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Multi-grade Teaching - A Review of Research and Practice

Multi-grade teaching refers to the teaching of students of different ages, grades and abilities in the same group. It is referred to variously in the literature as 'multilevel', 'multiple class', 'composite class', 'vertical group ‘,’ family classes, and, in the case of one-teacher schools, 'unitary schools'. It is to be distinguished from mono-grade teaching in which students within the same grade are assumed to be more similar in terms of age and ability. However, substantial variation in ability within a grade often leads to "mixed-ability" teaching. There can also be wide variations in age within the same grade, especially in developing countries, where the age of entry to school varies and where grade repetition is common. This condition of "multi-age-within-grade" teaching appears not to have generated such universal recognition, perhaps because it occurs more often in developing than in developed countries.

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This case study compared preservice primary school teachers' and primary school teachers' experiences with multi-grade teaching in the 2018–2019 academic year. The sample consisted of 17 fourth-year students in the department of primary school teaching education of a public university and 14 multi-grade teachers from 12 schools in Turkey. The preservice teachers and multi-grade primary school teachers developed similar lesson plans and executed similar learning processes. Although the multi-grade teachers claimed that they used different methods (brainstorming, drama, observation, etc.), the preservice teachers observed them mostly use Q&A and direct instruction techniques. The preservice teachers did not use multidisciplinary teaching activities but instead showed students videos and slides and designed textbook-based activities. They did not use different methods to plan a multi-grade lecture. Multi-grade teaching training offered by the faculties of education should be interdisciplinary and encourage collaboration among teachers from other branches (e.g., teacher agency).

Introduction

Teaching is what makes us human. It seems to be done in classrooms, but it is actually done in the heart. The word shapes us when written on the heart, not on paper. It is, in a sense, “social engineering.” To achieve this, primary school teachers should have an interdisciplinary perspective and provide learning environments for students with different personalities and prior knowledge. Primary school teachers have multiple responsibilities because those years underlie future development. This process involves classroom management, selection of activities, and assessment varying by grade level and school type. Single-grade and multi-grade classrooms are the two sides of the same coin. While single-grade primary school teachers teach only one grade, it is different for multi-grade teachers. Single-grade teachers develop activities for one grade and one subject. However, multi-grade classrooms are a “nightmare” for teachers because they have to design the class to appeal to every grade level in the classroom ( Blease & Condy, 2014 ). In a multi-grade classroom, one teacher lectures to two or more grade levels ( Hargreaves, Montero, Chau, Sibli, & Thanh, 2001 ). They are common and sometimes mandatory in regions where there are many students but few teachers ( Çıkrık, 2017 ).

Multi-grade teaching was discussed extensively in Turkey for the first time in 1951. Based on Prof. K. V. Wofford's analysis, first, second, and third graders were grouped as one multi-grade classroom, and fourth and fifth graders as another ( Deniz, 2019 ). Multi-grade teaching was officially put into practice with a draft in 1968. Core courses (life sciences, social studies, and science) are also taught in multi-grade classrooms as of the 2000–2001 academic year. Multi-grade classrooms included first, second, third, fourth, and fifth graders until the 2012-2013 academic year. With the new regulation, the duration of primary education was reduced to four years ( Al, 2019 ). Multi-grade teaching is common in many European countries (Netherlands, Norway, England, Scotland, Spain, Italy, and France), especially in less densely populated regions ( Checchi & Paola, 2018 ). Multi-grade teaching is used to address educational challenges and provide high-quality and efficient education ( Brunswic & Valerien, 2004 ; Little, 2006 ). According to Butler, “multi-grade teaching, depending on its type, can improve student performance” ( 1998 , p. 89). Besides, Kaka, Dehraj, Rao, and Memon (2019 , 69) said: “curriculum of multigrade classes need to include such topics which are integrated and easy to select a common topic for multigrade class.” For that reason, integrating disciplines with different ways (interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, multidisciplinary eg.) could be a way of possible solution as well.

Studies on multi-grade teaching address literacy and text analysis in primary school ( Açan, 2015 ; Utlu, 2019 ; Wilkinson & Hamilton, 2003 ), teachers' views ( Aikman & Pridmore, 2001 ; Arıcı, 2015 ; Blease & Condy, 2014 ; Brown, 2010 ; Coşkun, 2018 ; Demir-Çetin, 2019 ; Deniz, 2019 ; Dirik, 2015 ; Doğan, Çapan, & Cigerci, 2020 ; Engin, 2018 ; Erdem, 2018 ; Erdost-Özenir, 2019 ;  Kuzu & Aslan, 2012 ; Mason & Burns, 1995 ; Mason & Doepner III, 1998 ; Mulryan-Kyne, 2004 ; Ocak & Yıldız, 2011 ; Ocakcı, 2017 ; Summak, Gören-Summak, & Gelebek, 2011 ), effectiveness of methods and strategies employed by multi-grade teachers ( Balcı-Sekin, 2019 ; Blease & Condy, 2015 ), challenges of multi-grade teaching ( Çıkrık, 2017 ; Durdudiler, 2019 ; Göçer, 2014 ; Gönül, 2019 ; Özkan, 2019 ; Şekerci, 2015 ; Temizyürek, 2019 ), preservice teachers' views on multi-grade teaching ( İzci, 2008 ; İzci, Duran, & Taşar, 2010 ; Sağ, 2011 ; Taşdemir, 2014 ), views of students and their parents, and program developers on multi-grade teaching ( Berry, 2001 ; Buaraphan, Inrit, & Kochasila, 2018 ; Butler, 1998 ; Checchi & Paola, 2018 ; Hargreaves, 2001 ; Kara, 2020 ; Kivunja & Sims, 2015 ; Kucita, Kivunja, Maxwell, & Kuyini, 2013 ; Küçük, 2016 ; Msimanga, 2020 ; Quail & Smyth, 2014 ; Şeker, 2014 ; Shareefa, 2021 ; Silva-Peña, Precht, O’Brien, & Jara, 2020 ), program development for the “Multi-Grade Teaching” course offered by the faculty of education ( Karakuş, 2019 ), technological pedagogical content knowledge of multi-grade primary school teachers ( Kaya, 2015 ), theoretical analysis of multi-grade teaching ( Aksoy, 2008 ; Benveniste & McEwan, 2000 ; Bruce, 1991 ; Hargreaves et al., 2001 ; Irvin, McLaughlin, Irvin, & Doda, 1999 ; Little, 2006 ; Lloyd, 1999 ; Mason & Burns, 1996 ; McEwan, 1998 ; Mulryan-Kyne, 2007 ; Veenman, 1995 ), and violence-bullying among students of multi-grade classrooms ( Rambaran, van Duijn, Dijkstra, & Veenstra, 2019 ). However, there is no research on both theoretical and applied aspects of multi-grade teaching in the eyes of preservice teachers and primary school teachers. Primary school teachers see multi-grade teaching as “a great nuisance and something that is hard to achieve” ( Summak et al., 2011 ). This makes it imperative to look into the training offered by the faculties of education because how well primary school teachers perform multi-grade teaching depends on how well the faculties of education train them. We believe that determining the views of preservice teachers who learn multi-grade teaching in theory and those who put it into practice will increase their performance. Berry (2001) also argues that it is necessary to analyze what methods and strategies the multi-grade teachers employ in practice.

Research questions

The main research question of this study was, “What are the multi-grade teaching experiences of preservice teachers and multi-grade teachers?” The study also sought answers to the following sub-questions:

What kind of lesson plans do preservice teachers develop and execute within the scope of the course “Multi-Grade Teaching”?

What are preservice teachers' observations of multi-grade teachers in schools?

What do multi-grade teachers think about multi-grade learning processes?

Research design

This study investigated preservice primary school teachers' theoretical lesson plans within the scope of the undergraduate course “Multi-Grade Teaching” and multi-grade primary school teachers' performance in real learning environments. This was a case study, which is a qualitative research design. The case study was the research design of choice because it is a convenient method for studies seeking to find out the “what,” “how,” and “why” of a phenomenon ( Yin, 2018 , p. 40).

Participants

The sample consisted of 17 fourth-year students (13 women and four men) of the department of classroom education of the Faculty of Basic Education of Muş Alparslan University and 14 multi-grade primary school teachers (five women and nine men) from 12 schools in the district of Merkez of the city of Muş in the academic year 2018–2019. Participants were recruited using criterion sampling. Multi-grade primary school teachers had one ( n =2), two ( n =1), three ( n =4), five ( n =4), six ( n =2), or nine years ( n =1) of work experience. They all had been trained in classroom teaching. Nine of them had taken a theoretical multi-grade teaching course, while four had taken an applied multi-grade teaching course. The main objective of criterion sampling is to elicit as much information as possible about a phenomenon in question ( Patton, 2014 , p. 238). The inclusion criteria for the preservice teachers were as follows: (1) taking the multi-grade teaching course, (2) having prepared a lesson plan, and (3) having agreed to participate in the study. The preservice teachers observed voluntary multi-grade teachers in real-life classrooms (at least one). Table 1 presents the general characteristics of the schools.

General characteristics of schools

Data collection tools

Data were collected from the preservice teachers' lesson plans (for natural sciences, mathematics, Turkish, social studies, and life sciences courses), observations, and views of their observations. The multi-grade teachers also observed the preservice teachers putting their lesson plans into practice in their multi-grade classrooms. Therefore, the data also included the multi-grade teachers' observations and views of the preservice teachers' performance. Using more than one data collection tool improves credibility ( Glesne, 2014 ). Participants' documents, field observations, and views were used to ensure data diversity. Observation is used for triangulation. In other words, it is one of the integral components of triangulation assessment, together with the interview and document analysis used to prove findings ( Merriam, 2015 ). The multi-grade teachers' observations and views and the preservice teachers' lesson plans and observations were used for analysis. The preservice teachers' observations and evaluations of the multi-grade teachers' performance provided data diversity on multi-grade teaching.

The preservice teachers developed lesson plans and observed classes as participant observers once a week for nine weeks on specific dates and took field notes during the observation sessions. The multi-grade teachers were interviewed using a semi-structured interview form consisting of easy-to-understand and unbiased questions based on expert feedback (an expert with a Ph.D. in primary school teaching training, an expert working on a Ph.D. thesis in classroom teaching, and an expert with a Ph.D. in Turkish teaching). A pilot study was conducted with three primary school teachers, and the form was finalized based on their feedback.

Data collection and analysis

Each preservice teacher developed a lesson plan every week from March to May 2019 for multi-grade classes. The researcher gave them feedback on their lesson plans every week. They conducted participant observation for three months (March to May 2019) in the multi-grade classrooms of the schools in the district of Merkez of the city of Muş. They made observations in different classrooms of the same schools. Figure 1 provides information on the observation process.

General information on observations

Citation: Hungarian Educational Research Journal 13, 2; 10.1556/063.2022.00132

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Data were coded using second-cycle coding and analyzed using inductive content. The first cycle involves the contextual categorization of data ( Saldana, 2019 ), while the second cycle involves the revision and analysis of data encoded in the first cycle and the association of categories, codes, and themes with one another ( Glesne, 2014 ). The researcher firstly coded the lesson plans, then the observational data, and lastly, the interviews. Another researcher with a Ph.D. in primary school teaching education and is currently conducting qualitative studies checked the codes, themes, and categories. The themes and categories were finalized based on consensus.

Credibility and consistency

The study was conducted for three months (March to May 2019). Legal and ethical permission was obtained. Participation was voluntary. All information about participants and village schools with multi-grade classrooms were presented in detail. An expert was consulted for impartiality in qualitative data analysis. The category names were modified based on expert feedback. Participants were assigned pseudonyms (Aylan, Ela, Suat, etc.), and observation schools were assigned codes (A, B, C etc.) to ensure confidentiality and protect their anonymity. The preservice teachers observed multi-grade teachers without any intervention. The preservice teachers' lesson plans, observations, and views and the multi-grade teachers' observations and views of the preservice teachers' performance were used to ensure data diversity.

Limitations

The study had two limitations. First, data were derived from preservice teachers' weekly observations and teaching performance between March and May in the second semester of the 2018–2019 academic year. Second, the results are specific to the multi-grade teachers of the primary schools in Merkez/Muş and the fourth-year students of the department of primary school teaching education of the faculty of education of Muş Alparslan University.

The results of the first sub-question

This section addressed the theoretical lesson plans developed by the preservice teachers within the scope of the course “Multi-Grade Teaching.” They put their lesson plans into practice simultaneously in multi-grade classrooms of first and second graders, third and fourth graders, second and third graders, and first, second, third, and fourth-graders. They simultaneously lectured life sciences and social studies, social studies and natural sciences, mathematics and Turkish, and life sciences and mathematics courses. They also lectured one course to more than one grade level simultaneously, such as teaching Turkish to first and second graders or math to third and fourth graders. Table 2 provides a general assessment of the lesson plans.

Preservice teachers' lesson plans for multi-grade classes

Zahide: “She lectured in the Q&A format, which was effective.”

(Learning-Teaching Activities, Q&A)

The results of the second and the third sub-questions

This section discussed the preservice teachers' observations of the multi-grade teachers' lectures and focused on the multi-grade teachers' views of learning processes. The results showed that multi-grade teachers had no daily lesson plans. Table 3 provides a general assessment of the preservice teachers' observations. The results about the multi-grade teachers' views of learning processes were grouped under three headings; “principal authorized teacher practice ( Table 4 ),” “learning-teaching process ( Table 5 ),” and “multi-grade teaching ( Table 6 ).”

Preservice teachers' observations of multi-grade teachers

Multi-grade teachers' views of principal authorized teacher practice

Multi-grade teachers' views of the learning-teaching process

Multi-grade teachers' metaphors for multi-grade teaching

Eda: “The teacher did direct instruction and Q&A, but he could have used some other methods as well. All he did was talk about the topic. The materials were not enough, I mean, he didn’t use enough materials. He couldn’t use many methods and techniques. The downside was that the students had difficulty understanding the lecture. He was the only one who was active during class.”

(Learning-Teaching Activities, Choice of Method/Technique/Approach, Q&A)

As for the second and third sub-questions, there is an inconsistency between the preservice teachers' observations of the multi-grade teachers and the multi-grade teachers' statements about their own performance. The preservice teachers observed that the multi-grade teachers used methods and techniques similar to those they had in their lesson plans. On the other hand, the multi-grade teachers claimed that they used different methods and techniques in their lectures.

Salim: There is nothing good about the principal authorized teacher practice for the teacher. I mean, he has to be in charge of everything; for example, when other teachers are discussing with parents, he has to deal with it as the principal. He is responsible for all the duties of a principal, and on top of that, he has to plan the class and deliver it and deal with all other things about the school, like repairs, paint, and paperwork, and whatnot. As an advantage, he learns how to do filing and draw up a staff absenteeism list, so he learns how to do paperwork.

(Negative, Dealing with Everything at the Same Time)

Table 5 presents the multi-grade teachers' views of the learning-teaching process.

Ayhan: “I mostly present cases in life sciences classes because real-life examples make the students more attentive and make what they learn stick. I show some videos on the smartboard and also use the textbooks. As I said, I use the methods of talking about a case, Q&A, brainstorming, discussion, and discovery learning because they make the students more engaged and the class more productive. I generally use the smartboard, computer, and textbooks.”

(Choice of Method/Technique/Approach Depending on the Topic)

Table 6 presents the metaphors generated by the multi-grade teachers for multi-grade teaching.

Kadir: A multi-grade teacher is like a mother who is a superhero (Doctor, Nurse, Chef, Organizer) because she always takes care of her students. You always have to search for new things and improve yourself.

(Need, Mother)

Discussion and conclusion

This study investigated what multi-grade primary school teachers and preservice primary school teachers thought about multi-grade teaching.

Results shows that the preservice teachers could not successfully implement multi-grade teaching because their lesson plans lacked interdisciplinarity and different methods and techniques. This is because “Multi-Grade Teaching” is a theoretical course that lacks activities integrating different age groups and disciplines. In other words, fresh graduates are ill-equipped for multi-grade teaching. Research also shows that students of the faculties of education do not receive adequate training in multi-grade teaching, and therefore, have no idea about it when they enter professional life ( Silva-Peña et al., 2020 ). Moreover, the faculties of education offer little to no training about teaching in rural regions or care less about it than other educational programs ( Checchi & Paola, 2018 ; İzci, 2008 ; Little, 1995 ). The faculties of education in Turkish universities changed “Multi-Grade Teaching” from a core course to an elective course titled “Alternative Education Practices in Primary School” in 2018 ( URL 1 ). However, the new course also falls short of providing an adequate basis for multi-grade teaching. The courses on multi-grade teaching offered by education faculties are insufficient ( İzci et al., 2010 ). Teachers can modify their teaching methods and techniques to overcome this problem and positively change students' learning ( Checchi & Paola, 2018 ). Schools should be supported to develop programs and train their teachers for effective multi-grade teaching ( Colbert, 1999 ). Also, resources should be managed in such a way that schools can employ well-trained multi-grade teachers ( Juvane, 2005 ). However, the multi-grade teachers in this study did not pay much attention to interdisciplinarity and different methods and techniques and instead took refuge in Q&A sessions. This result shows that multi-grade teachers focus on things other than classroom activities and professional development. Multi-grade teachers talk about insufficient physical and technological infrastructure, ineffective communication with students and their parents, and harsh environmental conditions and village life ( Anılan, Kılıç, & Demir, 2015 ; Başer & Karaman, 2015 ; Çapuk & Ünsal, 2017 ; Çıkrık, 2017 ; Demir-Çetin, 2019 ). However, Quail and Smyth (2015) see multi-grade classrooms as settings that allow different age groups and grade levels to learn effectively.

All multi-grade teachers held Q&A sessions and used direct instruction and gave homework assignments (evaluation stage) based on textbooks or activity papers in their classes, regardless of the core course (life sciences, social studies, or natural sciences) even though students in multi-grade classrooms tend to devote all their energy to homework assignments, resulting in passive learning ( Aikman & Pridmore, 2001 ). Unlike our results, Jordaan (2006) states that multi-grade classes allow teachers to make their own decisions about learning-teaching processes and develop and execute their own lesson plans. Mulryan-Kyne (2005) also argues that multi-grade teachers can use different methods and materials and integrate different disciplines (drama, music, physical education, visual arts, etc.) for all grade levels. Msimanga (2020) and Shareefa (2021) state that multi-grade teachers can set up learning stations (reading, mathematics, fine arts, etc.) and make use of customized activities to contribute to students' learning. Haingura (2014) suggests that multi-grade teachers should design creative and engaging in-class activities. The multi-grade teachers in this study performed poorly, probably because they are ill-prepared for classes, know little about new teaching methods, have little time for professional development due to the principal authorized teacher practice, and fail to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to teaching due to the lack of field knowledge. It may also be related to multi-grade teaching practices varying from country to country. However, some studies show that insufficient time and resources prevent multi-grade teachers from performing effective in-class activities ( Abay, 2006 ; Çıkrık, 2017 ; Köksal, 2009 ; Little, 2006 ; Mason & Burns, 1996 ). The multi-grade teachers in this study just checked the annual lesson plans online instead of developing daily lesson plans, which is probably because the Ministry of Education and the faculties of education do not have a joint educational policy or training project for multi-grade teaching ( Kucita et al., 2013 ). Another cause may be that multi-grade teachers have little time to prepare lesson plans because they have to devote a significant amount of time and attention to performing principal authorized teaching. The multi-grade teachers in this study also stated that the principal authorized teacher practice prevented them from performing their profession because they were overwhelmed by workload and administrative tasks they had to tackle at the same time, which earlier studies have also reported ( Göçer, 2014 ; Gönül, 2019 ; Mason & Burns, 1995 ; Mulryan-Kyne, 2004 ; Summak et al., 2011 ; Veenman, 1995 , 1996 ). They regarded multi-grade teaching as a challenging task that required multitasking, and therefore, could not devote enough time to in-class learning-teaching activities. They also argued that undergraduate education was only theoretical. Kucita et al. (2013) also note that multi-grade teachers feel incompetent because they are inadequately trained in multi-grade teaching. Therefore, most teachers have little to no experience in delivering multi-grade classes before they enter professional life. In college, most preservice teachers are trained in single-grade teaching ( Kivunja & Sims, 2015 ; Mulryan-Kyne, 2007 ), which also explains our results. The multi-grade teachers in this study delivered their lectures mostly in a monotonous fashion. The multi-grade teachers and preservice teachers designed similar learning-teaching processes. The preservice teachers repeated the mistakes they criticized the multi-grade teachers for. Training and collaboration can help multi-grade teachers better plan their lessons and stay organized ( Benveniste & McEwan, 2000 ; Seashore-Louis & Marks, 1998 ). However, some of the multi-grade teachers stated that the principal authorized teacher practice helped them learn administrative tasks and gain experience. This result shows that multi-grade teachers are interested in investing in their personal development and careers.

The multi-grade teachers generated the metaphors of “need,” “difference,” and “patience/labor” to describe multi-grade classes, which was similar to earlier studies ( Yener & Atalay, 2018 ).

Suggestions

The following are suggestions based on the results:

For multi-grade teaching training, the faculties of education should offer activities (e.g., teacher agency) that encourage students to develop an interdisciplinary perspective and collaborate. The Ministry of Education and the faculties of education should collaborate to develop applied teacher training programs.

Preservice teachers and multi-grade teachers should plan their lessons together and get professional support to improve different teaching methods. The faculties of education should offer applied courses on multi-grade teaching and collaborate with national education provincial directorates to allow students to put theory into practice.

Multi-grade teachers should get help from preservice teachers to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Preservice teachers should take an internship in schools with multi-grade classrooms to develop teaching skills and reduce multi-grade teachers' workload.

The results of this study are limited to the multi-grade teachers of the village schools in a city in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey and the students of the faculty of education of a university in the same city. Therefore, future studies should focus on teachers and students from different cities and analyze the effects of classroom activities on students.

About the authors

Ayça KARTAL is Assoc. Prof. Dr. and a faculty member at the department of primary school education in Muş Alparslan University. Her lines of research are related to interdisciplinary education in primary school, social studies education and drama in education.

Elif GÜVEN DEMİR is a doctor and a faculty member at the department of primary school education in Düzce University. Her lines of research are related to elementary mathematics education, primary school teaching and teacher education.

Acknowledgments

This study was created by developing the paper which was presented in “The European Conference on Educational Research (ECER)” in Geneva (online) between 6 and 9 September 2021.

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Toward the Digital Transformation in Education

• Theoretical Explorations in Digital Education
• Published: 02 July 2024
• Volume 1 , pages 4–25, ( 2024 )

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• Andreas Schleicher 1  

This article presents a vision of what the digital transformation in education could look like and what some of its benefits and challenges are. It argues that digital technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), could improve the effectiveness and quality of education by personalizing education, by making it more inclusive and equitable, and by improving the cost-efficiency of the sector. A digital transformation of education also comes with risks that must be mitigated.

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Research on the Application of AI in Personalized Education

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University of Maryland President Darryll J. Pines announced Wednesday that he has requested an independent review of his research following accusations that he plagiarized a research paper more than 20 years ago.

The accusations against Pines surfaced Tuesday in The Daily Wire. The article alleges that 1,500 words of a 5,000-word paper co-authored by Pines and published in 2002 were plagiarized from a tutorial website called “Surfing the Wavelets” that was last updated in 1996.

Pines, a professor of aerospace engineering, was already part of the UMD faculty at the time his 2002 paper was published. Pines is the university’s first Black president, appointed in 2020. He is the latest in a slew of higher education officials who have been accused of plagiarism.

“Like many of my fellow higher education presidents and chancellors, I have come under aggressive scrutiny, both personally and professionally,” Pines wrote in an email to faculty Wednesday evening. “While I am steadfast that our results, data and findings are sound, I acknowledge recurrent language in the introductory sections.”

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The Office of Research Integrity will review his work, Pines wrote, and the findings will be shared with Chancellor Jay Perman through the Office of Faculty Affairs in the provost’s office.

“While I do not believe there is merit to these claims, an impartial review is in the best interest of the university,” Pines wrote.

The Banner obtained a copy of the paper, published in the academic journal “Smart Structures and Materials” by the International Society for Optics and Photonics, or SPIE. One section of the paper is nearly identical to a section of the tutorial website. The paper does not cite or reference that website or its author, Joshua Altmann.

Altmann could not be reached for comment Wednesday.

The Daily Wire article also claims that Pines and his co-author, Liming Salvino, reused a large portion of their 2002 paper with the allegedly plagiarized sections for another paper published in 2006.

Salvino, who is an executive in residence in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University , did not respond Wednesday to a request for comment. Pines said in his email to faculty that he and his co-author immediately reviewed the manuscript when the allegations surfaced.

Jonathan Bailey , an expert who has been studying plagiarism for nearly 20 years, said the uptick in plagiarism accusations over the last year has targeted people of color, in particular. The Daily Wire is a conservative publication associated with national figures who often rail against diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives and specialize in incendiary content.

Often, those allegations are dubious and weak, centered on just a few sentences or poorly rewritten paragraphs, he said. But the accusations against Pines “appears to be one of the stronger” cases.

“Here, we have whole sections of a paper that are near verbatim or verbatim,” Bailey said.

In January, Claudine Gay resigned as Harvard president less than a month after conservative activists alleged that Gay had plagiarized sections of her dissertation in the 1990s; additional accusations aiming at Gay’s body of work later surfaced.

Then in February, Alade McKen, who was in charge of diversity, equity and inclusion at Columbia University’s Irving Medical Center, was accused of plagiarizing in his 2021 doctoral dissertation. And earlier this month, the University of Washington dismissed a plagiarism complaint against Robin DiAngelo, the author of “White Fragility,” who said in a statement to The New York Times that the accusations against her came from activists seeking to discredit progressive scholars who support DEI initiatives.

Though popular plagiarism detector TurnItIn got its start in 1998 , it was not being widely used in the early 2000s, Bailey said. Copying and pasting without attribution was likely more common then, he added, and he doesn’t think Pines’ article was run through any kind of plagiarism checker when submitted to the journal.

“The internet was, at that time, fairly popular, and people were doing research on the internet,” Bailey said. “But you had this overlap where the internet was ubiquitous but plagiarism detection software was not. And that’s kind of where this paper falls.”

A spokesperson for SPIE, which oversaw the journal, said it “considers plagiarism by authors and contributors in any form, to any degree, to be unethical, unacceptable, and a serious breach of professional conduct.”

Bailey said as someone who “cares deeply about plagiarism,” he finds the accusations frustrating for both himself and universities that have to investigate serious allegations even when they come from, as Bailey views it, a place of bad faith.

About the Education Hub

This reporting is part of The Banner’s Education Hub, community-funded journalism that provides parents with resources they need to make decisions about how their children learn. Read more .

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Maya Lora is an early childhood education reporter who covers how Maryland can best support young children and their families, from pregnancy through kindergarten, a critical stage in brain development.

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Teaching and Learning in Multigrade Classrooms: What Teachers Say

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Angela Little

Science and Education

Hamed Bakhshi

masriani riani

A B S T R A C T This article describes the teaching strategies used in multi-grade classes in five small rural primary schools in Austria and Finland on the basis of the content analysis of transcribed teacher interviews. Two main types of strategies were identified: practices that (1) aim to reduce or (2) capitalize on students' heterogeneity. The results illustrate how differently multi-grade teaching can be realized and how it can effectively support individual student learning. The findings are discussed with regard to teacher education with the intention of increasing the awareness of the professional skills required in high-quality teaching practices in multi-grade teaching.

Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies (JELPS)

Pınar ÇAKIR

The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological research was to gather primary school teachers' views regarding multi-grade classrooms in detail. Data was collected during the first semester of the 2019-2020 school year from 20 primary school teachers in Izmir, Turkey who taught in multi-grade classrooms in the past. The snowball sampling method was applied. Semistructured interviews with seven open-ended questions, developed by the researchers basing on the related literature, were used. The content analysis technique was applied during the analysis. MAXQDA-18 was used to organize, code, and analyze the data.

IJAR Indexing

Teaching is an imperative device used for guideline in various circumstances. It is the method for correspondence received in a dynamic and solid environment. Teacher is likewise the coordinator of learning circumstances and transmits science to social community. Some time teacher might be called as a pioneer who assumes a part to change the awful standards of society into the great one. For his past encounters they offer information to understudies and make the establishments of country. Teachers are extraordinary wellsprings of learning, thriving and edification to which anybody can be profited for entire life. They serve as the genuine light in every body\'s life as they help the understudies to make their courses in the life. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of multi-grade teaching and learning at primary level schools. The objectives of the study were: 1) To find out the effects of multi-grade teaching and learning in primary schools. 2) To find out which method is easy for learning outcome of students in primary school. 3) To discover in which method students can improve their grade and develop their social skills. The descriptive survey method was used in study. The target population was comprised of One thousand five hundred and seventy six (five hundred and thirty one male one thousand and forty five female) primary teachers of government schools. A sample of two hundred teachers (both male and female), two teachers from each government primary schools were selected. Research questionnaire was developed on likert scale for gathering the data on the basis of teacher?s perception on the organizational effects of multi-grade teaching and learning. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 21. The score of responses were tabulated in to the frequencies and represented in percentage, mean values the standard deviation and chi square test were performed. The results and findings of the study reveal that the majority of 70% teacher?s perception regarding the student learning in multi-grade teaching strategies is statistically low indication.

Ghulam Ul Haq

This thesis is written by a PhD scholar Ghulam Nasir-ul-Haq who has done his PhD from Northern University, Nowshera in 2017.

In this modern age when the world is discovering life on Marse, the educational system is key point to success for every nation of the world. Any nation which does not follow modern and partially good teaching techniques will not be contending the rest of world. The teaching profession is considered as the best and perfect duty in the world as they give caring obligation to shape somebody\\\'s life. Before going to the classroom, a great teacher guarantees his/her objectives of training on regular routine. Each teacher has diverse characteristics of showing their understudies. They change in their insight, abilities, and mentalities in showing particular subjects. They attempt their best and do all endeavors in helping us to accomplish our objectives in life. The aim of present study is to investigate and compare the effectiveness of multi-grade teaching with that of mono-grade teaching at primary level. The objectives of research study were: (1) To find out the effectiveness of multi-grade teaching. (2) To find out the effectiveness of mono-grade teaching. (3) To compare the effectiveness of multi-grade teaching with that of mono-grade teaching. It was descriptive comparative survey research study. The population was comprised of one thousand five hundred and seventy six (five hundred and thirty one male and one thousand and forty five female) primary teachers of government schools. A sample of two hundred teachers from government primary schools was taken. Two teachers from each school were selected for the study interest by convenience sampling technique. Research questionnaire was developed on likert scale for teacher?s perception on the organizational effectiveness of multi-grade teaching and for perception of teachers on the effects of mono-grade teaching. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 21 and Minitab 14. The score of responses were tabulated in to the frequencies and represented in percentage. Z test was performed for equality of two proportions, the results were significant, which means that the effect of two teaching methodologies on student?s learning is not equal and majority of teachers are supporting to mono-grade method of teaching.

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The research, led by dr bibhas ranjan majhi, associate professor, department of physics at iit guwahati, and dr partha nandi of the university of stellenbosch, south africa, focuses on gravity-induced entanglement (gie). their work aims to understand how gravity behaves at incredibly small scales, such as those of atoms and subatomic particles, where existing theories start to unravel..

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In a groundbreaking collaboration, researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati and the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, are delving into one of the most profound mysteries in physics — the quantum nature of gravity.

The research, led by Dr Bibhas Ranjan Majhi, Associate Professor, Dept. of Physics at IIT Guwahati, and Dr Partha Nandi of the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, focuses on gravity-induced entanglement (GIE). This phenomenon has the potential to bridge two of the biggest pillars of modern science: general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their work aims to understand how gravity behaves at incredibly small scales, such as those of atoms and subatomic particles, where existing theories start to unravel.

This research has far-reaching implications. If gravity-induced entanglement can be detected using gravitational wave detectors, it could provide the first evidence that gravity operates at a quantum level. Such a discovery could unlock other cosmic mysteries, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy — two enigmatic components that make up most of the universe but are still poorly understood.

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