What are immunodeficiency disorders? Describe briefly the various T-cell/B-cell related immunodeficiencies.
• What is the basis of humoral/cell-mediated immune response? Describe the process with an illustration.
• Classify vaccines. Write notes on various vaccines administered as per national immunization programme.
• Draw the two common complement activation pathways and describe the importance of complement in health and disease.

Compilation of short essay questions.

• Contributions of Louis Pasteur
• Contributions of Robert Koch
• Koch’s postulates
• Nobel Prize winners related to microbiology
• Morphological forms of bacteria
• Bacterial spore
• Bacterial cell wall
• Bacterial capsule
• Intracytoplasmic inclusions
• Differences between endotoxin and exotoxin
• Bacteriocine
• Darkground staining
• Negative staining
• Phase-contrast microscope
• Electron microscope
• Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• Antiseptics
• Quaternary ammonium compounds
• Chemisterilants
• Hot air oven
• Tyndallization
• Inspissation
• Pasteurization
• Surface-active agents
• Sterilization controls
• Selective media
• Enriched media
• McConkey’s agar
• Anaerobic culture media
• Biphasic media
• Transport media
• Bacterial growth curve
• Conjugation
• Transduction
• Transposons/jumping genes
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• String test
• Phage typing
• Biological safety cabinets
• Staphylococcal toxins
• Superantigen
• Toxic Shock Syndrome
• Coagulase test
• Catalase test
• Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
• Coagulase Negative Staphylococci
• Flesh eating bacteria
• Enterococci
• Viridans Streptococci
• Quellung reaction
• C-Reaction Protein (CRP)
• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Meningococcal vaccine
• Oxidase test
• Non-gonoccal urethritis (NGU)/ Non-specific urethritis
• Elek’s test
• Lysogenic conversion
• Diphtheroids
• Toxigenicity tests for Corynebactium diphtheria
• DPT vaccine
• Malignant pustule
• Hide Porter’s disease
• Nagler reaction
• Litmus milk test/Stormy clot
• Toxins of Clostridium perfringens
• Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis
• Bacterioides
• Actinomycosis
• Bacterial vaginosis
• McIntosh Filde’s Jar/GasPak system
• Bacterial normal flora
• Traveler’s diarrhea
• ETEC/EIEC/EHEC/EPEC
• Presumptive coliform count
• Diarrheagenic E. coli
• Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever/Widal test
• Halophilic Vibrios
• Kanagawa phenomenon
• Bacterial pigments
• Cat scratch disease
• Rat bite fever
• X and V factor
• Satellitism
• HACEK bacteria
• Acellular pertussis vaccine
• Drug resistance in M. tuberculosis/MDR-TB/XDR-TB
• Acid Fast Staining
• BCG vaccine
• Tuberculin test
• Lepromin test
• RNTCP guidelines on diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
• Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
• VDRL/RPR test
• Specific Treponemal tests
• Non-venereal Treponematosis
• Lyme’s disease
• Vincent’s angina/Fusospirochetosis
• Ludwig’s angina
• Helicobacter pylori
• Weil-Felix test
• Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
• Bacterial infections of the eye
• Antifungal drugs
• Mycetism/Mycotoxicosis
• Fungal culture media
• Dermatophytes
• Candidiasis
• Cryptococcosis
• Dimorphic fungi
• Aspergillosis
• Id reaction
• Dematiaceous fungi
• Rhinosporidiosis
• Sporotrichosis
• Histoplasmosis
• Fungal spores
• Viral replication
• Cultivation of viruses
• Viral morphology
• Inclusion bodies
• Cell culture/Tissue culture
• Bacteriophage
• Viral vaccines
• Cytopathic effect
• Oncogenesis
• Burkitts’ lymphoma
• Viral latency
• Prion diseases
• Delta virus
• Immune response to Hepatitis virus
• Rabies vaccines
• Ebola virus
• Dengue shock syndrome
• Diarrheal viruses
• Antiviral drugs
• Molluscum contagiosum
• HIV post-exposure prophylaxis
• Swine flue/Bird flu
• Chikungunya virus
• Emerging viral diseases
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Varicella-zoster
• B-cell/T-cell
• MHC restriction
• HLA system/typing
• IgG/IgM/IgA/IgE
• Monoclonal antibody
• Immunofluorescence
• Immunodiffusion
• Heterophile tests
• Western Blot
• Southern Blot
• Abnormal immunoglobulins
• Class switching
• Lectin pathway
• Properdin pathway
• Host vs Graft reaction
• Graft vs Host reaction
• Immunological surveillance
• DiGeorge’s syndrome
• Anaphylaxis
• NK cells/LGLs
• Complement deficiencies
• Coomb’s test
• Frequently asked questions in Viva
• Applied microbiology: clinical cases
• Online identification of bacteria
• PPT slides for online self-study
• Ready made notes

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following foods is NOT made by fermentation?

• orange juice

Who is considered the “father of Western medicine”?

• Marcus Terentius Varro
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• Hippocrates

Who was the first to observe “animalcules” under the microscope?

• Ötzi the Iceman
• Robert Koch

Who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small to see?

• Louis Pasteur

Which of the following was NOT a kingdom in Linnaeus’s taxonomy?

Which of the following is a correct usage of binomial nomenclature?

• Homo Sapiens
• homo sapiens
• Homo sapiens

Which scientist proposed adding a kingdom for protists?

• Carolus Linnaeus
• Robert Whittaker
• Ernst Haeckel

Which of the following is NOT a domain in Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree?

Which of the following is the standard resource for identifying bacteria?

• Systema Naturae
• Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
• Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree
• Haeckel’s General Morphology of Organisms

Which of the following types of microorganisms is photosynthetic?

Which of the following is a prokaryotic microorganism?

• cyanobacterium

Which of the following is acellular?

Which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism?

Which of the following is not a subfield of microbiology?

• bacteriology
• clinical microbiology

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Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction

• Authors: Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Microbiology
• Publication date: Nov 1, 2016
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-multiple-choice

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Medical Microbiology and Virology Sample Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and Extended Matching Questions (EMQs)

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MCQs Bacteriology (1-10): With Answers and Explanations

• The identification of bacteria by serologic tests is based on the presence of specific antigens. Which of the following bacterial components is least likely to contain useful antigens? a. Capsule b. Cell wall c. Flagella d. Ribosomes
• Each of the following statements concerning the Gram stain is correct except: a.  Escherichia coli  stains pink because it has a thin peptidoglycan layer b.  Streptococcus pyogens  stains blue because it has a thick peptidoglycan layer c  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  is not visible in the Gram’s stain because it does not have a cell wall d.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  stain blue because it has a thick lipid layer
• An outbreak of sepsis caused by  Staphylococcus aureus  has occurred in the newborn nursery. You are called upon to investigate. According to your knowledge of the normal flora, what is the most likely source of the organism? a. Nose b. Colon c. Hand d. Throat
• Each of the following organisms is an important cause of urinary tract infections except: a.  Klebsiella pneumoniae b.  Escherichia coli c.  Bacteriodes fragilis d.  Proteus mirabilis
• A 30-year woman has non-bloody diarrhea for the past 14 hours. Which one of the following organisms is least likely to cause this illness? a.  Streptococcus pyogens b.  Clostridiodes difficile c.  Shigella dysenteriae d.  Salmonella enteritidis
• Each of the following agents is a recognized cause of diarrhea except a.  Clostridium perfringens b.  Vibrio cholerae c.  Enterococcus faecalis d.  Escherichia coli
• Each of the following statements about the classification of streptococci is correct except a. Pneumococci ( Streptococcus pneumoniae ) are alpha-hemolytic and can be serotyped on the basis of their polysaccharide capsule b. Enterococci are group D streptococci and can be classified by their ability to grow 6.5% sodium chloride c. Viridans streptococci are identified by Lancefield grouping, which is based on the C carbohydrate in the cell wall d. Although pneumococci and the viridans streptococci are alpha-hemolytic, they can be differentiated by the bile solubility test and their susceptibility to optochin
• Which of the following bacteria has the lowest 50% infective dose (ID50)? a.  Campylobacter jejuni b.  Salmonella typhi c.  Vibrio cholerae d.  Shigella sonnei
• Which of the following disease is best diagnosed by serologic means? a. Pulmonary tuberculosis b. Gonorrhea c. Actinomycosis d. Q Fever
• The coagulase test is used to differentiate a.  Staphylococcus epidermidis  from  Neisseria meningitidis b.  Staphylococcus aureus  from  Staphylococcus epidermidis c.  Streptococcus pyogens  from  Staphylococcus aureus d.  Streptococcus pyogens  from  Enterococcus faecalis

Answer Key for MCQ Microbiology:

• d (Ribosomes)
• d ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis  stains blue because it has a thick lipid layer)
• c ( Bacteriodes fragilis )
• a ( Streptococcus pyogens)
• c ( Enterococcus faecalis)
• c (Viridans streptococci are identified by Lancefield grouping, which is based on the C carbohydrate in the cell wall)
• d ( Shigella sonnei )
• d (Q Fever)
• b ( Staphylococcus aureus  from  Staphylococcus epidermidis )

Acharya Tankeshwar

Hello, thank you for visiting my blog. I am Tankeshwar Acharya. Blogging is my passion. As an asst. professor, I am teaching microbiology and immunology to medical and nursing students at PAHS, Nepal. I have been working as a microbiologist at Patan hospital for more than 10 years.

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Microbiology MCQ Questions and Answers PDF | Medical Microbiology MCQs e-Book PDF Download

Quiz questions chapter 1-16 & practice tests with answers key | microbiology textbook notes, mcqs & study guide, publisher description.

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Microbiology Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs) PDF : Free download chapter 1, a book covers solved quiz questions and answers on chapters: Basic mycology, classification of medically important bacteria, classification of viruses, clinical virology, drugs and vaccines, genetics of bacterial cells, genetics of viruses, growth of bacterial cells, host defenses and laboratory diagnosis, normal flora and major pathogens, parasites, pathogenesis, sterilization and disinfectants, structure of bacterial cells, structure of viruses, vaccines, antimicrobial and drugs mechanism tests for college and university revision guide. Microbiology Quiz Questions and Answers PDF download, free eBook’s sample covers beginner's solved questions, textbook's study notes to practice tests. The book Microbiology MCQs Chapter 1-16 PDF includes medical school question papers to review practice tests for exams. 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Microbiology Practice Tests Chapter 1-16 PDF covers problem solving exam tests from microbiology textbook and practical eBook chapter-wise as: Chapter 1: Basic Mycology MCQ Chapter 2: Classification of Medically important Bacteria MCQ Chapter 3: Classification of Viruses MCQ Chapter 4: Clinical Virology MCQ Chapter 5: Drugs and Vaccines MCQ Chapter 6: Genetics of Bacterial Cells MCQ Chapter 7: Genetics of Viruses MCQ Chapter 8: Growth of Bacterial Cells MCQ Chapter 9: Host Defenses and Laboratory Diagnosis MCQ Chapter 10: Normal Flora and Major Pathogens MCQ Chapter 11: Parasites MCQ Chapter 12: Pathogenesis MCQ Chapter 13: Sterilization and Disinfectants MCQ Chapter 14: Structure of Bacterial Cells MCQ Chapter 15: Structure of Viruses MCQ Chapter 16: Vaccines, Antimicrobial and Drugs Mechanism MCQ The e-Book Basic Mycology MCQs PDF: Download chapter 1 test to solve MCQ questions on Mycology, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses, opportunistic mycoses, structure and growth of fungi, and systemic mycoses. The e-Book Classification of Medically Important Bacteria MCQs PDF: Download chapter 2 test to solve MCQ questions on Human pathogenic bacteria. The e-Book Classification of Viruses MCQs PDF: Download chapter 3 test to solve MCQ questions on Virus classification, and medical microbiology. The e-Book Clinical Virology MCQs PDF: Download chapter 4 test to solve MCQ questions on Clinical virology, arbovirus, DNA enveloped viruses, DNA non-enveloped viruses, general microbiology, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, minor viral pathogens, RNA enveloped viruses, RNA non-enveloped viruses, slow viruses and prions, and tumor viruses. The e-Book Drugs and Vaccines MCQs PDF: Download chapter 5 test to solve MCQ questions on Antiviral drugs, antiviral medications, basic virology, and laboratory diagnosis. The e-Book Genetics of Bacterial Cells MCQs PDF: Download chapter 6 test to solve MCQ questions on Bacterial genetics, transfer of DNA within and between bacterial cells. 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The e-Book Parasites MCQs PDF: Download chapter 11 test to solve MCQ questions on Parasitology, blood tissue protozoa, cestodes, intestinal and urogenital protozoa, minor protozoan pathogens, nematodes, and trematodes. The e-Book Pathogenesis MCQs PDF: Download chapter 12 test to solve MCQ questions on Pathogenesis, portal of pathogens entry, bacterial diseases transmitted by food, insects and animals, host defenses, important modes of transmission, and types of bacterial infections. The e-Book Sterilization and Disinfectants MCQs PDF: Download chapter 13 test to solve MCQ questions on Clinical bacteriology, chemical agents, and physical agents. The e-Book Structure of Bacterial Cells MCQs PDF: Download chapter 14 test to solve MCQ questions on General structure of bacteria, bacterial structure, basic bacteriology, shape, and size of bacteria. The e-Book Structure of Viruses MCQs PDF: Download chapter 15 test to solve MCQ questions on Size and shape of virus. 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