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A curated list of cryptography resources and links.

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Symmetric encryption

Asymmetric encryption, hash functions, other lists, playgrounds, common lisp, objective-c, mailing lists, contributing.

• 3DES - Symmetric-key block cipher (or Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block.
• AES - Symmetric-key block cipher algorithm and U.S. government standard for secure and classified data encryption and decryption (also known as Rijndael).
• Blowfish - Symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier. Notable features of the design include key-dependent S-boxes and a highly complex key schedule.
• DH - A method of exchanging cryptographic keys securely over a public channel. Unlike RSA, the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange is not encryption, and is only a way for two parties to agree on a shared secret value. Since the keys generated are completely pseudo-random, DH key exchanges can provide forward secrecy ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy ).
• ECC - Public-key cryptosystems based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.
• RSA - One of the first practical public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the factoring problem.

Transform Encryption

• Transform Encryption (aka Proxy Re-Encryption) - Transform encryption uses three mathematically related keys: one to encrypt plaintext to a recipient, a second to decrypt the ciphertext, and a third to transform ciphertext encrypted to one recipient so it can be decrypted by a different recipient.
• MD5 - Widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was initially designed to be used as a cryptographic hash function, but it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It can still be used as a checksum to verify data integrity, but only against unintentional corruption.
• SHA1 - Cryptographic hash function designed by the NSA. SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash value known as a message digest. SHA-1 is no longer considered secure against well-funded opponents.
• SHA2 - Set of hash functions designed by the NSA. SHA-256 and SHA-512 are novel hash functions computed with 32-bit and 64-bit words, respectively. They use different shift amounts and additive constants, but their structures are otherwise virtually identical, differing only in the number of rounds.
• SHA3 - Cryptographic hash function that produces a fixed-size output, typically 224, 256, 384, or 512 bits, from variable-size input data. It is part of the SHA-3 family of cryptographic algorithms designed to resist attacks from quantum computers and offers security properties such as pre-image resistance, second pre-image resistance, and collision resistance.
• How to Generate Secure Random Numbers in Various Programming Languages .
• Password Insecurity - This article is written for everybody who is interested in password security.
• Secure Account Recovery Made Simple .
• A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography - The book covers many constructions for different tasks in cryptography.
• An Introduction to Mathematical Cryptography - Introduction to modern cryptography.
• Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C - This cryptography classic provides you with a comprehensive survey of modern cryptography.
• Crypto101 - Crypto 101 is an introductory course on cryptography.
• Cryptography Engineering - Learn to build cryptographic protocols that work in the real world.
• Handbook of Applied Cryptography - This book is intended as a reference for professional cryptographers.
• Introduction to Modern Cryptography - Introductory-level treatment of cryptography written from a modern, computer science perspective.
• OpenSSL Cookbook - The book about OpenSSL.
• Practical Cryptography for Developers - Developer-friendly book on modern cryptography (hashes, MAC codes, symmetric and asymmetric ciphers, key exchange, elliptic curves, digital signatures) with lots of code examples.
• Real World Cryptography - This book teaches you applied cryptographic techniques to understand and apply security at every level of your systems and applications.
• Security Engineering - There is an extraordinary textbook written by Ross Anderson, professor of computer security at University of Cambridge.
• Serious Cryptography - A Practical Introduction to Modern Encryption by Jean-Philippe Aumasson.
• The Code Book - This book is a digest of the history of cryptography, covering both ancient times, and newer cryptography methods. There are exercises at the end and the solution of those was rewarded with $10.000.
• The Cryptoparty Handbook - This book provides a comprehensive guide to the various topics of the computer and internet security.
• Understanding Cryptography - Often overlooked, this book is a boon for beginners to the field. It contains plenty of exercises at the end of each chapter, aimed at reinforcing concepts and cementing ideas.
• A Self-Study Course In Block-Cipher Cryptanalysis - This paper attempts to organize the existing literature of block-cipher cryptanalysis in a way that students can use to learn cryptanalytic techniques and ways to break algorithms, by Bruce Schneier.
• Applied Cryptography - Cryptography is present in everyday life, from paying with a credit card to using the telephone. Learn all about making and breaking puzzles in computing.
• Crypto Strikes Back! - This talk will cover crypto vulnerabilities in widely-deployed systems and how the smallest oversight resulted in catastrophe.
• Cryptography - A practical oriented course in Cryptography by University of Maryland College Park.
• Cryptography - Stanford University - This course explains the inner workings of cryptographic primitives and how to correctly use them. Students will learn how to reason about the security of cryptographic constructions and how to apply this knowledge to real-world applications.
• Cryptography I - The course begins with a detailed discussion of how two parties who have a shared secret key can communicate securely when a powerful adversary eavesdrops and tampers with traffic. We will examine many deployed protocols and analyze mistakes in existing systems.
• Cybrary Cryptography - This online course we will cover how cryptography is the cornerstone of security, and how through its use of different encryption methods, such as ciphers, and public or private keys, you can protect private or sensitive information from unauthorized access.
• Harvard's Cryptography Lecture notes - An introductory but fast-paced undergraduate/beginning graduate course on cryptography, Used for Harvard CS 127.
• Journey into cryptography - The course of cryptography by Khan Academy.
• Practical Aspects of Modern Cryptography - Practical Aspects of Modern Cryptography, Winter 2006 University of Washington CSE.
• Theory and Practice of Cryptography - Introduction to Modern Cryptography, Using Cryptography in Practice and at Google, Proofs of Security and Security Definitions and A Special Topic in Cryptography.
• Awesome crypto-papers – A curated list of cryptography papers, articles, tutorials and howtos.
• Awesome HE – A curated list of homomorphic encryption libraries, software and resources.
• TLS Cipher Suites - A list of TLS cipher suites and their security ratings.
• Bcrypt - Cross-platform file encryption utility.
• blackbox - safely store secrets in Git/Mercurial/Subversion.
• certbot - Previously the Let's Encrypt Client, is EFF's tool to obtain certs from Let's Encrypt, and (optionally) auto-enable HTTPS on your server. It can also act as a client for any other CA that uses the ACME protocol.
• Coherence - Cryptographic server for modern web apps.
• cryptomator - Multi-platform transparent client-side encryption of your files in the cloud.
• Databunker - API based personal data or PII storage service built to comply with GDPR and CCPA.
• gpg - Complete and free implementation of the OpenPGP standard. It allows to encrypt and sign your data and communication, features a versatile key management system. GnuPG is a command line tool with features for easy integration with other applications.
• ironssh - End-to-end encrypt transferred files using sftp/scp and selectively share with others. Automatic key management works with any SSH server. Encrypted files are gpg compatible.
• Nipe - Nipe is a script to make Tor Network your default gateway.
• sops - sops is an editor of encrypted files that supports YAML, JSON and BINARY formats and encrypts with AWS KMS, GCP KMS, Azure Key Vault and PGP.
• ves - End-to-end encrypted sharing via cloud repository, secure recovery through a viral network of friends in case of key loss.
• git-crypt - Transparent file encryption in git.
• git-secret - Bash-tool to store your private data inside a git repository.
• Cryptography Playground - A simple web tool to play and learn basic concepts of cryptography like, hashing, symmetric, asymmetric, zkp etc.

Frameworks and Libs

• crypto-algorithms - Basic implementations of standard cryptography algorithms, like AES and SHA-1.
• libgcrypt - Cryptographic library developed as a separated module of GnuPG.
• libkcapi - Linux Kernel Crypto API User Space Interface Library.
• libsodium - Modern and easy-to-use crypto library.
• libtomcrypt - Fairly comprehensive, modular and portable cryptographic toolkit.
• libVES.c - End-to-end encrypted sharing via cloud repository, secure recovery through a viral network of friends in case of key loss.
• milagro-crypto-c - Small, self-contained and fast open source crypto library. It supports RSA, ECDH, ECIES, ECDSA, AES-GCM, SHA2, SHA3 and Pairing-Based Cryptography.
• monocypher - small, portable, easy to use crypto library inspired by libsodium and TweetNaCl.
• NaCl - High-speed library for network communication, encryption, decryption, signatures, etc.
• nettle - is a cryptographic library that is designed to fit easily in more or less any context: In crypto toolkits for object-oriented languages (C++, Python, Pike, ...), in applications like LSH or GNUPG, or even in kernel space.
• OpenSSL - TLS/SSL and crypto library.
• PolarSSL - PolarSSL makes it trivially easy for developers to include cryptographic and SSL/TLS capabilities in their (embedded) products, facilitating this functionality with a minimal coding footprint.
• RHash - Great utility for computing hash sums.
• themis - High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption). Ported on many languages and platforms, suitable for client-server infastructures.
• tiny-AES128-C - Small portable AES128 in C.
• wolfSSL - Small, fast, portable implementation of TLS/SSL for embedded devices to the cloud.
• XKCP — is a repository that gathers different free and open-source implementations of the cryptographic schemes defined by the Keccak team.
• xxHash - Extremely fast hash algorithm.
• =nil; Crypto3 - Modern Cryptography Suite in C++17 (complete applied cryptography suite starting with block ciphers and ending with threshold cryptography, zk proof systems, etc).
• Botan - Cryptography library written in C++20 .
• cryptopp - Crypto++ Library is a free C++ class library of cryptographic schemes.
• HElib - Software library that implements homomorphic encryption (HE).
• Nettle - Low-level cryptographic library.
• s2n - Implementation of the TLS/SSL protocols.
• Bouncy Castle - All-purpose cryptographic library.
• libsodium-net - Secure cryptographic library, port of libsodium for .NET.
• Microsoft .NET Framework Cryptography Model - The .NET Framework implementations of many standard cryptographic algorithms.
• PCLCrypto - Provides cryptographic APIs over algorithms implemented by the platform, including exposing them to portable libraries.
• SecurityDriven.Inferno - .NET crypto done right.
• StreamCryptor - Stream encryption & decryption with libsodium and protobuf.
• buddy-core - Cryptographic Api.
• clj-crypto - Wrapper for Bouncy Castle.
• pandect - Fast and easy-to-use Message Digest, Checksum and HMAC library for Clojure.
• secrets.clj - A Clojure library designed to generate cryptographically strong random numbers suitable for managing data such as passwords, account authentication, security tokens, and related secrets.
• crypto-shortcuts - Collection of common cryptography functions.
• ironclad - Collection of common crypto shortcuts.
• trivial-ssh - SSH client library for Common Lisp (Built on libssh2).
• DelphiEncryptionCompendium - Cryptographic library for Delphi.
• LockBox - LockBox 3 is a Delphi library for cryptography.
• SynCrypto - Fast cryptographic routines (hashing and cypher), implementing AES, XOR, RC4, ADLER32, MD5, SHA1, SHA256 algorithms, optimized for speed.
• TForge - TForge is open-source crypto library written in Delphi, compatible with FPC.
• cipher - Elixir crypto library to encrypt/decrypt arbitrary binaries.
• cloak - Cloak makes it easy to use encryption with Ecto.
• comeonin - Password authorization (bcrypt) library for Elixir.
• elixir-rsa - :public_key cryptography wrapper for Elixir.
• elixir_tea - TEA implementation in Elixir.
• ex_crypto - Elixir wrapper for Erlang :crypto and :public_key modules. Provides sensible defaults for many crypto functions to make them easier to use.
• exgpg - Use gpg from Elixir.
• pot - Erlang library for generating one time passwords compatible with Google Authenticator.
• siphash-elixir - Elixir implementation of the SipHash hash family.
• crypto - Functions for computation of message digests, and functions for encryption and decryption.
• public_key - Provides functions to handle public-key infrastructure.
• crypto - Official Website Resources.
• dkeyczar - Port of Google's Keyczar cryptography library to Go.
• gocrypto - Example source code for the Practical Crypto with Go book.
• goThemis - Go wrapper on Themis. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• kyber - Advanced crypto library for the Go language.
• Cryptography - Collaborative Hackage list.
• Cryptography & Hashing - Official Website of Haskell.
• cryptol - The Language of Cryptography.
• Cryptonite - Haskell repository of cryptographic primitives.
• HsOpenSSL - OpenSSL binding for Haskel.
• scrypt - Haskell bindings to Colin Percival's scrypt implementation.
• haxe-crypto - Haxe Cryptography Library.
• asmCrypto - JavaScript implementation of popular cryptographic utilities with performance in mind.
• bcrypt-Node.js - Native implementation of bcrypt for Node.js.
• cifre - Fast crypto toolkit for modern client-side JavaScript.
• closure-library - Google's common JavaScript library.
• cryptico - Easy-to-use encryption system utilizing RSA and AES for JavaScript.
• crypto-js - JavaScript library of crypto standards.
• cryptojs - Provide standard and secure cryptographic algorithms for Node.js.
• forge - Native implementation of TLS in JavaScript and tools to write crypto-based and network-heavy webapps.
• IronNode - Transform encryption library, a variant of proxy re-encryption, for encrypting to users or groups, and easily adding strong data controls to Node.js apps.
• IronWeb - Transform encryption library, a variant of proxy re-encryption, for easily managing end-to-end encryption securely in the browser.
• javascript-crypto-library - JavaScript Crypto Library provides web developers with an extensive and efficient set of cryptographic functions.
• js-nacl - Pure-JavaScript High-level API to Emscripten-compiled libsodium routines.
• jsencrypt - JavaScript library to perform OpenSSL RSA Encryption, Decryption, and Key Generation.
• JShashes - Fast and dependency-free cryptographic hashing library for Node.js and browsers (supports MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, RIPEMD, HMAC).
• jsrsasign - The 'jsrsasign' (RSA-Sign JavaScript Library) is an opensource free cryptography library supporting RSA/RSAPSS/ECDSA/DSA signing/validation.
• jsThemis - JavaScript wrapper on Themis. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• libsodium.js - libsodium compiled to pure JavaScript, with convenient wrappers.
• libVES.js - End-to-end encrypted sharing via cloud repository, secure recovery through a viral network of friends in case of key loss.
• milagro-crypto-js - MCJS is a standards compliant JavaScript cryptographic library with no external dependencies except for the random seed source. Compatible for Node.js and browser. It supports RSA, ECDH, ECIES, ECDSA, AES-GCM, SHA2, SHA3, Pairing-Based Cryptography and New Hope.
• noble-ciphers — cryptographic ciphers, including AES-SIV, Salsa20, ChaCha, Poly1305 and FF1
• noble-curves — elliptic curve cryptography, including Weierstrass, Edwards, Montgomery curves, pairings, hash-to-curve, poseidon hash, schnorr, secp256k1, ed25519, ed448, p521, bn254, bls12-381 and others. Also 4kb noble-secp256k1 , noble-ed25519
• noble-hashes — SHA2, SHA3, RIPEMD, BLAKE2/3, HMAC, HKDF, PBKDF2 & Scrypt
• node.bcrypt.js - bcrypt for Node.js.
• OpenPGP.js - OpenPGP implementation for JavaScript.
• PolyCrypt - Pure JS implementation of the WebCrypto API.
• rusha - High-performance pure-javascript SHA1 implementation suitable for large binary data, reaching up to half the native speed.
• sjcl - Stanford JavaScript Crypto Library.
• TweetNaCl.js - A port of TweetNaCl / NaCl for JavaScript for modern browsers and Node.js.
• URSA - RSA public/private key OpenSSL bindings for Node.
• Apache Shiro - Performs authentication, authorization, cryptography and session management.
• Bouncy Castle - All-purpose cryptographic library. JCA provider, wide range of functions from basic helpers to PGP/SMIME operations.
• Flexiprovider - Powerful toolkit for the Java Cryptography Architecture.
• GDH - Generalized Diffie-Hellman key exchange Java library for multiple parties built on top of the Vert.x framework.
• Google Tink - A small crypto library that provides a safe, simple, agile and fast way to accomplish some common crypto tasks.
• Java Themis - Java/Android wrapper on Themis. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• jbcrypt - jBCrypt is an implementation the OpenBSD Blowfish password hashing algorithm.
• Keycloak - Open Source Identity and Access Management For Modern Applications and Services.
• pac4j - Security engine.
• Password4j - A Java user-friendly cryptographic library for hashing and checking passwords with different Key derivation functions (KDFs) and Cryptographic hash functions (CHFs).
• Project Kalium - Java binding to the Networking and Cryptography (NaCl) library with the awesomeness of libsodium.
• scrypt - Pure Java implementation of the scrypt key derivation function and a JNI interface to the C implementations, including the SSE2 optimized version.
• securitybuilder - Fluent Builder API for JCA/JSSE objects.
• Crypto.jl - Library that wraps OpenSSL, but also has pure Julia implementations for reference.
• MbedTLS.jl - Wrapper around the mbed TLS and cryptography C libary.
• Nettle.jl - Julia wrapper around nettle cryptographic hashing/ encryption library providing MD5, SHA1, SHA2 hashing and HMAC functionality, as well as AES encryption/decryption.
• SHA.jl - Performant, 100% native-julia SHA1, SHA2-{224,256,384,512} implementation.
• lua-lockbox - Collection of cryptographic primitives written in pure Lua.
• LuaCrypto - Lua bindings to OpenSSL.
• Digestif - is a toolbox that implements various cryptographic primitives in C and OCaml.
• ocaml-tls - TLS in pure OCaml.
• CocoaSecurity - AES, MD5, SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, Base64, Hex.
• ObjC Themis - ObjC wrapper on Themis for iOS and macOS. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• ObjectivePGP - ObjectivePGP is an implementation of OpenPGP protocol for iOS and macOS. OpenPGP is the most widely used email encryption standard.
• RNCryptor - CCCryptor (AES encryption) wrappers for iOS and Mac.
• halite - Simple library for encryption using libsodium .
• libsodium-laravel - Laravel Package Abstraction using libsodium .
• PHP Encryption - Library for encrypting data with a key or password in PHP.
• PHP Themis - PHP wrapper on Themis. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• TCrypto - TCrypto is a simple and flexible PHP 5.3+ in-memory key-value storage library.
• bcrypt - Modern password hashing for your software and your servers.
• charm - Framework for rapidly prototyping cryptosystems.
• Crypto-Vinaigrette - Quantum resistant asymmetric key generation tool for digital signatures.
• cryptography - Python library which exposes cryptographic recipes and primitives.
• cryptopy - Pure python implementation of cryptographic algorithms and applications.
• django-cryptography - Easily encrypt data in Django.
• ecdsa - An easy-to-use implementation of ECC with support for ECDSA and ECDH.
• hashids - Implementation of hashids in Python.
• paramiko - Python implementation of the SSHv2 protocol, providing both client and server functionality.
• Privy - An easy, fast lib to correctly password-protect your data.
• pycryptodome - Self-contained Python package of low-level cryptographic primitives.
• PyElliptic - Python OpenSSL wrapper. For modern cryptography with ECC, AES, HMAC, Blowfish.
• pynacl - Python binding to the Networking and Cryptography (NaCl) library.
• pythemis - Python wrapper on Themis. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• rscrypt - Package for a collection of scrypt cryptographic functions.
• bcrypt-ruby - Ruby binding for the OpenBSD bcrypt() password hashing algorithm, allowing you to easily store a secure hash of your users' passwords.
• RbNaCl - Ruby binding to the Networking and Cryptography (NaCl) library.
• Ruby Themis - Ruby wrapper on Themis. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• AEADs - Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data Algorithms: high-level encryption ciphers.
• BLAKE3 - is official Rust and C implementations of the BLAKE3 cryptographic hash function.
• botan-rs - Botan bindings for Rust.
• cryptoballot - Cryptographically secure online voting.
• dalek cryptography - Fast yet safe mid-level API for ECC, Bulletproofs, and more.
• dryoc - A pure-Rust, general purpose crypto library that implements libsodium primitives.
• elliptic-curves - Collection of pure Rust elliptic curve implementations: NIST P-224, P-256, P-384, P-521, secp256k1, SM2.
• formats - Cryptography-related format encoders/decoders: DER, PEM, PKCS, PKIX.
• hashes - Collection of cryptographic hash functions written in pure Rust.
• mundane - is a Rust cryptography library backed by BoringSSL that is difficult to misuse, ergonomic, and performant.
• ockam - is a Rust library for end-to-end encryption and mutual authentication.
• octavo - Highly modular & configurable hash & crypto library.
• orion - is a cryptography library written in pure Rust. It aims to provide easy and usable crypto while trying to minimize the use of unsafe code.
• password-hashes - Collection of password hashing algorithms, otherwise known as password-based key derivation functions, written in pure Rust.
• proteus - Axolotl protocol implementation, without header keys, in Rust.
• rage - is a simple, modern, and secure file encryption tool, using the age format.
• recrypt - A pure-Rust library that implements cryptographic primitives for building a multi-hop Proxy Re-encryption scheme, known as Transform Encryption.
• ring - Safe, fast, small crypto using Rust & BoringSSL's cryptography primitives.
• ronkathon - Educational, mathematically transparent, well documentated cryptography in rust.
• rust-crypto - Mostly pure-Rust implementation of various cryptographic algorithms.
• rust-openssl - OpenSSL bindings for Rust.
• rustls - Rustls is a new, modern TLS library written in Rust.
• signatures - Cryptographic signature algorithms: DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519.
• snow - Pure Rust implementation of Trevor Perrin’s Noise Protocol .
• sodiumoxide - Sodium Oxide: Fast cryptographic library for Rust (bindings to libsodium).
• suruga - TLS 1.2 implementation in Rust.
• webpki - Web PKI TLS X.509 certificate validation in Rust.
• recrypt - Transform encryption library for Scala.
• scrypto - Cryptographic primitives for Scala.
• tsec - A type-safe, functional, general purpose security and cryptography library.
• chicken-sodium - Bindings to libsodium crypto library for Chicken Scheme.
• crypto-tools - Useful cryptographic primitives for Chicken Scheme.
• guile-gnutls - GnuTLS bindings for GNU Guile.
• guile-ssh - libssh bindings for GNU Guile.
• industria - Motley assortment of cryptographic primitives, OpenSSH, DNS.
• CryptoSwift - Crypto related functions and helpers for Swift implemented in Swift programming language.
• IDZSwiftCommonCrypto - Wrapper for Apple's CommonCrypto library written in Swift.
• OpenSSL - Swift OpenSSL for macOS and Linux.
• SweetHMAC - Tiny and easy to use Swift class to encrypt strings using HMAC algorithms.
• Swift-Sodium - Swift interface to the Sodium library for common crypto operations for iOS and macOS.
• SwiftSSL - Elegant crypto toolkit in Swift.
• SwiftThemis - Swift wrapper on Themis for iOS and macOS. High level crypto library for storing data (AES), secure messaging (ECC + ECDSA / RSA + PSS + PKCS#7) and session-oriented, forward secrecy data exchange (ECDH key agreement, ECC & AES encryption).
• A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering - Some random thoughts about crypto.
• Bristol Cryptography Blog - Official blog for the University of Bristol cryptography research group. It's a group blog, primarily targeted towards cryptographers and crypto students.
• Charles Engelke's Blog - WebCrypto Blog Posts.
• Root Labs rdist - Nate Lawson and his co-authors write on a variety of topics including hardware implementation, cryptographic timing attacks, DRM, and the Commodore 64.
• Salty Hash - Covers topics on encryption, data control, privacy, and security.
• Schneier on security - One of the oldest and most famous security blogs. Bruce covers topics from block cipher cryptanalysis to airport security.
• metzdowd.com - "Cryptography" is a low-noise moderated mailing list devoted to cryptographic technology and its political impact.
• Modern Crypto - Forums for discussing modern cryptographic practice.
• randombit.net - List for general discussion of cryptography, particularly the technical aspects.
• Boxentriq - Easy to use tools for analysis and code-breaking of the most frequent ciphers, including Vigenère, Beaufort, Keyed Caesar, Transposition Ciphers, etc.
• Cryptolab - is a set of cryptography related tools.
• CrypTool - Great variety of ciphers, encryption methods and analysis tools are introduced, often together with illustrated examples.
• CyberChef - a web app for encryption, encoding, compression, and data analysis.
• factordb.com - Factordb.com is tool used to store known factorizations of any number.
• keybase.io - Keybase maps your identity to your public keys, and vice versa.
• Applied Crypto Hardening - A lot ready to use best practice examples for securing web servers and more.
• Cryptocurrencies Dashboard - A dashboard of most active cryptocurrencies discussed on Reddit.
• Cryptography Stackexchange - Cryptography Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for software developers, mathematicians and others interested in cryptography.
• Cryptohack - A platform with lots of interactive cryptography challenges, similar to Cryptopals.
• Cryptopals Crypto Challenges - A series of applied cryptography challenges, starting from very basic challenges, such as hex to base 64 challanges, and gradually increasing the difficulty up to abstract algebra.
• Eliptic Curve Calculator - simple form that allows to calculate elliptic curve public keys and signatures. Features include ability to create custom curves and different signature types
• Garykessler Crypto - An Overview of Cryptography.
• IACR - The International Association for Cryptologic Research is a non-profit scientific organization whose purpose is to further research in cryptology and related fields.
• Learn Cryptography - Dedicated to helping people understand how and why the cryptographic systems they use everyday without realizing work to secure and protect their privacy.
• Subreddit of Cryptography - This subreddit is intended for links and discussions surrounding the theory and practice of strong cryptography.
• TikZ for Cryptographers - A collection of block diagrams of common cryptographic functions drawn in TikZ to be used in research papers and presentations written in LaTeX.
• WebCryptoAPI - This specification describes a JavaScript API for performing basic cryptographic operations in web applications, such as hashing, signature generation and verification, and encryption and decryption.

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Microsoft Research Blog

Research trends in privacy, security and cryptography.

Published November 17, 2022

By Manuel Costa , VP, Distinguished Engineer Weidong Cui , Partner Research Manager Karen Easterbrook , Sr Principal PM Manager Paul England , Distinguished Engineer Hamed Khanpour , Senior Program Manager Kim Laine , Principal Researcher Kapil Vaswani , Principal Researcher Mike Walker , Senior Director Ryen W. White , General Manager and Deputy Lab Director

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Trust is essential for people and organizations to use technology with confidence. At Microsoft, we strive to earn the trust of our customers, employees, communities, and partners by committing to privacy, security, the responsible use of AI, and transparency.

At Microsoft Research, we take on this challenge by creating and using state-of-the-art tools and technologies that support a proactive, integrated approach to security across all layers of the digital estate.

Threats to cybersecurity are constant and they continue to grow, impacting organizations and individuals everywhere. Attack tools are readily available and well-funded adversaries now have the capability to cause unprecedented harm. These threats help explain why U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order in 2021 calling for cybersecurity improvements. Similarly, the European Union recently called for stronger protection (opens in new tab) of its information and communication technology (ICT) supply chains.

Against that backdrop, Microsoft Research is focused on what comes next in security and privacy. New and emerging computing frontiers, like the metaverse and web3, will require consistent advances in identity, transparency and other security principles (opens in new tab) , in order to learn from the past and unlock these technologies’ potential. Developments in quantum computing and advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence offer great potential to advance science and the human condition. Our research aims to ensure that future breakthroughs come with robust safety and privacy protections, even as they accelerate profound changes and new business opportunities.

At Microsoft Research, we pursue ambitious projects to improve the privacy and security of everyone on the planet. This is the first blog post in a series exploring the work we do in privacy, security and cryptography. In future installments, we will dive deeper into the research challenges we are addressing, and the opportunities we see.

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Digital identities

While the internet was not originally built with an identity layer, digital identities have grown to become foundational elements of today’s web and impact people’s lives even beyond the digital world. Our research is aimed at modernizing digital identities and building more robust, usable, private and secure user-centric identity systems, putting each of us in control of our own digital identities.

This work includes researching cryptographic algorithms that enable privacy-preserving open-source user-centric identity systems. Such systems would let people present cryptographically signed electronic claims and selectively choose which information they wish to disclose, while preventing tracking of people between presentations of the claim. Our approach would preserve an individual’s privacy and work with existing web protocols to provide easy and safe access to a wide range of resources and activities.

Our research also includes investigating innovative ways for people to manage their identity secrets reliably and safely without having to provide any centralized party with full access to them. Success in this area will also require scalable and verifiable methods to distribute identity public keys, so people can know who exactly they are interacting with.

Media provenance and authenticity 

Advances in graphics and machine learning algorithms have enabled the creation of easy-to-use tools (opens in new tab) for editing. While useful in many ways, this technology has also enabled fraud and manipulation of digital images and media – or deepfakes. Early fakes were easy to spot, but current versions are becoming nearly impossible for machines or people to detect. The potential proliferation of fakes that are indistinguishable from reality undermines society’s trust in everything we see and hear.

Rather than trying to detect fakes, Microsoft Research has developed technology to determine the source of any digital media and whether it has been altered. We do this by adding digitally signed manifests to video, audio or images. The source of these media objects might be well-known news organizations (opens in new tab) , governments or even individuals using apps (opens in new tab) on mobile devices. 

Since media creation, distribution, and consumption are complex and involve many industries, Microsoft has helped standards organization (opens in new tab) to stipulate how these signatures are added to media objects. We are also working with news organizations such as the BBC, New York Times, and CBC (opens in new tab) to promote media provenance as a mitigation for misinformation on social media networks. 

Hardware security foundations 

To promote cyber-resilience, we are developing systems which can detect a cyberattack and safely shut down protecting data and blocking the attacker. The systems are designed to be repaired quickly and securely, if compromised. These systems are built with simple hardware features that provide very high levels of protection for repair and recovery modules. To enable reliable detection of compromised systems, we are also developing storage features that can be used to protect security event logs. This makes it harder for attackers to cover their tracks.

Security analytics 

Modern-day computers and networks are under constant attack by hackers of all kinds. In this seemingly never-ending cat-and-mouse contest, securing and defending today’s global systems is a multi-billion-dollar enterprise. Managing the massive quantities of security data collected is increasingly challenging, which creates an urgent need for disruptive innovation in security analytics. 

We are investigating a transformer-based approach to modeling and analyzing large-scale security data. Applying and tuning such models is a novel field of study that could change the game for security analytics.

Privacy-preserving machine learning

A privacy-preserving AI system should generalize so well that its behavior reveals no personal or sensitive details that may have been contained in the original data on which it was trained.

How close can we get to this ideal? Differential privacy can enable analysts to extract useful insights from datasets containing personal information even while strengthening privacy protections. This method introduces “statistical noise.” The noise is significant enough that AI models are prevented from compromising the privacy of any individual, but still provide accurate, useful research findings. Our recent results show that large language models can be particularly effective differentially private learners.

Another approach, federated learning, enables large models to be trained and fine-tuned on customers’ own devices to protect the privacy of their data, and to respect data boundaries and data-handling policies. At Microsoft Research, we are creating an orchestration infrastructure for developers to deploy cross-platform, cross-device federated learning solutions.

Protecting data in training or fine-tuning is just one piece of the puzzle. Whenever AI is used in a personalized context, it may unintentionally leak information about the target of the personalization. Therefore, we must be able to describe the threat model for a complete deployment of a system with AI components, rather than just a single part of it.

Read more about our work on these and other related topics in an earlier blog post .

Confidential computing

Confidential computing (opens in new tab) has emerged as a practical solution to securing compute workloads in cloud environments, even from malicious cloud administrators. Azure already offers (opens in new tab) confidential computing environments in multiple regions, leveraging Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) available in multiple hardware platforms (opens in new tab) .

Imagine if all computation were taking place in TEEs, where services would be able to access sensitive data only after they had been attested to perform specific tasks. This is not practical today and much research remains to be done. For example, there are no formal standards to even describe what a TEE is, what kind of programming interface a TEE cloud should have, or how different TEEs should interact.

Additionally, it is important to continuously improve the security guarantees of TEEs. For instance, understanding which side-channel attacks are truly realistic and developing countermeasures remains a major topic for research. Furthermore, we need to continue researching designs for confidential databases, confidential ledgers and confidential storage. Finally, even if we build both confidential computing and storage environments, how can we establish trust in the code that we want to run? As a cloud provider, our customers expect us to work continuously on improving the security of our infrastructure and the services that run on it.

Secure-by-design cloud

In the future, we can imagine Azure customers compiling their software for special hardware with memory tagging capabilities, eliminating problems like buffer overflows for good. To detect compromise, VM memory snapshots could be inspected and studied with AI-powered tools. In the worst case, system security could always be bootstrapped from a minimal hardware root of trust. At Microsoft Research, we are taking a step further and asking how we can build the cloud from the ground up, with security in mind.

New cryptography

The advance of quantum computing presents many exciting potential opportunities. As a leader in both quantum computing development and cryptographic research, Microsoft has a responsibility to ensure that the groundbreaking innovations on the horizon don’t compromise classical (non-quantum) computing systems and information. Working across Microsoft, we are learning more about the weaknesses of classical cryptography and how to build new cryptographic systems strong enough to resist future attacks.

Our active participation in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Post-Quantum Cryptography projects has allowed Microsoft Research to examine deeply how the change to quantum-resistant algorithms will impact Microsoft services and Microsoft customers. With over seven years of work in this area, Microsoft Research’s leadership in quantum cryptography will help customers prepare for the upcoming change of cryptographic algorithms.

We’ve joined with the University of Waterloo and others to build a platform for experimenting (opens in new tab) with the newly proposed cryptographic systems and applying them to real-world protocols and scenarios. We’ve implemented real-world tests of post-quantum cryptography, to learn how these new systems will work at scale and how we can deploy them quickly to protect network tunnels. Our specialized hardware implementations and cryptanalysis provide feedback to the new cryptosystems, which improves their performance, making post-quantum cryptosystems smaller and stronger.

• ElectionGuard

ElectionGuard is an open source software development kit (SDK) that makes voting more secure, transparent and accessible.

Advances in cryptography are enabling end-to-end verifiable elections and risk-limiting audits for elections. Our open-source ElectionGuard (opens in new tab) project uses cryptography to confirm all votes have been correctly counted. Individual voters can see that their vote has been accurately recorded and anyone can check that all votes have been correctly tallied—yet individual ballots are kept secret. Risk-limiting audits use advanced statistical methods that can determine when an election audit has hit a pre-determined level of confidence with greater efficiency than traditional audits.

The cryptography tools that enable verifiable voting are Shamir Secret Sharing, Threshold Encryption, and additive Homomorphic Encryption. The math is interesting, and we will explore that in future blog posts, but there’s much more than math to ElectionGuard.

Securing the future

Through our work, we aim to continue to earn customer trust, striving to ensure that Microsoft’s products and services and our customer’s information will remain safe and secure for years to come.

Forthcoming entries in this blog series will include more details on the areas covered in this post and more. Much of our work is open-source and published, so we will be highlighting our GitHub projects and other ways you can interact directly with our work.

Have a question or topic that you would like to see us address in a future post? Please contact us !

Meet the authors

Manuel Costa

VP, Distinguished Engineer

Weidong Cui

Partner Research Manager

Karen Easterbrook

Sr Principal PM Manager

Paul England

Distinguished Engineer

Hamed Khanpour

Senior Program Manager

Principal Researcher

Kapil Vaswani

Mike Walker

Senior Director

Ryen W. White

General Manager and Deputy Lab Director

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Is cryptography an interesting field for research?

I am now styding for first year bachelor's degree in Mathematics for IT. In the future I would like to major in the same field and possibly continue trying to get a Ph.D. But I still have options to take a different path.

Even though I have a long journey ahead, I am thinking about trying to write a "scientific bachelor's thesis" (that's how we call bachelor's thesis with scientific results on my university in my language) when the time comes.

Is cryptography a field with interesting and imporant problems to solve? I know about some interesting problems like P=NP and some stuff about (post-)quantum cryptography, but surely that's not what majority of problems are like.

So, is cryptography a field where it is easy to find meaningful and interesting problems to solve?

(I am not sure if this is the right place to ask this, so please inform me if I should ask somewhere else.)

• post-quantum-cryptography

• 1 $\begingroup$ I'm pretty sure this is not an on-topic question. Nevertheless, here's an answer of sorts: yes, cryptography is an interesting field, and yes, many problems are open. The P ?= NP problem is a (fundamental) theoretical computer science problem, not really a cryptography problem. You may think that the interesting problems are all in areas such as post-quantum cryptography, but I'd like to argue in this comment that "good old" symmetric-key cryptography also provides mathematically interesting problems. Any block cipher, hash function... provides an (in my opinion) interesting problem: break it. $\endgroup$ –  Aleph Commented Nov 7, 2017 at 20:39
• 2 $\begingroup$ There are meaningful problems to be found in countless fields of study, including this one. Whether it is an interesting field is a question only you can answer. $\endgroup$ –  user40185 Commented Nov 7, 2017 at 22:05

3 Answers 3

Cryptography is a nice field in which not only problems to solve are a-plenty, but it is also one of these fields where individuals can make significant discoveries in a relatively short time. A PhD student in cryptography will typically write three or four articles during his thesis; by comparison, a "pure mathematics" PhD student will generally produce a single article in the same time. Informally, to make new advances, you have to first learn the existing science; in cryptography, this means getting up to date with about 40 years of research. In mathematics, that's closer to 200 years, hence the comparatively higher effort to reach the "publishable" state.

Moreover, cryptography is an applied field, by which I mean that it has immediate practical applications. This means money: you can make a very nice living out of cryptographic expertise. A PhD is a very good key to unlock such things (I have a PhD and I am a consultant in cryptography, and my experience is that both facts are related). Intellectual fulfilment is of primordial importance to a balanced life, and money does not make happiness; but money is still some super useful stuff, and being able to live out of doing intellectually rewarding things is a nice combination to achieve.

In any case, mathematics are always useful for anything related to computers. A lot of computer users and developers can get along with a very low understanding of the underlying principles, but the maths are what explains why computers work that way. Mathematics allow to look beyond the magic.

I studied math in college, but now am a Ph.D. student in Cryptography. So maybe I can share my thoughts.

In my opinion, Cryptography is a research area neither as theoretical as math nor as practical as information security. But Cryptography plays a role to connect them somehow. So math background can be helpful, but cryptography has its own "language". Crypto seems to cover everything related to security that can be formally proved. But here proofs in Crypto often mean ''reductions'' (similar to those in Complexity) and depend on some underlying assumptions such as the well-known big integer factorization problem. So it is not the same kind of proof as math does. Crypto research also covers building cryptographic schemes or attacking them (a.k.a., cryptoanalysis). So here is a big picture of Crypto research:

1) I think most crypto researchers are trying to construct "good" schemes and prove that they achieve some security goals based on well-established assumptions. As you mentioned, some post-quantum crypto area like lattice-based crypto does involve some math especially algebra knowledge. But of course, math is used in other crypto areas too. I think different crypto areas are basically depending on different underlying assumptions :) For instance, you can check functional encryption for some interesting assumptions.

2) Some crypto researchers are trying to attack the crypto schemes. A couple of years ago, Wang attacked several prevalent hash functions (which is used as building blocks of many crypto schemes). For this kind of area, math student may need to learn some implementation stuff.

3) Some crypto researchers are trying to analyze some protocols (or applications) implemented by security people in a cryptographic way. Maybe this is contra-intuitive, but frequently people use some security schemes without knowing if it is provably secure or not! What's worse, even for provably secure schemes, they can be implemented in the wrong way. Maybe you have heard about the Heartbleed bug.

I think Crypto does contain a lot of interesting topics. But you definitely need to learn some Crypto "language" before doing a project. I think Prof. Boneh's Applied Crypto course (available online at Coursera) is a good resource to start.

Drop the maths. There is no maths in IT and no useful maths at all in general unless you do investment banking. Despite what teachers tell you (they're lying) qualifications are not required in IT, only experience and ability. Absolutely do not do a PhD (makes you unemployable) unless you intend to work in Germany. You can easily prove the truth of what I say by spending some time on the main site (stackoverflow /jobs). Learn Java + Javascript and get experience. If you can't get experience but know what you're doing, just lie on your CV. That's how winners get ahead.

As to cryptography, it's likely that it will stagnate /die out as quantum key distribution matures. As soon as it's exchange rate is improved to the point of transmitting raw data rather than only keys, only one time pads will be required. Even children can use a one time pad. And it's resistant to quantum computation. At that point, encryption will become the domain of physicists and engineers. It's understandable to want to protect your rice bowl, but remember that the Luddites and coal miners were swept away. I generalise (somewhat) but I hope that you get the idea.

I guess that it might remain for disc encryption /ATM cards, or other scenarios where fibre optics aren't natively used. But there'll be nothing remaining to get a decent high salary over. Overly pessimistic? Daft? Ask a black or yellow cab driver. Just sayin'.

• 2 $\begingroup$ I would strongly disagree that Quantum Key Distribution would necessarily displace all of crypto. Even if it becomes economically competitive to do fiber optic encryption (and I'm not holding my breath), there are a lot of other places crypto is used where QKD isn't applicable; you listed a couple (which aren't as trivial as you make out), there are others (IOT, protection of RF communication (Wifi/Cellphone), evoting, ecurrency (bitcoin and friends), to name a few examples...) $\endgroup$ –  poncho Commented Nov 7, 2017 at 22:19
• 1 $\begingroup$ And, while I'm disagreeing, I would also disagree with the notion that 'there [are] ... no useful maths at all in general unless you do investment banking" [why investment banking in particular?]; there are lots of fields that use advanced math, and cryptography is just one of them. It's not clear if punga would be interested in those fields, they most certain do exist... $\endgroup$ –  poncho Commented Nov 7, 2017 at 22:31
• 3 $\begingroup$ I think the original poster was asking about intellectual fulfillment, not about vocational employability. And there's no mathematics in IT only if you consciously choose to ignore it—even if you inexplicably exclude cryptography from IT on the nonsensical premise that one day it will one day be supplanted by a special-purpose wholesale replacement of the internet to do what the computer in your pocket can do at a thousand times the speed for a millionth the price. $\endgroup$ –  Squeamish Ossifrage Commented Nov 7, 2017 at 22:46
• $\begingroup$ "Mathematics for IT" is name of my study program. It basically branches into cryptography and computer graphics. $\endgroup$ –  Punga Commented Nov 7, 2017 at 23:29

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• Cryptography

Cryptography enables the private, authenticated, and confidential communication that allows the internet to thrive. We’re researching quantum-safe cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and lattice-based cryptography, to secure everything from mainframes to the hybrid cloud.

NIST’s post-quantum cryptography standards are here

• Quantum Safe

How a scientist’s lifelong love of puzzles led to cryptography that could help quantum-proof the world

Expanding the quantum-safe cryptography toolbox

Federated Learning meets Homomorphic Encryption

• Distributed Systems
• Fully Homomorphic Encryption

IBM’s Cryptography Bill of Materials to speed up quantum-safe assessment

Breaking Rainbow takes a weekend on a laptop

• See more of our work on Cryptography

Is your cybersecurity ready to take the quantum leap?

Our CTO of Security Research, J.R. Rao and Jay Gambetta, VP of Quantum Computing, discuss with the World Economic Forum how enterprises can prepare for the quantum decade ahead.

Crypto Anchors

Privacy-preserving Biometric Authentication

Number Theoretic Cryptography

Zero-knowledge proofs.

Protecting today’s systems from tomorrow’s threats

IBM cryptographer Vadim Lyubashevsky explains how quantum computers coming in the near future could break all modern cryptography — and how they can keep machines safe with post-quantum cryptography.

Publications

• Ward Beullens
• Manuel Barbosa
• Kai Gellert
• CRYPTO 2024
• Matilda Backendal
• Hannah Davis
• Ngoc Khanh Nguyen
• Gregor Seiler
• Kenneth G. Paterson
• Darya Kaviani

Related topics

Quantum-safe cryptography and migration , data and ai security, threat management, mathematical sciences, quantum information science.

• Information Security
• Beginner's cryptography guide

A Beginner’s Guide to Cryptography & Some Useful Resources

You may be vaguely aware that cryptography has something to do with secret messages. Perhaps you remember reading about the code-breaking Enigma machine. What you might not realise is just how important cryptography is to our everyday lives. In our beginner’s guide to cryptography we look at why cryptography is necessary and how best to engage with it.

What is cryptography?

The field of cryptography can be summed up by the question:

• How can we keep our information and communications secure from attackers?

A large part of cryptography involves finding ways to keep messages secret from adversaries that may be eavesdropping on us. This is partly achieved through encryption , which involves encoding information with algorithms so that attackers are unable to read it.

However, encryption alone cannot keep our information and communications secure from attackers. Consider the following scenario:

You have a top-secret message you need to send to your friend. You spend months reading up on encryption algorithms and all of the state-of-the-art practices so that you can build your own encrypted channel between you and your friend. You’ve checked and double-checked it, and everything is perfect, so you send your friend the top-secret message. Unfortunately, it’s not actually your friend on the other end. Instead, an attacker received your top-secret message, and all of your plans are ruined.

Would you consider the above situation secure? Of course not. Despite using all of the correct encryption protocols, your data ended up right in the hands of an adversary. Sure, your encryption did a good job of keeping other parties out of the channel, but it forgot something incredibly important—to authenticate that the party on the other side of the channel is really who they say they are.

Authentication plays a major role in keeping our communications secure. It doesn’t matter how good your encryption is at keeping third-parties from eavesdropping if you don’t authenticate your communications partner properly.

Without authentication, you could be sending data straight to an enemy, just like in our example. In cryptography, authentication is accomplished through certificate systems and mechanisms like digital signatures and public-key encryption.

Other critical aspects of security can include integrity and non-repudiation. Integrity processes allow recipients to verify whether information has been tampered with since it was sent, while non-repudiation removes the sender’s ability to deny that they were responsible for sending something.

The mathematical concepts, protocols and other mechanisms that can grant us confidentiality, authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation are all aspects of cryptography. Some of the most common elements of cryptography include:

Hashing is changing a message into an unreadable string not for the purpose of hiding the message, but more for verifying the contents of the message. It’s most commonly used in the transmission of software or large files where the publisher offers the program and its hash for download. A user downloads the software, runs the downloaded file through the same hashing algorithm and compares the resulting hash to the one provided by the publisher. If they match then the download is complete and uncorrupted.

In essence, it proves that the file received by the user is an exact copy of the file provided by the publisher. Even the smallest change to the downloaded file, by either corruption or intentional intervention, will change the resulting hash drastically. Two common hashing algorithms are MD5 and SHA-2 .

Symmetric cryptography

Symmetric cryptography uses a single encryption key to encrypt a message and also to then decrypt it after it has been delivered. The difficult part here is finding a secure way of delivering your crypto key to the recipient for decrypting your message to them (see the description of asymmetric encryption below).

Symmetric cryptography is used for things like encrypting a hard drive, where the user creates a single key and a password. The same key and password combination are then used to decrypt data on the hard drive when needed.

Asymmetric cryptography

Asymmetric cryptography uses two separate keys. The public key is used to encrypt messages and a private key is used to then decrypt them. The magic part is that the public key cannot be used to decrypt an encrypted message. Only the private key can be used for that. Neat, huh?

This is most commonly used in transmitting information via email using SSL , TLS or PGP , remotely connecting to a server using RSA or SSH and even for digitally signing PDF file. Whenever you see an URL that starts with “https://”, you are looking at an example of asymmetric cryptography in action.

An extreme example of how all three can be used goes something like this: your company’s accounting officer needs to get budget approval from the CEO. She uses her symmetric private key to encrypt the message to the CEO.

She then runs a hash on the encrypted message and includes the hash result in the second layer of the overall message along with the symmetric key. She then encrypts the second layer (made up of the encrypted message, the hash result and the symmetric key) using the CEO’s asymmetric public key.

Next, she sends the message to the CEO. Upon receipt, the CEO’s asymmetric private key is used to decrypt the outer most layer of the message. He then runs the encrypted message through the same hashing process to get a hash result.

That result is compared to the now decrypted hash result in the message. If they match, showing that the message has not been altered, then the symmetric key can be used to decrypt the original message.

This all happens behind the scenes, where it is carried out by the email programs and the email server. Neither party would actually see any of this sort of thing happening on their computer screen.

There is a lot of math involved in converting a message, like an email, into an encrypted signal that can be sent over the internet. To fully understand cryptography requires quite a bit of research.

Below are some of the most often referenced websites, books and papers on the subject of cryptography. Some of these resources have been in active use for close to 20 years and they are still relevant.

Cryptography Courses

If you are new to cryptography, one of the best ways you can learn is by taking Dan Boneh’s free Cryptography I class on Coursera. Dan Boneh is a professor at the Computer Science Department of Stanford University. His research specializes in the applications of cryptography to computer security.

Cryptography I delves into the different forms of cryptography and how they can be used in the real world. It shows you how cryptography can solve various problems, such as how two parties can establish a secure communication channel, even if they are being monitored by attackers.

The course covers numerous protocols, as well as more advanced concepts like zero-knowledge proofs. It’s a great introduction to the basics of cryptography for those with limited prior knowledge.

Another good resource is David Wong’s videos , which often explain more technical concepts in detail. While his work can be a useful resource, it is not comprehensive or the best place to get a grounding in classical cryptography.

Newsgroups are community-generated feeds hosted on Usenet. To view them, you’ll need a newsreader app. Read more about how to get set up with Usenet here and see our roundup of the best Usenet providers here.

• sci.crypt – Possibly the first newsgroup dedicated to cryptography. Please take with a grain of salt as anything that has been around as long as sci.crypt has been is bound to attract nuts, hoaxes and trolls.
• sci.crypt.research – This newsgroup is moderated and not as prone to hoaxes as some others
• sci.crypt.random-numbers – This newsgroup was created to discuss the generation of cryptographically secure random numbers
• talk.politics.crypto – This newsgroup was created to get all the political discussions off of sci.crypt
• alt.security.pgp – And this newsgroup was created to discuss PGP way back in 1992

And a bonus Google group:

• Google Groups sci.crypt – A Google group trying to emulate the original sci.crypt newsgroup

Websites and organizations

• A good explanation of how RSA works
• PGP – A site dedicated to Pretty Good Privacy
• Cryptography World has their “Cryptography made easier” site available
• International Association of Cryptologic Research
• The CrypTool Portal

People of Note

• Bruce Schneier – schneierblog on Twitter
• John Gilmore
• David Chaum
• Ronald L. Rivest
• Arnold G. Reinhold
• Marcus Ranum

FAQs about cryptography

How does cryptography work.

Cryptography is a method of secret communication that uses ciphers and decryption to encode and decode information. It is used to encrypt and decrypt data using mathematical equations. It’s employed in various applications, including email, file sharing, and secure communications.

What are the benefits of cryptography?

Cryptography has several advantages, including data security and authentication. Data security is one of the key advantages of cryptography. It secures information against unlawful access while also allowing only authorized users to access it. Authentication is another advantage of cryptography. For example, it may be used to verify a sender’s or receiver’s identity. A final benefit of using its algorithms is non-repudiation. This implies that a message’s transmitter cannot deny sending it, and its recipient cannot deny receiving it.

What are the challenges of cryptography?

Cryptography can be vulnerable to attacks, its algorithms can be broken, and keys can be stolen. Cryptography is also computationally intensive, making it difficult to use in some applications. Additionally, it can be subject to government regulations.

• Applied Cryptography: Protocols,Algorithms and Source Code in C – Bruce Schneier, 20th Anniversary Edition
• Handbook of Applied Cryptography : free chapters are available
• Building in Big Brother: The Cryptographic Policy Debate is available through several university libraries
• Cryptography Engineering: Design Principles and Practical Applications – Niels Ferguson, Bruce Scheier, Tadayoshi Kohno
• Practical Cryptography – Niels Ferguson, Bruce Schneier
• Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World – Bruce Schneier
• Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption by Ron Rivest – CryptoBytes (RSA Laboratories), volume 4, number 1 (summer 1998), 12–17. (1998)
• How Computers Generate Random Numbers by David W. Deley
• The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto by Tim C. May
• Diceware for Passphrase Generation and Other Cryptographic Applications by Arnold G. Reinhold
• The Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability by David Chaum, J. Cryptology (1988)
• The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrag e by D. Atkins, M. Graff, A. Lenstra, and P. Leyland
• The Mathematical Guts of RSA Encryption by Francis Litterio
• One-Time Pad FAQ by Marcus Ranum
• P=?NP Doesn’t Affect Cryptography by Arnold G. Reinhold
• Survey on PGP Passphrase Usage by Arnold G. Reinhold
• Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms by David Chaum, Communications of the ACM
• Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure? by Fran Litterio
• Why Cryptography is Harder Than It Looks by Bruce Schneier

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TOP 6 RESEARCH TOPICS IN CRYPTOGRAPHY

Cryptography refers to the methodology which is involved in establishing safe communication and ensuring data privacy. When messages are transformed into unperceivable content using cryptographic tools, they cannot be easily retrieved by attackers.  If you are facing any issues about your projects in cryptography then continue to read this article on research topics in cryptography.

Generating cryptographic keys, surfing over the web, establishing secure communication for instance financial transactions and personal mails, digital key signing, data protection, and verification are some of the major domains in which the algorithms of cryptography are used extensively. 

Here you can get an ultimate overview of cryptography research from the very basics. First, let us understand cryptography

What is cryptography?

• Cryptography generally denotes the procedure involved in the conversion of usual data into indistinguishable information in a motive to protect it
• Also the conversion of highly protected imperceptible data into normal text form a part of cryptography
• Cryptography is of great significance in most of the everyday applications such as online electronic financial transactions and securing passwords etc.
• Usually three kinds of cryptography methods are used at large

To get detailed descriptions and research-oriented explanations on various Cryptography methods you can reach out to our experts at any time. With a world-class reputation, experts at research topics in cryptography have earned the confidence of students from more than one hundred and fifty countries of the world. 

The crystal clear explanations of the mechanisms and principles behind the working of cryptography have gained us global recognition. If you are looking to get expert assistance for your Cryptography projects then you need to surely check out our website. We will now talk about the working of cryptography

How does cryptography work?

• Safe communication establishment amid third party interruptions by rivals is the major goal of cryptography
• Proper algorithms and appropriate keys are deployed for transforming plain text data input to cipher text-based encrypted output
• Identifying and authenticating participants
• Critical data encryption
• Unchangeable record creation involving permanent audit attempts
• Security of the tools and techniques in cryptography
• Cryptographic methodological complexities

Hence standard and highly reliable research support is essential to understand in more depth the tools, protocols, and software for establishing successful cryptography research projects . For this purpose, you can readily reach out to our experts who have guided an ample number of highly successful research topics in cryptography . So we are capable of handling any Visual Cryptography project . Let us now look into the principles behind the working of cryptography

What are the principles of cryptography?

The following are the key principles involved in cryptography for ensuring data transmission security demands

• Since the Identity of both sender and receiver are revealed, one cannot deny any action of transmission that has been performed
• The proof of both transmission and reception disable is a person from disowning or repudiation
• A sender can usually authenticate the receiver with his or her particular identity
• Since the identity of both the parties are validated efficiently, there is no room for missing out on the authentication
• Cryptography also provides for an approach wherein a receiver can surely authenticate the messages received
• Hence tampering of messages cannot be entertained
• Only the authenticated user or receiver can read the data
• Data can therefore be protected from Eavesdropping attacks

Keys play an important role in ensuring the secrecy and privacy of encrypted data in cryptosystems . Hence make sure that you protect the keys used in your project. All the encryption keys should never be stored in plain text in association with their respective protected data. If you do so, then it is the same as leaving the front door closed with keys on it. We are well known for such easily understandable analogies-based explanations in cryptography. The following methodologies are used commonly for key protection purposes thus ensuring greater security. 

• Scrypt, bcrypt, and PBKDF2 are the algorithms that are used for both password generation and bootstrapping the cryptosystem
• It is important to note that the password has to be very strong and known only to a few administrators
• By doing all these you can ensure that unencrypted keys can be stored in any place
• You can use Access Control Lists that are strong for protecting keys and storing them in file systems. The least privilege principle has to be followed for more security
• Coding can be used to establish API calls to the hardware security module
• As a result proper keys are provided at times of necessity and performing data decryption on the hardware security module becomes easy

Such suitable and proven methods are developed and compiled by our experts to make your cryptography project experience more interesting and informative. Therefore you can get access to authentic and reliable data needed for your projects from our experts. Massive resources and real-time research data on various research topics in Cryptography are available with us. Get in touch with us for a progressive research career. Let us now look into the Cryptography techniques that are commonly used

Techniques in Cryptography

Cryptography is one of the fastest-growing fields of research. The following are the important areas and methods in Cryptography

• Privacy-enhancing and post-quantum cryptography methods
• Message authentication codes and Lightweight cryptography
• Lattice-based Cryptography and Multi-party threshold cryptography
• Asymmetric and symmetric encryption based cryptanalysis 
• Public key and quantum cryptography
• Identity and attributes based encryption methods
• Elliptic curve and pairing-based cryptography techniques

For an explanation regarding these Cryptography techniques and approaches , you shall feel free to contact us. Customized research support and on-time project delivery are our trademarks. The following are the commonly researched cryptography topics

• Anonymous aggregation and signature
• Homomorphic construct with signature
• Homomorphic Encryption
• Aggregate signature

The above fields are themselves quite large areas of research that can be significantly developed to include many other aspects of cryptography . Appropriate and crisp explanations and definitions regarding the keys and cryptographic protocols can be obtained from our website. In this respect let us discuss the important keys and their features in Cryptography

• Secret key (stream cipher and block cipher)    
• Hash Function (secure hash algorithm)
• Diffie – Hellman – discrete algorithm
• Ring – LWE – lattice-based
• ECDH ECMOV – elliptic curve
• ElGamal Encryption (discrete logarithm)
• Niederreiter McEliece (code-based mathematical hard problem)
• Elliptic Curve Encryption 
• NTRUEncrypt (lattice-based)
• RSA Robin (integer factorization)
• ECDSA (elliptic curve)
• NTRUSign (lattice-based)
• RSA Digital Signature (factorization of integers)
• McEliece (code-based)
• ElGamal Signature (discrete logarithm based)

About these keys and their respective algorithms, you can reach out to our experts who have gained enough experience in handling all the advanced cryptography methods and approaches. As a result, we can provide you with well advanced, enhanced, and high-quality research guidance in all research topics in Cryptography. We will now give you a quick note on approaching any Cryptography projects in today’s world

How to do a research project in Cryptography?

• Provide an overview with an ultimate picture of all the technologies being handled in your study
• Discussions on appropriate technologies and their related applications
• Quote the issues and problems in the field of your study
• Discussion of research issues in the present literature
• Addressing the sensitive views and issues
• Mention the unaddressed but important issues
• Summary on the future scope of research based on gaps identified

Technically skilled world-class certified engineers and developers in Cryptography are with us who can support you in all aspects of your research. The writers and content makers with us gained expertise in their respective fields due to their two decades of vast knowledge and experience in Cryptography research. So we ensure to provide you with ultimate guidance for your Cryptography research. What are the recent topics for research in cryptography?

Research Areas in Cryptography

• Managing using integrated policies and distributed mechanisms for tolerance of intrusion
• Defending Distributed Denial of Service attacks and detecting and responding towards intrusions
• Advanced operating systems and ensuring the security of mobile codes
• Wireless networks , mobile agent and mobile network security
• Applied cryptography and enhancing reliability and security of networks

At present we are handling projects in all these topics and so our experts are well known about the plus and minus associated with them. Provided sufficient resources and proper technical guidance you can excel in any of these recent research topics in cryptography. 

Interests in creativity and innovations have made our technical team stay highly updated with recent developments. So your doubts regarding any latest cryptography advancements can be resolved instantaneously by us. Let’s now talk more about trending PhD Topics in cryptography

Latest Research Topics in Cryptography

• Lattice-based cryptanalysis using post-quantum based cryptography
• Oblivious RAM and testable calculations using cloud computing methodologies
• Highly secure processors like Intel SGX and cryptographic protocols such as TLS, Safe multiparty computing protocols, and SSL
• Argon 2 and Script like memory-hard functions
• Cryptography for handling Ethereum like smart contracts and Bitcoin-like Cryptocurrencies
• Cryptography failure leading to attacks and cryptanalysis
• Encrypted data computation like Fully Homomorphic Encryption and functional encryption

We insist that you interact with us for a complete discussion on the technicalities of these topics which will help you choose the best topic for you. Once you finalize your topic you can leave to us the limitations and issues in it as our engineers will handle them with more ease. With advances spurring every day in cryptography you can find a huge scope for future research in the field. In this regard let us look into the future trends in Cryptography below

Future trends in cryptography

• Cryptography based computations and implementations in homomorphic encryptions and entrusted data sharing environment
• An alternative approach for creating ledgers using distributed blockchain technology for enabling third party transactions in a trusted environment
• Syn cookies and DoS attack prevention using Cryptography methods

In all these ways Cryptography is sure to impact the digital wellbeing of the future World. You will get a great career if you choose Cryptography projects as they have huge scope in both the present and near future. For all these topics of cryptography research, we provide ultimate support in designing projects, thesis writing , proposals, assignments, and publishing papers. So you can contact us anytime for expert tips and advanced guidance in any research topics in cryptography. 

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290G - Research Topics in Cryptography

This class will study current research topics in cryptography. In this edition, we will focus on the applied side of cryptography, i.e., we will look at the research surrounding cryptographic methods that are either currently in use, or that are candidates for future deployment. We will adopt a rigorous lens, learning to reason formally about security requirements, and whether these goals are achieved.

The following is a tentative list of topics that we will be covering: * Review of basic cryptographic algorithms and standards: Block ciphers, cryptographic hash functions, secret- and public-key encryption, digital signatures, message authentication. * Authenticated encryption * Public-key infrastructures and certificates * Introduction to the TLS/SSL protocol * Generation of pseudorandom bits * Storage encryption * Password-based cryptography * Application-specific encryption: Format-preserving encryption, format-transforming encryption, order-preserving encryption * The Bitcoin protocol

The class will alternate lectures on foundations with student presentations on concrete solutions and existing attacks. There will be a final project at the end of class. The class complements Huijia Lin’s graduate-level introduction to cryptography taking place in Fall ‘14, with only a small overlap. While students who attended it will see further applications of the principles they learnt, this class is meant to be independent -- the necessary background will be delivered as we proceed.

This class is suitable both for students with a theoretical background as well as for students with a systems mindset who are interested in learning about cryptography. Topics for presentations, as well as projects, will be available for students with both these inclinations.

What a lovely hat

Is it made out of tin foil .

International Association for Cryptologic Research

Open positions in cryptology.

Submit a job IACR provides a listing of open positions with a focus on cryptology. To advertise a job opportunity, please use the button to the right.

Submissions should include the organization, title, description, a URL for further information, contact information, and a closing date (which may be "continuous"). The job will be posted for six months or until the closing date. Submissions in other formats than text will not be posted. There can be no attachments.

This is intended to be a free service from an IACR member to the IACR membership. The content of the job posting is the responsibility of the person requesting the posting and not the IACR. Commercial enterprises who want to advertise their openings should identify at least one of their employees who is a member of IACR.

Assistant Professor/Associate Professor (Tenure Track/ Tenured) in Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)

Nanyang technological university, singapore, ph.d. student (fully-funded as research assistant), university of passau, faculty of computer sciece and mathematics (passau, germany).

The Secure Intelligent Systems (SecInt) research group at the University of Passau conducts research and teaching on various aspects of hardware security and physical attacks resistance.

Starting October 1, 2024, to support research and teaching within the framework of the project A Unified Hardware Design for the USA and German Post-Quantum Standards funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the Assistant Professorship for Secure Intelligent Systems (Professor Dr.-Ing. Elif Bilge Kavun) is seeking to fill the position of a Research Assistant (m/f/d) with 100 percent of regular working hours for an initial limited period of one year. Remuneration will be in accordance with pay group 13 of the TV-L. There is the possibility of an extension of the employment in this project up to a total of three years, if the personal and pay scale requirements are met.

You must have completed (or be close to completing) a university master’s degree in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, or closely related research disciplines with outstanding grades. Top candidates should demonstrate knowledge & expertise in most (or at least two) of the following areas:

• Cryptography
• Post-quantum cryptography
• Hardware (ASIC/FPGA) design (with HDL)
• Cryptographic hardware design
• Side-channel attacks and countermeasures

Fluency in English is required, and knowledge of German is preferred.

Please send your application by e-mail with relevant documents (i.e., CV and degree & work certificates, and if you have any, academic publications and references) only in PDF format as one file (email subject: Application-Secure_Intelligent_Systems Surname) to elif.kavun[AT]uni-passau.de by August 25, 2024.

We refer to our data protection information, available at https://www.uni-passau.de/en/university/current-vacancies/.

Assistant professor in Digital Security: Hardware for cryptography

Radboud university, assistant professor (lecturer) in cyber security, lancaster university leipzig.

Lancaster University invites applications for one post of Assistant Professor (Lecturer) in Computer Science to join at its exciting new campus in Leipzig, Germany. Located in one of Germany’s most vibrant, livable, and attractive cities, the Leipzig campus offers the same high academic quality and fully rounded student experience as in the UK, with a strong strategic vision of excellence in teaching, research, and engagement.

The position is to support the upcoming MSc programme in Cyber Security, and to complement the department’s current research strengths. You are expected to have solid research foundations and a strong commitment in teaching Cyber Security topics such as Cybercrime, Information System Risk Management, or Information System Security Management.

You should have a completed PhD degree and demonstrated capabilities in teaching, research, and engagement in the areas of Cyber Security. You should be able to deliver excellent teaching at graduate and undergraduate level, pursue your own independent research, and develop publications in high quality academic journals or conferences. You are expected to have a suitable research track record of targeting high quality journals or a record of equivalent high-quality research outputs.

Colleagues joining LU Leipzig’s computer science department will benefit from a very active research team, but will also have access to the research environment at the School of Computing and Communications in the UK. We offer a collegial and multidisciplinary environment with enormous potential for collaboration and work on challenging real-world problems especially.

German language skills are not a prerequisite for the role, though we are seeking applicants with an interest in making a long-term commitment to Lancaster University in Leipzig.

• the Academic Dean: Prof Constantin Blome ([email protected])
• the Head of Department: Dr Fabio Papacchini ([email protected])

PhD student

Eindhoven university of technology, coding & crypto group, the netherlands, tenure track professor of security & privacy (m/f/d), graz university of technology, austria.

• AI Safety and Security
• Formal Methods for Security
• System Security
• Digital Identities
• Usable Security

Two post-doc positions in quantum and post-quantum security

University of luxembourg, faculty positions at qusoft, qusoft amsterdam, post-doc position, design and deployment of quantum-secure protocols, sorbonne university.

The post-doc will conduct research at the intersection of theoretical cryptography and practical experiments on a quantum optical testbed to demonstrate a practical quantum advantage in terms of security and/or efficiency for advanced quantum cryptographic protocols.

The post-doc will be jointly supervised by Alex B. Grilo (CNRS, Sorbonne University), Eleni Diamanti (CNRS, Sorbonne University), and Ludovic Perret (EPITA & Sorbonne University). The ideal candidate will hold a PhD in quantum cryptography or cryptography with a strong motivation to work at the intersection of these two domains. Programming skills are a plus.

The position is for 12 months, renewable for up to 24 months, with a flexible start date. It is offered in the framework of the QSNP project, a European Quantum Flagship project aiming to develop quantum cryptography technology.

The PolSys team has strong expertise in post-quantum-cryptography whilst the QI team is an interdisciplinary research group covering computer science, theoretical physics and experimental quantum optics. We are based in LIP6, Sorbonne Université, in central Paris, and are founding members of interdisciplinary centers the Quantum Information Centre Sorbonne and the Paris Centre for Quantum Technologies. We strive to promote equality, diversity, inclusion and tolerance.

Applicants should send their CV, and a cover letter and arrange for at least two references to be sent to the contact person given below. The deadline for applications is 30/09/2024.

Cryptographic Engineer - ZK

Input-output global.

As a Cryptographic Engineer in Applied Cryptography, you will play a vital role in developing and implementing cryptographic solutions. You'll work alongside a team of talented individuals, contributing to various projects ranging from prototyping new cryptographic products to optimizing existing ones. You will collaborate closely with software architects, product managers, and other team members to successfully deliver high-quality cryptographic solutions that meet market demands.

You will need to have a strong foundation in engineering principles and a keen interest in cryptography. This role offers an exciting opportunity to work on cutting-edge technologies while continuously learning and growing in applied cryptography.

As a Cryptographic Engineer, you'll play a pivotal role in implementing Zero-Knowledge (ZK) circuits tailored for integration within the Midnight chain. Your focus will involve leveraging recursive proof technologies, particularly those based on Halo2, to create proofs regarding the Midnight state. These proofs are designed to interface with other ecosystems, such as Cardano, providing a secure and efficient means to interact and exchange information across platforms. Your duties will include:

• Working with teams across time zones
• Working independently on software development tasks
• Being proactive and requiring minimal supervision or mentoring to complete tasks
• Contribute to the development and delivery of cryptographic products
• Assist in prototyping new cryptographic solutions
• Implement cryptographic primitives according to established specifications
• Collaborate with team members to review cryptographic protocols and proposed primitives
• Document code and APIs clearly and comprehensively
• Adhere to software engineering best practices during the development process

Student Position: Crypto Library Software Development (f/m/d)

Nxp semiconductors austria gmbh & co kg, phd scholarship in computer security and data privacy, rovira i virgili university, tarragona, spain.

• A 4-year PhD scholarship to work in an exciting international environment located at the sunny and mediterranean city of Tarragona, Spain.
• Generous travel funds for participation in conferences, summer schools, and research stays.
• An automatic switch to a postdoctoral contract once the candidate defends the PhD thesis.
• A First Class Honours degree (or equivalent) or Master degree (with research component) in computer science or mathematics
• Strong academic performance, programming and mathematical skills
• A proven interest in computer security and/or related topics
• Excellent written and oral English skills
• Commitment, team worker, self-motivated and a critical mind
• Curriculum Vitae
• A short description of your Master work or Honours thesis (max 1 page)
• Transcript of grades from all university-level courses taken
• Contact information for 3 referees

Fully-funded Ph.D. Position: Distributed Trustworthy Deep Learning for Medical Systems

University of south florida, the department of computer science and engineering, tampa, fl, usa..

• A BS degree in ECE/CS with a high GPA
• Excellent programming skills (e.g., C, C++), familiarity with Linux
• MS degree in ECE/CS/Math is a big plus. Publications will be regarded as a plus but not required.
• Please send your CV, transcripts, TOEFL/IELTS scores (required), publications (optional), and GRE (highly preferred).

Lead Cryptographer

System developer, cima.science, research fellow (postdoctoral research fellow), university of wollongong, australia, researchers in cryptography (post- or pre-doc), universität der bundeswehr munich, germany.

• Distributed cryptography : DKG, decentralised credentials with privacy properties
• Advanced encryption : algorithmic techniques for FHE and SNARKs, updatable encryption
• Secure computation : MPC techniques and protocol design, PSI
• PQC techniques for any of the aforementioned areas
• Master's degree (or equivalent) or PhD in Mathematics, Cryptography, or Computer Science with excellent grades
• Solid knowledge and demonstrable experience in respective research area
• Post-doc candidates must have a strong track record (ideally with publications at IACR conferences and/or the top 4 security conferences) and good academic writing and presentation skills
• Experience with cryptographic implementations (desirable)
• Proficiency in English (essential) and German (desirable but not essential)

Ph.D. students

Darmstadt university of applied sciences.

The research group Applied Cyber Security Darmstadt (ACSD) at Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (h_da) is currently seeking Ph.D. students for various exciting research opportunities. We are looking for motivated individuals interested in Automotive Security, Smart Energy Network Security, Offensive Security, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), and Cryptographic Protocol Design. Our group is engaged in several ongoing and upcoming projects funded by prominent agencies such as the DFG (German Research Foundation), BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research), and the state of Hesse. Among the positions are two PhD positions for a BMBF-funded project commencing in September, focused on cryptoagility and the integration of PQC in modern vehicles. This project addresses critical challenges in future-proofing automotive security against emerging quantum threats. If you are passionate about cutting-edge cyber security research and wish to contribute to the advancement of secure automotive technologies, we encourage you to apply.

• Master’s degree with very good grades in IT security, computer science, or a similar field
• Extensive knowledge in IT security and applied cryptography
• Proficient programming skills in Python, C/C++
• Knowledge in cryptographic protocols, post-quantum cryptography, automotive technologies, offensive security, or energy networks is beneficial (depending on the project)
• Experience and interest to engage in teaching
• Very good English skills, German skills are beneficial
• Motivated, reliable, creative, and able to work independently
• Christoph Krauß
• Alexander Wiesmaier

PhD Student Cryptographic Protocols

Ph.d. student, university of amsterdam, two ph.d. student positions, univeristiy of sydney, school of computer science, sydney, australia.

• security and fairness in multi-party computation
• distributed payment protocols
• privacy-preserving blockchains and cryptocurrencies
• Security and game-theoretic aspects in blockchains
• An UG or Master’s degree in CS, Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, or a related field, with one year of research experience (For eg., research-based thesis).
• Strong background in theoretical computer science, number theory, probability.
• Proficiency in English, both written and spoken
• Good communication and teamwork skills.
• Excellent programming skills and experience with cryptographic libraries is a plus.
• Competitive salary and benefits package.
• Work in a dynamic and international research environment.
• Support for international collaborations and travel.

The University of Sydney is one of the world's leading universities, known for its outstanding research and teaching excellence ( ranked 18 in the world - QS rankings 2025 ). Our vibrant campus is located in the heart of Sydney (one of the top livable cities of the world), offering an exceptional environment for both academic and personal growth and the perfect work-life balance. The School of Computer Science is among the top ranked in the world ( ranked 22 in the world for CS - US news and world report 2024-25 ) constantly expanding year-on-year with strong faculty and students.

• a detailed CV, including list of publications (if any)
• Transcript, degree certificate
• Contact of two references

Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

• post-quantum cryptographic primitives such as signatures or OPRFs
• threshold cryptographic techniques such as secret sharing and multiparty computation
• cryptographic foundations of post-quantum cryptography such as lattices, MPC-in-the-head, FHE and similar tools

Postdoc in the Applied and Provable Security group

Eindhoven university of technology (tu/e), netherlands.

We are looking for a person to extend our team as postdoc in the Horizon Europe Next Generation Internet pilot NGI TALER. Your task will be to carry out foundational research in the context of the payment system GNU Taler. More precisely, you will be tasked with proving the security of post-quantum replacements for the cryptography used to secure GNU Taler. The position is initially 1 year with funding for a 1-year extension available.

GNU Taler is a privacy-preserving payment system. Customers can stay anonymous, but merchants cannot hide their income through payments with GNU Taler. This helps to avoid tax evasion and money laundering while providing users with a privacy-preserving way of electronic payment. As part of a Next Generation Internet pilot, the cryptography used in GNU Taler will be future-proofed by developing post-quantum secure variants of the involved protocols. Your task will be to prove these new protocols secure against quantum adversaries, closely collaborating with the team that develops the protocols.

If you have a PhD in cryptography or a related area, please apply online via the TU/e website.

Senior Cryptographer

We’re creating a general-purpose private smart contract layer for Ethereum, affectionately dubbed ‘Aztec 3’.

We utilise bleeding-edge cryptography in our tech stack to realise private transactions on a public blockchain network, particularly in the realm of zero-knowledge cryptography.

As a result we possess a world-class R&D team that has co-authored the Plonk, Plookup and Zeromorph protocols. Plonk in particular is rapidly becoming an industry standard ZK-SNARK technology.

We are looking for experienced cryptographers to expand our R&D team and allow us to further enhance the state-of-the-art when it comes to generating proofs of private computation.

Cryptography Researcher

=nilfoundation, phd position in cybersecurity, university of south-eastern norway; kongsberg, norway.

We are seeking a highly motivated candidate for a PhD in Cybersecurity. This project aims to advance the field of healthcare cybersecurity through innovative and scalable solutions. The candidate will focus on the security and privacy of healthcare systems, including but not limited to developing decentralized, secure, and privacy-preserving methods for sharing health data.

Starting date: The position is available from January 1, 2025. An earlier commencement might be possible.

Application deadline: October 7, 2024.

• Fully funded position for three years
• No teaching obligations
• Stimulating research environment
• Competitive salary and benefits, starting salary from NOK 532,200

More information is available at bit.ly/phd25

Senior Web Service Java Software Engineer for Trust Provisioning (m/f/d)

University of edinburgh, engineering consulting position, postdoc in {lattice-based, class-group-based, threshold} cryptography, lirmm, montpellier, france, postdoc position in cryptography: social foundations of cryptography, king's college london.

The candidate will work alongside Prof. Martin Albrecht, Dr. Benjamin Dowling, Dr. Rikke Bjerg Jensen (Royal Holloway University of London) and Dr. Andrea Medrado (Exeter) on establishing social foundations of cryptography in protest settings. In particular, the candidate will work with a multi-disciplinary team of cryptographers (Dowling, Albrecht) and ethnographers (Jensen, Medrado) to understand the security needs of participants in protests, to formalise these needs as cryptographic security notions and to design or analyse cryptographic solutions with respect to these notions.

This position is part of the EPSRC-funded project “Social Foundations of Cryptography” and more information is available at https://social-foundations-of-cryptography.gitlab.io/.

In brief, ethnography is a social science method involving prolonged fieldwork, i.e. staying with the group under study, to observe not only what they say but also what their social reality and practice is. In this project, we are putting cryptography at the mercy of ethnographic findings, allowing them to shape what we model.

PhD Studentship in Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (Cryptography and Federated Learning)

Newcastle university.

• The studentship covers fees at the UK rate . International applicants are welcome to apply but will be required to cover the difference between UK and International fees.
• Candidate must have a strong background in math and computer programming (e.g., C++, Python, or Java).
• You must have, or expect to gain, a minimum 2:1 Honours degree or international equivalent in computer science, cybersecurity, mathematics, or software engineering.

Assistant Professor in Verification of Cryptographic Implementations

Eindhoven university of technology.

• A team player,
• holding a PhD in an area related to cryptography or formal methods,
• experienced in doing high quality research, demonstrated, for example, by publications in top tier venues on cryptography, security, or formal methods,
• that is also interested in teaching students about their research.
• A fun team, open for collaborations,
• supporting you in applying for personal grants, and growing into the role of a professor,
• with a large network for collaborations in academia and industry,
• providing funding for a first PhD student and travel, and
• employment conditions of a Dutch university (including two additional salaries per year and 40+ vacation days).

University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

The primary research theme for the call is in the foundations and cryptanalysis of post-quantum cryptosystems. The exact projects could be tailored to match the candidate's background and interests.

Senior Cryptographer Engineer

Phd student in security of ai hardware, university at albany, suny, department of electrical and computer engineering; albany, new york, postdoctoral researcher, sapienza university of rome, italy, multiple academic teaching positions, xiamen university malaysia, sepang, malaysia.

Xiamen University Malaysia is now seeking highly motivated, committed and qualified individuals for academic teaching positions in computer science and cyber security.

Candidates in computer science and cyber security are welcome to apply. The ideal candidate is expected to be able to support general computing subjects, as well as cyber security specialization subjects. Applicants must possess a PhD degree in a related discipline.

• Digital Forensics and Investigation
• Network Traffic Monitoring and Analysis
• Advanced Network Attack and Defence Technology
• Malware Analysis
• Cryptanalysis
• Blockchain Technology

HOW TO APPLY Applicants are invited to submit a digital application packet to: [email protected] and [email protected]

• Your detailed and current CV with publication (*Asterisk to indicate corresponding author, include Indexing & Quartile);
• Cover letter;
• List of courses from the above that the candidate can support;
• Evidence of academic qualifications (Bachelor, Master & PhD Certificate; Bachelor, Master & PhD Transcripts and Professional Certificates);
• 3-5 Full-Text publications (if applicable);
• Teaching evaluation (if applicable);
• Two academic references (at least one of them is the applicant’s current/most recent employer).

Faculty of engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Israel

Phd student, university of new brunswick, computer science; fredericton, canada, applied cyptographer, fully-funded phd position in lattice-based privacy enhancing technologies, monash university; melbourne, australia.

• highly competitive scholarships to cover tuition fees, health insurance and living expenses (as stipend),
• opportunities to collaborate with leading academic and industry experts in the related areas,
• opportunities to participate in international grant-funded projects,
• collaborative and friendly research environment,
• an opportunity to live/study in one of the most liveable and safest cities in the world.

Requirements. A strong mathematical and cryptography background is required. Some knowledge/experience in coding (for example, Python, C/C++, SageMath) is a plus. Candidates must have completed (or be about to complete within the next 8 months) a significant research component either as part of their undergraduate (honours) degree or masters degree. They should have excellent English verbal and written communication skills.

How to apply. please first refer to mfesgin.github.io/supervision/ for more information. Then, please fill out the following form (also clickable from the advertisement title): https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScOvp0w397TQMTjTa6T7TKqri703Z-c3en0aS654w6nl4_EFg/viewform

Embedded Crypto Software Developer (m/f/d)

Nxp semiconductors gratkorn/austria, hamburg/germany, eindhoven/netherlands & toulouse/france.

• You will develop crypto algorithms (incl. Post Quantum Crypto) based on specifications, being involved from the coding/programming, test, code review, release stages.
• You will align with our innovation team, architectural team, hardware teams and support teams to develop the algorithms which contribute to a complete security subsystem in all of NXP's business lines.
• Bachelor + 3-5 years of relevant experience Or​ You are a graduate with a Master or PhD Degree in Computer Science, Electronics Engineering, Mathematics, Information Technology, Cryptography
• You have a passion for technology, you bring ideas to the table and you are proud of your results.
• We offer you the opportunity to learn and build on your technical knowledge and experience in some of the following areas: algorithm development including post quantum cryptography (DES, AES, RSA, ECC, SHA and many more)
• embedded software development in C and Assembly
• work with ARM Cortex M and RISC V platforms
• Work on hardware and software countermeasures against side channel (SCA) and fault attacks, (FA).

PhD Internship

Nokia bell labs; antwerp, belgium.

• You are currently doing a PhD or PostDoc
• Some familiarity with one of the areas: FHE, MPC or ZKP
• Both applied and theoretical researchers are welcome
• Fully funded internship with benefits (based on Belgian income standards)
• Internship any time from now until the end of 2024
• Possibility to visit local university crypto groups (e.g. COSIC KU Leuven)
• A wonderful desk with a view of the Zoo of Antwerp (elephants and bisons visible)
• Having access to the best beers and chocolates in the world

PhD student (fully funded)

Monash university, melbourne, australia.

At the Department of Software Systems and Cybersecurity (SSC) at Monash, we have several openings for PhD positions. The topics of interest are post-quantum cryptography (based on lattices and/or hash), their applications, and their secure and efficient software and hardware implementations.

• We provide highly competitive scholarships opportunities to collaborate with leading academic and industry experts in the above-mentioned areas.
• There will be opportunities to participate in (inter)nationally funded projects.
• We have a highly collaborative and friendly research environment.
• You will have an opportunity to live/study in one of the most liveable and safest cities in the world.

The positions will be filled as soon as suitable candidates are found.

• Some mathematical and cryptography backgrounds.
• Some knowledge/experience in coding (for example, Python, C/C++, and/or SageMath) is a plus.
• Must have completed (or be about to complete within the next 6 months) a significant research component either as part of their undergraduate (honours) degree or masters degree.
• Should have excellent verbal and written communication skills in English.

Postdoctoral Researchers in Post-Quantum Cryptography

Institute of software chinese academy of sciences.

Articles on Cryptography

Displaying 1 - 20 of 45 articles.

Defence policy update focuses on quantum technology’s role in making Canada safe

Claire Parsons , Queen's University, Ontario

Mind-bending maths could stop quantum hackers, but few understand it

Nalini Joshi , University of Sydney

Are private conversations truly private? A cybersecurity expert explains how end-to -end encryption protects you

Robin Chataut , Quinnipiac University

What is quantum advantage? A quantum computing scientist explains an approaching milestone marking the arrival of extremely powerful computers

Daniel Lidar , University of Southern California

Seven metals, ringed with four magical inscriptions: what other secrets does the ‘Alchemical Hand Bell’ hold?

Richard Bean , The University of Queensland ; Corinna Gannon , Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , and Sarah Lang , University of Graz

Quantum computers threaten our whole cybersecurity infrastructure: here’s how scientists can bulletproof it

Antonio Acín , Instituto de Ciencias Fotónicas (ICFO)

What quantum technology means for Canada’s future

Stephanie Simmons , Simon Fraser University

How math and language can combine to map the globe and create strong passwords, using the power of 3 random words

Mary Lynn Reed , Rochester Institute of Technology

Australia doesn’t have online voting for federal elections and we should keep it that way

Vanessa Teague , Australian National University

Deciphering the Philosophers’ Stone: how we cracked a 400-year -old alchemical cipher

Richard Bean , The University of Queensland ; Megan Piorko , Georgia State University , and Sarah Lang , University of Graz

Declassified Cold War code-breaking manual has lessons for solving ‘impossible’ puzzles

Richard Bean , The University of Queensland

How nonfungible tokens work and where they get their value – a cryptocurrency expert explains NFTs

Dragan Boscovic , Arizona State University

Google claims to have invented a quantum computer, but IBM begs to differ

Michael Bradley , University of Saskatchewan

Quantum computing, the new frontier of finance

Sergio Focardi , Pôle Léonard de Vinci and Davide Mazza , Pôle Léonard de Vinci

Cryptology from the crypt: how I cracked a 70-year -old coded message from beyond the grave

Neither researchers nor the media can put down the world’s most mysterious book – and it’s a problem for science

Gordon Rugg , Keele University

How quantum computers could steal your bitcoin

Marco Tomamichel , University of Technology Sydney

Why do we need to know about prime numbers with millions of digits?

Ittay Weiss , University of Portsmouth

Bitcoin’s surge intensifies need for global regulation of cryptocurrencies

Iwa Salami , University of East London

FBI tries to crack another smartphone: 5 essential reads

Jeff Inglis , The Conversation

Related Topics

• Cybersecurity
• Mathematics
• Quantum computing
• Surveillance

Top contributors

Research Fellow, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland

Professor, Information Security Group, Royal Holloway University of London

PostDoc in Digital Humanities at Centre of Information Modelling (University of Graz), University of Graz

Head, The Cyber Academy, Edinburgh Napier University

Director of UWA Centre for Software Practice, The University of Western Australia

Professor of Computer Science, Elon University

Professor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Director of Electronic Warfare Research, City, University of London

Royal Society University Research Fellow, UCL

Lecturer in Foundations Of Computation (Informatics), University of Sussex

Senior lecturer, Deakin University

Mathematician, University of Portsmouth

Research associate in Computer Security, University of Birmingham

Senior Lecturer in Systems and Organisation, University of York

Senior Lecturer in Information Technology, Monash University

Professor of Cybersecurity, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University

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Cryptography’s Future Will Be Quantum-Safe. Here’s How It Will Work.

November 9, 2022

Lattice cryptography relies on mathematical lattices — arrangements of dots in space.

Kristina Armitage/Quanta Magazine

Introduction

In 1994, the computer scientist Peter Shor discovered that if quantum computers were ever invented, they would decimate much of the infrastructure used to protect information shared online. That frightening possibility has had researchers scrambling to produce new, “post-quantum” encryption schemes, to save as much information as they could from falling into the hands of quantum hackers.

Earlier this year, the National Institute of Standards and Technology revealed four finalists in its search for a post-quantum cryptography standard. Three of them use “lattice cryptography” — a scheme inspired by lattices, regular arrangements of dots in space.

Lattice cryptography and other post-quantum possibilities differ from current standards in crucial ways. But they all rely on mathematical asymmetry. The security of many current cryptography systems is based on multiplication and factoring: Any computer can quickly multiply two numbers, but it could take centuries to factor a cryptographically large number into its prime constituents. That asymmetry makes secrets easy to encode but hard to decode.

What Shor revealed in his 1994 algorithm was that a quirk of factoring makes it vulnerable to attack by quantum computers. “It’s a very specific, special thing that the quantum computer can do,” said Katherine Stange , a mathematician at the University of Colorado, Boulder. So after Shor, cryptographers had a new job: Find a novel set of mathematical operations that are easy to do but nearly impossible to undo.

Lattice cryptography is one of the most successful attempts so far. Originally developed in the 1990s, it relies on the difficulty of reverse-engineering sums of points.

Here’s one way to describe lattice cryptography: Imagine your friend has a lattice, which is just a bunch of points in a regular, repeating pattern all over the plane. Your friend wants you to name 10 of these points. But he’s being difficult, and he won’t draw the whole lattice. Instead, he lists just two points — the first with an x -value of 101 and a y -value of 19, the other with coordinates [235, 44].

Luckily, it’s easy to find new points on a lattice, because when you add and subtract any two points on a lattice, you get a third point in the same lattice. So all you have to do is add up the points your friend gave you, or multiply them by integers and then add them up, or some combination of the two. Do this eight different ways, and you’ll be able to answer your friend’s question.

But your friend still isn’t satisfied. He gives you the same two starting points, and then asks you if you can find a point near [0, 0] on the same lattice.  To answer this question correctly, you have to find the combination of [101, 19] and [235, 44] that gets you close to [0, 0]. This problem is much harder than the first one, and you’ll probably end up just guessing and checking to get the answer. That asymmetry is what underlies lattice cryptography.

If you actually want to use lattice cryptography to share information, you’d do the following. Imagine that a friend (a nicer one!) wants to send you a secure message. You start with a square grid of numbers. Say it has two rows and two columns, and looks like this:

Now you come up with a private “key” that only you know. In this example, let’s say your private key is just two secret numbers: 3 and −2. You multiply the numbers in the first column by 3, and the ones in the second column by −2. Add up the results in each row to get a third column with two entries.

Stick the new column onto the end of your grid. This new three-column grid is your public key. Share it freely!

(A real-world scenario will be a bit more complicated. To keep hackers from decoding your private key, you have to add a bit of random noise into your final column. But here we’re going to ignore that step for simplicity’s sake.)

Now your friend will use the public key to send you a message. She thinks of two secret numbers of her own: 2 and 0. She multiplies the numbers in the first row by 2, and the ones in the second row by 0. She then adds up the results in each column to get a third row.

She now attaches the new row to the bottom of the grid and sends it back to you. (Again, in a real system, she’d need to add some noise to her row.)

Now you’ll read the message. To do this, you check to see if your friend’s last row is correct. Apply your own private key to the first two entries of her row. The result should match the last entry.

Your friend can also choose to send you a row with a wrong number in the last column. She knows that this number won’t match your calculations.

If your friend sends a row where the last number is correct, you’ll interpret this as a 0. If she sends a row where the number is incorrect, you’ll interpret it as a 1. The row, therefore, encodes a single bit: either 0 or 1.

Note that an outside attacker won’t have access to either your private key or your friend’s. Without those, the attacker will have no idea if the final number is correct or not.

In practice, you’d like to send messages that are longer than one bit long. So people who want to receive, say, a 100-bit message will generate 100 new columns instead of just one. Then the sender of the message will create a single new row, modifying the last 100 entries to encode either a 0 or a 1 for each entry.

If lattice cryptography is actually implemented, it will have countless nuances not covered in this scenario. For instance, if you want the message to be truly safe from prying eyes, the matrix needs to have an unthinkable number of entries, making the whole thing so unwieldy that it’s not worth using. To get around this, researchers use matrices with useful symmetries that can cut down on the number of parameters. Beyond that, there is a whole suite of tweaks that can be applied to the problem itself, to the way errors are incorporated, and more.

Of course, it’s always possible that someone will find a fatal flaw in lattice cryptography, just as Shor did for factoring. There’s no assurance that a particular cryptographic scheme will work in the face of any possible attack. Cryptography works until it’s cracked. Indeed, earlier this summer one promising post-quantum cryptography scheme was cracked using not a quantum computer, but an ordinary laptop. To Stange, the entire project creates an uncomfortable paradox: “What I find so amazing about cryptography is that we’ve built this infrastructure for the human race on the firm belief that our ability as humans is limited,” she said. “It’s so backward.”

Correction: November 9, 2022 The original version of this article said that the hard problem to solve in lattice cryptography is finding a given point on the lattice near the origin. In fact, finding a particular point is relatively straightforward. The hard problem is finding some unknown point that lies near the origin. The article has been changed to reflect this fact.

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Warning: This is the spring 2022 course website. The latest CS355 website is online here .

Cs 355: topics in cryptography, stanford university – spring 2022, description.

Stanford students have been behind some of the most important developments in modern cryptography, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange , Merkle trees , ElGamal encryption , and fully homomorphic encryption . With this history in mind, CS355 will cover many of the foundational techniques that you will need to get started with crypto research and to go on to solve the field’s great open problems. It will also introduce you to the joy of cryptography research and give you a taste of the lastest developments in cryptography. By the time you finish this course, you should understand the most important cryptographic tools and be able to use them.

We will cover basic proof techniques, zero knowledge, multiparty computation, elliptic-curve cryptography, cryptanalysis, privacy, and post-quantum cryptography. More details are available in the course schedule .

Meeting place and time

Location: Building 200, Room 205 Time: Mondays and Wednesdays, 1:30pm — 2:50pm

Lecture notes will be posted, but attendance is strongly encouraged .

Commmunication

We will primarily use Ed for sending out course announcements and answering questions. Please make sure to sign up .

Additional contact information, as well as the office hours, are available on the Course Staff page.

To submit anonymous feedback to us at any point during the quarter, you may use this form .

Prerequisites

CS255, or an equivalent introductory cryptography course, is a prerequisite. Another important prerequisite is that you are curious about cryptography and excited to study some beautiful theory and clever cryptographic constructions.

An introductory algorithms or theory course, such as CS161 or CS154, is not a formal prerequisite, but will be very useful to you in this course (and beyond!).

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Deian Stefan of UCSD for giving us permission to use the design of his CSE 130 course website for CS 355. Thanks to Dan Boneh for providing the inspiration and materials for many of the problem sets and lecture notes we use in this course. Thanks to the previous CS 355 instructors—David, Henry, Sam, Dima, Florian, Saba, and Riad—for sharing the joy of cryptography with so many students (including us) over the years.

53 Cryptography Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best cryptography topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 simple & easy cryptography essay titles, 👍 good essay topics on cryptography.

• History of Cryptography At the same time, one must know the origins and the first variants of ciphers to understand the complexity and features of modern cryptography.
• Importance of Cryptography Knowledge in the Work of an IT Project Manager For this reason, it is essential for me to know the features of cryptography algorithms as an IT project manager to ensure the security of customer information and develop the most secure and convenient product.
• Application of Cryptography in Communications and Networks The symmetric key is encrypted by PGP in order to make it confidential; a public key is sent along with the message and each key is used only once.
• Biometrics in Cryptography. Desirable Properties Because it is the first step, it is a critical step in the scheme because it is used to ensure that the attacker cannot gain access to the key once the system is compromised.
• Cryptography: History and Today’s Status Cryptography or encrypting the message is just like a letter, which at the time of posting is sealed in the envelope.
• Quantum Cryptography for Mobile Phones The increase in the sensitivity of mobile transactions and communication necessitates the need for a strong security mechanism that will protect the confidentiality of the information exchanged using these devices.
• Cryptography: Modern Block Cipher Algorithms The algorithm was adopted in the US in 2001 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The structure of RC5 is Fesitel-like network and has 1 to 255 rounds.
• Cryptography, Asymmetric and Symmetric algorithms The encryption key is kept public and is known as the “public key” while the decryption key is kept secret and is known as the “private or secret key”.
• Use Of Visual Cryptography For Binary Images
• Solution for Cryptography and Network Security 4th Edition
• The Danger Of Cryptography And Encryption
• Terrorists Use of Cryptography and Data Encryption Essay
• The History and Applications of Cryptography
• Steganography Analysis : Steganography And Cryptography
• The Woman Who Smashed Codes: The Untold Story of Cryptography Pioneer Elizebeth Friedman
• Steganography And Visual Cryptography In Computer Forensics Computer Science
• The Importance Of Cryptography And The Legislative Issues That Surround Government Access
• The History of Practical Cryptography from Early Century BC to Modern Day
• The Basic Model Of Visual Cryptography And The Extended Model
• Importance Of Cryptography And Its Accompanying Security
• Importance Of Cryptography And Its Effects On The World
• Why Cryptography Is Important Computer Science
• The Evolution of Secrecy from Mary, Queen of Scots to Quantum Cryptography
• Cryptography And Its Impact On The World Of Computing Technology
• The Problem Of Using Public Key Cryptography For Such Attacks
• Hybrid Cryptography Using Symmetric Key Encryption
• The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography
• Cryptography and Steganography For Secure Communication
• The Impact Of Modern Day Cryptography On Society Today
• Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography Algorithms
• Quantum Cryptography for Nuclear Command and Control
• The Purpose and Methods of Using Hashing in Cryptography
• The Core Items of Cryptography and Encryption
• Developments in the Study of Cryptography
• Cryptography : The Concept Of Public Key Cryptography
• How Cryptography Is Related To Information Technology
• Cryptography Is The Science Of Writing And Solving Secret
• National Security Issues and Quantum Cryptography
• The Role Of Cryptography In Network Security Computer Science
• Cryptography Is A Technique For Protect Information
• How Do You Keep A Secret: the History of Cryptography
• On The Development Of Quantum Computers And Cryptography
• Marketing: Cryptography and Password Breeches
• Cryptography Is Essential For Information Systems
• Definition and Use of Symmetric Data Cryptography and Asymmetric Data Cryptography
• Cryptography : Using Encryption Decryption Technique
• Taking a Look at Quantum Cryptography
• The History Of Cryptography And How It Is Used Today
• The Use of Prime Numbers in Cryptography
• Understanding the Concept Behind Cryptography
• Cryptography And The Issue Of Internet Security
• Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Its Applications to Mobile Devices
• First Amendment Research Topics
• Computer Forensics Essay Topics
• Hacking Essay Topics
• Fourth Amendment Essay Topics
• Identity Theft Essay Ideas
• Freedom Of Expression Questions
• Sixth Amendment Topics
• Internet of Things Topics
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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• Latest Research Topics in Cryptography and Network Security

Network security term itself clearly depicts you that it is designed to protect the entire network from the authorized access in time of digital/analog data communication . The technologies used in network security are guaranteed to provide data confidentiality, authenticity, and availability against security risks throughout the communication.

This article is intended to display to you about latest research topics in Cryptography and Network Security with its current research areas!!!

Generally, the security mechanisms have two constituents to shield the network information . Below, we have listed the working principles of those constituents for your reference.

• Add the security over the information. For instance , implement the encryption method over the transmitting message. So that information will be converted into a new unreadable format where the illegal user cannot access the original message until it is decrypted . Further, it also includes the code information in the header, which depends on the content of the message. Thus, it is used to detect/verify the original sender of the message.
• In the case of sensitive data, it is necessary to share the information between only sender and receive r. The opponent party should not know the information under any conditions. In order to achieve this motive, the encryption key is used to convert the original plain text into scrambled text by the sender. Similarly, the decryption key is used to convert scrambled text into original plain text by the receiver.

For any measure, the main goal is to identify and prevent security attacks with rescue abilities . Most probably, the security measures are based on cryptographic technologies. If you take any security mechanism, then you may find the trace of encryption / some kind of data transformation .

Overview of Cryptography and Network Security

Cryptography  is basically classified into two major techniques, and they are cryptography and cryptanalysis. On the one hand,  cryptography  is the process of protecting or hiding the information through intelligent masking techniques (i.e., code the information). On the other hand,  cryptanalysis  investigates how the ciphertext is converted into plain text and vice-versa.

Due to its incredible security concern and contribution, it is largely used in many research domains and areas to improve its security aspects. Some of the current research aspects of cryptography are given as below,

• Hashing Techniques
• Public-Key Cryptography
• Key Distribution and Management
• Symmetric-Key Cryptography
• Real-time Cryptography Applications
• Cryptographic Security Protocols / Standards
• Quantum Cryptography
• Biological Cryptography
• And many more

Network Security  is intended to develop various levels of shielding measures with an extended security scope. These measures are worked in the principle of identifying/predicting network security threats/risks to take immediate defensive response/actions. As a result, it protects the entire network information. The identification, prediction, and defensive response measures are essential to execute based on specific security policies . Few of the current research directions of the network security are given as below,

• Incident Response System
• Intrusion Detection and Prevention Schemes
• Trusted Heterogeneous Networks
• Network Security Threats, Risks and Vulnerabilities
• Network Protection against Internet Attacks
• Communication Technologies and Protocol Security

We hope you are clear on the fundamentals of cryptography and network security . Now, we can see the recent research areas of cryptography and network security . In truth, our research team is presently creating unbelievable contributions through our latest research topics in cryptography and network security . So, you can confidently hold your hands with us to create amazing research work.

Research Areas in Network Security

• Heterogeneous Communication Networks
• Cognitive Radio based Mobile Communication
• Information Security in Self-Organized Network
• Named data and Data / Human Centric Network
• Ultra-band Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN)
• Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
• Cognitive Radio-Wireless Sensor Network (CR-WSN)
• Software Defined-Wireless Sensor Network (SD-WSN)
• Hybrid ad hoc
• Vehicular Ad hoc
• Cognitive Radio Ad hoc
• Underwater Network
• MANET / iMANET / WANET
• Fog / Cloud-Radio Access Network (Fog-RAN / cloud-RAN)
• Advance Cellular Networks (4G, LTEA-Pro, 5G, Beyond 5G and 6G)

Here, we have given you the achievements of cryptography while applying them in network security. For any cryptographic methods , the following are determined as the key objectives for reaching high network security .

What are the objectives of cryptography in network security?

• Detect the attack which definitely create worst impact
• Screen the network to monitor the behavior and activities of intruders
• Detect the attack and analyze their effect on network after execution
• Analyze the origin and root cause of the threats / attacks
• Conduct in-depth inspection on different levels of attacks

Our development team is sophisticated with experienced developers, so we can solve any level of a complex issue. Here, we have given you the widely used cryptographic algorithms, classified as low-cost, lightweight, and ultra-lightweight characteristics .

Major Classifications of Cryptography Algorithms

• Hardware Development – 2000 Gates
• Device Capacity – AT mega 128
• Ciphers – ECC, Grain / 128, MIBS TWINE, PRESENT, etc.
• Software Development – 8kb RAM and 4kb ROM
• Hardware Development – 3000 Gates
• Device Capacity – ATiny 45, AT mega 128 and 8051 micontroller
• Ciphers – ECC, DEXL, SOSEMANUK, CLEFIA, etc.
• Software Development – 8kb RAM and 32kb ROM
• Hardware Development – 1000 Gates
• Device Capacity – ATiny 45 and 8051 microntroller
• Ciphers – KATAN, Hummingbird, Fruitv2, QTL, etc.
• Software Development – 256 B RAM and 4kb ROM

Research Gaps of Cryptography

Though many lightweight ciphers are introduced in cryptography, it lacks performance in any of these aspects, such as high security and low ( resource utilization, delay, internal overhead states , etc.).

Below, we can see the challenges in lightweight cryptographic techniques such as elliptic curve cryptography, stream ciphers, hash methods, and block ciphers . Our developers will pay extra attention to the following for framing lightweight security measures that assure high performance in all aspects.

CRYPTOGRAPHY LATEST ALGORITHMS

• Decrease the usage of energy / power
• Minimize the needs of memory
• Enhance the speed of computation
• Optimize the Group arithmetic and Prime Fields (PF)
• Minimize the length of the key
• Decrease the chip area / size
• Minimize the Key / IV setup rotations
• Reduce the internal state / condition
• Decrease the message and output size
• Make the simpler cycles
• Model the simple key schedules
• Decrease the key and block size for fast execution

Our current study on cryptographic techniques found that ECC is less preferable than AES because of its speed. However, ECC is considered a slow process; it meets the requirement of ultra-lightweight cryptography . Our developers are glad to share the trick to increase the ECC speed for your information. If the memory needs are minimized, then eventually, it also minimizes the ROM and RAM needs. As a result, ECC gains the first priority among others. Below, we have given the list of research fields that offer a sophisticated platform for developing cryptographic techniques enabled network security applications.

Applications of Cryptography based Network Security

• Internet of Things
• Industrial Internet of Things
• Haptic / Tactile Internet of things
• Internet of Bio / Nano-Things
• Vehicle to Infrastructure
• Autonomous Vehicle Driving System
• Deep-Sea Objects Identification and Analysis
• Healthcare and Telemedicine
• Remote Patient Monitoring using Wearable Devices
• 360 Degree and Ultra-High Definition Videos
• Virtual and Augmented Reality
• Space Travel and Satellite Communication
• WBAN based Digital Sensing and Visualization
• Smart Environment Modeling (smart city / home / office, etc.)

Further, we have listed the top-demanding research topics in cryptography and network security . The below-given research ideas are just the samples. More than this, we have a copious amount of novel research notions. If you have your own ideas and are looking for the best guidance to craft network security research topics , we are also ready to support you in your need.

Top 10 Latest Research Topics in Cryptography and Network Security

• Secure Cross-Layer Architecture Design
• Security for Critical Cyber Physical Systems
• Insider Threats Prediction and Detection Systems
• Modeling of Security Assured Smart Grid System
• Data Hiding, Survivability and Watermarking
• SDN-NFV based High Performance Security System
• Security Protocol Performance Assessments
• Design and Development of Ultra-Efficient Security Models
• Security in Cloud Services and Applications
• Identification of Multi-level Security Threats with Preventive Measures
• Improved Privacy and Security Solutions in Wireless Communications

From a development perspective, now we can see how the network security models are designed, tested, and assessed . In order to estimate the efficiency of the network security model, we can use the following for real-time development.

How do we evaluate the performance of network security?

• Analytical Models
• Real-time Tests

Further, we have also listed the important tools used for network security projects developments . All these tools are specialized to meet particular requirements of the network security model. For instance: Wireshark is used to generate and analyze the network packets . Likewise, we have given the other important tools and technologies for your awareness.

• Test the vulnerabilities of the of the network at different angles through continuous scan and access
• Probe the available susceptibilities in the application and take immediate response to that events
• Analyze and troubleshoot the packets, network, applications, communication protocols and more
• Collect whole information of network including OS, computer systems, and network entities

Next, we can see about the secure transmission approaches. Basically, the performance metrics have a key player role in elevating the design of transmission approaches. However, it has high importance, the modeling of physical layer security cause different kinds of technical issues . So, it is critical to select the suitable metrics for improving reliability, resource cost (low power), transmission efficiency, and energy efficiency of the transmission approaches . Our developers will help to attain your goal in the following aspects of transmission approaches.

• Reliability – compute in terms of privacy outage probability and capacity
• Power cost – compute in terms of power usage (low) for promising QoS
• Transmission Efficiency – compute in terms of maximum possible privacy degree and capacity
• Energy Efficiency – compute in terms of amount of energy required for one bit transmission and amount of bits transmitted in one unit of energy

As mentioned earlier, the above-specified metrics are sure to increase the performance of transmission approaches. And, these metrics are adopted in the time of system modelling . Further, we have improved our skills in all security-related strategies based on recent research requirements.

Last but not least, if you want to be familiar with more updates on the latest research topics in cryptography and network security , then communicate with our team. We will surely assist you in fulfilling your needs for a fine-tuning research career.

MILESTONE 1: Research Proposal

Finalize journal (indexing).

Before sit down to research proposal writing, we need to decide exact journals. For e.g. SCI, SCI-E, ISI, SCOPUS.

Research Subject Selection

As a doctoral student, subject selection is a big problem. Phdservices.org has the team of world class experts who experience in assisting all subjects. When you decide to work in networking, we assign our experts in your specific area for assistance.

Research Topic Selection

We helping you with right and perfect topic selection, which sound interesting to the other fellows of your committee. For e.g. if your interest in networking, the research topic is VANET / MANET / any other

Literature Survey Writing

To ensure the novelty of research, we find research gaps in 50+ latest benchmark papers (IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, MDPI, Hindawi, etc.)

Case Study Writing

After literature survey, we get the main issue/problem that your research topic will aim to resolve and elegant writing support to identify relevance of the issue.

Problem Statement

Based on the research gaps finding and importance of your research, we conclude the appropriate and specific problem statement.

Writing Research Proposal

Writing a good research proposal has need of lot of time. We only span a few to cover all major aspects (reference papers collection, deficiency finding, drawing system architecture, highlights novelty)

MILESTONE 2: System Development

Fix implementation plan.

We prepare a clear project implementation plan that narrates your proposal in step-by step and it contains Software and OS specification. We recommend you very suitable tools/software that fit for your concept.

Tools/Plan Approval

We get the approval for implementation tool, software, programing language and finally implementation plan to start development process.

Pseudocode Description

Our source code is original since we write the code after pseudocodes, algorithm writing and mathematical equation derivations.

Develop Proposal Idea

We implement our novel idea in step-by-step process that given in implementation plan. We can help scholars in implementation.

Comparison/Experiments

We perform the comparison between proposed and existing schemes in both quantitative and qualitative manner since it is most crucial part of any journal paper.

Graphs, Results, Analysis Table

We evaluate and analyze the project results by plotting graphs, numerical results computation, and broader discussion of quantitative results in table.

Project Deliverables

For every project order, we deliver the following: reference papers, source codes screenshots, project video, installation and running procedures.

MILESTONE 3: Paper Writing

Choosing right format.

We intend to write a paper in customized layout. If you are interesting in any specific journal, we ready to support you. Otherwise we prepare in IEEE transaction level.

Collecting Reliable Resources

Before paper writing, we collect reliable resources such as 50+ journal papers, magazines, news, encyclopedia (books), benchmark datasets, and online resources.

Writing Rough Draft

We create an outline of a paper at first and then writing under each heading and sub-headings. It consists of novel idea and resources

Proofreading & Formatting

We must proofread and formatting a paper to fix typesetting errors, and avoiding misspelled words, misplaced punctuation marks, and so on

Native English Writing

We check the communication of a paper by rewriting with native English writers who accomplish their English literature in University of Oxford.

Scrutinizing Paper Quality

We examine the paper quality by top-experts who can easily fix the issues in journal paper writing and also confirm the level of journal paper (SCI, Scopus or Normal).

Plagiarism Checking

We at phdservices.org is 100% guarantee for original journal paper writing. We never use previously published works.

MILESTONE 4: Paper Publication

Finding apt journal.

We play crucial role in this step since this is very important for scholar’s future. Our experts will help you in choosing high Impact Factor (SJR) journals for publishing.

Lay Paper to Submit

We organize your paper for journal submission, which covers the preparation of Authors Biography, Cover Letter, Highlights of Novelty, and Suggested Reviewers.

Paper Submission

We upload paper with submit all prerequisites that are required in journal. We completely remove frustration in paper publishing.

Paper Status Tracking

We track your paper status and answering the questions raise before review process and also we giving you frequent updates for your paper received from journal.

Revising Paper Precisely

When we receive decision for revising paper, we get ready to prepare the point-point response to address all reviewers query and resubmit it to catch final acceptance.

Get Accept & e-Proofing

We receive final mail for acceptance confirmation letter and editors send e-proofing and licensing to ensure the originality.

Publishing Paper

Paper published in online and we inform you with paper title, authors information, journal name volume, issue number, page number, and DOI link

MILESTONE 5: Thesis Writing

Identifying university format.

We pay special attention for your thesis writing and our 100+ thesis writers are proficient and clear in writing thesis for all university formats.

Gathering Adequate Resources

We collect primary and adequate resources for writing well-structured thesis using published research articles, 150+ reputed reference papers, writing plan, and so on.

Writing Thesis (Preliminary)

We write thesis in chapter-by-chapter without any empirical mistakes and we completely provide plagiarism-free thesis.

Skimming & Reading

Skimming involve reading the thesis and looking abstract, conclusions, sections, & sub-sections, paragraphs, sentences & words and writing thesis chorological order of papers.

Fixing Crosscutting Issues

This step is tricky when write thesis by amateurs. Proofreading and formatting is made by our world class thesis writers who avoid verbose, and brainstorming for significant writing.

Organize Thesis Chapters

We organize thesis chapters by completing the following: elaborate chapter, structuring chapters, flow of writing, citations correction, etc.

Writing Thesis (Final Version)

We attention to details of importance of thesis contribution, well-illustrated literature review, sharp and broad results and discussion and relevant applications study.

How PhDservices.org deal with significant issues ?

1. novel ideas.

Novelty is essential for a PhD degree. Our experts are bringing quality of being novel ideas in the particular research area. It can be only determined by after thorough literature search (state-of-the-art works published in IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, ACM, ScienceDirect, Inderscience, and so on). SCI and SCOPUS journals reviewers and editors will always demand “Novelty” for each publishing work. Our experts have in-depth knowledge in all major and sub-research fields to introduce New Methods and Ideas. MAKING NOVEL IDEAS IS THE ONLY WAY OF WINNING PHD.

2. Plagiarism-Free

To improve the quality and originality of works, we are strictly avoiding plagiarism since plagiarism is not allowed and acceptable for any type journals (SCI, SCI-E, or Scopus) in editorial and reviewer point of view. We have software named as “Anti-Plagiarism Software” that examines the similarity score for documents with good accuracy. We consist of various plagiarism tools like Viper, Turnitin, Students and scholars can get your work in Zero Tolerance to Plagiarism. DONT WORRY ABOUT PHD, WE WILL TAKE CARE OF EVERYTHING.

3. Confidential Info

We intended to keep your personal and technical information in secret and it is a basic worry for all scholars.

• Technical Info: We never share your technical details to any other scholar since we know the importance of time and resources that are giving us by scholars.
• Personal Info: We restricted to access scholars personal details by our experts. Our organization leading team will have your basic and necessary info for scholars.

CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY OF INFORMATION HELD IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE AT PHDSERVICES.ORG. WE HONEST FOR ALL CUSTOMERS.

4. Publication

Most of the PhD consultancy services will end their services in Paper Writing, but our PhDservices.org is different from others by giving guarantee for both paper writing and publication in reputed journals. With our 18+ year of experience in delivering PhD services, we meet all requirements of journals (reviewers, editors, and editor-in-chief) for rapid publications. From the beginning of paper writing, we lay our smart works. PUBLICATION IS A ROOT FOR PHD DEGREE. WE LIKE A FRUIT FOR GIVING SWEET FEELING FOR ALL SCHOLARS.

5. No Duplication

After completion of your work, it does not available in our library i.e. we erased after completion of your PhD work so we avoid of giving duplicate contents for scholars. This step makes our experts to bringing new ideas, applications, methodologies and algorithms. Our work is more standard, quality and universal. Everything we make it as a new for all scholars. INNOVATION IS THE ABILITY TO SEE THE ORIGINALITY. EXPLORATION IS OUR ENGINE THAT DRIVES INNOVATION SO LET’S ALL GO EXPLORING.

Client Reviews

I ordered a research proposal in the research area of Wireless Communications and it was as very good as I can catch it.

I had wishes to complete implementation using latest software/tools and I had no idea of where to order it. My friend suggested this place and it delivers what I expect.

It really good platform to get all PhD services and I have used it many times because of reasonable price, best customer services, and high quality.

My colleague recommended this service to me and I’m delighted their services. They guide me a lot and given worthy contents for my research paper.

I’m never disappointed at any kind of service. Till I’m work with professional writers and getting lot of opportunities.

- Christopher

Once I am entered this organization I was just felt relax because lots of my colleagues and family relations were suggested to use this service and I received best thesis writing.

I recommend phdservices.org. They have professional writers for all type of writing (proposal, paper, thesis, assignment) support at affordable price.

You guys did a great job saved more money and time. I will keep working with you and I recommend to others also.

These experts are fast, knowledgeable, and dedicated to work under a short deadline. I had get good conference paper in short span.

Guys! You are the great and real experts for paper writing since it exactly matches with my demand. I will approach again.

I am fully satisfied with thesis writing. Thank you for your faultless service and soon I come back again.

Trusted customer service that you offer for me. I don’t have any cons to say.

I was at the edge of my doctorate graduation since my thesis is totally unconnected chapters. You people did a magic and I get my complete thesis!!!

- Abdul Mohammed

Good family environment with collaboration, and lot of hardworking team who actually share their knowledge by offering PhD Services.

I enjoyed huge when working with PhD services. I was asked several questions about my system development and I had wondered of smooth, dedication and caring.

I had not provided any specific requirements for my proposal work, but you guys are very awesome because I’m received proper proposal. Thank you!

- Bhanuprasad

I was read my entire research proposal and I liked concept suits for my research issues. Thank you so much for your efforts.

- Ghulam Nabi

I am extremely happy with your project development support and source codes are easily understanding and executed.

Hi!!! You guys supported me a lot. Thank you and I am 100% satisfied with publication service.

- Abhimanyu

I had found this as a wonderful platform for scholars so I highly recommend this service to all. I ordered thesis proposal and they covered everything. Thank you so much!!!

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