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Business Etiquette in India: Essential Tips for Success

Understanding business etiquette in India is essential for anyone looking to establish successful business relationships in this diverse and vibrant country. Indian business culture is deeply rooted in its rich traditions and values, which can vary significantly across different regions and communities. 

This article will provide you with insights into the key aspects of business etiquette in India.

Understanding Indian Business Culture

Diversity and regional variations.

India is a land of contrasts, where ancient traditions coexist with modern industries. The country’s business culture is influenced by its diverse religions, languages, and customs.

With over 22 officially recognized languages and numerous dialects, communication can vary widely. Each state has its own unique customs and traditions, which can affect business practices. For example, the business culture in the southern states may be more conservative compared to the more liberal northern regions.

Hierarchy and Respect

Indian society places a strong emphasis on hierarchy and respect for authority. In business settings, decisions are often made by the most senior individuals, and it is important to address colleagues and clients with appropriate titles.

Hierarchical structures are prevalent, and it is common for junior employees to defer to their seniors. The respect for hierarchy extends to communication, where it is important to be polite and formal, especially with those in higher positions.

Importance of Personal Relationships

Building personal relationships is necessary in Indian business culture. Trust and mutual respect form the foundation of successful business partnerships. Indians prefer to do business with people they know and trust, so investing time in getting to know your business partners is essential.

It often involves engaging in social activities outside of the office, such as attending family events or sharing meals.

Greetings and Introductions

Handshakes and namaste.

When meeting someone for the first time in a business setting in India, a handshake is the standard greeting. However, some individuals may prefer the traditional “namaste,” which involves pressing your palms together with fingers pointing upwards and a slight bow.

The choice of greeting can depend on the region, the age of the person, and their personal preference. It is important to be sensitive to the preferences of your Indian counterparts and to follow their lead in terms of greetings.

Addressing Titles and Formalities

Always greet the most senior person first in a meeting, and use formal titles like Mr., Mrs., or Dr., unless instructed otherwise. It shows respect and acknowledges the hierarchical nature of Indian business culture.

In India, titles are often linked to one’s professional achievements or social standing, so using them correctly is important. When in doubt, it is better to err on the side of formality.

Using someone’s first name without permission can be seen as disrespectful, especially in more formal settings.

Exchanging Business Cards

When exchanging business cards, use your right hand or both hands. Take a moment to examine the card before putting it away, as this shows respect for the person.

Business cards are an important part of introductions, and it is customary to present them with the text facing the recipient. Ensure that your card is clean and presentable, as it reflects your professionalism.

Communication Styles

Language and indirect communication.

English is widely spoken in Indian business circles, but it’s important to be mindful of indirect communication styles. Indians may avoid saying “no” directly to prevent causing offense. Instead, they might use phrases like “we’ll see” or “it’s possible” when they mean “no.” It’s crucial to listen carefully and read between the lines. Rephrasing questions can help in getting clearer responses.

Active Listening and Non-Verbal Cues

Silence can be a sign of agreement or understanding, so allow for pauses in conversations and practice active listening. Pay attention to non-verbal cues such as facial expressions and body language, as they can convey important information. Indians may nod their heads in a way that can be confusing to foreigners, so it is important to clarify any uncertainties.

Body Language and Gestures

Be mindful of your body language. Avoid aggressive postures, and use open gestures to convey friendliness and openness. In India, personal space can be less than what you might be used to, so be prepared for closer physical proximity. Avoid pointing with your finger, as it can be considered rude; instead, use your whole hand to gesture.

Business Meetings and Negotiations

Punctuality and Time Management

Meetings in India can be quite different from those in Western countries. While Indian culture is generally relaxed about time, it is still important to arrive on time for meetings. However, be prepared for meetings to start late due to traffic or other delays. 

Importance of Small Talk

Engaging in small talk before getting down to business is common and helps build rapport. Topics like family and personal interests are good conversation starters. Indians value personal connections, and taking the time to engage in informal conversations can strengthen your business relationship.

Decision-Making Process

Decisions are often made by the highest-ranking person in the room, so be patient and allow time for discussions to unfold. Negotiations may take longer than expected, so be prepared for multiple rounds of discussions. It is important to remain flexible and open to compromise, as rigid positions may hinder progress.

Building Business Relationships

Investing time in relationships.

In India, business relationships are built on trust and mutual respect. Take the time to get to know your business partners. Attend social gatherings, dinners, and events to strengthen your relationship. Building a strong personal connection can lead to long-term business success.

Importance of Third-Party Introductions

Being introduced by a mutual acquaintance can help establish trust and credibility. Indians often rely on their network of contacts for business introductions, so leveraging your existing connections can be beneficial.

Cultural Sensitivity and Awareness

Show respect for local customs, festivals, and religious practices. Avoid scheduling meetings during major holidays, and be mindful of dietary restrictions when hosting meals. Demonstrating cultural sensitivity can enhance your reputation and foster goodwill.

Dress Code and Professional Appearance

Formal attire expectations.

Appearance matters in Indian business settings, and dressing appropriately can help you make a positive impression. Men should wear suits or formal shirts and trousers, while women should opt for modest, professional attire. In some industries, ties are not mandatory, but they are recommended in traditional sectors like banking or law.

Seasonal and Regional Considerations

India’s climate varies greatly, so dress accordingly. In colder regions like Delhi, pack a sweater or jacket for winter months. In warmer areas, lightweight fabrics are recommended. Being mindful of the local climate and dressing appropriately shows respect for the culture.

Dining Etiquette

Following the host’s lead.

Business meals are an important part of building relationships in India. Let your host guide you on where to sit and when to start eating. Use your right hand for eating, as the left hand is considered unclean. Observing these customs demonstrates your respect for Indian traditions.

Alcohol and Dietary Preferences

Many Indians do not drink alcohol for religious reasons, so follow your colleagues’ lead to determine whether it is appropriate to drink. Be aware of dietary restrictions, such as vegetarianism, and ensure that suitable options are available when hosting a meal.

Paying the Bill

The person who extends the invitation usually pays the bill, but it is polite to offer to contribute. If your offer is declined, graciously accept and express your gratitude. 

Gift Giving

Appropriate gifts and occasions.

Gift giving is not a common practice in initial business meetings, but it can be appropriate once a relationship has been established. When giving gifts, choose items that are not too expensive or too cheap. Avoid gifts made from leather, as cows are sacred in Hinduism. Thoughtful gifts that reflect the recipient’s interests are appreciated.

Presentation and Cultural Considerations

Present gifts with your right hand or both hands, and avoid using your left hand alone. It is customary to wrap gifts in bright colors, but avoid black and white, as they are associated with mourning. 

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Indian Business Ethics, Culture and Etiquette – Beginner’s Guide

Home > Blog > Indian Business Ethics, Culture and Etiquette – Beginner’s Guide

• June 7, 2020

India is a land of diversity and it flourishes because of the same. It is a multi-lingual, multicultural society with a marginal difference even between the north and the south of India. With multifarious languages, cultures, and religions it is very difficult to generalize the market. Business culture in India varies with the kind of business, the strata at which the business is being conducted, and even the culture of those conducting the business.

Learning the Indian business culture is critical to be able to successfully conduct business and this article will act as a beginner’s guide to Indian business ethics, culture and etiquette.

What is an ethical business culture?

History places an important role in the way the business culture is developed and it’s important to understand history before understanding the culture. Business culture and ethics is a term so abstract that it is difficult to explain it. It goes beyond the company handbook and the company’s goal. Business culture refers to the way a company function. It can involve how employees must dress for work, how they interact with seniors, how they interact with clients and sorts. Ethical business culture for a business would be to have an environment where doing the right thing is easy and doing the wrong thing leads to being reprimanded or even fired.

An ethical business environment also gives high importance to equal pay, equal rights, and fairness. While most businesses have straightforward guidelines on employee integrity, privacy, and sexual harassment, comparatively few have recognized policies regarding inducement, exploitive child labor, human rights violations, and other matters they may meet in the global market place.

Here are a few business ethics common among the Indian businesses.

Bribery and corruption

India is ranked 81 out of 176 countries in the Corruptions Perceptions Index (CPI) and it is, unfortunately, a common practice in most businesses. Rampant corruption has hindered the country’s progress. Corruption comes from the lack of transparent laws, less public involvement, and poor administration. Explicit anti-corruption policies are in place across all sectors. Stricter rules and harsher punishments are causing people to refrain from engaging in corruption but it still continues to hinder development. Beware of taking bribes, know the consequences of the act. Moreover, if someone offers you a bribe, make sure to directly contact the relative anti-corruption bureau office.

Removing double standards

In order for a business to be ethical, the employer should strive to eliminate double standards and cultivate trust among the team members. There should not be any policies that managers are allowed to ignore when subordinates are required to follow it or are reprimanded for not following it. Certain rules apply to all employees and this allows them to put the work before anything else, regardless of their roles in the industry.

Create a respectful environment

Every ethical business should have an environment that makes it possible for every employee to take pride in their work and identify with the industry as a whole. There should be no discrimination based on any kind and no employee should be made to feel inferior or threatened in any way. The authorities should ensure that all employees have the right resources and in addition to that, the organization should respect the rights and dignity of all employees.

The direct relation between performance and rewards

Every workplace should function in such a way that there is a direct relationship between the performance and rewards. The company should be transparent when it comes to outlining decisions regarding performance, pay, and promotion. The criterion for achieving reward and recognition should be clearly defined and this information should be made available to all. The employer should typically avoid rewarding those who violate the values of the company and refrain from applauding the same.

CSR and social obligations

Corporate Social Responsibility is an emerging concept that is incorporated into the foundation of most companies today. Every company is socially obligated to keep their social relations in check. It is a sort of ‘self – regulation’ for companies and they are required to involve in activities that are beneficial to society as a repayment. It includes employee working hours to be spent on social projects.  CSR focuses on the urgent needs of society and it is much more than just donations and charity. Companies are required to spend a significant part of the profit on CSR activities.

Community volunteering, company-funded activism campaigns, corporate philanthropy, donations to charity based on product sales, etc. are some ways in which companies perform CSR activities.

Encouraging workers to report illegal activities

Any workplace is ethically sound will always encourage its employees to report illicit and unethical activities such as discrimination, harassment, or corruption. A proper channel must be in place to ensure that employees can report these activities with the utmost ease and security. Moreover, employees should not be made to feel that they will be reprimanded by the employer if they decide to do the right thing. All employees must receive training on company policies and procedures with regard to workplace conduct.

What is business etiquette?​

Business etiquette is all about developing relationships with other individuals in the diverse field. It is not about rules & regulations but is about offering rudimentary social comfort and making an environment where others feel contented and secure, this is possible through better communication. It is a code that governs social behavior in the workplace. It is a set of manners that are required in any profession.

Here is a list of business etiquette popular among Indian businesspeople.

Remember names

Names are the first introductions that are made. Always say your full name the first time you meet someone. Pay attention to the other person when they introduce themselves. If you did not understand how to pronounce their name, just be sincere and ask. If it is a complicated name, they wouldn’t mind explaining it to you. That is better than butchering their name in the future. It is a task to remember names when you are in business but it very important that you do. One trick is to associate a characteristic to them which will help you remember their name.

Greetings and pleasantries

In any scenario, it is advised to know the person you are meeting in order to greet them right. Etiquette invites a handshake, although many Indians use the traditional Namaste to not only greet but also show respect to the other person. It also works out well in the current situation of social distancing. Make sure to address the senior-most member in the room first and show humility while doing so. Exchange of greeting cards is very important and make sure to take it with your right hand and keep it away respectfully so as to show the other party that they are valuable to you. Assess the relationship you have with the person and accordingly, you can indulge in a small talk which can include questions about their family and such. If you are meeting a party who has a family business, a good way of earning their trust is to ask about the family of the other business partners as well. That only goes to show that you are interested and involved.

In any professional place, it is advisable to use formal titles. Address them by their occupational titles and it will be appreciated. You can use a simple Mr. or Mrs. While addressing someone senior and don’t forget to add sir and madam too. You should take your time to develop relationships and learn during the process as well.

Dressing and clothes

Business dress code is the simplest kind of fashion that exists. It mostly consists of smart, comfortable clothing. A smart plain suit is considered the best. Some corporates have their own uniform to stand out. Ties are optional unless your work calls for it. Don’t wear any funky pieces just to be the life of your office as that may come off as unprofessional or even immature. Women can choose from trousers or a knee-length skirt and blouse or a saree too. Avoid wear revealing clothes to the workplace.

Check the footwear you pick. Avoid noisy, squeaky shoes as that is just disturbing in the office. Heavy, costly jewelry can be avoided so that you don’t come across as a show-off. Keep in mind the climate of your area and dress accordingly to avoid shivering or sweating profusely. Pack a sweater or a pashmina to keep you warm and avoid casual jackets and sweatshirts. It is only obvious that you wear neat, clean clothes without stains or wrinkles. Don’t wear shorts or slippers to your office. Always dress to impress, it only works in your favor!

Business language and communication

English is one of India’s official languages and is widely used across offices in the country. When you are trying to have a successful business meeting with a client listen carefully to the words they use. Indians avoid saying ‘no’ as it can come off as offensive and instead use words such as “we’ll see”, “I will try’ or “I’ll get back to you on that”. Avoid compelling them to be direct with you as it may close doors too early and it can be counter-productive. Find more efficient ways of getting the answer you want. Instead of asking them to give you a meeting, ask them when the meeting is. Steer clear of ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answers as the opposite side may be put into a fix to answer you immediately.

Punctuality

Punctuality is often what shows your interest in the business. There is a common notion that Indians typically arrive late to everything but you shouldn’t follow that norm. It is only expected of you to arrive for meetings on time or even a little early. Be prepared for meetings to start on time but also for them to finish late. It is just disrespectful to arrive late to a business meeting as you also made them wait for your presence. Wasting company time is to be avoided at all costs if you want to be in the good books. Calculate your travel time according to the traffic in your area and the place you have to go to. The best go-to reason for being late is traffic but it is most frequently frowned upon.

Gifting etiquette

It is not common to bring gifts to first business meetings. However, once the relationship is built and there is some degree of trust and comfort, gifts may be exchanged to show good faith. Reciprocity is of the utmost importance when gifts are received. Some companies advise their employees to not accept any forms of gifts to avoid legal troubles, and so it is essential to ensure that gifts are not too expensive so as to be considered as bribes. Don’t give something so inexpensive either as that is just insulting.

If you are invited to a social gathering it is only courtesy to take a gift for the host, it can be a bouquet or regular gifts like perfumes, sweets, or even small jewelry items. Make sure to hand it over with both hands.

Role of hierarchy

Indian businesses are often very hierarchically structured. Negotiations are conducted by the juniors but the decisions are generally made at the highest levels. Therefore, unless the company director, owner, or a very senior manager is available at a conference, a result is not likely to happen at that phase. Roles are well distinct and responsibilities such as manual labor will only be carried out by a precise individual. Offices vary with the structure they follow in terms of hierarchy and you should be aware of that before doing business with a particular company. Understand the direction in which information flows and change your tactic accordingly.

If you choose to do business with a foreign company, understand their culture as it may not be similar to the one followed in India. A junior in an Indian company may not be able to communicate with a senior as compared to a junior in the UK who will do the same thing without any discomfort.

Business lunch and dinners

Most business deals don’t end with the deal being finalized; it sometimes involves a meal. When you do go for a business lunch, avoid ordering lots of dishes. Let the seniors order. Make sure to have your table manners in check. Don’t dip into the main dish and always serve yourself after the seniors/opposite party is done serving themselves. Use one hand to eat your food and keep your napkin on your lap all through the meal. Don’t talk with your mouth full and avoid stuffing your face with food. Keep your elbows off the table. Make sure to thank them for the meal and throw in a few comments about how great the food is.

On the other hand, if you are hosting a lunch, make sure to over order. People are bound to get colleagues and you need to ensure that there is ample food for everyone. Have a lot of variety in the dishes you order and make the other party feel celebrated. Include equal quantities of vegetarian and non- vegetarian meals or just vegetarian meals based on the other party’s preferences.

Check and double-check

Make sure to proofread every document before sending it over to someone you are doing business with. Check for typos and grammatical errors as you don’t want to seem stupid to the other party. Always be polite in every mail, text, or any form of communication. Avoid text message language and emoticons. Stick to the point in a mail and keep it brief. Don’t say anything you wouldn’t say in person and whatever the form of communication may be, keep it professional.

It is necessary to start your job at a new workplace with all the right information. You should be aware of your rights as an employee and know your duties that come with it. Heading on a new journey can be quite daunting but don’t be afraid to ask questions, it doesn’t make you look bad. It’s better to be a person who asks a lot of questions and do the work right than be a stupid fool who messes up the work because he/she was afraid to ask. You will learn through the process and every mistake is a lesson in itself. Sometimes when you make a mistake it only helps you ensure that you avoid it in the future. Be aware of your surroundings and don’t be afraid to do the right thing or stand up for the right thing.

If this article was informative and you want to learn more, please look around our website to find lots of blogs and interesting business things! We offer tips and information across all fields that will surely help you to get started on anything you wish!

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Namaste! (Hello!) and Welcome to our Guide to Indian Culture, Business Practices and Etiquette

Our guide to india shines a light on the culture, customs, language, society, manners, etiquette and values - all helping you to understand the people, what will you learn in this guide.

You will gain an understanding of a number of key areas including:

• Religion and beliefs
• Culture & society
• Social etiquette and customs
• Business culture and etiquette

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If you want to learn about Indian culture at a greater depth, then click here to take a sample of our India cultural training e-Learning Course .

Skip to a section of scroll on to start:

• Facts and Statistics
• Language in India
• Indian Culture & Society
• Social Customs & Etiquette
• Business Culture & Practice
• Buy an In-depth Expert Report
• Blogs on Indian Culture

STEREOTYPING

Remember this is only a very basic level introduction to Indian culture and the people; it can not account for the diversity within Indian society and is not meant in any way to stereotype all Indian people you may meet!

FACTS AND STATISTICS

• Location:   Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
• Capital : New Delhi
• National anthem: Jana Gana Mana (written in Bengali)
• Nationality: Indian
• Ethnic Make-up: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000 Census)
• Population: 1.4 billion (2020 Est.)
• Population growth rate: 1.13%
• Climate: variable; tropical monsoon in south and temperate in north
• Time Zone: UTC + 5.30
• Currency : Indian Rupee
• Government: Federal Republic
• Internet penetration:  45% (2020 Est.)
• Business Culture: Ranked 49th in The Business Culture Complexity Index™

Navarathri Golu Dolls - Religion and spirituality are central to life in India. Photo by Vinoth Chandar on Flickr (CC BY 2.0)

LANGUAGE IN INDIA

As India is one of the world’s oldest cultures it has been subjected to a plethora of language influences.

The primary ones are; Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%. English is used primarily in business, and for economic and political purposes.

Language is regional and dialects play a role in the variety of languages spoken throughout India, with some sources suggesting that there are possibly 1,652 different languages or dialects. These come from four main linguistic families and are centred on different regions.

Local guides and translators may be beneficial if you are conducting meetings in a variety of locations throughout the country as the difference in language is ubiquitous.

INDIAN CULTURE & SOCIETY

Religion & beliefs.

• Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)
• India has the second largest Muslim population in the world
• Religious practises are an integral part of daily life
• From the Hindu culture arose three other major religions: Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism .
• Hinduism has long established roots in India dating from 2000-1500 B.C.E
• In Hinduism there is no single founder, specific theological system, or central religious structure
• Vedas and Upanishads are the holy books of Hinduism
• Hinduism teaches meditation, yoga and ascetic practices to cultivate self-discipline and unity
• The cow is considered a sacred animal

Major Celebrations/Secular Celebrations

• 26th January (Republic Day)
• 15th August (Independence Day)
• 2nd October (Gandhi Jayanti; Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday)
• Diwali – October/November
• Holi – March, to celebrate Spring
• Family values are highly respected throughout India and are fundamental in daily life
• The structure of the family is patriarchal; a woman must obey her father, her husband, her son.
• Arranged marriages are commonplace
• The urban middle-class population of India have begun to move away from arranged marriages
• Families often live with three or four generations in the same household
• Traditionally sons inherit and daughters receive a dowry
• Child care is provided by the female family members

Social Stratification

• India has one of the world’s oldest caste systems
• The caste structure divides people into four main groups: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras
• Brahmins, the teachers and intellectuals - Brahma's head. Kshatriyas, the warriors and rulers – Brahma’s arms. Vaishyas, the traders - Brahma’s thighs, and finally, Shudras, the menial workers - Brahma's feet
• There can be as many as thirty castes within one village
• Intermarrying between castes was forbidden but in urban areas is now more common
• Your caste is set by birth

Hierarchy is important in Indian culture, from the family up to the company boardroom. Photo by Claudette Bleijenberg on Unsplash

Gender Roles

• Mothers, grandmothers and older siblings care for infants
• Patriarchal families are the norm
• Women are considered to hold secondary positions within the home and workplace
• 82.14% of males and 65.46% of females are literate (2011 census)
• Women often receive little schooling
• Divorce and inheritance laws are male-dominated

Socialisation

• Until the child is two,  the mother or grandmother is the primary caregiver
• Once the child is two, older sisters are the primary caregivers
• Sons are generally given better opportunities and receive a superior education
• Gender-specific roles are encouraged within the family unit and in wider society
• The Indian economy is one of the fastest growing in the world
• Indian labour force is estimated at 509.3 million
• 60% are employed in agriculture or related industries
• India has established Special Economic Zones to encourage and support business
• India's long-term growth is considered moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates
• GDP 7.6% (2016 Est.)
• Food in India is often served on a ‘thali’ – a tray or plate that can hold several dishes
• ‘Curry’ is a European term to describe the spicy dishes found in India
• In some parts of India meals are eaten with rice (chawal), in others, flat breads (roti) are preferred
• Food is infused with spices such as cumin, turmeric, black pepper, cardamom, cloves and coriander  
• Most Hindus avoid eating beef

Arts, Humanities & Popular Culture

• The Indian culture has absorbed and amalgamated many different customs and ideas throughout its long history which has led to a rich tradition and folk culture
• The most popular musical instrument in India is the sitar, an instrument similar to a guitar
• India is well regarded for its rugs, craft, metalwork, bronzes, stone carving, pottery, woodwork, and jewellery.
• Traditional sports include camel racing and cock fighting
• Folk dances are regional and often celebrated during festivals
• ‘Bollywood’ is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based film industry
• Bollywood has the largest output in the world in terms of number of films produced and, possibly, number of tickets sold.

Thali is the staple of Indian food - bread with various curries and chutneys. Photo by Gayatri Malhotra on Unsplash

INDIAN SOCIAL CUSTOMS & PROTOCOL

Naming conventions.

• Due to India’s diverse cultural groups there is variance between regions on naming conventions
• If in doubt, ask! This is likely to cause least offence
• It is generally safe to address an elder as ‘sir’ or ‘Ma’am’
• Indians generally have a ‘given’ name – a name they use at work or for people they are not overly familiar with
• Many people in India also have a ‘pet’ name – a nickname for family and close friends
• Often you will find that an older female is refers to as ‘auntie’, even if unrelated
• Younger males are often called ‘little brother’
• Family names, or surnames often denote the caste or area that an individual originates from –these can have a suffix that denotes the type of their ancestor’s trade
• Indians may also use a different religious name
• Many Muslims do not have surnames. Instead, men add the father's name to their own name with the connector 'bin'. For example, Abdullah bin Ahmed is Abdullah the son of Ahmad
• Sikhs all use the name Singh. It is either adopted as a surname or as a connector name to the surname

Meeting & Greeting

• In India it’s traditional to greet people using ‘Namaste’ – place both hands together and bow slightly. In urban areas this is often overlooked
• Men will often also shake hands when meeting or leaving
• Men should not attempt to shake hands with women
• Some Indian women might shake hands with a western woman
• Indian culture is based on a hierarchical system so elders and superior are greeted first
• Religion, caste and social standing all effect greetings

Namaste. Photo by jaikishan patel on Unsplash

Communication style

• Avoid standing too close to others
• Communication may not be straightforward – you may have to read between the lines and interpret gestures/signs
• Differing relationships will determine how people interact with each other – watch what others do
• Indian men may often pat each other on the back as a sign of friendship
• Some gestures can be easily misinterpreted – a western hand wave from side to side can mean ‘no’ or ‘go-away’ in India
• If an Indian says ‘I will try’ this can usually be interpreted as ‘no’
• On the whole, Indian people dislike to refuse something, or someone, outright
• Use your right hand to touch, accept or give something
• Do not beckon with your hand or snap your fingers – instead, with your arm extended,  curl your fingers downward in a claw motion
• Pointing, with either one or two fingers, is considered rude and used for inferiors only
• Chins, thumbs and entire hands are used to point or direct someone’s attention
• When a head is jerked back, or moved in a figure of eight, this usually  means ‘yes’

If you're really interested in learning about the Indian communication style, why not learn more by watching Indian TV shows?

Check out this blog on the 3 Best Netflix Shows to Learn About Indian Culture

Personal Space

• Refrain from standing within an arm’s length of others
• Do not touch others on their head
• Public displays of affection are not encouraged
• Feet are considered unclean (this also applies to the left hand) so avoid touching another’s foot (apologise immediately if this is accidental)

Gift Giving

• Gifts are not usually given at the first meeting
• Once the relationship has developed gifts may be exchanged
• Personal gifts are appreciated-  especially if from your own country
• Give and receive gifts with both hands – never just the left as it is considered unclean
• Generally, gifts are not opened in the company of the benefactor
• Avoid giving black or white gifts; black denotes anger, evil and negativity, while white is reserved for funerals and mourning
• Instead choose red, blue or green for a gift or wrappings
• Avoid gifts that are made from leather or pig skin

Dining & Food

• Many strict Muslims, and Hindu women, do not drink alcohol
• You may be invited to wash your hands before eating
• Food is often eaten with the right hand
• Guests are generally served in a hierarchical order; guest of honour, men and then children (Women may eat later)
• Meals often end with a variety of sweets (paan), betel nut served with lime and wrapped in a betel leaf
• A host will always serve their guests. Accept whatever you are offered but don’t feel obliged to finish everything on your plate
• If food is placed in communal dishes for you to help yourself, always use a spoon
• Breads can be used to scoop up food
• Reciprocate your invitation to dine with one of a comparable value
• In a restaurant the host will generally pay the bill

Cows are sacred to Hindus. As a result you should avoid leather gifts or giving food containing beef or derivatives. Photo by Monthaye on Unsplash

Visiting a home

• Always accept an invitation to dine, unless you have a plausible reason for not attending
• Give the hosts and their children ‘thank you’ gifts, although this is not always expected
• It is acceptable to arrive up to thirty minutes later than the stated time
• Flower garlands may be placed around your neck – this can be removed after a few minutes but should be retained in your hand for a time
• Shoes are rarely worn inside an Indian home – watch your host and other guests if unsure, and make certain your socks are clean!
• Ask permission from your host to smoke. Smoking in the presence of elders is considered rude
• Apologise if your feet or shoes touch another person
• Do not touch another person with your feet or shoes
• Do not show anger
• Do not use public displays of affection
• Winking and whistling should be avoided
• Ears are considered sacred – do not box or pull on another’s ears
• Read more about taboos in India here .

INDIAN BUSINESS CULTURE, PRACTICES & ETIQUETTE

If you work with Indians and want expert, customized guidance on how to navigate the business culture, then click here to learn about our India cultural awareness webinars .

India is a rapidly growing marketplace that is tipped to be one of the largest economies in the world in the near future. Ensure your business etiquette, and knowledge of their culture, is accurate to maximise your potential and avoid unnecessary awkwardness.

Business in India can be viewed as a reflection of society; hierarchical structures pervade business and culture, with the result being that strong individuals are leaders in business and their control is unquestioned by those lower on the chain of command.

To be successful when dealing with Indian business people, or conducting business in the country itself, it is worth considering this structure and ensuring that you are dealing with the decision makers so as to avoid prolonging the conclusion.

Relationships are the basis of all business dealings in India, be prepared to invest time and effort into building a solid foundation from which your commerce will grow.

What to wear

• Conservative dress is most suitable for both men and women
• Dark suits for men - in hotter regions it can be acceptable to dress less formally
• For women, conservative dresses or business suits, but avoid showing too much leg if wearing skirts or dresses
• Casual wear is not recommended for a first meeting
• Address people by their professional title (Dr, professor etc.) or, Mr or Mrs, followed by their surname
• Wait until invited to address someone by their first name, or preferred name
• If in doubt, use the suffix Mr or Mrs, especially when addressing elders. Sir or Madam is also appropriate
• Remember, status is dependent upon education, caste, age and profession  - address people accordingly if possible

Business cards

• Business cards may be given after the initial handshakes and greetings
• Give and receive cards with your right hand
• Higher educational degrees are a symbol of status – remember to put this on your business card
• Give cards face up so that they can be easily read
• As business is often conducted in English it is unnecessary to translate one side of your card

Business meetings in India focus both on tasks as well as relationships. Photo by Smartworks Coworking on Unsplash

• Plan and organise meetings well in advance of your trip, if travelling long distances, as they may often be postponed. Check again before travelling
• Be punctual – this shows respect and integrity
• Business meetings often begin with small talk
• This may continue for an extended time as Indians prefer doing business when they are familiar with someone
• Ask your hosts personal questions; family, marriage, education and sport are good starting points. Avoid politics, religion and the caste system
• If unsure on any matter, defer to the senior person in the room as they will generally control the final decision
• Follow up meetings with an overview of discussions and decisions

Negotiating

• Saying ‘no’ is too direct and confrontational for many Indians.
• Instead they will often say ‘maybe’ or ‘I’m not sure’. If this occurs change tack or rephrase question if possible
• Avoid any hard sell or appearing too demanding – Indians prefer harmony and respect
• Having said that, they can also bargain and will often barter for what they want
• Do not be tempted to show impatience or anger. Remain calm throughout the negotiating process
• Your interactions with your own countrymen will be monitored – try not to disagree publicly
• Final decisions will be made by the most senior person present and may take time – be patient
• Read more about the Indian negotiation style
• The caste system is still very much in evidence in the Indian business world
• Remain aware of superiors and treat them accordingly
• Indian society is built upon close familial relationships which can cross over into the business world. Be aware of ties that run through the business you are dealing with
• A paternalistic approach is often taken by managers in India due to hierarchical structures
• Managers will make decisions but they are also responsible for those below them within the business’ structure
• For more information please visit Being a Manager in India

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The 42-page document has been authored by one of our India country specialists and provides readers with much more detail that our free guide above. Topics include:

• An introduction to the country, its history, politics, people and culture
• Insights into the country’s values, customs and etiquette
• Tips on preparing to work with new colleagues from India
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Further Reading on Indian Culture

Below are some of our blogs which look at India:

• Understanding the Culture is Key to Successful Business in India
• Why India is Becoming a Top Expat Destination
• Is Anglo-Indian culture fading into oblivion?
• Inside Indian Culture: Tips on Doing Business in India
• Cultural differences when working with Indians
• What Can Google Search Teach Us About Indian Culture?
• How Can I Make a Good Impression in India?
• Why do Indians Nod their Heads When Speaking?
• The Essential Guide to Indian Business Etiquette

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Indian business culture and business etiquette

Indians are strongly guided by their respective religions and their shared values. Respect for elders and hierarchy are core values that permeate all aspects of Indian society. Indians also place huge importance on family and community. And as in many Asian cultures, the concept of saving face – avoiding blame or any type of shameful situation – can influence decision-making processes and affect your business dealings in India.

India is a relatively conservative society, and it is important for visitors to be respectful of societal norms and traditional values, which continue to underpin many customs and business practices. Younger Indians are less particular about decorum than older generations, but will still adhere to many traditions and conventions, especially when around superiors or elders.

Positions of power and authority are highly valued and revered. At the same time, Indians are proud of being citizens of the largest democracy in the world and consider their rights under this system paramount.

Key principles of democracy, such as the right to speak freely, can become exaggerated in a business context. It is not uncommon for middle managers to seek time with the CEO to air grievances – whereas in Australia, by contrast, it might only be appropriate to share grievances with a direct superior or a human resources representative

• Greetings and titles

Building good business relationships and trust are important in India, so you should expect to spend plenty of time at meetings, dinners and social clubs with potential business partners. In a first meeting, let the Indian host guide the initial stages of the conversation. Follow his or her lead as to when the small talk should end and the business discussion should begin. As in some other Asian cultures, Indians like to develop a personal connection first. So expect to be asked – and prepare to ask your own questions – about family. Try to find a connection with your Indian counterpart and make a note to remember it. For example, if he or she has a child or grandchild, remember the child’s name and ask about his or her well-being each time you see your contact. Download a copy of the India Country Starter Pack to access detailed information including:

• Body language
• Business cards
• Corporate culture

Want to learn more? Explore our other India information categories or download the India Country Starter Pack .

10 Key Rules to Indian Business Etiquette

Table of Contents

1. Punctuality

Being on time for business meetings is a crucial part of Indian business etiquette. While doing business dealings, it is considered rude and disrespectful to be late; expect your Indian counterparts to be on time or even a little early to arrange meetings.

If you are running late, it is considered polite to let your partners know as soon as possible. If you are severely delayed, it is best to offer to postpone the meeting and provide an alternate time.

Interestingly, outside of business relationships, punctuality becomes much less critical in Indian society. In social situations, it is common to arrive up to an hour after the stated start time !

2. Business Attire

Indian business dress code varies dramatically across the country, making it difficult to make generalised statements. However, there are a few basic rules to follow that should put you in good stead wherever you find yourself.

Smart, professional, formal business attire will always be acceptable . For men, a well-kept suit and tie is a good place to start; for local women, Sari is common, while for expats and visitors, anything formal and covering (i.e. pant suits) will be accepted.

It is common for traditional businesses to have a uniform, though visiting business people would not be expected to wear it. Equally, modern start-ups and small businesses have adopted a more modern, relaxed look (shirts, trousers, but no ties).

It’s always best to overdress rather than under-dress while meeting your partner for the first time. Once you have formed a personal relationship, it is entirely acceptable to ask for a dress code or mimic the style of your business partners.

In social situations, dress as you usually would but erring on the side of conservatism (especially for women). Western styles (jeans, t-shirts, dresses) are equally as standard as traditional attire, especially in big cities like Mumbai and Delhi.

3. Etiquette for business meetings

It is common to shake hands with your business partners at the start of business meetings. Always start by greeting the most senior person in the room , and continue down that hierarchy. If it is your first meeting, make eye contact and introduce yourself using your full name and title.

Some Indians prefer to give the namaste (a greeting that consists of pressing your hands together with the fingertips pointing upwards and a slight bow). If you are unsure, allow your Indian counterparts to lead the exchange and follow their example.

Indians place importance on the use of proper formal titles. Using the title and surname (e.g. Doctor Singh) is always better to ensure you cause no offence.

At the start of meetings, small talk is common and expected . Like people in Saudi Arabia’s business culture , Indians don’t shy away from asking personal questions about family, kids, religion, etc., at the beginning or end of the meeting. So be prepared to tackle them.

4. Business cards

The exchange of business cards is still an important part of Indian business culture . Make sure you exchange cards with your right hand and respectfully store any cards provided to you (i.e. safely in your wallet).

5. Decision-making & authority hierarchy

Indian businesses are often very hierarchical in nature, with strict, well-defined roles for every member of the organisation. This means that final decisions have to be made by the highest-ranking member of a team. A decision will have to wait if they are not present at a meeting.

Managers are not expected to undertake tasks that could be done by a lower-ranking colleague. So if you ask a manager to do this kind of job, you may cause offence.

6. Negotiation style

Negotiations with businesses in India tend to happen more slowly than English or American visitors are used to. This is mainly due to the hierarchical company structures, which means multiple meetings may be required to reach a final decision.

Trying to rush negotiations will likely backfire or cause offence . Keep repeating your essential talking points with patience and consistency to demonstrate trustworthiness and good character.

7. Gifting Protocol

Reciprocation is the best policy in regard to gift-giving in India . Be sure to take care of the cost of a gift if they are given; a too-expensive gift might be considered bribery, while a too-cheap gift might be taken as disrespect.

Unfortunately, India suffers from a higher level of corruption than some other economic powers. It ranks 85 on the Corruptions Perceptions Index , with a score of 40/100. However, Gift-giving is not customary in Indian business culture, especially at first meetings. Once a personal relationship is formed, gifts may be exchanged, though this is not a requirement.

8. Language and communication

India has two official languages: English and Hindi . Both are spoken widely. For foreign visitors, it is likely English will be reverted to for ease.

Hindus are not as direct as in some countries. You will unlikely receive a direct no , as that could cause offence. You are more likely to receive euphemisms such as we’ll see or I’ll get back to you . A crucial part of communication is picking up on these signals.

9. Work culture

Indians tend to work a 48-hour working week from Monday to Friday . They have 3 national holidays and 22 major religious public holidays.

Relationships are an integral part of work ethic. Guests are treated with incredible respect and courtesy, and businesses tend to be built on a shared set of values. Indian work culture is humble, understated, and hard-working.

India ranked 135 out of 146 countries on the Global Gender Gap report . Foreign women visiting from more equal societies should be prepared for significant cultural differences.

10. Business dining & social gathering etiquette

When eating a meal in India, you must first wash and dry your hands. Dishes are served communally and shared among the table, with the host taking responsibility for ensuring everybody has enough to eat.

Indians do not traditionally use cutlery. Instead, they eat with their hands. It is vital you only eat with your right hand. The left hand is considered unclean – this is only used for passing things around the table.

Try to eat at a medium pace; rushing or dawdling could cause offence. You must leave nothing on your plate when you are done. Be sure to compliment the host and chef when you have finished eating.

Jack Fairey

Jack is a writer based in west London, England. He is a keen traveler, and has a particular interest in the fascinating differences in etiquette across the world. When not writing, he can be found dreaming up his next trip to far off places.

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Business meeting etiquette

Indian business meeting etiquette.

A meeting is the key element for any business venture as they keep people up to date in the best way. Business meetings differ in their motive and content, but it is an essential feature of Indian business meeting etiquette.  Time management is correlated with the meeting. It is important to plan a long time ahead when arranging meetings with senior managers and executives. To manage time effectively, senior executives often have a personal assistant who will plan and schedule meetings at a convenient time.

In the first business meeting, Indians will try to be polite and courteous, and they will listen to every single thing. They may even ask some questions to be sure that they understand what you are saying. If you are unsure about any of the things related to meeting, it is advisable to contact your Indian counterpart via call or email. You will get proper response related to your queries.

Importance of Indian business meeting etiquette

For business meetings in India, it is wise to make meeting arrangements with your counterpart at least few days in advance depending on how busy they are. Make sure to check the particulars of any meetings and if unclear, get the detail by call or email from your Indian counterpart. Indian culture provides a great degree of flexibility and tolerance when dealing with the guests. So if things do not go as per the plan, you do not need to worry. You can explain the situation to your Indian counterpart and they will understand your situation. Moreover, they will provide some extra support too. This is a matter of keeping all the affected parties informed and you can cancel or reschedule your appointments.

The best suitable time for meeting in India is about 11 am. Majority of business meetings takes place in a conference room. However this depends on the parties involved. It is less likely that a first meeting would take place over a meal because of unfamiliarity between the counterparts. Indian associates may take some more time and visits to understand the situation, so a first meeting is usually for introduction and agenda analysis in a normal meeting setting. Typically, Indians choose not to rush when it comes to making important decisions. Business meetings hold high importance and are taken very seriously. Indian managers prepare precise agendas, which are usually monitored strictly. Meetings always aim for influential conclusions and results instead of providing an opportunity for digression or general discussion.

Business meeting Planning

One of the best ways to set up a meeting is to contact the personal assistant of senior executive and ask them for convenient meeting time. After arranging the meeting, it is advisable to check all the required meeting documents and items are available. You will need to think about the following details when planning your business trips to India.

• If you will be travelling to India from abroad it is advisable to make appointments by email or by letter, at least one month and preferably two months in advance.
• The best time to schedule meetings is late morning around 11 am or early afternoon.
• Reconfirm your meeting the week before and call again that morning since it is common in India for meetings to be cancelled at the last minute.
• Keep your schedule flexible so that it can be adjusted for the last minute rescheduling of meetings.
• You should arrive at meetings on time since Indians are impressed with punctuality.
• To plan effective meeting in India, you must first plan what will be discussed. What is the objective of the meeting? What are you seeking to accomplish?
• Don’t waste people’s time by inviting them to a meeting that they do not need to attend. If a colleague or supervisor needs to be informed of what was discussed at a meeting, you don’t need to invite them to the actual meeting.
• Prepare a meeting agenda that includes the list of items that participants hope to accomplish at a meeting. The agenda should be distributed to participants several days in advance of a meeting, minimally 24 hours in advance so that participants have the opportunity to prepare for the meeting.
• When you first send out notification of the meeting, be clear about its purpose and your expectations.
• An agenda alone will not run your meeting effectively. Stick to the agenda and keep discussions from wandering off on tangents.
• Plan to use technology to keep attendees engaged. In today’s digital world, most people are used to seeing graphics or videos to support the words they hear.
• Finally summarize all covered issues and ask for comments and suggestions about possible topics for the next meeting.
• Within a day after the meeting, send out a brief summary of what was discussed.

Implementing the aforementioned steps for Indian business meetings can drive your organization towards more positive, collaborative and productive meetings.

Negotiation process

In India the primary approach for negotiating is that every employ should attend the meeting. While the buyer plays an important role, both sides in the business deal makes sure that the deal reaches an appropriate agreement. Indians usually expect long term commitments and they often focus on the long term.

They may occasionally follow a win loss approach in which case it helps them to focus on mutual benefits. At any stage of negotiation you may determine through showing friendliness, respect and attitude to compromise. Indian people would rather spend some more time in collecting information and discussing various details before the bargaining stage of the negotiation process starts.

To gain trust, people communicate quite openly and transparently. Try to build trust with proper introductions, demonstrating respect and modesty, and conveying appreciation to your host. It may take some time to cultivate personal relationships but it is important to establish a reputation for integrity.

Indian people have a tendency to follow multiple actions and goals at the same time. While negotiating, Indian people work with a balanced mind and choose random orders rather than sequential orders, for instance they may require a lot of information even at the first meeting. Make sure you do not show irritations or anger in any case when unexpectedly faced with a meeting. Most of the Indian people love bargaining, so the bargaining stage of a negotiation can be huge. The price difference between initial offers and final agreement can typically be 40 percent.

In India most of the companies follow a system in which people are arranged according to their importance and expect to work with established lines of authority. An effective way to verify understanding and commitments is to capture and share meeting summaries.

Meeting protocol

To get a better idea of how to maintain a positive and professional image while in a meeting, make sure you come on time. Do not forget to give your introduction in a meeting room if members do not know about you. You should have a strong agenda as a part of being prepared, so that you can stay on track throughout the meeting. People speak loudly enough in a meeting so that everyone could hear what they are saying, do not take it as an offence or embarrassment. This is also important for Indian business meeting etiquette.

In the meeting, people tend to be polite and discuss every aspects of business. Sometimes meetings go beyond the dedicated time span, so be prepared for extra time. In the initial stages, people keep emotional and physical expressions at minimum level. In addition, you can drink a coffee or water in the meeting but you need permission for anything else.

How to run a business meeting

While organizations use business meetings to make decisions and solve complicated problems, sometimes it can be an ineffective use of time if business meetings do not run properly. The major disadvantage of business meeting is when people come to meeting without any preparations, they don’t pay attention. Moreover, they don’t even follow up on actions. If a business meeting does not give appropriate and desired results, it can be a waste of time.

To make sure that the meeting time is used effectively, both the organizer and participants of business meetings need to be actively participated. If you want to run an effective business meeting, prepare a meeting agenda, encapsulating exactly what will be covered. It is advantageous to have a backup of all the necessary data, facts and reports on an extra pen drive. Indians abhor exaggeration in the meeting room so make sure you have a valid detail for every arguments and debates. If you are not well prepared about the meeting agendas, remain silent or tell the truth that you are not well prepared for the meeting. At the end of the meeting, some Indians shake their hands to give their approval.

Follow up the letter after meeting with client

The power of a follow up email or letter reminds your client of their recent business meeting with you. It sets the tone of your communication with the client in the future. By sending the letter to the client, it ensures that you and your client are on the same page after the meeting. In addition, the follow up letter provides a recap of planned activities.

Indians starts post-meeting actions after the meeting to remind their counterparts about the views and progress of the deal. It is very common to get large written communications to confirm discussions.

Quick and rapid follow up action will strengthen the ties and diminishes the memory errors. Be sure that all the meeting members recognize their role and carry out their actions to the best of their ability. Ongoing and uncompleted business agenda can be set for the next meeting. A follow up phone call or letter therefore will be cherished by your Indian counterpart.

Business meals and Indian business meeting etiquette

A business meal is an important part of the professional world in India. Dinner with a client is more convenient especially in the tense atmosphere of the corporate office. Always accept the invitation for the lunch or dinner with your Indian counterpart. It will present a wonderful opportunity to connect and to know more about your colleagues.

India is very popular for its variety of delicious and mouthwatering food. Make sure you try as much as you can, as Indian food has lots of variety and options and it demands lots of time to try all the dishes. Outdoor eating is quite popular in India, and service charge is generally included with the bill. Give at least 5% of total bill tip to the server for the meal rather than leaving it on the table.

Alcohol is not at all common for the business meal and your Indian counterpart may have your negative impression if you order alcohol during business meal. Tea is very common for the business meeting.

Business meeting tips

The following are some useful tips to remember when travelling to or working in India:

• Be pertinacious: though India is a crowded and competitive country, you have to be insistent. As Nelson said, “Indians know that if you want something, you have to work hard”.
• Make small talk: show an interest in other things that aren’t related to business so make an annotation about things you saw on the way to the meetings or about the interior of the meeting room.
• Wait to warm up: Indians takes some time to get to know each other before physical contact.
• Yes doesn’t necessarily mean ‘yes’: If an Indian person agrees to meet, but says they are very busy, it may mean it will cancel at the last moment. Indians will cancel a meeting on later date rather than say no from the start.

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Business Etiquette in India

• February 11, 2013

Business Etiquette in India: Knowing how to conduct yourself within the framework of a specific culture can be crucial to the success of your business in any foreign country.   This is why it is important to study the country’s culture and background before doing business on the ground, and one of the keys to conducting yourself successfully among the local people is by practicing and refining business etiquette in India. India is a diverse and tolerant country and its international interactions go back several thousand years. Unlike Japan or China, it was never insular.

India stays warm or hot for most of the year. Business suits for men may be appropriate in some industries in large cities, but a business casual look works in most situations. Adult men almost never wear shorts unless they are exercising.  Foreign women should refrain from wearing short skirts, revealing tops or exposed upper arms, despite what you might see in Bollywood movies.  You will find a diversity of colors  and patterns in male and female attire in India.

Manners Belief in certain religious ideas often dictates how Indians conduct themselves both personally and professionally.  For example, it is considered insulting to call someone over by gesturing with the palm up and a finger wagging.  Standing upright with hands on the hips is also considered to be an angry or aggressive posture and should be avoided if possible.

Whistling or  winking is thought of as insulting especially to women.  It may be misconstrued as a form of sexual provocation.  Pointing feet is impolite as well, as Indians believe that feet are unclean, so that if your feet or shoes accidentally touch a person, it is necessary to apologize.

Gift-giving is also a common practice among Indians, although not a requirement as it might be in Japan.  However, wrapped gifts should not opened in front of the giver.  It is customary in India to set aside wrapped gifts and open them when the giver has already left.

Long hand shakes, shoulder pats and such among men don’t imply anything more than a friendly gesture. Physical contact between men and women in a work situations is limited, no Italian cheek pecks, or bear hugs (unless you know their preference for such).  At Amritt we recommend that our foreign clients (male or female) shake hands unhesitatingly in any professional urban business interaction. However a “namastey” greeting with folded hands is always acceptable as a substitute.

The vast majority of India’s homegrown companies are owned (or “promoted”) and run by families. At these family owned companies the senior family member is often treated with a reverent attitude. Junior employees may refrain from using the boss’s name (calling them Chairperson or Madam or some other honorific); if they are suddenly sick, don’t be surprised if all your meetings get cancelled even though they were not scheduled to meet you.  Exceptions to “feudal” approach are Larsen & Toubro (an Indian company despite its Danish founder), most of the Tata group, Infosys and and all state owned entities ( Hindustan Aeronautics, Bharat Elecronics, BHEL etc).

Communication In a country as big as India, there are bound to be a profusion of different languages and dialects, but the good thing about doing business in India is that here, English is used as their primary means of communication when doing business.  However many words used in Indian English may sound different or strange. Consult our Indian-English Dictionary for guidance.

The word “no” for example, can be a very harsh word for the local people.  As such, refusing an invitation directly is often avoided.  Indians prefer to be evasive in replying negatively, often preferring to say “I’ll try” rather than being outright in declining.

“Thank you” is another curiosity when used in India.  In general, Indians find it mildly offensive when their guests thank them at the end of a meal.

Finally, it is important to note that titles are important in India so that it when communicating with business partners, it is a must to address them using the correct titles.  Junior employees may address their bosses as “Sir” or suffix sir their name (” Paul sir came to the office early to prepare for the meeting”).  Be conservatice in using first names of people whom you have just met. Don’t hesitate to address someone as Dr. Singh or Professor Rai  or Colonel Bose until you know what they prefer.

Politics and religion are not taboo topics in Indian small talk. Cricket and Bollywood are always safe subjects if you can read about either in advance.

Keeping these simple tips in mind can make a big difference when conducting business in India, so before hitting the ground, get to know the people and their way of life, and this little investment on knowledge will do you a world of good in this fascinating and culturally rich country.

We hope that our Doing Business in India Guide will help answer some of the routine questions we get asked. Please Contact Us  if you need more in-depth assistance when looking to do business with India. We’ll be glad to help.

About Amritt

Small or big, your business will love our financial help and business consultations! We are happy when our clients are too… Actually, this is quite simple to achieve – because each time we help them in sorting out different accounting intricacies or save the day before filing the taxes, they are happy indeed! And so are we.   

We have over Twenty years of experience helping our clients succeed in India

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While many of the genres and conventions of business writing in English are found everywhere, some are unique to particular contexts, and may prove challenging to those attempting to do business in those contexts. Being able to create appropriate formal and informal written business documents in these contexts not only contributes to a more efficient business enterprise, but also enables the writer to be seen as knowledgeable and culturally sensitive.

This handout is designed to provide basic information on writing effectively in English for business audiences in India. While the information in the handout is designed from the perspective of familiarity with the norms of North American business writing , it will also be helpful as a guide for anyone, including students from India, who are unfamiliar with Indian business writing. The information included below is meant to serve as a quick and ready reference sheet on Indian business writing. Information borrowed directly from other writers are marked with one or more asterisks (*) and are listed at the end of the page.

The topics discussed in this handout are:

Letters and Memos

• Style considerations
• English and non-English writing in India

The purposes of business letters and memos in India parallel the purposes they serve in North American businesses: introducing a candidate for employment, requesting information, making complaints, disseminating information to an office, proposing projects, and so on.

• Identify the subject of the letter at the top of the page (ex: Subject: Sales Presentation). If a letter is generated within an organization, it is likely that you will be required to enter a reference number (ex: D.O.NO.F.7-5/2007-Desk (MDM)) above the subject. This number identifies the letter's place in the organization's history of letters, as well as other information. North American business letters place the subject between the salutation and the body of the letter, and use of reference numbers is far less common.
• Dates are indented toward the right side of the page, in day-month-year format without commas (ex: 16.5.07 or 16 May 2007), rather than in the month-day-year North American format (May 16, 2007).
• Continue writing as you would in a North American letter, with a salutation, an introductory paragraph, body paragraph(s), and a closing paragraph.
• The complimentary close, name of sender, and title may be aligned with the left margin, or indented toward the right side of the page.
• As with a North American letter, type "Encl." on the lower left side to indicate any enclosures (resumes, pamphlets, catalogs, et cetera), and "CC" for anyone receiving an additional copy of the letter, followed by their names.

Reference Number Subject

Day.Month.Year

Full Name of Addressee

Dear ______________:

Introductory paragraph.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. . . .

Closing paragraph.

Complimentary close,

Encl.: Items

• Memorandum numbers, comparable to the letter reference numbers noted above (ex: Memorandum No. 60320/FR/23-4) are included near the top of the page, underneath organizational letterhead or typed name of organization/section, and before date, addressee, and subject information. Memorandum numbers may be centered or aligned with the left margin. Contrast this format with North American memos, which follow the addressee with the individual writer/addressor and subject lines and optional placement of date.
• The subject line may begin with "Subject" or "Re," as in North American memos, but some individuals and organizations simply type the subject, without any marker.
• Typed individual writer/addressor name and title may be left aligned or indented toward the right side of the page, at the end of the memo. In North American memos, the individual writer/addressor name is included at the top, with addressee, date, and subject information.
• Supplementary information (tables, charts, et cetera) may be included after the writer/addressor name.

ORGANIZATION NAME

DEPARTMENT NAME

Memorandum number

Supplementary information.

As is the case in nearly every country, Indian businesses use A4 paper (210 x 297 mm/8.27 x 11.7 inches), rather than the 8 ½ × 11 inch (215.9 × 279.44 mm) letter and 11 × 17 inch (279.4 × 431.8 mm) legal sizes that are standard in the United States and Canada. Format your documents accordingly, by changing the paper size used by Microsoft Word (click File, then Page Setup; click the Paper tab, choose the paper size from the pull down menu, then click OK). You can also format PDF files, by clicking File, then Page Setup, and choosing A4 from the Size pull down menu before clicking OK—but this is not something you will be forced to do, since Adobe Reader and Adobe Acrobat both re-size pages to automatically fit the user’s paper size. Web pages and other electronic documents that are not meant for print follow universal display standards, and do not need to be formatted differently.

Style Considerations

For the most part, the norms of North American business writing are valued in Indian business writing: in addition to being clear and well-structured, you should stick to main points, use active voice and passive voice strategically, and proofread for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation. There are also certain issues to be mindful of that are not immediately apparent to those who are accustomed only to North American audiences:

• Due to a shift in Indian English audience expectations, audiences tend to prefer phrasing that is simpler and more direct in most—but not all—cases. In addition, you should avoid jargon whenever possible.
• A recent review* cited examples of this kind of problematic English:

Which in simplified and more modernized English might read:

• Always use titles in your writing, even in relatively informal text such as e-mails. Professional titles such as "Doctor" and "Professor" are preferable, but if they are not applicable or available, use "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Ms.," or "Miss."
• Rather than directly refusing requests, use indirect refusals more often than would be found in North American business contexts.. Likewise, individual criticisms should be done carefully, in a face-saving manner. For example, a more direct form, one that would be acceptable in North America:

This sentence can be rendered in a way that says "no," while at the same time conveying respect for an idea*:

English vs. non-English writing in India

Despite the fact that the number of people in India identifying themselves as speakers of English is substantially outnumbered by the total number of native speakers of Hindi and Bengali***, English is overwhelmingly the preferred language of business, and of other fields. It will therefore be uncommon to find a business enterprise using non-English documents. English written within Indian contexts does not always resemble North American English, however, as it is often influenced by the native languages of India, and by Victorian era norms that continue to motivate a desire for “impressive” (i.e., verbose and lengthy) vocabulary and syntax. Be prepared to encounter such writing in the texts that you read—although reform campaigns have been emphasizing the value of more concise, “plain” English that more closely resembles contemporary writing from outside India.

Notes and References

* Juman, David. “May We Request Your Kind Attention!” 19 May 2007

** Iulianap. “Indian etiquette and business practice.” Alibaba.com. 25 September 2006. 16 May 2007

*** “Languages of India.” Ethnologue. 2007. 16 May 2007