use of technology in research pdf

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Use of Technology in Research: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

Given that universities have embraced new information technologies, we must inquire as to the extent these technologies have promoted and/or hindered the higher educational mission. Technology has increased access overall including simultaneous access to a variety of materials from a multitude of sources. One consequence of this eclectic electronic environment is that while access is increasing, comprehension of what is being accessed seems to be decreasing. Previously, the particular disciplinary focus determined the finding tools that would be used for research. These finding tools, in turn, clearly articulated for the user the materials covered (e.g. books, articles, scholarly journals, newspapers, government documents). This shift from an environment where information access was discipline-and/or publication-specific, to one that is amorphous and constantly changing, has put the responsibility for distinguishing among types, formats, quality, and relevancy directly onto the user. This paper will examine the implications for user education both at the university level and beyond.

Related Papers

Sheila Bair

Introduction This paper compares implementing the VuFind “next-generation catalog” and SerialsSolutions®' Summon™ “Web-scale discovery service” at an academic library. Different though complementary, and both positively disruptive, these systems each offer easier ...

Indiana Libraries: Journal of the Indiana Library Federation & the State Library

Susan M Frey, PhD

The article presents assessment initiatives of students' information literacy competencies in the U.S. Included is information on the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, developed by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), which provides a roadmap for those engaged in teaching and assessing information literacy in colleges and universities. Also included is information on the Research Readiness Self-Assessment (RRSA), developed at Central Michigan University, which encourages students to problem-solve in order to discover their own research weakness and strengths. See: https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/IndianaLibraries/article/view/1914/1825

Not Just Where to Click: Teaching Students How to Think about Information

Lucy Mulroney

This chapter documents the collaboration between a curator of special collections, a subject specialist librarian, and a writing instructor to develop a different kind of instructional approach for undergraduate research and writing. We sought to use special collections as a springboard to create an environment in which students could investigate research questions that connect to their personal lives and interests; engage in various modes of writing; conceive of the potential networks of production and circulation of their work; and identify the library as a locus for sustained, organic, social, and productive inquiry.

Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education

Fernando Bacao

ABSTRACT Geographic information systems have experienced rapid growth and user adoption over the last four decades, due to an increasing value to the business community. However, business schools are not teaching geospatial concepts and the related location intelligence to their students. This curriculum decision seems completely at odds with business’ day-to-day dependence on a wide array of geographic information system applications. Business schools typically teach relational and object-oriented database courses, quantitative methods, decision supports systems, and Visual Basic for Applications, which are all directly related to the basic concepts of geographic information systems. In addition, these concepts are all part of location intelligence, a more business intuitive term than geospatial analysis. Spatial data modeling is discussed and compared to standard data modeling frameworks such as ANSI/SPARC. Geographic standards are introduced, along with an overview of the OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for SQL. A discussion of how to utilize MySQL open source database software for spatial queries is included, along with a comparison to PostgreSQL/PostGIS. Through the use of these software programs and the techniques introduced in this article, it is possible to integrate the concepts of location intelligence into business curriculum without requiring students to learn new GIS-specific programs. Enhancing student knowledge of this subject area through existing skill sets provides for smoother integration of this material into existing curriculum, as these topics could be added into established courses and would not require new courses to be developed.

Ardis Hanson

Helle Lauridsen

Helle Lauridsen, formerly head of electronic resources at the State and University Library in Aarhus, now European Marketing manager for Serials Solutions will discuss using personal experience as well as the latest research, how this process can be reversed through diligent attendance to usage patterns and statistics as well as rethinking the access to the library resources.(Lauridsen, 2005)

Serials Review

H Frank Cervone

libres.uncg.edu

Information Technology and libraries

Gail Herrera

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

Guleda Dogan

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

College and Research Libraries

May Yan , Courtney Lundrigan , Kevin Manuel

Lídia Oliveira Silva

… relevancy: managing the new academic library

David Bunnell

Tatiana Sanches

Tefko Saracevic

Han Ming Guang

Advances in librarianship

Anna Maria Tammaro

… Resource Management in Libraries: Research and …

New Library World

Laura Bowering Mullen

ABIODUN ADEGBILE

Liambee W I L F R E D Visionz

jolt.merlot.org

Proceedings of the 2012 Library Assessment Conference Building Effective, Sustainable, Practical Assessment

May Yan , Kevin Manuel , Courtney Lundrigan

Susan Searing

IAEME Publication

QQML 2010 Book of Abstracts

Norma Aida Manzanera Silva , Maria de los Angeles Escutia Montelongo

Advances in Librarianship

Christian Plaunt

acid-alkaline-diet-now.com

Melissa V Rentchler

Robert Tolliver , Darren Chase , Elizabeth Trapasso

Jeffrey Pomerantz

Rhonda Huisman

E-Discovery Tools and Applications in Modern Libraries

Dr. Sangeeta N Dhamdhere

bright night

Ederina Demo

Science & Technology Libraries

Kathrine Aydelott

College & Research Libraries

Reference Services …

Carol Hixson

Association of Research Libraries

Martha Kyrillidou

Colleen Cook

cais-acsi.ca

Heidi Julien

American Archivist

Alex H Poole

Afrodite Malliari , Stella Korobili , George Christodoulou

Karen S Calhoun

Library trends

Greg Notess

portal: Libraries and the Academy

Eric Novotny

Bonnie C Carroll

Gail McMillan

Khalid Mahmood

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

What Is Technology?

• First Online: 22 June 2022

Cite this chapter

• Olivier L. de Weck 2  

4384 Accesses

This chapter discusses the roots and meaning of the word “technology” and how technology can be defined, classified, and described in a rigorous way. We all think we know what technology is from personal experience, and yet it is a multifaceted concept that requires some reflection. We introduce Object Process Methodology (OPM) as a way to model technologies and introduce a functional 3 × 3 grid and later an expanded 5 × 5 grid as the basis for a taxonomy of technology. Finally, this chapter describes the major functions of technology management and how they relate to each other and underpin most research and development (R&D) organizations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime
• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Exercises are interspersed in each chapter to challenge the reader and help them explore more deeply their own mental models about key terms or concepts related to technology. However, readers may skip these exercises without loss of information or coherence.

Etymology is the science of the origins of words in human natural language.

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology , URL accessed June 30, 2020.

We will argue below that the deliberate creation of technology is a key element of understanding what it is. This means that objects and processes that occur spontaneously in nature, without the active involvement of an agent, are not “technology” as we understand it. Chap. 3 discusses the link of nature with technology in depth.

The reason we ask about art here is that in education the paradigm of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) has become very prevalent, and is sometimes augmented as STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) to emphasize the importance of creativity.

We celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission in 2019. MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory under Charles “Doc” Draper developed the guidance and navigation system for Apollo.

Some argue that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the basis for a twenty-first-century technological revolution, but the roots of AI can in fact be traced back to the mid-twentieth century and are therefore not fundamentally new. This is not meant to diminish the tremendous impact that AI already has on many products and services, and society at large.

Chapter 18 will focus on the technological evolution of DNA sequencing.

When we say “man-made” we refer to inventors of all genders. The key distinction, which we probe deeper in Chap. 3 , is that these products, systems, and services would not occur spontaneously in nature without human intervention or replication. This is also related to the notion of artificiality. We sometimes refer to human-made technology.

The aspect of deliberate continual improvement is a key feature of human-originated technology. We view the spontaneously occurring processes of evolution and natural selection in nature as distinct from this, as discussed in Chap. 3 on the relationship of nature and technology. A philosophical argument can be made that since humans ( homo sapiens sapiens ) are part of nature, that therefore technological evolution driven by humans is in itself simply an extension of natural evolution, including natural selection. The emergence of what has been called the Anthropocene , that is, a new age where human technology shapes our planet at a faster rate than the underlying natural processes that predate the industrial revolution, is generally recognized as new and important. Some of these anthropogenic effects turn out to be potentially undermining our long-term survival as a species on planet Earth.

See the source of this definition at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology . There are several points of debate that often come up with regard to a general definition of technology. These are summarized in the discussion point above and we encourage the reader to discuss these questions with a group of peers.

This will be explored more deeply in Chap. 3 on technology and nature.

It has been shown that homo neanderthalensis (ca. 400,000–40,000 BCE) also used fire, created tools, and was capable of inventing simple technologies. If humans, other animals with highly developed brains, and computers with AI can be potential originators of technology, we cannot preclude the existence of alien technology in or beyond our own solar system. In that case the beneficiary of technology will not be humans.

The issues associated with technologies for military and intelligence purposes are explored in Chap. 20 , where we cover technologies for offensive and defensive purposes including nuclear weapons and the emergence of cybersecurity-related technologies.

According to Brain lateralization, language processing is often dominant in the left hemisphere.

Eventually, humanity may become a multi-planetary species which may require expansion of these considerations. For the moment we focus mainly, but not exclusively, on technology located here on Earth.

The adoption and diffusion of new technology in agriculture will be discussed in Chap. 7 .

Readers can simply sketch the example by hand or on a computer. Later, we will use Object Process Cloud (OPCLOUD) to create such models. Anyone can quickly generate a model using the OPM Sandbox at: https://sandbox.opm.technion.ac.il/ Note that models cannot be saved, but screenshots can be captured.

Chapter 15 is dedicated to the topic of knowledge management and technology transfer.

This richness of human natural language is a big part of the beauty and inspiration of literary genres such as poetry. In science and engineering, however, the language needs to be limited and standardized in order to avoid unnecessary ambiguity.

Quantum technologies for computing, timekeeping, encryption, etc. have recently emerged and are at an early stage of maturity. Currently, OPM assumes that an object can only be in one state at a given point in time and we have not yet attempted to model quantum technologies using OPM, which does not mean that it cannot be done.

Readers who are interested in further details are encouraged to consult (Dori 2011 ) and ISO standard 19450: https://www.iso.org/standard/62274.html

In physics, there are deep connections and equivalencies between mass and energy, for example, Einstein’s famous E = mc 2 , as well as Claude Shannon’s information theory which quantifies fundamental limits to information transport in terms of the maximum data rate R max , based on the bandwidth B and signal-to-noise ratio C/N that is available, R max   = B log 2 (1  + C/N ). It may be possible to collapse all technological operands into an energy equivalence , but we do not attempt this here, as this may force us to operate at a higher level of abstraction than is useful.

Some argue that living organisms can simply be classified as “matter,” but we disagree, as the requirements and value we place on life warrant a separate category.

The primary organization we have in mind is a for-profit firm that develops, implements, and sells products and services that address societal and specific customer needs and that receives revenues in return. A portion of these is then reinvested to fund the development of new or improved technologies, products, and services. The framework can also be applied to nonprofit organizations such as government agencies, research institutes, or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that focus on missions.

The use of figures of merit (FOM) is central in our approach to technology management.

Some firms, particularly in Europe, make a distinction between R&T (research and technology development) and R&D (research and product development). However, this is not the case in most parts of the world where research, technology maturation, prototyping and the development and launch of new products, services, and missions are all considered to be part of R&D.

Many competitors attempt to prevent this by inserting so-called noncompete clauses in their employment contracts. These are generally difficult, but not impossible, to enforce in a court of law.

Burgelman RA, Christensen CM, Wheelwright SC. Strategic management of technology and innovation . McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 2008

Google Scholar  

Cadario A., et al. “Energy Storage Technology Roadmap”, MIT EM.427 Technology Roadmapping and Development, URL: http://34.233.193.13:32001/index.php/Energy_Storage_via_Battery December 2019, last accessed 27 Dec 2020

Chomsky, Noam. Language and mind . Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Book   Google Scholar  

de Weck, Christine. The Silk Road Today , Vantage Press, ISBN: 0-533-08031-2, 1989

de Weck, Olivier L., Daniel Roos, and Christopher L. Magee. Engineering Systems: Meeting human needs in a complex technological world . MIT Press, 2011.

Dori, Dov., “ Object-Process Methodology: A Holistic Systems Paradigm ”. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011

MATH   Google Scholar  

Duraiappah A.K., Munoz P. Inclusive wealth: a tool for the United Nations. Environment and Development Economics . 2012 Jun 1;17(3):362–7.

Friedenthal, S., Moore A., and Steiner R.. A practical guide to SysML: the systems modeling language. Morgan Kaufmann , 2014

Hughes T.P. Human-built world: How to think about technology and culture. University of Chicago Press; 2004

Hume, D. A Treatise of Human Nature , Book II, Part III, Sect. X, 1739–1740

Montbrun-Di Filippo, J., Delgado M., Brie C., and Paynter H.M.. "A survey of bond graphs: Theory, applications and programs." Journal of the Franklin Institute , 328, no. 5–6, 1991: 565–606.

Article   MATH   Google Scholar  

Roberts EB. Benchmarking global strategic management of technology. Research-Technology Management. 2001 Mar 1;44(2):25–36.

Schatzberg E. “Technik” Comes to America: Changing Meanings of “Technology” before 1930. Technology and Culture . 2006 Jul 1;47(3):486–512.

Van Wyk, R.J., Management of technology: New frameworks. Technovation , 7(4), pp. 341–351, 1988.

Article   Google Scholar  

van Wyk, R., Technology: Its Fundamental Nature – To Explore further Ahead and farther Afield, Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-620-2-00622-4, 2017

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology accessed 21 April 2019

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Olivier L. de Weck

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Object process language (OPL) model of refrigerator, see Fig. 1.5 .

Refrigerator is physical and systemic.

Thermostat Setting of Refrigerator is physical and systemic.

Food is physical and systemic.

Shelf Life of Food is physical and systemic.

Human is physical and systemic.

Temperature of Food is physical and systemic.

Electrical Energy is physical and environmental.

Waste Heat is physical and systemic.

Exterior Air is physical and environmental.

Refrigerator exhibits Thermostat Setting .

Food exhibits Shelf Life and Temperature .

Operating is physical and systemic.

Operating requires Refrigerator .

Operating affects Food .

Operating consumes Electrical Energy .

Operating yields Waste Heat .

Setting is physical and systemic.

Human handles Setting .

Setting affects Thermostat Setting of Refrigerator .

Convecting is physical and environmental.

Convecting affects Exterior Air .

Convecting consumes Waste Heat .

SD1 (In-Zooming on “Operating”)

Operating from SD zooms in SD1 into Condensing, Expanding, Evaporating, Compressing, and Regulating, as well as Coolant .

Compressor is physical and systemic.

Pump is physical and systemic.

Condenser is physical and systemic.

Expansion Valve is physical and systemic.

Evaporator is physical and systemic.

Thermostat is physical and systemic.

Coolant is physical and systemic.

Refrigerator consists of Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator, Expansion Valve, Pump, and Thermostat .

Compressing is physical and systemic.

Compressing requires Compressor and Pump .

Compressing affects Coolant .

Compressing consumes Electrical Energy .

Compressing invokes Condensing .

Regulating is physical and systemic.

Regulating requires Thermostat .

Regulating invokes Compressing .

Condensing is physical and systemic.

Condensing requires Condenser .

Condensing affects Coolant .

Condensing yields Waste Heat .

Condensing invokes Expanding .

Evaporating is physical and systemic.

Evaporating requires Evaporator .

Evaporating affects Coolant and Food .

Evaporating invokes Regulating .

Expanding is physical and systemic.

Expanding requires Expansion Valve .

Expanding affects Coolant .

Expanding invokes Evaporating .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

de Weck, O.L. (2022). What Is Technology?. In: Technology Roadmapping and Development . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88346-1_1

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88346-1_1

Published : 22 June 2022

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-030-88345-4

Online ISBN : 978-3-030-88346-1

eBook Packages : Engineering Engineering (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

DOD Releases Updated List of Foreign Institutions Engaging in Problematic Activities to Counter Unauthorized Technology Transfer

The update is crucial to the Department's continuing effort to highlight and counter unauthorized technology transfer to foreign countries of concern. The institutions included on the FY23 list were confirmed to have engaged in activities that increased the likelihood of DoD-funded research and development efforts being misappropriated, which can lead to adversarial government interference that threatens America's security as well as its economic, research, and scientific integrity.

362 Whitmore Administration Building University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst, MA 01003-9313 (413) 545-5270 [email protected]

Subscribe to the Research Ready UMass Newsletter

• Alzheimer's disease & dementia
• Arthritis & Rheumatism
• Attention deficit disorders
• Autism spectrum disorders
• Biomedical technology
• Diseases, Conditions, Syndromes
• Endocrinology & Metabolism
• Gastroenterology
• Gerontology & Geriatrics
• Health informatics
• Inflammatory disorders
• Medical economics
• Medical research
• Medications
• Neuroscience
• Obstetrics & gynaecology
• Oncology & Cancer
• Ophthalmology
• Overweight & Obesity
• Parkinson's & Movement disorders
• Psychology & Psychiatry
• Radiology & Imaging
• Sleep disorders
• Sports medicine & Kinesiology
• Vaccination
• Breast cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Colon cancer
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart attack
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Kidney disease
• Lung cancer
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myocardial infarction
• Ovarian cancer
• Post traumatic stress disorder
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Schizophrenia
• Skin cancer
• Type 2 diabetes
• Full List »

share this!

August 29, 2024

This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

fact-checked

trusted source

Bridging the chasm between AI technology and clinicians

by Rhiannon Koch, University of Adelaide

While the use of artificial intelligence for medical diagnosis is growing, new research by the University of Adelaide has found there are still major hurdles to cover when it is compared to a clinician.

In a paper published in The Lancet Digital Health , Australian Institute for Machine Learning Ph.D. student Lana Tikhomirov, Professor Carolyn Semmler and team from the University of Adelaide, have drawn on external research to investigate what's known as the "AI chasm."

The AI chasm has occurred because development and commercialization of AI decision-making systems has outpaced our understanding of their value for clinicians and how they impact human decision-making.

"This can have consequences such as automation bias (being blind to AI errors) or misapplication," said Tikhomirov. "Misconceptions about AI also restrict our ability to maximize this new technology and augment the human properly.

"Although technology implementation in other high-risk settings, such as increased automation in airplane cockpits, has been previously investigated to understand and improve how it is used, evaluating AI implementation for clinicians remains a neglected area. We should be using AI more like a clinical drug rather than a device."

The research found clinicians are contextually motivated, mentally resourceful decision makers whereas AI models make decisions without context or understanding correlations in data and patients.

"The clinical environment is rich with sensory cues used to carry out diagnoses, even if they are unnoticeable to the novice observer," said Tikhomirov.

"For example, nodule brightness on a mammogram could indicate the presence of a specific type of tumor, or specific symptoms listed on the imaging request form could affect how sensitive a radiologist will be to finding features.

"With experience, clinicians learn which cues guide their attention towards the most clinically relevant information in their environment.

"This ability to use domain-relevant information is known as cue utilization, and it is a hallmark of expertise that enables clinicians to rapidly extract the essential features from the clinical scene while remaining highly accurate, guiding subsequent processing and analysis of specific clinical features.

"An AI model cannot question its dataset in the same way clinicians are encouraged to question the validity of what they have been taught: a practice in the clinical setting called epistemic humility."

Explore further

Feedback to editors

Neuroscientists explore the intersection of music and memory

5 minutes ago

Scientists discover a new cardiovascular risk factor and identify a drug able to reduce its effects

17 minutes ago

Norovirus study shows how bile acids in breast milk affect newborn gut health

Immunotherapy research offers new hope for children with primary liver carcinomas

Study unveils novel treatment for blocking SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells

Novel pathway could lead to potential treatment for metabolic liver disease

Music study links dulled emotional reactions in anhedonia with prolonged activity of the brain's attentional networks

2 hours ago

New anti-cancer 'degrader' targets protein essential to infant leukemia

AI-based tongue imaging could help enable non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease

Neuron populations in the medial prefrontal cortex shown to code the learning of avoidant behaviors

3 hours ago

Related Stories

Machine learning shows potential for predicting multiple sclerosis progression

Jul 25, 2024

New guidelines on how to report clinical sequencing data help doctors make decisions about cancer treatment

Aug 16, 2024

Study finds clinicians could be fooled by biased AI, despite explanations

Dec 19, 2023

AI may improve doctor–patient interactions for older adults with cancer

May 15, 2024

Q&A: Researcher discusses how machine learning helps identify patients at risk levels for opioid use disorder

Jul 8, 2024

Knowing how clinicians make real-world decisions about drug-drug interactions can improve patient safety

Jan 3, 2024

Recommended for you

Machine learning helps identify rheumatoid arthritis subtypes

19 hours ago

Identifying key markers in pancreatic cancer progression using a new analysis pipeline

23 hours ago

Researchers attempt to emulate a clinical trial using data from real patients

21 hours ago

Proof-of-concept method uses machine learning to detect fake vaccines in supply chains

Aug 29, 2024

Software tool analyzes cancer cells in biopsy slides

Let us know if there is a problem with our content.

Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. For general inquiries, please use our contact form . For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines ).

Please select the most appropriate category to facilitate processing of your request

Thank you for taking time to provide your feedback to the editors.

Your feedback is important to us. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages.

E-mail the story

Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Medical Xpress in any form.

Newsletter sign up

Get weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties.

More information Privacy policy

Donate and enjoy an ad-free experience

We keep our content available to everyone. Consider supporting Science X's mission by getting a premium account.

E-mail newsletter

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Research on dual-phase composite forming process and platform construction of radial gradient long bone scaffold.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. materials, 2.2. design of radial gradient long bone scaffold model, 2.3. construction of a radial gradient long bone scaffold forming platform, 2.4. preparation of radial gradient long bone scaffold biomaterial inks, 2.5. rheological testing, 2.6. preparation of radial gradient long bone scaffolds.

• a. Write G code to control the movement of the 3D-printed receiving platform for each layer of the long bone scaffold, based on the pre-designed radial gradient. Import the printing path G code into the motion controller, and initiate the temperature control module simultaneously, awaiting the receiving platform temperature to decline to the designated value of 8 °C.
• b. Initiate the receiving platform, and, concurrently, micropump A initiates the material in the feed pipe A at a velocity of 0.08 mm/s. The external structure of the radial gradient long bone scaffold is to be formed along the preset path. In order to ensure that the feeding situation matches the movement of the receiving platform, it is necessary to allow for a certain delay in the time for the receiving platform to start moving when printing the first layer.
• c. At the conclusion of the printing of the external structure of the radial gradient long bone scaffold, micropump A ceases to feed, and micropump B commences operation at a speed of 0.08 mm/s. Following the compression of the material within feed tube B into the closed mixing chamber, it is mixed with the remaining material within the closed mixing chamber. Upon completion of the internal structure of the radial gradient long bone scaffold in accordance with the preset path, the gradient ratio of the biomaterial ink composition in the radial direction is achieved, with the innermost circle of the internal structure comprising the material in pure feed pipe B. The nozzle is elevated by 0.27 mm in preparation for the subsequent layer.
• d. To ensure the continuity of the forming path during the forming process, the odd-numbered layer forming path of the radial gradient long bone scaffold commences at the outermost circle of the external structure and terminates at the innermost circle of the internal structure, while the even-numbered layer-forming path is the inverse ( Figure 5 ). Micropump B continues to operate at a speed of 0.08 mm/s to form the internal structure.
• e. Once the internal structure of the radial gradient long bone scaffold has been formed, micropump B is deactivated, and the extrusion process is initiated. The extrusion speed of micropump A is increased to 0.08 mm/s to ensure that when printing the outermost circle of the external structure of the radial gradient long bone scaffold, the material in pure feed pipe A is utilized. Subsequently, the nozzle is elevated by 0.27 mm in preparation for the subsequent layer of printing.
• f. Then, the forming process of the odd-numbered and even-numbered layers of the radial gradient long bone scaffold is repeated in accordance with the aforementioned steps b–e, resulting in a total of eight layers for the radial gradient long bone scaffold.
• g. The radial gradient long bone scaffolds are immersed in a 10% ( w / v ) CaCl 2 solution for 15 min to be cross-linked.

2.7. Morphology Characterization

2.8. x-ray powder diffraction analysis, 2.9. mechanical properties testing, 2.10. cell culture, 2.11. cell proliferation assay, 2.12. cell adhesion assay, 2.13. subcutaneous embedding test, 2.14. statistical analysis, 3.1. printing performance verification of radial gradient long bone scaffolds, 3.2. analysis of rheological properties, 3.3. xrd analysis, 3.4. morphology characterization, 3.5. mechanical properties test analysis, 3.6. analysis of cell proliferation assay, 3.7. analysis of cell adhesion assay, 3.8. in vivo bioassay analysis, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

• Fu, Q.; Saiz, E.; Rahaman, M.N.; Tomsia, A.P. Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: State of the art and future perspectives. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2011 , 31 , 1245–1256. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Roddy, E.; DeBaun, M.R.; Daoud-Gray, A.; Yang, Y.P.; Gardner, M.J. Treatment of critical-sized bone defects: Clinical and tissue engineering perspectives. Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol. 2018 , 28 , 351–362. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chen, W.; Nichols, L.; Brinkley, F.; Bohna, K.; Tian, W.; Priddy, M.W.; Priddy, L.B. Alkali treatment facilitates functional nano-hydroxyapatite coating of 3D printed polylactic acid scaffolds. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2021 , 120 , 111686. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Song, Y.; Hu, Q.; Liu, Q.; Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H. Design and fabrication of drug-loaded alginate/hydroxyapatite/collagen composite scaffolds for repairing infected bone defects. J. Mater. Sci. 2023 , 58 , 911–926. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, J.; Zuo, J.; Zou, J.; Ding, J.; Chen, X. Polymer Fiber Scaffolds for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019 , 29 , 1903279. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Song, Y.; Hu, Q.; Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Jia, L.; Hu, X.; Huang, C.; Zhang, H. 3D printed biomimetic composite scaffolds with sequential releasing of copper ions and dexamethasone for cascade regulation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Chem. Eng. J. 2024 , 496 , 153662. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Fernandez-Yague, M.A.; Abbah, S.A.; McNamara, L.; Zeugolis, D.I.; Pandit, A.; Biggs, M.J. Biomimetic approaches in bone tissue engineering: Integrating biological and physicomechanical strategies. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2015 , 84 , 1–29. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Li, J.; Gong, H. Fatigue behavior of cortical bone: A review. Acta Mech. Sin. 2020 , 37 , 516–526. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, Z.; Liao, B.; Liu, Y.; Liao, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Li, W. Influence of structural parameters of 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface gyroid porous scaffolds on compression performance, cell response, and bone regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2024 , 112 , e35337. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Morgan, E.F.; Keaveny, T.M. Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J. Biomech. 2001 , 34 , 569–577. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ryan, E.; Yin, S. Compressive strength of β-TCP scaffolds fabricated via lithography-based manufacturing for bone tissue engineering. Ceram. Int. 2022 , 48 , 15516–15524. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sikavitsas, V.I.; Temenoff, J.S.; Mikos, A.G. Biomaterials and bone mechanotransduction. Biomaterials 2001 , 22 , 2581–2593. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Bhattacharjee, M.; Chameettachal, S.; Pahwa, S.; Ray, A.R.; Ghosh, S. Strategies for replicating anatomical cartilaginous tissue gradient in engineered intervertebral disc. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014 , 6 , 183–193. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Lin, C.; Wang, Y.; Huang, Z.; Wu, T.; Xu, W.; Wu, W.; Xu, Z. Advances in Filament Structure of 3D Bioprinted Biodegradable Bone Repair Scaffolds. Int. J. Bioprint 2021 , 7 , 426. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Shi, D.; Shen, J.; Zhang, Z.; Shi, C.; Chen, M.; Gu, Y.; Liu, Y. Preparation and properties of dopamine-modified alginate/chitosan-hydroxyapatite scaffolds with gradient structure for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2019 , 107 , 1615–1627. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Xue, J.; Feng, C.; Xia, L.; Zhai, D.; Ma, B.; Wang, X.; Fang, B.; Chang, J.; Wu, C. Assembly Preparation of Multilayered Biomaterials with High Mechanical Strength and Bone-Forming Bioactivity. Chem. Mater. 2018 , 30 , 4646–4657. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yang, Y.; Li, X.; Chu, M.; Sun, H.; Jin, J.; Yu, K.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, Q.; Chen, Y. Electrically assisted 3D printing of nacre-inspired structures with self-sensing capability. Sci. Adv. 2019 , 5 , eaau9490. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Al-Ketan, O.; Lee, D.W.; Rowshan, R.; Abu Al-Rub, R.K. Functionally graded and multi-morphology sheet TPMS lattices: Design, manufacturing, and mechanical properties. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2020 , 102 , 103520. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yang, L.; Mertens, R.; Ferrucci, M.; Yan, C.; Shi, Y.; Yang, S. Continuous graded Gyroid cellular structures fabricated by selective laser melting: Design, manufacturing and mechanical properties. Mater. Des. 2019 , 162 , 394–404. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pramanik, S.; Pingguan-Murphy, B.; Cho, J.; Abu Osman, N.A. Design and development of potential tissue engineering scaffolds from structurally different longitudinal parts of a bovine-femur. Sci. Rep. 2014 , 4 , 5843. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Han, Y.; Lu, W. Evolutionary design of nonuniform cellular structures with optimized Poisson’s ratio distribution. Mater. Des. 2018 , 141 , 384–394. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Vijayavenkataraman, S.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, S.; Hsi Fuh, J.Y.; Lu, W.F. Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Sheet Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: An Optimization Approach toward Biomimetic Scaffold Design. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2018 , 1 , 259–269. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Boccaccio, A.; Uva, A.E.; Fiorentino, M.; Mori, G.; Monno, G. Geometry Design Optimization of Functionally Graded Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Mechanobiological Approach. PLoS ONE 2016 , 11 , e0146935. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Prot, M.; Saletti, D.; Pattofatto, S.; Bousson, V.; Laporte, S. Links between microstructural properties of cancellous bone and its mechanical response to different strain rates. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2012 , 15 (Suppl. S1), 291–292. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, H.; Wang, Y.; Hu, Q.; Liu, Q. Morphological Integrated Preparation Method and Implementation of Inorganic/Organic Dual-Phase Composite Gradient Bionic Bone Scaffold. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 2024 , 11 , e607–e618. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Montazerian, H.; Mohamed, M.G.A.; Montazeri, M.M.; Kheiri, S.; Milani, A.S.; Kim, K.; Hoorfar, M. Permeability and mechanical properties of gradient porous PDMS scaffolds fabricated by 3D-printed sacrificial templates designed with minimal surfaces. Acta Biomater. 2019 , 96 , 149–160. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Di Luca, A.; Ostrowska, B.; Lorenzo-Moldero, I.; Lepedda, A.; Swieszkowski, W.; Van Blitterswijk, C.; Moroni, L. Gradients in pore size enhance the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional scaffolds. Sci. Rep. 2016 , 6 , 22898. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Croker, S.L.; Reed, W.; Donlon, D. Comparative cortical bone thickness between the long bones of humans and five common non-human mammal taxa. Forensic Sci. Int. 2016 , 260 , 104.e1–104.e17. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kadir Hussein, N.A.; Noordin, M.A.; Md Saad, A.P. Influence of conical graded porous architecture on the mechanical, failure behavior and fluid-flow properties for bone scaffold application. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2024 , 157 , 107893. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hildner, M.; Lorenz, J.; Zhu, B.; Shih, A. Pressure drop reduction of the impeller spiral static mixer design enabled by additive manufacturing. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 2023 , 191 , 109486. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Park, K.-S.; Kim, C.; Nam, J.-O.; Kang, S.-M.; Lee, C.-S. Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive gelatin hydrogel microspheres in a microfluidic system. Macromol. Res. 2016 , 24 , 529–536. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chen, H.; Gonnella, G.; Huang, J.; Di-Silvio, L. Fabrication of 3D Bioprinted Bi-Phasic Scaffold for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration. Biomimetics 2023 , 8 , 87. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yang, L.; Yang, J.; Qin, X.; Kan, J.; Zeng, F.; Zhong, J. Ternary composite films with simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility: Effects of sodium alginate-gelatin weight ratio and graphene oxide content. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020 , 156 , 494–503. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Fahma, F.; Febiyanti, I.; Lisdayana, N.; Sari, Y.W.; Noviana, D.; Yunus, M.; Kadja, G.T.M.; Kusumaatmaja, A. Production of Polyvinyl Alcohol–Alginate–Nanocellulose Fibers. Starch Stärke 2022 , 74 , 2100032. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Deb, P.; Barua, E.; Deoghare, A.B.; Lala, S.D. Development of bone scaffold using Puntius conchonius fish scale derived hydroxyapatite: Physico-mechanical and bioactivity evaluations. Ceram. Int. 2019 , 45 , 10004–10012. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Li, Y.; Chen, L.; Stehle, Y.; Lin, M.; Wang, C.; Zhang, R.; Huang, M.; Li, Y.; Zou, Q. Extrusion-based 3D-printed “rolled-up” composite scaffolds with hierarchical pore structure for bone growth and repair. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2024 , 171 , 222–234. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Han, J.; Wu, J.; Xiang, X.; Xie, L.; Chen, R.; Li, L.; Ma, K.; Sun, Q.; Yang, R.; Huang, T.; et al. Biodegradable BBG/PCL composite scaffolds fabricated by selective laser sintering for directed regeneration of critical-sized bone defects. Mater. Des. 2023 , 225 , 111543. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kim, J.; Kim, W.; Lee, W.; Mertamani, R.N.; Yun, K.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.-J. 3D printed OCP bone scaffold with alginate enhancing osteogenic differentiation in MG-63 cells. MRS Commun. 2023 , 13 , 1433–1440. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Qu, H.; Han, Z.; Chen, Z.; Tang, L.; Gao, C.; Liu, K.; Pan, H.; Fu, H.; Ruan, C. Fractal Design Boosts Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Bone-Mimicking Radial-Gradient Scaffolds. Research 2021 , 1 , 301–313. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Diaz-Gomez, L.; Kontoyiannis, P.D.; Melchiorri, A.J.; Mikos, A.G. Three-Dimensional Printing of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds with Horizontal Pore and Composition Gradients. Tissue Eng. Part. C Methods 2019 , 25 , 411–420. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tariq, S.; Shah, S.A.; Hameed, F.; Mutahir, Z.; Khalid, H.; Tufail, A.; Akhtar, H.; Chaudhry, A.A.; Khan, A.F. Tissue engineered periosteum: Fabrication of a gelatin basedtrilayer composite scaffold with biomimetic properties for enhanced bone healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024 , 263 , 130371. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Liu, B.; Hu, C.; Huang, X.; Qin, K.; Wang, L.; Wang, Z.; Liang, J.; Xie, F.; Fan, Z. 3D printing nacre powder/sodium alginate scaffold loaded with PRF promotes bone tissue repair and regeneration. Biomater. Sci. 2024 , 12 , 2418–2433. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kubasiewicz-Ross, P.; Hadzik, J.; Seeliger, J.; Kozak, K.; Jurczyszyn, K.; Gerber, H.; Dominiak, M.; Kunert-Keil, C. New nano-hydroxyapatite in bone defect regeneration: A histological study in rats. Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz. 2017 , 213 , 83–90. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• He, Y.; Lin, S.; Ao, Q.; He, X. The co-culture of ASCs and EPCs promotes vascularized bone regeneration in critical-sized bone defects of cranial bone in rats. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2020 , 11 , 338. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Qi, H.; Wang, K.; Li, M.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, K.; Heise, S.; Boccaccini, A.R.; Lu, T. Co-culture of BMSCs and HUVECs with simvastatin-loaded gelatin nanosphere/chitosan coating on Mg alloy for osteogenic differentiation and vasculogenesis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021 , 193 , 2021–2028. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bai, X.; Gao, M.; Syed, S.; Zhuang, J.; Xu, X.; Zhang, X.Q. Bioactive hydrogels for bone regeneration. Bioact. Mater. 2018 , 3 , 401–417. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Peng, W.; Peng, Z.; Tang, P.; Sun, H.; Lei, H.; Li, Z.; Hui, D.; Du, C.; Zhou, C.; Wang, Y. Review of Plastic Surgery Biomaterials and Current Progress in Their 3D Manufacturing Technology. Materials 2020 , 13 , 4108. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rottensteiner, U.; Sarker, B.; Heusinger, D.; Dafinova, D.; Rath, S.N.; Beier, J.P.; Kneser, U.; Horch, R.E.; Detsch, R.; Boccaccini, A.R.; et al. In vitro and in vivo Biocompatibility of Alginate Dialdehyde/Gelatin Hydrogels with and without Nanoscaled Bioactive Glass for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Materials 2014 , 7 , 1957–1974. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Wang, P.; Sun, Y.; Shi, X.; Shen, H.; Ning, H.; Liu, H. 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds: A focus on vascular regeneration. Biodes Manuf. 2021 , 4 , 344–378. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, L.; Liao, W.; Chen, S.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, P.; Lu, X.; Ma, Y. Towards a New 3Rs Era in the construction of 3D cell culture models simulating tumor microenvironment. Front. Oncol. 2023 , 13 , 1146477. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Zhang, H.; Wang, R.; Song, Y.; Wang, Y.; Hu, Q. Research on Dual-Phase Composite Forming Process and Platform Construction of Radial Gradient Long Bone Scaffold. Bioengineering 2024 , 11 , 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090869

Zhang H, Wang R, Song Y, Wang Y, Hu Q. Research on Dual-Phase Composite Forming Process and Platform Construction of Radial Gradient Long Bone Scaffold. Bioengineering . 2024; 11(9):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090869

Zhang, Haiguang, Rui Wang, Yongteng Song, Yahao Wang, and Qingxi Hu. 2024. "Research on Dual-Phase Composite Forming Process and Platform Construction of Radial Gradient Long Bone Scaffold" Bioengineering 11, no. 9: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090869

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

• Publication Library
• EMOTR Eliciting Stakeholder Input

Emergency Management of Tomorrow Research: Eliciting Stakeholder Input

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) partnered with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to identify current emergency management research, elicit capability needs from emergency management practitioners, and identify where technology, such as artificial intelligence, may benefit the future of emergency managers and emergency operations centers.

PNNL conducted interviews with emergency managers to enhance understanding of the current state of practice and impediments to information sharing in emergency management. This report details the methodology, analysis, and stakeholder input, and addresses capability gaps, barriers, and suggestions for future research and development.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Emergency Management
• Emergency Planning
• Science and Technology