research topics related to exercise science

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The Top 10 Most Interesting Exercise Science Research Topics

The field of exercise science is rapidly growing as new technologies like computer visualization and biotracking deepen our understanding of human physiology. New technologies allow us to better prevent injuries, allowing athletes to push their limits beyond what we thought possible. Thanks to this, there is no shortage of exercise science research topics to write about.

In this article, we’ll show you 10 great examples of exercise science research topics. If you are pursuing a degree in this field, you’ll learn better ways of finding good exercise science research paper topics and how to develop stronger exercise science research questions for your projects.

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What makes a strong exercise science research topic.

Strong exercise science research topics are timely and relevant. Leading researchers and sports institutions should still be discussing them at the time you are writing your research paper. The Strength and Conditioning Journal is a great place to find some of the latest activity research topics including articles on different health benefits, health issues, preventive interventions, and rehabilitation after injury.

Your topic should be broad enough to find enough strong sources, but narrow enough to stand out. Controversial topics are acceptable if you have enough evidence to back up your research. If it’s your first paper, consider approaching a less complex topic. You can also ask your teacher for suggestions if you are struggling to find strong university-level topics. Remember to follow the guidelines for choosing a topic set by your institution.

Tips for Choosing an Exercise Science Research Topic

Choose a topic that intrigues you. A personally interesting topic will motivate you during the research process. If you have a personal connection to what you are researching, you will have a much easier time writing about it.
Narrow your topic. By picking a specific subject, you will have an easier time finding credible sources to support your research. By reducing the number of books and articles to read and only choosing literature that is immediately relevant to your topic idea, you also won’t have to spend as much effort before starting to write.
Talk to your teacher or academic advisor. Your teachers are great resources you have at your disposal. They have experience choosing topics for college students and will most likely be able to help you pick a topic you’ll find engaging to research.
Look through journals to find exciting topics. Review topics published in the journals like the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. These research journals publish the latest fitness research papers and can help you find a topic that interests you.
Consider the research interests of your teacher. It’ll be convenient if your research topic matches their expertise, as they’ll be able to provide you with better feedback during your research process.

What’s the Difference Between a Research Topic and a Research Question?

A research topic is a specific area of study. Sprains in adult athletes or rehabilitation for brain injuries, for example, are research topics. A research question is a way to add new knowledge to that area of study. Examples of research questions would be “What is the role of nutrition in the recovery of sprains in athletes?” or “What is the effect of cardio exercises on adults with brain injuries?”

The goal of your research should be focused around answering the research question. Your answer will help you and others to understand the topic better. Research questions tend to be more specific than the research topics in exercise science.

How to Create Strong Exercise Science Research Questions

To create strong exercise science research questions, you should first become familiar with the topic the question concerns. The answer to your research question should be supported by previous studies done on the topic. Reading previously published studies will help you learn more while preventing you from doing any redundant research.

The scientific method helps exercise scientists better understand their field. Your question should start with how, why, when, or what questions. The scope of your question must be manageable in relation to how long you have to answer it.

Questions that require in-depth experiments may be beyond your reach if you only have a week. Before choosing the question that will lead your research, consider the time it will take you to answer it.

2. Determining the Minimal Amount of Physical Exercise Required to Maintain Strength and Stamina

Long periods of physical inactivity harm physical fitness. Scientists want to know how much physical exercise can prevent the loss of muscle strength. The British Journal of Sports Medicine published an article that took an in-depth look into the negative effects of sedentary behavior . There are plenty of physiology research topics about improving daily life with an active lifestyle.

3. Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Mass on Olympic Weightlifting Athletes

Exercise scientists have realized the impact of nutrition on endurance, body composition, and recovery. This has led to theories being tested of controversial ideas in nutrition and measuring their effects on muscle strength.

For example, a study by the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research shows that ketogenic diets reduce mass without compromising performance . If you are interested in becoming a nutritionist , researching the role of nutrition in relation to physical activity could be beneficial for your future career.

4. The Effect of Exercise on the Gut Microbiome

The role of exercise on the gut microbiome is an exciting topic in exercise science. In 2019, researchers found some proof that regular exercise increased gut bacteria and contributed to the health of the gut microbiome, as mentioned in a study that was published in Exercises and Sport Science Reviews.

The gut microbiome produces a wide range of biomolecules, including neurotransmitters, that regulate mood and anxiety. Researchers believe that healthy gut bacteria can improve our mental fitness and health. Their research also leads them to believe that gut bacteria can improve the body’s ability to fight inflammatory illnesses and certain types of cancer.

5. Wearable Technology for Health Monitoring and Sport Performance

Smartwatches pack sensors that can track your movement patterns, heart rate, and oxygen levels. In recent years, these bio trackers have become increasingly affordable and easy to use. Researchers at the School of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan have used these sensors to track elderly patients and alert their caregivers in real-time.

In sports, kinesiologists use this technology to measure aerobic speed and the onset of fatigue. With a degree in kinesiology , you can work with elite athletes and improve their athletic performance using these technologies.

6. Optimizing Human Movement Potential for Elite Athletes

Exercise scientists study the biomechanics of human movement to improve the body’s longevity. Understanding the human body allows researchers to develop primary injury prevention methods.

Personal trainers help athletes achieve extraordinary performance without the risk of musculoskeletal injury. If you want to become a certified personal trainer , physiology research paper topics in relation to this topic may be of interest to you.

7. Equity in Sports

Exercise scientists are also concerned with the social aspects of sports. Many athletes live under adverse conditions and need to make extra efforts to match the achievements of others. Equity in sports is currently a very important exercise science topic. Researchers find solutions to increase access to professional sports by improving policies to prevent racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination.

If you want to become a sports agent or an athletic director, look for physiology research topics in relation to equity in sports. Becoming a sports manager takes a certain level of education in the professional fitness industry, such as a graduate degree in sports management .

8. Effect of Bike Commuting on Insulin Sensitivity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Adipose Tissue

Exercise scientists look for solutions to public health problems like diabetes and obesity. A study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine found that commuting by bike has a significant impact on insulin sensitivity , improving cardiovascular fitness, and reducing belly fat.

With cardiometabolic health such as cardiovascular disease, being an urgent topic in the United States, considering the prevalence of obesity, there is plenty of research on the subject, making it a great initial topic.

9. Reducing Lower Back Pain by Increasing Physical Activity

With athletes having a high sports injury risk, and many injuries causing severe back pain, pain management has become an important topic in exercise science. Exercise scientists research ways to reduce pain using principles in kinesiology and found that increasing physical activity can reduce lower back pain , according to a study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.

10. Applications of Kinesiology in the Treatment of Movement Dysfunctions

Exercise scientists have been studying the relationship between movement and neuroplasticity for a long time. Physical activity during rehabilitation for stroke patients or patients with brain injuries has proven to reduce movement dysfunctions. Understanding the effects of exercise on neural networks is an important research topic in the field of rehabilitation.

Exercise Science Research Questions

What are the benefits of physical activity for cognitive health?
What is the impact of VR training on human body composition testing?
What are the advantages of wearing an elevation training mask during physical exercise?
What are the physiological causes of mental fatigue on endurance performance?
How does physical exercise improves mental health and academic performance in university students?

Choosing the Right Exercise Science Research Topic

When choosing the right exercise science research topic, consider researching topics that you are already familiar with, as your existing knowledge may help you with your research. You could also ask your academic advisor, other staff in the department of exercise science, or even physical therapy professionals about current trends in exercise science and injury recovery.

Physical fitness and training performance are common themes in exercise science research. Recent articles published by the British Journal of Sports Medicine or the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research are a great place to start. Make sure you choose a manageable research topic. Your teacher can help you make sure your research topic is relevant before you begin.

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Exercise Science Research Topics FAQ

Exercise science is important because it tries to find solutions to problems concerning the optimal performance of athletes and the general health of the human population. Exercise science also helps develop new rehabilitation methods for injury recovery and pain management.

Yes, kinesiology is a STEM discipline that studies exercise and movement. Breakthroughs in kinesiology come from scientific research and the use of the scientific method. It is a wing of the department of exercise science of many universities.

The average salary of an exercise physiologist is $50,280 per year, which is above the national average, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. About half of all exercise physiologists are self-employed, while others work in hospitals, spas, and physical therapy offices.

With a Bachelor’s Degree in Exercise Science, you can get a job as a physical therapist or a fitness instructor. With a graduate degree in exercise science, you can become a sports agent or an athletic director.

About us: Career Karma is a platform designed to help job seekers find, research, and connect with job training programs to advance their careers. Learn about the CK publication .

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180 Exercise Physiology Research Topics For Students

We know, you are reading this page because you are looking for the best and most interesting exercise physiology research topics one could possibly find on the Internet. After all, the grade you get on your next research paper depends a whole lot on the quality of the topic you manage to find. If you didn’t know, professors pay attention to what you are talking about.

If you manage to impress them right from the start by choosing an exceptional topic, they will usually give you some bonus points. It can really make the difference between a B and an A or even and A+. This is why we are proud to say that, on this page, you will find 180 unique, 100% original topics related to exercise psychology and kinesiology.

Getting The Best Exercise Physiology Research Topics

Many students don’t really pay attention to the topic they choose for their research papers. Unfortunately, they think that their writing skills alone are enough to convince their professor to give them an A+. As you might have guessed it already, this is not true. You can write an amazing paper on a boring topic (a topic that has been used by 3 other students in your class already) and still not get the coveted A+. So, here is why you should give our topics a try:

All of these topic ideas have been created by our professional academic writers. These people have been writing research papers for years, so they know what professors are looking for. Our exercise physiology research paper topics are not only very interesting to write about, they are also relatively easy. You can find plenty of information online about most of them. These topic ideas are 100 percent free. We want to help students get the top grades they need, which means we would never charge you for some great ideas. We are striving to update the list as frequently as possible. Why? Because we want to be able to help as many students as possible with unique topics for their exercise physiology research papers.

We know, you want to take a look at our exercise physiology research topics. Well, without further ado, here they are – organized neatly into relevant categories:

Kinesiology Research Topics

Are you looking for the absolute best kinesiology research topics on the Internet? Take a look at the list below and pick the topic you love right now:

What is kinesiology and what does it do?
The effects of physical activity on human cells
The benefits of adapted physical activity for athletes
Using physical activity to fight disease
Arterial stiffness related to physical inactivity
The effects of physical activity on neurons

Exercise Science Research Proposal Ideas

Do you need to write a research proposal about exercise science? Of course, we have a great list of exercise science research proposal ideas right here for you:

Treatment of athletes’ knee joint injuries
Health benefits of a whole-grain diet
Healthy nutrition for athletes
Physical exercises that alleviate autism symptoms
Physical exercise for increasing bone density
The effects of caffeine on physical exercise
The dangers of sprains
In-depth analysis of insulin levels in bodybuilders
Outdoor physical activity for treating depression
Preventing muscle fiber destruction during physical exercise
The link between aggressiveness and physical exercise
Exercise therapy as a treatment for osteoporosis
Negative effects of intense bodybuilding training

Easy Exercise Science Research Topics

But what if you don’t want to spend too much time working on your exercise science paper? Then you simply pick one of the following easy exercise science research topics:

The best exercises for abs
The best exercises to get rid of belly fat
The importance of warming up
Exercises that work the biceps
Excellent exercises for legs
The latest breakthroughs in exercise science
The workout routing for novice bodybuilders
The best exercises for triceps
Exercises that work the shoulders
Targeting the chest during a workout
Exercises for arms that you can do at home
Exercises that target the glutes
3 methods to get a flat stomach in no time
Latest research in exercise science

Exercise Physiology Topics Of Interest In 2023

If you want to talk about the latest advancements and research in exercise physiology, you need to take a look at our list of exercise physiology topics of interest in 2023:

The role of exercise physiology in combating obesity
The link between aerobic exercise and belly fat
Compare aerobic and anaerobic physical exercises
Using exercise physiology for heart rehabilitation
Can exercise physiology find a cure for diabetes?
Analyze the body’s ability to adapt to difficult physical activity

Kinesiology Topics Your Professor Will Love

In case you want a topic that you are guaranteed to be appreciated by your professor, you should definitely pick one of the kinesiology topics your professor will love:

Is kinesiology a good career?
What I find most interesting about kinesiology
Using kinesiology to find underlying causes of health problems
Applications of kinesiology in modern medicine
Kinesiology applications used by top athletes today
Discuss the 3 major principles of kinesiology

Fitness Research Paper Topics

Why wouldn’t you talk about fitness? There is nothing wrong about it because it is a part of physical exercise research. In fact, here are a few great fitness research paper topics:

Effects of Zumba on the human body
Discuss cross fit training
The benefits of stretching before a workout
Analyze the benefits of circuit training
Is bike riding an effective exercise?
Pilates: effects on the body
Benefits of taking spinning classes
Discuss the way HIIT workouts work
Talk about plyometric exercises
Best routines for strength training
Running and its health benefits
Is yoga a form of physical exercise?

University Level Topics

Be aware that university level topics are not as easy to write about. If you want to try writing such a paper, check out the university level topics below:

Psychological principles in kinesiology
Discuss applied kinesiology in 2023
The biomechanics of the human wrist
Kinesiology applications in developing prosthetics
Developing a diet and workout plan for a bodybuilder from scratch

Controversial Exercise Physiology Topics

There is nothing that could prevent you from writing about a controversial idea. Your professor will love these controversial exercise physiology topics:

Depression and suicide rates in young athletes in the United States
Anxiety and stress caused by extreme physical exercise
Sleep disorders caused by physical exercise
Who can afford expert exercise physiology advice?
The most controversial exercise physiology papers ever published

Topics That Received High Grades

In our experience, some topics received better grades than others. Here are the topics that received high grades. Give them a try:

The best fitness trackers in 2023
The beginner’s guide to meal planning
The correct ratio of fat, carbs and protein
Healthy diets in United States schools
A detailed explanation of muscle contraction
Making muscle fibers grown
Effects of physical activity on the nervous system
Conditions that can be cured with physical exercise
Discuss the process of healing fractures
Effects of physical fitness training dangerous on stroke patients
Changes in physical performance of the elderly over the last 50 years in the UK
Discuss the pros and cons of the Paleo diet
Calculating the amount of protein for bodybuilder meals
Movement patterns that lead to injuries
The link between physical exercise and a correct posture

Physical Exercise And Health Topics

Want to talk about how physical exercise affects the human health? No problem! Take a look at some of the best physical exercise and health topics for 2023 and possibly even 2024:

The link between physical activity and academic performance
Physical exercise can boost the immune system
Study the physical activity of college students
The role of physical exercise in a healthy diet
Effects of HIIT exercises on health
Cardiovascular health and physical exercise
Can physical activity prevent diabetes?

Exercise Science Topics For High School

Are you a high school student? Do you need to write an exercise science academic paper? Then you should definitely take a look at these exercise science topics for high school:

Positive effects of sports video games
Is running good or bad for our health?
Ways to deal with stress as an athlete
Things that can affect sports performance
Effects of barefoot running
Negative effects of prolonged high-intensity interval training exercises
Compare and contrast 3 different popular diets
Preventing sports-related injuries in high schools
Why are some people more flexible?
Discuss the term “neuroplasticity”
Talk about the psychological effects of physical exercise
How do bones develop?
The role of the skeleton in maintaining balance
Can physical exercise make us better people?

Difficult Kinesiology Topics For High School

But what if you want to write about a more difficult topic? We’ve got you covered. Check out our list of difficult kinesiology topics for high school:

Discuss the 3 main principles of kinesiology
The neuroplasticity principle in kinesiology
The role of kinesiology in biomechanics
The adaptation through exercise principle
Training elite athletes using the principles of kinesiology
And in-depth look at the motor redundancy principle
Kinesiology research for developing orthopedics
Applications of kinesiology in sport psychology
Latest research breakthroughs in kinesiology
Is kinesiology a regulated health profession?
Using kinesiology to rehabilitate workplace injuries
Kinesiology in long-term care applications
Benefits of kinesiology for athletes

Health And Fitness Research Topics

Interested about health and fitness? No list would be complete without some exceptional health and fitness research topics, we know. Pick any of these right now:

The 10 best exercises to try at home
Best cardio exercise for home
Improve your fitness and your health
Documenting one-s fitness journey
Pros and cons of sports supplements
The effects of vitamins on your workout
A healthy fitness goal
Benefits of fitness trackers
Discuss the 3 main health benefits of fitness
The best health-focused training plan
Workouts that help people with depression
Negative effects of HIIT on health
3 reasons to avoid physical exercise
Doing workouts and preventing injury
The importance of the shoes you wear during workouts

Physical Activity Research Topics

If you want to write about physical activity, then you should definitely choose one of our relatively simple physical activity research topics:

Effects of brisk walking on the human body
The main benefits of jogging
The biomechanics behind weight lifting exercises
Effects of alcohol on physical activity
Physical activity can prevent colds and the flu
Discuss the link between physical inactivity and noncommunicable diseases
Difference between walking uphill and downhill

Interesting Topics In Exercise Physiology

Our experienced writers and editors managed to compile a list of the most interesting topics in exercise physiology just for you:

The tech behind body composition testing
Talk about elevation training
Interesting hearth rate variability research
What is the maximal aerobic speed?
Talk about the concept of neuroplasticity
Effects physical exercise on cardiovascular health
Effects of nutrition on your workouts

Physical Exercise And Mental Health Topics

Yes, physical exercise really does affect mental health. Here are some very nice physical exercise and mental health ideas that you can write about right now:

How does physical exercise affect your mental health?
Exercises that reduce depression
Why is daily exercise so important?
Physical signs that you are dealing with stress
Exercises that reduce anxiety
Exercises that improve your mood
Physical exercises for autistic children

Physiology Research Topics For College Students

College students who want to write a research paper about physiology should choose one of these unique physiology research topics for college students:

Talk about motor teaching in kinesiology
Pick a muscle and analyze its anatomy
Analyze the biomechanics of the hip
Discuss motor learning in kinesiology
An in-depth look a muscle synergies
Analyze the biomechanics of the intervertebral joints
Gait pattern changes during the human life

Sport Science Research Topics

Interested in some nice sport science research topics that should make writing your academic paper easier? Here is a list of the best ones, just for you:

Best ways to monitor the onset of fatigue
Discuss the role of wearables in sport science
What does sport science do?
An in-depth look at hydration testing
Monitoring the growth of muscles after exercise
Discuss the process of bio-banding
Differences between technical, chronological and biological age

Interesting Topics About Kinesiology

Finally, we have a list of the most interesting topics about kinesiology we could think of. Again, all these ideas are original, so don’t hesitate to snatch one right now:

Athletes that became famous with help from kinesiology
Muscle activation during simple movements
Talk about exercises that increase endurance
Maintaining correct posture during workouts
The biomechanics of running
Discuss about the composition of human bones
An in-depth look at muscular contractions
Best exercises for strength
Best 3 ways to make your muscles grow
The role of the skeleton
Talk about the different types of muscles
Discuss the join structure of humans
Exercises that increase flexibility
The biomechanics of lifting exercises

Get Top-Notch Research Paper Writing Service

If you want to get a top grade on your next exercise physiology research paper, you should seriously consider getting our help. We are the best and most affordable top-notch research paper writing service on the Internet. The truth is that we have been writing academic essays for students of all ages for over 10 years.

Getting writing help is now easier than ever. High school, college and university students can simply get in touch with us and tell us what they need. We will immediately assign one of our professional, ENL writers to their academic paper. All our expert writers have PhD degrees in various fields, including exercise physiology/kinesiology. WE are your best option for getting a top quality custom essay fast and cheap online. Get in touch with our 24/7 customer support and let’s get started on your next awesome research paper!

221+ Interesting Kinesiology Research Topics (Updated 2024)

Kinesiology, the study of human movement, sparks a world of fascinating kinesiology research topics that touch every aspect of our lives. Imagine exploring fifteen different areas where movement science thrives. Dive into Biomechanics, then there’s Exercise Physiology, delving into how our bodies respond and adapt to physical activity – from endurance training to the effects of exercise on health.

Move over to Motor Control, where researchers unravel how our brains orchestrate movement, influencing skills like playing instruments or even everyday tasks like typing. Or explore the depth of Sports Psychology, understanding the mind’s role in athletic performance, from motivation to mental toughness.

From Rehabilitation Kinesiology to Cardiopulmonary Kinesiology, investigating the heart and lungs’ function each category branches into fifteen unique research topics. Picture a wealth of discoveries waiting in each field, inviting everyone to explore the wonders of human movement in simple, captivating ways.

Unlock your academic potential with our tailored . From essays to assignments, our expert guidance ensures top grades. Elevate your learning journey and conquer every challenge with confidence!

10 Step Guide For Selecting The Most Suitable Kinesiology Research Topics

Table of Contents

Going on a research journey in Kinesiology begins with the crucial step of choosing the right topic. With its diverse disciplines having human movement, exercise science, and health, selecting a compelling research topic is major Here are ten strategic steps to guide your search for a meaningful and impactful research topic in the field of Kinesiology and they are:

research topics related to exercise science

Identify Your Interests

Start by exploring your own interests within Kinesiology. What aspects of human movement, exercise science, or physical activity intrigue you the most? Consider areas like biomechanics, exercise physiology, sports psychology, rehabilitation, or specific populations like pediatric or geriatric Kinesiology.

Review Current Literature

Run a proper review of existing research in Kinesiology. Look for gaps, unanswered questions, or emerging trends in the field. Pay attention to recent publications and ongoing debates that could spark new research ideas.

Consult Experts or Mentors

Engage with professors, experts, or mentors in Kinesiology. Discuss your interests and potential research areas with them. Their insights and experience can help refine your ideas and suggest valuable directions for exploration.

Consider Practical Applications

Evaluate the practical applications of potential research topics. How might your research contribute to improving sports performance, enhancing rehabilitation methods, preventing injuries, or promoting health and wellness?

Narrow Down and Define

Once you’ve gathered ideas, narrow down your options to a few specific research topics. Define these topics clearly, ensuring they are focused and researchable within a reasonable scope.

Assess Feasibility

Consider the feasibility of each research topic. Evaluate factors such as access to resources, equipment, participants (if human subjects are involved), time constraints, and ethical considerations.

Brainstorm Methodologies

Outline the methodologies you might employ for each potential research topic. Consider whether quantitative analysis, qualitative studies, experiments, surveys, or a combination would best suit your research objectives.

Seek Feedback

Share your shortlisted research topics with peers or academic advisors for feedback. Their perspectives can help refine your ideas and identify any overlooked aspects.

Final Selection

Based on the feedback received and your own evaluation, select the research topic that aligns best with your interests, feasibility, available resources, and potential impact in the field of Kinesiology.

Refine and Develop Proposal

Once you’ve chosen a research topic, refine it further into a clear research proposal. Define your research questions, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes in detail.

These steps can guide you through the process of selecting a research topic in Kinesiology, making sure that you select a topic that aligns with your interests and has the potential for meaningful contributions to the field.

Kinesiology Research Topics: 2024

Let us start this interesting journey and we will be guided by 15 categories and more than 221 kinesiology research topics. Here they are:

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Research In the Exercise Sciences; Where We Are and Where Do We Go From Here: Part II?

This decadal perspective summarizes novel, insightful observations achieved in exercise science. The topics span genomics and gene function, epigenetics, cell signaling, epidemiological phenomena and other important areas. A future strategy is presented along two parallel, integrated paths involving: 1) a continuance of genomic discovery and gene function; 2) classical biochemical/ physiological approaches toward solving biological- and health/disease-related phenomena.

Introduction

In 2000, a perspective was provided concerning of the evolution of the “exercise sciences” in the 21 st century ( 4 ). The article covered a wide range of topics such as: 1) emerging technologies and research initiatives; 2) new fields of research; 3) future funding trends and research priorities; 4) future challenges in exercise research-the building of a solid foundation; and 5) where the exercise sciences fit in health care.

Well, here we are 10 years later, and the current authors have been charged with the assignment of taking the pulse concerning the scope of progress that has been made in the exercise field in the last ten years along with projecting what impact such accomplishments bode for the future. Although the goal of this perspective will be essentially the same as before, we will take a slightly different tactic in formulating such a view. Rather than providing only our personal opinion, several experts in the field were contacted to provide their own insights. The responses received were quite insightful and there was a large degree of agreement in their respective viewpoints.

In the present article, the goal is to examine to what degree progress has been made on several fronts in the exercise field. Based on the dialogue presented below, it is not surprising that considerable advancements have occurred in skeletal muscle given the fact that it is the organ system of exercise/movement. Then, we will posture how the exercise field should evolve. Hopefully, such an approach will provide a reflection of what the science community has accomplished and how we can extend the knowledge base down the road. Furthermore, we apologize in advance for not providing more depth and breadth in covering topics beyond those highlighted in this perspective (see next section).

Selected Highlights and Novel Discoveries in the Last 10 Years

Before going into the details, it is important to point out some general background information. A Pub Med search with the word “exercise” retrieved ~82,826 peer reviewed articles published in the past 10 years. There were ~3836 papers linked to genetics; 45 to proteomics; 155 to genomics; 22 to epigenetics; 326 to signaling pathways. For additional links to the exercise theme: the term obesity retrieved 7357 articles; diabetes 6312; longevity 254; muscle 18,562; bone 4038; metabolism 24,033; nervous system 4505; hormones 6954; brain function 2644; circulation 3426; immune system 1281; respiratory 5734; and hematology 126. These data suggest a wide range of subject matter linked to the exercise sciences, and illustrate a vast group of investigators focusing on these important topics. Unfortunately, and as noted above, the authors cannot cover all these mentioned themes given the strict space constraints for this brief perspective.

Achievements in Gene Function and Regulation

Genomics, genetic factors and exercise.

The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003. No doubt, this milestone helped pave the way for genomic research exploring how genetic factors impact the responses and adaptations of health-related traits to exercise stimuli. Furthermore, studies have identified polymorphism in more than 239 genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) and associated certain genotypes with cardiovascular responses, fitness phenotypes, as well as muscle strength and power adaptations ( 8 ). For example, there is a strong association between R577X genotype of the alpha actinin 3 gene (ACTN3) and performance in a variety of athletic endeavours. The R allele has been found to be associated with power-oriented performance, whereas the XX genotype may be linked with endurance ability ( 49 ). However, the collective data point to the fact that although some genotypes may be associated with certain phenotypes, the overall physiological significance is multifactorial and the result of interactions between the genome, the epigenome, and the environment, widely vary on an individual basis. Thus, this evolving field has generated a wide diversity of viewpoints as to how the field will evolve as pointed out by the excellent perspective provided by Stephen Roth, Ph.D., FACSM ( 42 ). He predicts that genomic studies will continue to enhance our understanding of the underlying biology of exercise responses. Genomic information can be useful for prescribing individualized exercise regimen especially when treating susceptible patients. No doubt, exercise genomics, applied in public health care, will be a hot area in the next decade.

Gene Knockouts

In the last 10 years the molecular manipulation of gene function, designed almost exclusively for the mouse, has exploded with a large number of the papers recently published in the last two years. The primary approached has been to null out a target gene and address the likely physiological and biochemical outcomes (phenotype) in the context of either acute or chronic exercise performance. The genes that have been studied span a broad scope, as illustrated by the following genes examined: triacylglycerol lipase, Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC1-alpha), Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) related kinases, desmin, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Tumor protein P53, carnitine functional interruption, Muscular Dystrophy (MDX), alpha1 AMP kinase, Uncoupling Protein-3 (UCP3), LOV keltch protein (LKP) kinase, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), myoglobin, myostatin, adenine nucleotide translocator, hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha to name a few.

To illustrate the power of this research approach the function of TSP-1 will be illustrated as reported by Malek and Olfert ( 28 ). This gene is a negative modulator of angiogenesis in several tissue types. Animals with this gene knocked out have greater muscle capillarity and a corresponding greater running endurance capacity than the wild type animals. This study thus provides a unique insight that the capillary-to-muscle interface is a critical factor that limits exercise capacity. Importantly, this paper points out that the negative consequences of the loss of TSP-1 must also be considered, as there are checks and balances to maintain optimal levels of physiological processes whether it is blood supply regulation or cell growth. In the context of the recent review article by Booth and Laye ( 7 ), this study would have been more complete if the animals were also studied under increased daily physical activity. Gene function may differ between inactive animals and those with high levels of daily physical activity ( 7 ). For example, with certain gene knockouts, animals fail to show the disease phenotype when the animals have access to voluntary wheel running ( 7 ). Thus for a full spectrum of gene function, knockout animals should be compared to wild type not only at rest but also under chronic exposure to physical activity and in response to an acute exercise stress stimulus ( 7 ).

RNA Interference (RNAi)

RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing, initiated by double-stranded RNA that is identical in sequence to the target gene. The discovery that synthetic duplexes of 21 nucleotides (siRNAs) trigger gene-specific silencing in mammalian cells has made them a useful tool to study gene function in mammalian systems ( 16 , 26 ). SiRNA technology involves the use of small interfering RNA fragments that can be delivered into cells either directly or via a plasmid vector delivery system. Once within the cell, siRNAs trigger the degradation of their cognate mRNA thereby reducing the substrate for translation. Thus, the target gene becomes significantly “knocked down” thereby reducing the effectiveness of the target gene’s regulation of physiological processes. This technology is theoretically simpler and more cost effective than genetically producing the ”knockout” approach and is particularly useful in studying function of genes that are lethal upon complete knockout. Another advantage of siRNA usage is that since the target protein is not completely eliminated, the knockdown perturbations are less likely to induce compensatory plasticity processes observed with complete knockouts. Consequently, in the future siRNA is predicted to be used in a broad range of experiments targeting the rat, because of its long standing use as an important animal model in the exercise field.

Epigenetics and Gene Regulation

Epigenetics is a new and rapidly growing research field that investigates heritable alterations in chromosome function/gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are diverse but can be classified into three interacting areas involving: modulation of the chromatin/histone structure (methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation); DNA methylation; and noncoding RNA such as microRNA and antisense RNA; reviewed in ( 30 ). Recent studies have shown that epigenetic modulations can also be dynamically and rapidly occurring in response to environmental changes to alter gene expression. For example, our group, in carrying out recent studies on the plasticity of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene family in response to altered loading state, has discovered two types of epigenetic phenomena. The first involves the expression of antisense RNA in the fast MHC gene locus in which the MHC genes are organized in tandem on the same chromosome. These antisense RNAs allow adjacent genes to cross talk as well as to coordinate regulation of neighboring MHC genes ( 35 , 41 ). Second, we have discovered that repression of slow MHC and activation of fast MHCs (and vice versa) in a given muscle involve altered patterns of acetylation and methylation of the histones that regulate expression of MHCs, e.g. , slow to fast and fast to slow depending on the loading conditions ( 36 ).

Recently, epigenetic regulation was linked to rat behavior in response to exercise. It was shown that exercise causes epigenetic changes that lead to enhanced memory formation and better coping in response to stress. Significant increases in histone H3 phosphoacetylation and induction of the cFos gene were found in the brain of exercised rats ( 11 ). Another epigenetic inducer is diet. For example, recently, a high fat diet was shown to increase methylation of the leptin gene, thus reducing its expression in obese people ( 31 ). These findings raise the possibility that many of the adaptations that occur in muscle and in other organ systems in response to diet, exercise, chronic inactivity, aging, and many disease interventions could be regulated, in part, via epigenetic phenomena. These observations lead to an important topic for future investigation, which suggests the possibility that the beneficial effects of exercise is occurring via epigenetic reprogramming of gene expression. The notion that environmentally induced epigenetic traits have an impact on future generations has important ramifications for future research involving diet and exercise. For example, can diet and exercise induce specific epigenetic modulations which serve as countermeasure for many disorders, which helps in overcoming our genetic weakness and predisposition to certain diseases ( 7 )?

Micro-RNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level ( 44 ). These highly conserved, ~21-mer RNAs regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of specific mRNA. Each individual miRNA could act posttranscriptionally to target hundreds of mRNAs for translational repression, degradation or destabilization. They are involved in many aspects of cell function and play a significant role in disease development. Research suggests that miRNAs play major regulators of gene expression, and thus are part of the adaptive response ( 10 ). Computational analyses continue to identify gene targets for cellular miRNA; however, these targets must be validated with microarray data. MiRNAs together with transcription factors generate a complex combinatorial code regulating gene expression. There is speculation that in higher eukaryotes, the role of miRNAs in regulating gene expression could be as important as that of transcription factors. Thus, identifying and targeting miRNA-transcription factor gene networks may provide a potent approach in future research in Exercise Science as applied to therapy and disease prevention.

Genetic Selection and Maximal Exercise Performance

The relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences in terms of individual exercise capacity is difficult to determine in humans. In recent studies using self selected rodents after many generations (7 versus 15) it was possible to delineate key factors for determining maximal oxygen consumption rate (MOCR) in inherent high capacity runners (HCR) versus low capacity runners (LCR) independent of training stimuli. In generation 7 animals, MOCR was primarily differentiated between the two groups by the ability of the muscle system to extract and diffuse oxygen rather than the capacity to deliver oxygen. In generation 15 the opposite was apparent in that the HCR again had greater MOCR than LCR, but the difference in this generation was due to greater oxygen delivery rather than greater oxygen extraction. In both generations, HCR group had greater oxygen diffusion capacity. According to P. D. Wagner and associates ( 21 ), these unique studies are important in that they now allow researchers to dissect each step in the transport chain while also, eliminating the environmental factors contribution to these physiological phenomena.

Cell Signaling: and Regulatory Molecules Impacting Metabolism and Muscle Mass

Muscle metabolism.

One of the long standing questions in all fields of biomedical science involves filling in the gap between the stimulus and response to a given perturbation, e.g. , exercise (aerobic and/or resistance loading). In the last decade major strides have occurred in filling in such gaps and this is illustrated by a couple of examples, even though there are numerous signaling pathways that control physiological and immune homeostasis. In the metabolic fields relative to exercise, the signaling pathway centered on adenosine monophosphosphate kinase (AMPK) has shown that by activation of this so called “fuel gauge” or “metabolic regulator” (pharmacological and contraction induced activation), a number of outcomes occur in association with AMPK activation ( 47 ). These include increases in glucose disposal; fatty acid oxidation; activating transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis; mediating actions of hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, and glucocorticoids. Interestingly, AMPK also serves as a negative modulator of anabolic processes (glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis). Thus, AMPK is a powerful regulatory molecule and in the future it will likely be the target of various pharmacological interventions for treating various disorders centered on diabetes and obesity. In this context, we have witnessed the controversy of using pharmacological manipulation of AMPK function and its downstream targets (PPAR-delta and PGC1-alpha) as presented in the findings of Evans and associates on the improvement of exercise performance via an exercise “pill” ( 34 ). This paper has created several counter viewpoints as to the physiological impact and merit of such an approach as reviewed in the excellent article by Booth and Laye ( 7 ).

Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Forty two years ago John Holloszy, M.D., made a seminal discovery that programmed running exercise carried out over several weeks induces a doubling of the mitochondria in the leg muscles of rodents not normally accustomed to physical activity ( 18 ). Since that time hundreds of studies have focused on this important phenomenon, which serves as one of the key lynchpins that define the field of muscle plasticity. Fast forward to this decade, several studies as reviewed by Holloszy and Hood, respectively ( 19 , 20 ), provide the mechanism(s) driving this important discovery. For example, studies have shown that a single bout of exercise induces a rapid increase in mitochondrial biogenesis that is mediated by PGC1-alpha and other factors, which induce transcription of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes that combine to encode the protein comprising the mitochondria ( 3 , 25 ). This important discovery has rejuvenated the science community such that mitochondrial research in health, disease, and aging will be a major focus in the next decade. In fact a new field of science referred to as “mitochondrial medicine” has emerged.

Muscle mass

Another important discovery/advancement of similar importance involves the IGF-1- protein kinase B/AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, which has been linked to anabolic processes, particularly in skeletal muscle in response to exercise ( 6 ). This pathway has been shown to activate a number of down stream effectors that act on enhancing expression of the ribosomal translation machinery, as well as increasing activity of activators and enzyme systems in the processes governing protein translation as well as immune function. Further, this system is linked to inhibiting processes Forkhead box 01 (Foxo1-Atrogin-1 MAFbx system) governing the catabolic processes of protein degradation ( 29 , 32 , 43 ). There are several other signaling pathways that have been dissected and worthy of being mentioned, but lack of space prevents such a dialogue in this brief review.

In the context of the above topics concerning signaling for metabolic regulation and the regulation of anabolic pathways for controlling muscle mass, a perspective has evolved suggesting that if the signaling pathway for metabolic control is activated, the pathway(s) for anabolic outcomes is down regulated and vice versa ( 2 , 12 ). This incompatibility seems counter intuitive to some degree since many athletes train for enhanced functional capacity for both properties. Clearly research in the future is needed to address this important topic.

Muscle as an Endocrine Organ System

In recent years Pedersen and associates ( 37 ) coined the term “myokine” for any factor apparently expressed/synthesized in skeletal muscle in response to physical activity, which in turn can act either locally or released into the blood to regulate function in other tissues. Three myokines have been identified and partially characterized. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) appears to act both locally on carbohydrate metabolism and distally on hormone activity in the pancreas/liver and in lypolysis in adipose tissue. IL-8, acts locally and may play a key role on angiogenic processes. IL-15, which is released during resistance exercise ( 40 ), appears to regulate anabolic processes in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, individuals expressing certain single nucleotide polymorphism in the IL-15 receptor-alpha, demonstrated more muscle hypertrophy than other subjects in response to resistance exercise training ( 40 ). These collective observations illustrate that this emerging field is ready to explode and will have a major impact on how we view the role of skeletal muscle in terms of being a regulator of function in other organ systems (see Fig. 1 ).

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depicts two parallel tracts of research focus in exercise science: 1) genomics and gene regulation, and 2) basic biochemistry and physiology. These priorities should move synergistically with one another to insure that integrated function across several organ systems will unfold to derive the important outcomes of fitness, reduced disease potential, and longevity. The rationale for this scheme is depicted in the text material.

The Dynamics of Connective Tissue and Bone Adaptation With Exercise

The study of connective tissue-both in regards to tendon and the intramuscular connective tissue, recently has blossomed to the forefront due, in part, to the efforts of Kjaer’s group ( 27 ). It has been demonstrated that the metabolism, blood flow, and turnover of collagen in connective tissue is rapid and that regulatory factors are up regulated in relation to exercise (IGF-1, Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-beta, Il-6). By use of microdialysis and stable isotopes, ultrasonography, atomic force microscopy, these various approaches have made it possible to determine the structure and function of this dynamic tissue along with examining the adaptive regulation in response to various activity paradigms. The consensus of these findings is that the connective tissue infrastructure responds to exercise stimuli as rapidly as the myofiber complex.

With regard to physical activity and the anabolic responses of bone it appears that the response varies among different skeletal elements and across different regions of the same bone according to the recent findings of Hamrick et al . ( 15 ). Their findings on treadmill running mice for only 30 min per day suggest that the osteogenic responses of cortical bone to exercise varies significantly along the length of a bone, and more distal regions appear most likely to exhibit morphological changes when loading conditions are altered. The mechanisms for this heterogeneity have not been elucidated.

On the front of genetic and environmental factors contributing to bone mass, Suuriniemi and coworkers ( 45 ) investigated the role of PvuII polymorphism in the estrogen receptor (ER)—alpha gene concerning the activity profiles on 245-pre and early pubertal girls given that impairment of bone mass at puberty is an important risk factor for osteoporosis in later life. Their findings suggest that the PvuII polymorphism in the ER alpha gene may modulate the effect of exercise on bone mineral density at loaded sites. The heterozygotes appear to benefit most from the exercise effect; whereas, neither of the homozygote group received any significant improvement from physical activity. The findings further suggest that physical activity may hide the genetic effect on bone, e.g. , one may compensate one’s less favorable Pp genotype by increasing physical activity at early puberty. It would be interesting to determine in future research whether these exercise- induced effects are occurring via epigenetic reprogramming.

The Role of Progenitor (satellite) Cells in Muscle Adaptation

Skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are unique in that they are multinucleated and also maintain satellite cell pools in the basal lamina. Whether myonuclear addition from the satellite cell pool is a prerequisite for marked skeletal muscle fiber enlargement to occur in response to loading stimuli is the subject of ongoing inquiries in the muscle biology field. Marcus Bamman and his colleagues ( 38 ) addressed this topic by using cluster analyses of 66 subjects that underwent a rigorous quadriceps resistance exercise training program. The subjects were subsequently classified following training into 3 groups of fiber enlargement: 1) extreme responders; 2) moderate responders, and 3) nonresponders. Extreme responders had more nuclei per fiber prior to training and showed the greatest level of satellite cell expansion and incorporation into the enlarged myofibers as compared to both the moderate and non responders. These observations provide strong evidence that myonuclear proliferation/differentiation is a prerequisite for load-induced fiber enlargement in human muscle. These findings on human muscle essentially corroborate previous studies on rodent skeletal muscle that were overloaded for long duration following irradiated to prevent satellite cell proliferation/differentiation. In that study irradiation prevented the marked hypertrophy that was observed in non-irradiated muscle as well as the incorporation of satellite cells in the muscle’s nuclear domain ( 1 ). Moreover there is additional evidence that injury repair processes are also dependent on satellite cell proliferation in the repair of injured/ regenerating fibers.

Exercise and Endothelial Cardiovascular Biology

The crucial role played by the endothelium (the lining cells of blood vessels) in cardiovascular biology is becoming increasingly appreciated as endothelial dysfunction appears to have detrimental consequences and long term effects. For example, endothelial injury has been implicated in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and hypertension. During the last ten years it has become evident that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), released from bone marrow, may play an important role in maintaining an intact endothelial cell layer ( 33 ). Earlier reports from animal experiments suggest that circulating EPCs bind to the activated dysfunctional epithelium via specific receptors and reconstitute the endothelial cell layer by secretion of mediators of proliferation ( 39 ). Recent research also suggests that acute exercise stimulates release of EPCs in steady state strenuous exercise along with other regulatory factors such as vascular endothelial growth Factor (VEGF) and Interleukin 6. Additionally, reports by Brehm and associates ( 9 ) provide strong evidence that physical activity predisposes the mobilization and enhanced functional activity of circulating progenitor cells that may lead to improved cardiovascular function in patients with recently acquired myocardial infarct. Finally, Hagberg and associates ( 48 ) report that chronic long duration exercise training in aging male subjects demonstrated greater hyperemic forearm blood flow compared to less active subjects even though the EPC counts were not different between the two groups. Additionally, detraining of the active subjects resulted in both a large decrease in reactive forearm blood flow and circulating EPCs and VEGF receptor number. These alterations were correlated to changes in antioxidant capacity. These collective findings clearly point to the important role that exercise plays in maintain the homeostasis of the vascular endothelial system and the dynamic nature of its response to inactivity.

Epidemiological Studies on Physical Activity and Longevity

In the last decade there have been many articles published pointing to the positive impact that physical activity plays in the evolution of several degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular dysfunction, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis to name a few. In fact, studies show that physical exercise is “more protective” than might be predicted on exercise-induced changes in risk factors ( 23 ). However, the critical question is whether exercise plays a positive role in extending one’s life span. In 2001, Blair and Colleagues ( 5 ) set the tone by trying to sort out whether it was physical activity per se or the level of fitness that contributed to health benefits leading to longevity, since both were linked to reducing morbidity from coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and all-cause mortality. It was recommended that future studies define more precisely the shape of the dose-response gradient across activity and the level of fitness groups with a primary focus on musculoskeletal fitness relative to additional health outcomes. While ongoing research suggests that activity level is an important contributor to longevity for both males and females, only recently did new insight occur on this important topic by focusing more-so on elite athletes. Recently, Teramonto and Bungum ( 46 ) analyzed mortality and longevity of elite athletes using a variety of standardized tests. Their findings show that elite endurance (aerobic) athletes and mixed-sport (aerobic and anaerobic) athletes survive longer than the general population, indicated by lower mortality and higher longevity. Further the results point to lower cardiovascular disease as the primary factor for these lower mortality rates. On the other hand there are inconsistent results among studies on power (anaerobic) athletes. Thus, there is some truth to the term “survival of the fittest.”

To put this important issue into a broader perspective, Fraser and Shavlik ( 13 ) studied 34,192 California Seventh-Day Adventists and found that this subject pool has higher life expectancy than other white Californians by ~7.28 years, giving them the perhaps highest expectancy of any formally described population. Additional analyses attributed this life extension to diet (leaning toward more vegetarian), exercise, lower body mass index, less dependency on hormone replacement, and lack of smoking. It might turn out that in the long run it is the behavioral choices that individuals make that contribute to one’s longevity.

Biomedical Informatics

Biomedical informatics (BMI) is an expanding field that is playing an ever growing role in health care and biomedical research. BMI now encompasses sub-disciplines such as bioinformatics, imaging informatics, clinical informatics, and public health informatics ( 14 ). Indeed, electronic medical record systems (EMRs) and numerous NIH initiatives like the Clinical Translational Science Award place a heavy emphasis on biomedical informatics. A fundamental component of biomedical informatics is the so-called “ontology,” which provides a controlled vocabulary and set of terminologies that can be used to model a domain of knowledge or discourse. Currently, an exercise/physical activity/physical inactivity specific ontology does not exist. Consequently, it is our recommendation that recognized organizations in the field of exercise science like the American College of Sports Medicine take the lead in developing ontologies that will play an essential role in accelerating breakthroughs in the field of exercise science.

Moving Forward On Two Paths

Building on a solid foundation.

Based on the topics covered above, it is clear that research initiatives in the last decade were focused heavily on gene discovery, gene expression, along with their manipulation and regulation. These new areas of study were enhanced further by the emergence of the epigenetic field. New technologies blossomed and became commonly available such that it became easier to perform molecular/biochemical analyses via kits purchased off the shelf from a large variety of vendors (which, in turn, generated a lot of junk mail). Furthermore, a wide variety of high throughput analyses systems became available in many areas in the biological sciences to include genomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. These in turn generated a “mountain” of data that required advances in the bioinformatics field to design software for better analyses and integration of the large volume of data being generated. Thus, it is safe to say that the research centered around “gene expression and function” will only get bigger and better as more information is generated and integrated in different fields, including the exercise sciences. However, is this path the only way to go?

Back To the Future: The Essence of Fundamental Biochemistry

In a recent opinion/OP-ED article in the New York Times ( www.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/opinion/06watson.html?_r=1 ) Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, provided a deep rooted perspective on the topic: “To Fight Cancer, Know the Enemy.” Watson opined that over the years since 1971, the NIH National Cancer Institute squandered the assault on fighting cancer by putting more resources into comprehensive cancer centers rather than putting needed money into basic cancer research. While the death rates for cancer have dropped over time, the cure for cancer is nowhere on the horizon.

Watson points out that a comprehensive overview of how cancer biology works did not begin to emerge until about 2000, with more extensive details about specific cancers beginning to pour forth only after the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. At present, while there are promising drugs in the pipeline, these “powerful attackers” may not be effective for every case and for a life long cure. Watson postulates that the time has come to turn the focus away from decoding the genetic instructions behind cancer and to a greater degree toward understanding the “chemical reactions within cancer cells.” This concept is based on the long standing discoveries of biochemists that cancer cells, in order to grow and replicate, are almost exclusively dependent on the metabolic processes of carbohydrate metabolism which, “over-drive” reactions that lead to increase glucose transportation into these rapid growing cells to fuel the signaling driving proliferation differentiation processes. Thus, Watson argues the need to return to performing studies on the biochemistry of cells to ascertain the function and mechanisms of gene products. In the authors’ view, there are potential lessons learned from the Watson opinion piece that can be translated to the exercise sciences in dealing with a number of degenerative diseases and health epidemics.

For example, we are well aware of the critical problems associated with the problem of obesity, which seems to keep growing in spite of a lot of attention by the science community. Perhaps it is time to get back to basics. This is illustrated by the unique studies recently published by Huber and associates ( 22 ). They have made the unique observation that by under nourishing (caloric restriction) pregnant rats, that the development of the fetus is imprinted with a biochemical footprint favoring the economy of energy balance. After birth the animals grow normally in the neonatal state, but as they proceed into adulthood they become obese even though they do not consume more food than their normal sibling counterparts. Also, these animals prefer exercise relative to food intake if presented with the choice; and exercise proves to be useful in preventing the development of obesity in this model. Further, the biochemical cascade of this process is much different in its biochemical mechanism as compared to normal animal littermates that were fed high fat diets and also became obese.

To put these above findings into a human context a report by Kyle and Pichard ( 24 ) involving the Dutch famine of 1944–45, involving prenatal famine due to marked food reduction in pregnant mothers resulted in significant alterations in physiological homeostasis of the offspring. These included: increases in impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, coronary heart disease, atherogenic lipid profiles, antisocial personality and other related disorders. These unique findings point to the importance of using modern tools to dissect the signaling processes and the biochemical frame work for understanding obesity and other disorders in different types of animal models and potentially in humans with different prenatal, neonatal developmental, genetic and epigenetic imprints. Furthermore, the above phenomena raises important questions for maternal fetal programming of exercise effects, e.g. , will physically active mothers have more physically active off spring? Or will such offspring have some protection against inactivity related disorders?

In Figure 1 , we present a conceptual framework of integrating the physiology/biochemistry with genomic data as an approach for better interpretation of data in exercise physiology and potential outcomes.

Some Key Themes Driving the Exercise Science Field in the Future

The following topics listed below were provided by investigators that responded to the inquiry. They are by no means the end-all of where the science should be heading.

Exercise mimetics : The controversial paper of Ron Evans et al ( 34 ) has sparked keen interest into whether there are a wide range of pharmacological agents (exercise pills) that can activate certain pathways linked to enhancing running capacity and/or muscle growth. The key question is whether exercise stimuli are essential requirements to enhancing physical fitness and improved metabolic outcomes. See the reviews of Booth and Laye on this controversial topic ( 7 ) as well as the article by Hawley and Holloszy ( 17 ), the latter of which puts exercise mimetics in proper perspective.
Studies are already unfolding to search for large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and invariant genomic probes (IGPs) to unlock genomic variation contributing to fitness, performance, and trainability. These probing breakthroughs are made possible by both human and mouse genotyping arrays generated by collaborations between Jackson Laboratories and Affymetrix (note that the authors have no financial conflicts of interest on these technology advancements).
Reactive oxygen species : The focus will be to understand the underlying biology of these species, including their role in regulating muscle mass under different impacting loading state and as signaling molecules for organelle, organ, and organismal adaptations.
Genomics : the genomic basis of muscle function is already expanding (due to new technologies) to gain insights on athletic performance, general health, and the exercise impact on different diseases.
The muscle from inside and out : The role of myokines, cytokines, and adipokines are thought to impact both organ systems and organism homeostasis; the new emphasis should focus on mechanisms driving such synergism.
The processing of substrate fuels during acute and chronic exercise in athletic, sedentary, and obese lifestyles.
Experiments need to be designed to ascertain the mechanism(s) of cell signaling regulation when aerobic and anabolic training paradigms are simultaneously imposed on animal and human subjects.
Muscle fiber, connective tissue, bone and satellite cell integration : each of these systems is dynamic and the challenge is to understand their integrative role in responses to various mechanical stimuli.
Mechanical sensos and signaling regulators that control muscle size : this area is largely unexplored.
Discovering biomarkers for predicting exercise and altered health settings : it is accepted that there is a large variability in how humans respond to different types of training stimuli; is it possible to predict who are the responders versus non responders.
Extreme Environments : there are many challenges to frame the underlying mechanisms as to how individuals perform in stressful environments of heat, cold, hypoxia, and insufficient nutrition.
The link between exercising muscle and brain plasticity : This is possibly the key to the real quality of life in the aging population.
Exercise and disease prevention : probably the biggest challenge for impacting the health industry in the next decade and beyond.
Mechanisms regulating aging and exercise induced longevity : The real bottom line to exercise research endeavors.

In the context of the above topics, it is important to note that several of the previous possible future research topics may involve epigenetic research to answer some critical questions which could not be solved with basic genomic approaches.

Budget Trends: Are the Necessary Resources Available To Complete the Mission?—Not

In 2000, the NIH’s Operational Budget was $22 Billion (B). It increased further to $30 B by 2003 as part of the “budget doubling package” initiated previously by Congress in the late ’90s. From that point on to the present time the budget has remained flat; and with corrections for inflation, the actual operating dollars has steadily fallen in excess of 10%. This budget profile has had a marked negative effect on NIH funding for investigator initiated R0-types of grant applications. In some of the NIH Institutes the pay line percentages are approaching single digits.

In 2009 the Obama Administration, as part of the stimulation package initiative, infused $8.4 B into the NIH budget for scientific priorities in the form of Challenge Grants in Health Science Research (these grants are supposed to provide 2 yr of funding, but with no opportunity for renewal). Also, in many of the NIH Institutes there was an infusion of money into the typical R01 type of grant, which has the potential to elevate transiently the funding level for a short period time (2009 and 2010). Presently, as this article is being written, there is no assurance that the funding profile will be enhanced to a higher steady state level in real dollars beyond the 2010 budget. Also, to the authors’ knowledge, with so many applications being submitted in the Challenge grant initiative (~20,000), it is highly unlikely that many individuals in the exercise sciences field benefited from the stimulus package initiative. This is punctuated by the fact that the pay line for most of the grants was in the second to third percentile! Thus, unless there is a dedicated stimulus to the NIH budget down the road that provides a continuous increase in the operational budget that exceeds the cost of inflation with a primary target toward RO grant applications, the authors are pessimistic concerning the potential of enhancing the research mission well beyond that which has occurred up until the present time.

From our perspective, investigators working in the field of exercise science and its related fields, have made outstanding strides on many fronts as illustrated by the examples delineated in this perspective. This occurred in spite of funding limitations during the latter half of this decade. In spite of this funding fiasco, there is available an amazing database and an assortment of state-of-the-art technologies, analytical tools and sets of resources that posture the community for bigger and better things to come. However, unless appropriate stimulating packages and stable budget profiles return to viable levels, 10 yr from now the report card or progress report will not reach its true potential.

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the following individuals who contributed their insights and suggestions to the composition of this article: Greg Adams, Marcas Bamman, Claude Bouchard, Vince Caiozzo, Michael Kjaer, Mark Olfert, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Steve Roth, Michael Sawka, Stefano Schiaffino, Espen Spangenburg, Ron Terjung, Peter Wagner, William Winder.

This article was supported in part by NIH grants AR- 30348 and HL-73473

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Collection 15 May 2023

Editor's choice: exercise

Advances in exercise science have enabled increased optimisation of training and an enhanced performance for those taking part in sports, both professionally and recreationally. With this, we have also gained a greater understanding of the long-term health benefits conferred by sport, and the associated physiological changes. This Collection brings together papers which demonstrate recent advances in exercise science, from technological advancements in equipment and prosthetics, to innovative use of machine learning to analyse technique.

Group of people running along a mountain path.

Performance

Differences in trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squatting exercise with and without hammer swing

Koji Murofushi
Tomoki Oshikawa
Kazuyoshi Yagishita

Effects of plyometric and whole-body vibration on physical performance in collegiate basketball players: a crossover randomized trial

Pratyakshi Munshi
Moazzam Hussain Khan
Ahmad H. Alghadir

Circulating nitrate-nitrite reduces oxygen uptake for improving resistance exercise performance after rest time in well-trained CrossFit athletes

Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño
Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
Noemí Serra-Payá

Compression-induced improvements in post-exercise recovery are associated with enhanced blood flow, and are not due to the placebo effect

Shane F. O’Riordan
David J. Bishop
James R. Broatch

Impact of air pollution on running performance

Marika Cusick
Sebastian T. Rowland
Nicholas DeFelice

Effects of plyometric vs. strength training on strength, sprint, and functional performance in soccer players: a randomized controlled trial

Shahnaz Hasan

Progressive daily hopping exercise improves running economy in amateur runners: a randomized and controlled trial

Tobias Engeroff
Kristin Kalo

Comparison of finger flexor resistance training, with and without blood flow restriction, on perceptional and physiological responses in advanced climbers

Vidar Andersen
Espen Hermans
Atle Hole Saeterbakken

Health status of recreational runners over 10-km up to ultra-marathon distance based on data of the NURMI Study Step 2

Katharina Wirnitzer
Patrick Boldt
Beat Knechtle

The integration of training and off-training activities substantially alters training volume and load analysis in elite rowers

Gunnar Treff
Robert Leppich
Billy Sperlich

Injury Prevention & Recovery

Muscle coordination retraining inspired by musculoskeletal simulations reduces knee contact force

Scott D. Uhlrich
Rachel W. Jackson
Scott L. Delp

Impact of hip abductor and adductor strength on dynamic balance and ankle biomechanics in young elite female basketball players

Fernando Domínguez-Navarro
Josep Carles Benitez-Martínez
Jose Casaña-Granell

Difference in muscle synergies of the butterfly technique with and without swimmer’s shoulder

Yuiko Matsuura
Naoto Matsunaga
Koji Kaneoka

Shoulder stretching versus shoulder muscle strength training for the prevention of baseball-related arm injuries: a randomized, active-controlled, open-label, non-inferiority study

Hitoshi Shitara
Tsuyoshi Tajika
Hirotaka Chikuda

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7 Kinesiology Research Topics for a Dissertation

Kinesiology, the scientific study of human movement and physical performance, offers a broad array of research topics for dissertations. The field is evolving rapidly, with new findings and developments in exercise science, making it a rich ground for scholarly exploration. In this article, we’ll explore seven emerging kinesiology research topics, discuss how to formulate a dissertation topic, and outline what makes for a successful dissertation or research paper.

Research Topics for Kinesiology PhD Students

In a PhD program, students are expected to craft a unique dissertation that contributes to the field’s body of knowledge. Below are some detailed research topics for kinesiology PhD students, starting with biomechanics of injury prevention in sports.

1. Biomechanics of Injury Prevention in Sports

Injury prevention is a critical area in kinesiology. With the rise of high-intensity sports and physical exercise training programs, understanding the biomechanics behind injuries is crucial. Research can focus on identifying risk factors, developing new techniques or equipment to reduce injuries, or analyzing movement patterns that predispose athletes to specific injuries.

Formulation Tip: Narrow your focus to a particular sport or type of injury. For instance, “Biomechanical Analysis of ACL Injury Prevention in Female Soccer Players.”

2. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training

Neuromuscular adaptations are essential for improving athletic performance. This topic investigates how muscles and nerves adapt to different training regimens. Research can explore the differences in adaptations based on age, gender, or the type of strength and resistance training performed.

Formulation Tip: Consider a specific population or training method. For example, “Neuromuscular Adaptations in Elderly Adults Engaged in High-Intensity Interval Training.”

3. The Impact of Wearable Technology on Physical Activity and Health

Wearable technology, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, has become ubiquitous in sport science. Research in this area can assess the accuracy of these devices, their impact on physical activity levels, and their potential to improve health outcomes.

Formulation Tip: Focus on a particular demographic or health outcome. For instance, “The Effectiveness of Wearable Fitness Trackers in Promoting Physical Activity Among Sedentary Office Workers.”

4. Psychological Factors in Athletic Performance

Exercise psychology plays a significant role in athletic performance. This research topic can delve into how mental health factors such as motivation, stress, and anxiety influence performance. It can also explore psychological interventions to enhance performance.

Formulation Tip: Choose a specific psychological factor and sport. For example, “The Role of Mental Toughness in Endurance Sports Performance.”

5. Exercise Physiology and Chronic Disease Management

Exercise physiology’s role in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity is a growing research area. Studies can take an in-depth look at how different types of exercise affect disease progression and management.

Formulation Tip: Target a specific chronic disease and exercise type. For instance, “The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.”

6. Gender Differences in Sports Performance

Gender differences in sports performance remain a contentious and highly researched topic. This area can explore physiological, biomechanical, and psychological differences between male and female athletes and how these differences influence training and performance.

Formulation Tip: Focus on a specific aspect of performance. For example, “Gender Differences in Recovery Rates Following High-Intensity Interval Training.”

7. The Role of Nutrition in Athletic Performance

Nutrition is fundamental to athletic performance. Research can investigate the effects and health benefits of various diets, sports supplements, and hydration strategies on performance and recovery. This area is particularly relevant given the proliferation of new dietary trends and supplements.

Formulation Tip: Focus on a specific nutrient or dietary approach. For instance, “The Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Endurance Performance in Long-Distance Runners.”

Formulating Your Dissertation Topic

When formulating your dissertation topic, consider the following steps during the research process:

Identify Your Research Interests: Choose a topic that genuinely interests you, as you will be dedicating a significant amount of time and effort to this research.
Conduct an Existing Literature Review: This helps you understand the current state of research and identify gaps that your dissertation can fill.
Define Your Research Question: Your research question should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
Consult with Advisors: Seek input from your academic advisors and mentors to refine your potential kinesiology research paper topics to ensure their feasibility.
Consider the Scope: Ensure that your topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. It should be manageable within the time frame and resources available.

What Makes for a Successful Dissertation?

A successful dissertation in kinesiology should possess the following qualities:

Originality: Your research should contribute new knowledge or insights to the field.
Relevance: The topic should address a significant issue or gap in current research.
Methodological Rigor: Use appropriate and robust research methods to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings.
Clarity: Your writing should be clear, concise, and well-organized. Each section should logically flow into the next.
Comprehensive Literature Review: Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the existing research and how your work fits into the broader context.
Strong Data Analysis: Employ rigorous data analysis techniques and clearly present your findings.
Implications and Recommendations: Discuss the implications of your findings for practice, policy, and future research. Provide practical recommendations based on your results.

Contribute to the Field with CSP Global’s Kinesiology Program

Choosing a dissertation topic in kinesiology can be challenging but immensely rewarding. By focusing on emerging and relevant research areas, you can contribute valuable insights to the field. Whether it’s the biomechanics of injury prevention or the psychological factors influencing athletic performance, your research can have a significant impact. Remember to formulate your topic carefully, ensure methodological rigor, and contribute original knowledge to make your dissertation a success.

CSP Global offers 100% online doctoral programs in kinesiology. Earn your PhD or EdD in our student-centered online programs. CSP Global’s kinesiology doctoral programs are taught by world-class instructors and provide students with opportunities to gain real-world experience in the field of health sciences. Students can expect to learn deep research methods, complete a research dissertation, and graduate ready to advance their careers in kinesiology.

Level up by earning your doctorate from CSP Global . If you’re interested in learning more about earning a Doctorate in Kinesiology please contact us .

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Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

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Editor-in-Chief	, PhD, Vanguard University of Southern California
Executive Editor	, PhD, Western Michigan University

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology is dedicated to relaying information to the research practitioner in an open access format.

The journal publishes original research in two main practical areas: 1) the "Process of Science" (aspects surrounding scientific discovery and practice, which could include findings from investigations, novel scientific applications, or experience gained through completing research), and 2) "Implementation Strategies" (processes by which aspects can be applied to the performance or practice of exercise, including pre-exercise routines, novel training applications, or methods for improving performance). The journal accepts original research submissions in the following categories 1) Expedited Articles, 2) Review Articles, and 3) Case Studies.

The journal also publishes “Topics Briefs” which distills evidence-based information into a content format more easily implemented than the typical publication written for an academic audience. The aim of the TESK offering is to provide clear, digestible, and practical information for specific populations in the area of exercise science and kinesiology. If you have questions about where your work fits, please contact the editors .

See the Aims and Scope for a complete coverage of the journal.

To maintain a happy editorial board and reviewer pool, Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology will reduce our normal staffing during June and July. Any manuscripts submitted during these months may not begin the pre-review process until August. Additionally, manuscripts under review during these months may take longer than our normal time course to complete. It is suggested to submit well in advance of these months in order to avoid any delays.

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Current Issue: Volume 5, Issue 1 (2024)

Original research.

Acute Ingestion of Dark Chocolate Fails to Affect Running Economy in Recreational Female Runners Bianca J. De Lucia, Beau Kjerulf Greer, and Christopher B. Taber

Determining the barriers to the use of post-match fatigue monitoring in the rugby codes: A Concept Mapping study. Mitch Naughton, Tannath Scott, Dan Weaving, Scott McLean, and Colin Solomon

Establishing the Validity and Reliability of the Astroskin® Biometric Shirt Alex MacQuarrie, Jasmin Sidhu, Chloe Deetlefs, Steve Whitfield, and Matt Stainer

The Cardiorespiratory Response while Nordic Walking vs. Regular Walking Among Middle-Aged to Older Adults Thomas R. Atwood, Alyssa R. Horton, Natalie G. Hanson, Katelyn N. Moyer, Saori I. Braun, Nicholas M. Beltz, and Jeffrey M. Janot

Simultaneous Acute Stretching with Whole Body Vibration does not have an Additive Effect on Extensibility of the Hip Adductor Muscles Roger L. Hammer Dr., Peter V. Loubert, and Naveen Sharma

Implementation Strategies

Breakaway Roping – Event Analysis and Resistance Training Model Andrew A. Wolfe, Libby E. Winchell, Ruth Caddell, Jackson Maynard, and Gillian Braden

Expedited Articles

Kinematic characteristics of novices’ sprint techniques at maximum velocity phase Saburo Nishimura and Yoshinori Kinomura

A Pilot Study on the Measurement of Connectedness to Nature Around Nature Immersion with Green Exercise on Desert Trails Dustin W. Davis, Elias M. Malek, Robert Salatto, Marcus M. Lawrence, Jacob W. Manning, Mark DeBeliso, Merrill Russen Landers, Graham McGinnis, and James W. Navalta

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Exploring the Mechanistic Trail Connecting Cellular Function, Health, and Athletic Performance With Phase Angle: A Review on the Physiology of Phase Angle and Exercise-Based Interventions Trevor Short and Paulette Yamada

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Exercise Physiology Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive list of exercise physiology research paper topics , organized into ten categories with ten topics in each. Students studying health sciences can find inspiration and relevant ideas for their research papers in the dynamic field of exercise physiology. Expert advice is provided on choosing suitable topics, and guidance is given on the process of writing an exercise physiology research paper. iResearchNet offers specialized writing services, featuring expert degree-holding writers, custom formatting, in-depth research, top quality, and timely delivery. Students can enjoy flexible pricing options, short deadlines, 24/7 support, absolute privacy, easy order tracking, and a money-back guarantee. Discover the world of exercise physiology research paper topics and unlock the potential of your academic journey.

100 Exercise Physiology Research Paper Topics

The field of exercise physiology offers a vast array of research opportunities for students studying health sciences. To assist you in your research endeavors, we present a comprehensive list of exercise physiology research paper topics. Divided into ten categories, each containing ten topics, this list encompasses a wide range of subjects within the realm of exercise physiology. Whether you are interested in cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal adaptations, metabolism, neurophysiology, aging, performance enhancement, immunology, exercise prescription, mental health, or methodological advancements, you will find inspiration and relevant ideas to shape your research paper. Explore these cutting-edge exercise physiology research paper topics and unlock the potential for impactful discoveries and contributions to the field.

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1. Exercise and Cardiorespiratory Health

The impact of high-intensity interval training on aerobic capacity
Exercise-induced changes in cardiac function and structure
The effects of different exercise modalities on cardiovascular health in diverse populations
Exercise prescription for individuals with cardiovascular diseases
Exercise interventions to improve respiratory function in individuals with chronic lung diseases
The role of exercise in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome
Cardiorespiratory adaptations to altitude training and their implications for performance
The effects of endurance exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and function
Exercise and cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure
Exercise interventions for optimizing cardiovascular health in older adults

2. Exercise and Musculoskeletal Health

The effects of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains
Exercise-induced adaptations in bone density and mineral content
Exercise interventions for preventing and managing osteoporosis
The impact of exercise on muscle fiber type composition and contractile properties
Exercise strategies for optimizing postural stability and reducing fall risks in older adults
Exercise and its influence on tendon and ligament adaptations
The effects of exercise on muscle protein synthesis and breakdown
Exercise interventions for enhancing muscle function and preventing sarcopenia
Exercise and its role in the prevention and management of musculoskeletal injuries
The impact of different training modalities on neuromuscular adaptations

3. Exercise and Metabolism

The influence of exercise on insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation
Exercise interventions for weight loss and metabolic syndrome management
The effects of exercise on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors
Exercise and its impact on appetite regulation and energy balance
Exercise and the modulation of brown adipose tissue activity and thermogenesis
The role of exercise in improving metabolic health in individuals with diabetes
Exercise and its effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress
The influence of exercise on gut microbiota composition and metabolic health
Exercise interventions for optimizing metabolic flexibility and substrate utilization
The impact of exercise on hormonal regulation and metabolic adaptations

4. Exercise and Neurophysiology

Exercise-induced neuroplasticity and its implications for cognitive function
The effects of acute and chronic exercise on brain structure and function
Exercise interventions for managing and preventing neurodegenerative diseases
The influence of exercise on neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection
Exercise and its impact on mood, stress, and mental well-being
The role of exercise in enhancing cognitive performance and academic achievement
The effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression
Exercise as a therapeutic approach for individuals with neurological disorders
Exercise and its influence on sleep quality and sleep-related disorders
The effects of exercise on neuroinflammation and neuroimmune responses

5. Exercise and Aging

Exercise interventions for promoting healthy aging and longevity
The impact of exercise on age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) and functional decline
Exercise and its effects on cognitive function and age-related cognitive decline
The role of exercise in the prevention and management of age-related chronic diseases
Exercise and its influence on cellular senescence and aging biomarkers
Exercise interventions for enhancing physical function and independence in older adults
The effects of exercise on telomere length and cellular aging
Exercise and its impact on immune function and inflammaging
Exercise strategies for improving balance and reducing fall risks in older adults
The influence of exercise on psychological well-being and quality of life in aging populations

6. Exercise and Performance Enhancement

Ergogenic aids in sports performance and their physiological effects
Exercise strategies for optimizing endurance performance
The effects of resistance training on strength and power gains
Exercise-induced changes in muscle architecture and performance
Exercise interventions for improving speed, agility, and quickness
The impact of tapering and peaking strategies on performance
Exercise and its effects on fatigue resistance and recovery
The role of nutrition and hydration in exercise performance
The influence of psychological factors on athletic performance
Exercise and its impact on decision-making and tactical skills in sports

7. Exercise and Immunology

The effects of acute and chronic exercise on immune function and susceptibility to infections
Exercise-induced changes in inflammatory markers and immune response
Exercise as a therapeutic tool in autoimmune diseases
The influence of exercise on vaccine response and immunosenescence
Exercise and its impact on natural killer cell activity and cancer immunosurveillance
The effects of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections in athletes
Exercise interventions for managing chronic inflammation and immune-related disorders
The role of exercise in modulating allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
Exercise and its influence on gut microbiota-immune interactions
Exercise and its effects on stress-related immunosuppression and immune recovery

8. Exercise Prescription and Programming

Individualized exercise prescription for diverse populations
Periodization and its role in optimizing training adaptations
Strategies for promoting adherence to exercise programs
The influence of exercise intensity and volume on training outcomes
The effects of different exercise modalities on specific fitness components
The role of recovery and rest periods in exercise programming
Exercise and its impact on genetic and epigenetic adaptations
The influence of exercise frequency and duration on health and performance
Exercise interventions for specific population groups (e.g., children, pregnant women, older adults)
The integration of technology in exercise prescription and monitoring

9. Exercise and Mental Health

The effects of exercise on mood, anxiety, and depression
Exercise interventions for managing stress and improving psychological well-being
Exercise and its role in preventing and treating mental health disorders
The influence of exercise on cognitive function and mental performance
Exercise and its impact on self-esteem and body image
The effects of exercise on sleep quality and mental restorativeness
Exercise interventions for enhancing resilience and stress coping mechanisms
The role of exercise in promoting social connectedness and community engagement
Exercise and its effects on neurobiological mechanisms underlying mental health
Exercise and mindfulness-based approaches in mental health promotion

10. Methodological Advances in Exercise Physiology Research

Utilizing wearable technology in monitoring exercise and physiological responses
Novel methodologies for assessing muscle function and performance
Integrating omics approaches (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics) in exercise physiology research
The application of bioinformatics in exercise science and data analysis
Advanced imaging techniques for studying musculoskeletal adaptations to exercise
Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function during exercise
The use of neuroimaging methods to investigate brain changes induced by exercise
In vitro and in vivo models for studying exercise-induced physiological adaptations
Innovative approaches for studying the microbiome and exercise-related effects
The role of virtual reality and simulation in exercise physiology research

This comprehensive list of exercise physiology research paper topics provides students with a diverse range of options to explore within the field. These topics cover various aspects of exercise physiology, including cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health, metabolism, neurophysiology, aging, performance enhancement, immunology, exercise prescription, mental health, and methodological advancements. Select a topic that aligns with your interests and research goals to embark on a rewarding academic journey in exercise physiology research.

Choosing Exercise Physiology Research Paper Topics

Choosing the right exercise physiology research paper topic is crucial to the success and impact of your study. To assist you in this important decision-making process, we provide expert advice on how to select exercise physiology research paper topics that are engaging, relevant, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of exercise science. Consider the following ten tips to guide you in choosing a topic that aligns with your interests and academic goals:

Identify your passion and interests : Begin by reflecting on your personal interests within the field of exercise physiology. Are you intrigued by topics related to cardiovascular health, performance enhancement, or aging? Identifying your passion will not only make the research process more enjoyable, but it will also motivate you to delve deeper into the subject matter.
Review current literature : Familiarize yourself with the existing body of literature in exercise physiology. Conduct a thorough review of recent research articles, textbooks, and scientific journals to identify gaps, emerging trends, and unanswered research questions. This will help you identify areas where your study can make a meaningful contribution.
Consult with faculty and experts : Seek guidance from your faculty members and established experts in exercise physiology. Engage in discussions with them to gain insights into current research priorities, ongoing studies, and potential research gaps. Their expertise and mentorship can be invaluable in selecting a topic that aligns with the latest advancements in the field.
Consider the practical implications : Choose a research topic that has practical implications for individuals, athletes, or specific populations. Consider how your findings could influence exercise prescription, training strategies, or interventions for enhancing health, performance, or well-being. Topics with real-world applications are often highly valuable and impactful.
Identify research gaps : Look for areas within exercise physiology that have limited research or conflicting findings. Identifying gaps in current knowledge will enable you to propose innovative research questions and hypotheses. By addressing these gaps, you contribute to the field by advancing understanding and generating new insights.
Explore interdisciplinary connections : Exercise physiology is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with various other disciplines such as nutrition, psychology, biomechanics, and genetics. Consider exploring topics that bridge the gap between exercise physiology and these related disciplines. Interdisciplinary research can provide unique perspectives and opportunities for groundbreaking discoveries.
Consider available resources : Evaluate the availability of resources, facilities, and equipment necessary to conduct your study. Determine whether you have access to the appropriate laboratory or clinical settings, research participants, or specialized equipment. Selecting a topic that aligns with the available resources will ensure the feasibility and success of your research.
Discuss potential research methodologies : Consider the research methodologies and techniques commonly used in exercise physiology studies. Reflect on your own skill set and knowledge base to determine which methodologies you are comfortable with or interested in learning. Choosing a topic that aligns with your preferred research approach will enhance the quality and depth of your study.
Engage in pilot studies or preliminary research : Conducting pilot studies or preliminary research on potential topics can provide valuable insights and help you refine your research questions. This preliminary exploration can inform the feasibility and relevance of your chosen topic, allowing you to make necessary adjustments before diving into a full-scale research project.
Seek ethical approval and consider participant safety : Ensure that your chosen topic aligns with ethical guidelines and safeguards the rights and well-being of research participants. Exercise physiology studies often involve human subjects, so it is important to consider the potential risks and benefits associated with your research. Seek ethical approval from the appropriate research ethics board or committee to ensure compliance with ethical standards.

In conclusion, selecting an exercise physiology research paper topic requires thoughtful consideration and careful planning. By identifying your passions, reviewing current literature, consulting with experts, considering practical implications, identifying research gaps, exploring interdisciplinary connections, evaluating available resources, discussing potential methodologies, engaging in pilot studies, and ensuring ethical considerations, you can choose a topic that not only interests you but also contributes to the scientific understanding of exercise physiology. Your chosen topic sets the foundation for a successful and impactful research study.

How to Write an Exercise Physiology Research Paper

Writing an exercise physiology research paper requires a systematic approach to effectively communicate your findings and contribute to the field of exercise science. From formulating research questions to interpreting results, each step in the process plays a crucial role in producing a well-structured and impactful paper. In this section, we provide you with ten valuable tips on how to write an exercise physiology research paper that is concise, clear, and scientifically sound.

Understand the structure : Familiarize yourself with the typical structure of a research paper in exercise physiology. This includes the introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. Each section serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall coherence and clarity of your paper.
Conduct a thorough literature review : Before diving into your own research, conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the existing knowledge and gaps in the field of exercise physiology. This will help you position your research within the context of previous studies and identify the unique contributions of your work.
Formulate research questions : Clearly define your research questions based on the gaps identified in the literature. Your research questions should be specific, measurable, and aligned with the objectives of your study. They will guide your data collection and analysis.
Collect and analyze data : Utilize appropriate data collection methods and ensure the quality and reliability of your data. Employ rigorous statistical analysis techniques to draw meaningful conclusions from your data. Adhere to best practices in data handling and analysis to ensure the validity of your findings.
Interpret results objectively : Present your results in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate tables, graphs, or charts. Interpret your findings objectively and avoid overgeneralization or speculation. Discuss any limitations of your study that may have influenced the results.
Write a compelling introduction : Craft an engaging introduction that provides a concise overview of the research problem, rationale, and objectives. Clearly state the significance of your research and how it addresses existing gaps in knowledge. Hook your readers by highlighting the relevance of your study to exercise physiology and its potential implications for practice or further research.
Describe methods accurately : Provide a detailed description of your study design, participants, data collection procedures, and statistical analysis methods. Include information on sample size, recruitment strategies, ethical considerations, and any adjustments made for confounding variables. This transparency ensures reproducibility and allows readers to assess the validity of your study.
Present results effectively : Organize your results section logically, presenting the key findings in a structured manner. Use clear and concise language to describe statistical analyses, effect sizes, and p-values. Supplement your text with visual aids such as tables or figures to enhance the understanding of your results.
Engage in critical discussion : Interpret your results in the context of existing literature and discuss their implications for exercise physiology. Analyze any unexpected or contradictory findings and propose potential explanations. Address the strengths and limitations of your study and suggest avenues for future research.
Conclude with impact : Craft a strong conclusion that summarizes the key findings and their significance. Emphasize the contributions of your research to the field of exercise physiology and its potential implications for exercise prescription, performance enhancement, or health promotion. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion and reiterate the main takeaways of your study.

In conclusion, writing an exercise physiology research paper requires a structured and systematic approach. By understanding the paper’s structure, conducting a thorough literature review, formulating clear research questions, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results objectively, you can produce a scientifically rigorous paper. Additionally, focus on writing a compelling introduction, accurately describing methods, presenting results effectively, engaging in critical discussion, and concluding with impact. Following these tips will enhance the clarity, coherence, and impact of your exercise physiology research paper.

iResearchNet’s Custom Writing Services

When it comes to writing an exercise physiology research paper, iResearchNet offers a comprehensive range of services designed to support students in their academic endeavors. With our team of expert degree-holding writers, commitment to top quality, and customized solutions, we strive to provide exceptional assistance tailored specifically to the field of exercise physiology. Explore the following features of iResearchNet’s writing services to ensure a successful and stress-free research paper experience:

Expert degree-holding writers : Our team consists of highly qualified writers with advanced degrees in exercise physiology and related fields. They possess a deep understanding of the subject matter and are equipped to handle the intricacies of exercise physiology research papers.
Custom written works : We recognize that each exercise physiology research paper is unique. Our writers will craft a custom-written work that aligns with your specific requirements and research objectives. We ensure that your paper is tailored to your chosen topic, providing a personalized approach to your academic needs.
In-depth research : Our writers conduct thorough and up-to-date research to ensure the scientific rigor and relevance of your exercise physiology research paper. They have access to a wide range of academic resources, databases, and journals, enabling them to gather comprehensive and reliable information for your research topic.
Custom formatting : We understand the importance of adhering to specific formatting styles in exercise physiology research papers. Whether it’s APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, or Harvard, our writers are well-versed in these formatting guidelines and will ensure that your paper meets the required style consistently.
Top quality : We prioritize delivering high-quality research papers that meet the rigorous standards of academic excellence. Our writers undergo a rigorous quality control process, including meticulous editing and proofreading, to ensure the accuracy, coherence, and clarity of your exercise physiology research paper.
Customized solutions : Our writing services are tailored to your unique needs. Whether you require assistance in selecting a research topic, writing specific sections, or an entire exercise physiology research paper, our writers can provide customized solutions that align with your requirements and academic goals.
Flexible pricing : We understand the financial constraints of students. Hence, we offer flexible pricing options to accommodate different budgetary considerations. You can select a pricing plan that suits your budget while ensuring the highest quality of work.
Short deadlines : We recognize that students often face tight deadlines. With our short deadline option, you can place an order and receive a well-written exercise physiology research paper within as little as three hours. We prioritize promptness without compromising on quality.
Timely delivery : We value the importance of meeting deadlines. Our writers work diligently to ensure your exercise physiology research paper is delivered on time, allowing you sufficient time to review the content and make any necessary revisions.
24/7 support : Our dedicated customer support team is available round-the-clock to assist you with any queries or concerns. Whether you need updates on your order, have questions about our services, or require guidance throughout the writing process, our support staff is here to provide prompt assistance.
Absolute privacy : We prioritize the confidentiality and privacy of our clients. Your personal information and order details are treated with the utmost confidentiality and are never shared with third parties. You can trust that your identity and academic integrity are safeguarded.
Easy order tracking : Our user-friendly platform allows you to easily track the progress of your order. You can stay updated on the status of your exercise physiology research paper, communicate with your assigned writer, and provide any additional instructions or clarifications conveniently.
Money-back guarantee : We are committed to ensuring your satisfaction with our services. If, for any reason, you are not completely satisfied with the delivered exercise physiology research paper, we offer a money-back guarantee. Your academic success and satisfaction are our priorities.

With iResearchNet’s comprehensive writing services, you can confidently embark on your exercise physiology research paper knowing that you have expert support at every step. Our team of skilled writers, commitment to quality, customization options, flexible pricing, timely delivery, 24/7 support, absolute privacy, easy order tracking, and money-back guarantee ensure a seamless and successful experience. Trust us to deliver a well-written and impactful exercise physiology research paper that meets the highest standards of academic excellence.

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Are you searching for professional assistance in writing your exercise physiology research paper? Look no further! iResearchNet is here to support you in achieving your academic goals and standing out among your peers. Our expert writing services are specifically tailored for students studying health sciences, offering a seamless and stress-free experience from start to finish.

When you choose iResearchNet, you gain access to a team of highly qualified writers who possess advanced degrees in exercise physiology and related fields. Their expertise and deep understanding of the subject matter ensure that your research paper will be of exceptional quality. Our writers stay abreast of the latest advancements in exercise physiology, ensuring that your paper incorporates cutting-edge research and relevant findings.

Don’t let the complexities of writing an exercise physiology research paper overwhelm you. Place your order with iResearchNet today and experience the benefits of our expert writing services. Unlock your academic success and let our dedicated team of writers help you shine in your academic journey.

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154 Exercise Physiology Research Topics: Essay Ideas

As a scientific study of life, physiology deals with the mechanism of living organisms. It primarily focuses on the physical functions of organ systems, cells, individual organs, and biomolecules. It is the study of how the body works. By integrating both physics and chemistry, it tries to understand the factors that connect the body systems leading to its performance. This academic field also requires research for students. However, getting exercise research topics to choose from could be difficult. This is because there is numerous research existing in the field. This article offers custom topics in exercise physiology for your paper or essay. Before you access these topics, want to know how to create the best paper? Find details below:

Process of Writing a Good Research

Writing a good research requires your focus. It also requires a familiarity with the field which could make your research easier and successful. Thus, to overcome every basic challenge you may face before or during research, you can consider this process:

Choosing a Topic If you’ve been given an assignment, this could be a challenging part for you. To do this, discover what’s interesting to you. What is interesting to you will be enjoyable, which makes selecting a topic from all available information easy. You can try to be creative with how you craft the topic. Preliminary Research At this stage, you need to research to see if there is enough information on the subject you want to discuss. Having enough information helps you set the context in which your research will be founded. You can try encyclopedias and many other internet sources. You can even consult lectures online, textbooks, journals, articles, and many other sources to readjust the focus of your topic. Gather Relevant Materials Gathering relevant material is as important as the previous step. This is because the materials have the information which is required for the work you want to do. You must therefore source your materials from online libraries and offline libraries. Because you’re writing on physiology, you may need to speak to trainers too, depending on what your topic is all about. Read and Take Notes Now, you can either engage in thorough reading during the research or breeze through the materials. However, it’s profitable if you check the table of contents to find the section of a book or journal which particularly discusses related topics of your research. When you do this, you get to read what is essential, ignoring others. While you read, you should also take notes. Taking notes lets you know the major points you want to build your arguments on. This could even help you with referencing and bibliography. Write This is where you organize your information and arguments. This doesn’t mean you should copy or plagiarize what you’ve read. It simply means writing what you understand after moments of creative assessment. Don’t try to get it right on the first attempt. There is room for drafts and revisions. Referencing Citing your sources properly shows that you didn’t plagiarize. An academic paper cannot be sourced from the author’s experience alone so you need to document where you got the information. To properly do this, know the required referencing format your institution or department prefers. There is MLA, APA style, Harvard, and many others. Understand the formats and reference your sources. This makes your professors and teachers believe you didn’t plagiarize another author. Proofread This is the final stage where you go through your paper again. You may do it once or five times. It depends on how satisfied you are with your paper. Proofreading is the stage where you assess your grammar or spelling errors as well as your punctuation weaknesses. It is also the stage where you ensure that the information you needed to share was passed across as you wanted it.

So, writing a paper for a high grade is not an easy task. It’s better to hire a professional writer and get your custom research paper complete on time.

How to Structure a Physiology Research Paper

Structuring your research paper is another essential thing to consider while writing. The following tips will help you know how to properly structure your paper:

The Title Page This is a significant section in the process of writing your paper. This shows the readers what your topic is all about and it makes your paper clearer. This is also where you also add your name. The Abstract An abstract is the summation of your research and the paper you’ve written. While it comes up before the introduction, it is often written after all the paper is written. Your abstract gives a brief overview of your paper, what you discussed, the resolutions, and the key points readers must not forget about the research. Your Introduction This is where you capture the hearts of your readers, professors, or teachers. This stage is where you give detailed information on the background of your research, the objectives you aim to achieve, and the materials and methods to be used to achieve the results. Main Body This is where you share the results of your findings. At this juncture, you’ll state your arguments and discuss everything you have discovered. If your work will be groundbreaking, this is the section to pay particular attention to. Conclusion This is where you give a summary of everything you’ve discussed. You can also share the key points with your readers here, to refresh their memory about the most important things in your research. You can also include a way forward or an action you expect your readers or experts to take. References This section is where you document every source which was instrumental in the course of writing the paper. This has already been discussed earlier.

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Exercise Physiology Topics

As a student of physiology, you may find it difficult to find the topic you can easily write on. You need to write a paper but you have limited access to a stream of exercise physiology topics of interest. You can consider the following:

How does exercise physiology help in fighting against obesity?
Role of aerobic exercise in losing belly fat
The importance of physical exercise s for heart rehabilitation
How to address knee injuries in athletes
The right diet for athletes
Is an athlete’s diet different from footballers’ diet?
What are the distinctions between male and female athletes?
Examine the body’s capacity to adapt to pain during rigorous physical activities
Discuss the health benefits of whole-grain diets to athletes
Analyze the benefits of whole-grain diets to people trying to lose weight
Examine the dangers of sprains
How outdoor activities help with depression
How sports can help create social relationships
How autism symptoms can be alleviated through physical exercises
Analyze the effect of caffeine in Exercise
Discuss the connection between physical exercise and aggressiveness
How physical activities affect neurons
Why do people believe Asians cannot lead Africans in sport?
What are the physical limitations of Performance in some sports
Examine the performance level of Usain Bolt since the start of his career
Analyze the importance of physical activities for athletes
Discuss the physical activities for swimmers
How can people enhance their energy levels?
How can obese people stay motivated while losing weight?
Are there alternatives to physical exercises?
Examine the negative effects of bodybuilding
What are the dangers of physical exercises on human cells
Express the ability of physical exercise in fighting disease
How does arterial stiffness affect the ability to exercise
Discuss what kinesiology entails.

Exercise Physiology Topics of Interest

You can also discuss exercise science research topics that are of interest to you. These are advanced and custom topics in exercise science for every academic level. Consider:

Motor teaching in kinesiology
An analysis of muscle anatomy
An analysis of hip biomechanics
An assessment of muscle synergies
Motor learning in kinesiology and results
Benefits of jogging
Benefits of alcohol reduction
How physical exercises wrestle flu
The role of physical exercises in staying healthy
Why does the heart pound during jogging?
Non-communicable diseases and their link with physical activities
Assess how effective walking uphill is to walking downhill
Best diets for working out
How physical activities Improve moods
Role of physical activities in curing anxiety
Design physical activities hide for autistic children
Daily exercise: is it a necessity?
How physical exercises affect mental health
What are the signs of stress?
How do physical exercises affect cardiovascular health?

Exercise Science Research Topics

As physiology deals with the science of human physical activities, you need topics on exercise physiology. You can choose from any of the below for your creative paper:

Main principles of kinesiology
How kinesiology helps in biomechanics
Kinesiology sport apps
Recent discoveries which have made physiology easier to understand
How athletes can improve through kinesiology
The role of kinesiology in orthopedic activities
An in depth overview of how exercise by principle has worked so far
How doctors achieve muscle movements for patients
Suggested exercises for muscle development
Suggested exercises for better body shape
Why men are aggressive than women in bodybuilding
The composition of the human bones
Analyze the human skeleton
Which muscle powers the leg of an athlete?
How can performance be assessed on the track?
Discuss how to increase flexibility
Is dancing a sport?
The biomechanics involved in running
A guide to staying in the correct posture while working out
The effects of incorrect postures while working out
Why should exercises be consistent?
What are the movements that activate the muscle?
Suggestions to a long-distance athlete
Suggestions to a short distance athlete.

Exercise Physiology Project Ideas

Do you want to write a project? There are numerous exercise physiology paper topics to base your project on. You can consider these:

Five exercises to try with a team
5 exercises to try alone
An analysis of any three exercises and what they do to the body
How to improve health and physical fitness
Sports supplements: discuss
Is there a thing as over-working out?
The benefits of physical fitness to pregnant women
Physical fitness: effects on retired boxers
Physical fitness: the cause of sagging bodies
How to maintain physical shape in old age
Why should anyone do physical exercise?
Does physical exercise help with learning abilities?
Why should shoes be worn during workouts?
How to prevent sports injuries?
How physical activities help college students’ academic prowess
Role of physical exercise in boosting immune systems
How can exercises prevent diabetes?
How can exercises make bones recover early?
The role of physiotherapy in sports
Why do people need a fitness tracker?
The role of tech in physiology
Importance of vitamins in sports and exercises
Why do you need to jot your fitness journey?
Features of the best running shoes
Does the sun help the body during workouts?

Exercise Physiology Research Paper Topics

Physiology and physical exercises are also connected to mental health strength. This is why you may want to consider these physiology research topics:

Effects of video games
Role of video games in physical activities motivation
What can mitigate sport performance?
Things to avoid while preparing for a football match
Things to avoid why preparing for a race
Why should athletes in preparation for a game avoid sex?
Does alcohol affect an athlete’s performance 24 hours after drinking?
The factors of the body responsible for Flexibility
The consequence of a prolonged training period
How sport-related injuries can affect interest in physical activities
Examine how bones develop
Discuss the physical exercise of humans and any animal of your choice and examine the distinctions
The consequence of running barefoot
How to properly plan your meal
Healthy diets in UK schools
Healthy diets in US schools
Healthy diets in low-income countries’ schools
How physical activities affect the nervous systems
How physical activities impact the psychology
How are skeletons kept balanced?
Give an overview of the elderly persons’ health performance in Europe
Protein a bodybuilder should consume?
The predictable movement patterns causing Injuries
How physical exercises help with muscle contraction
How physical activities make people age.

Interesting Topics in Exercise Physiology

Would you like to consider something interesting for your paper or essay? You can dig through existing research related to some topics below and express yourself on exercise physiology. You can choose any of these great exercise physiology project ideas:

The psychology in kinesiology
Role of psychology in physical fitness
How kinesiology helped in building prosthetics
Exercise for injured war veterans
How to keep fit after a long break
How physical exercises can cause stress
How physical exercise can strain
The challenge facing men on getting abs
How to build your abs
An overview of controversial published physiology papers
How to avoid belly fats
Does the body go back to its earlier shape when you stop working out?
How to empower your leg through exercises
How to empower the arm through exercises
How to train for biceps
How to discover the best bodybuilders
Are online bodybuilding activities functional as offline bodybuilding activities?
An overview of recent discovery on exercise science
What is most important to a basketballer?
What training routine is most important to a boxer?
What is the importance of warming up?
How effective is bike riding?
What does cross-fit training mean?
How to retain training strength
What are the training routines to stick to?
Examine what plyometric exercises mean
Spinning classes and their advantages
Why people should work on their shoulders
The importance of chest workouts
Can yoga be called a type of physical exercise?

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Exercise Science Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Leveraging Church Environments to Promote Rural Physical Activity and Healthy Eating , Kelsey Rothera Day

The Role of Environmental Context in Supporting Children’s 24- Hour Movement Behaviors; A Positive Deviance Perspective , Roddrick Dugger

Effects of Caffeine on Measures of Clinical Outcome and Recovery Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescents , Jacob Michael Eade

Sleep, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Time in the First Year Postpartum , Erin Elizabeth Kishman

Mechanisms of Social Stress Susceptibility and Resilience in Female Rats , Brittany Sara Pate

Predictors of Driving Performance Post-Stroke , Halle Elise Prine

A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effects of Two Novel Hydration Beverage Formulas on Rehydration in Healthy Adults , Nathaniel David Rhoades

Effect of Action Selection Demands on the Execution of Goal-Directed Reaches , James Garrison Riedy

An Examination of Inter-Limb Functional Asymmetry After a Fatiguing Bout of Exercise in High Level Soccer Players , Nestor Urrea

Causes and Consequences of the Risk of Generalizability Biases in Health Behavioral Interventions , Lauren von Klinggraeff

Exercise and Mental Health Over the Course of a Semester , Jamie Alexis Whitney

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Molecular Architecture of Cardiometabolic Responses to Regular Exercise , Jacob L. Barber

Relationships Among Sleep, Physical Activity, and Weight Status in Children and Adolescents , Agnes Bucko

Self Reported Cardiovascular Health and Health Behaviors in Women Veterans , Seth Byland

Sports Nutrition- and Strength and Conditioning-based Interventions to Bolster Health and Human Performance in Male and Female Tactical Personnel , Harry Paul Cintineo

Psychophysiological Biomarkers of Concussion Recovery , Adam Todd Harrison

The Effects of Exercise Training on Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in the HERITAGE Family Study , Joshua Adam Hawkins

Physical Activity and Stress Between American Students and Asian International Students at the University of South Carolina , Hao Lei

Effects of Positive Social Comparative Feedback During Practice on Motor Sequence Learning, Performance Expectancies, and Resting State Connectivity , Allison Foster Lewis

Using a Multi-Direction Reaching Approach to Investigate Fitts’ Law and the Effect of Attentional Focus on Motor Learning , Charles R. Smith

Impact of a Novel Marine Algae Supplement on Inflammatory and Immune Response After High-Intensity Exercise , Caroline Sara Vincenty

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Clinical Determinants of VO 2 max Response to Endurance Training: HERITAGE Family Study , Emanuel Ayala

The Influence of ADHD on Concussion in NCAA College Athletes , Brett Steven Gunn

The Relationship of Structured Environments With Children’s Body Composition and Obesogenic Behaviors , Ethan T. Hunt

Racial Disparities in Gestational Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, And Physical Activity During Pregnancy and After Delivery , Marcey Acacia Jiles

Strengthening the Evidence-Base of Youth Nutrition Programs: A Three Part Approach , Rebecca Kyryliuk

Multiple Processes Predict Motor Learning and Impairments After a Stroke , Christopher Michael Perry

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior During and After Pregnancy and Postpartum Weight Retention , Kaitlyn Taylor Ramey

The Influence of Sport Participation on Physical Activity in Youth , Emily R. Shull

Examination of Energy Needs and Female Athlete Triad Components in Competitive Cheerleaders , Allison Smith

Performance of the Wrist-worn Actigraph GT3X + in Measuring Physical Activity in Older Women , Michal Talley Smith

Effects of Basketball Exercise Simulation Test (BEST) On Landing Mechanics in Active Females , Madison Treece

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

The Association of Exercise Training Modalities with Circulating Branched Chain Amino Acid and Ketone Body levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes , Ryan Andrew Flynn

Examination of Daily Steps in People With Parkinson’s Disease & Stroke: Two Steps Forward , Reed Handlery

Examination of Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport- Related Injuries , Rebecca Marie Hirschhorn

Sex-Based Differences in Concussion Outcomes Among Adolescents and Young Adults , Jacob James Michael Kay

Piloting a Smartphone-Based Sedentary Behavior Reduction Intervention for Adults With Overweight or Obesity: Take a STAND 4 Health , Chelsea Larsen

Integrating Survivors of Stroke Into Cardiac Rehabilitation , Elizabeth Wherley Regan

Lipoprotein Discordance: Associations With Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Response to Exercise , Jonathan Joseph Pulama Kupaianaha Ruiz-Ramie

Characterizing Patterns of Adherence to Physical Activity Goals in Behavioral Weight Control , Melissa Lee Stansbury

Mental Health Prevalence and Biofeedback Intervention for Student- Athletes , Samantha Rose Weber

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Leveraging For-Cause Physical Activity Events for Physical Activity Promotion: An Investigation Using Self-Determination Theory , John A. Bernhart

Effect of TRB3 on Skeletal Muscle Mass Regulation and Exercise-Induced Adaptation , Ran Hee Choi

The Role of AMPK in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Proteostasis During Cancer Cachexia , Dennis K. Fix

Identification of Factors Contributing to Musculoskeletal Injuries in Military Basic Trainees , Amy Fraley Hand

Effects of Spinal Manipulation on Brain Activation in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain , Max K. Jordon

The Effect of Patient Financial Liability on Physical Therapy Utilization and Patient Reported Outcomes for Patients With Low Back Pain: An Instrumental Variable Analysis , Adam D. Lutz

Physical Activity of Preschoolers with Developmental Disabilities and Delays , Michaela A. Schenkelberg

Reproducibility and The Effects of Exercise on The Endurance Index , Michael Dean Smith, JR.

Differential Cholinergic Modulation of Prelimbic and Thalamic Input to the Basolateral Amygdala , Sarah Catherine Tryon

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular-related Circulating MicroRNAs , Jacob Luther Barber

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Environment and Its Influence on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity in Youth , Morgan N. Clennin

Calibration of an Accelerometer for Measurement of Very Light Intensity Physical Activity in Children , Joseph S. Gorab

The Effects Of Exercise Mode And Intensity On Energy Expenditure During And After Exercise In Resistance Trained Males , George Lewis Grieve

Enhancing Dancing: Examining The Potency Of A Combined Action Observation And Brain Stimulation Intervention , Melissa B. Kolar

The Effects Of Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors On Lipoprotein Particle Concentration And Size , Ryan R. Porter

Cortical Damage and Disconnection Contribute to Post-Stroke Sensorimotor Impairment , Shafagh Yazdani

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Patterns Of Participation And Performance In Youth Baseball Players , Amanda Arnold

The Effect of Energy-Matched Exercise Intensity on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Motor Learning , Jessica F. Baird

The Role of Exercise Dose on Ghrelin Concentration in Postmenopausal Women , Kimberly Bowyer

Children’s Obesogenic Behaviors During Summer Versus School , Keith Brazendale

The Effects of a Game Simulation on Muscle Activation and Knee Kinematics in Females , Geoffrey Collins

The Regulation of Glycoprotein130 Dependent Inflammatory Cytokines one Basal and Mechanical Stimuli Induced Protein Synthesis in Myotubes and Skeletal Muscles , Song Gao

Muscle Inflammatory Signaling Regulates Eccentric Contraction-Induced Protein Synthesis during Cancer Cachexia , Justin Perry Hardee

The Addition Of A Concurrent Bimanual Task Influences Postural Sway And Walking Speed Performance And Prioritization Across All Ages , Derek Matthew Liuzzo

Maternal Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness During Pregnancy and its Relation to Infant Size , Samantha M. McDonald

Identifying Associations between Religious Commitment and Preventive Health Behaviors in a Southeastern Rural County , Nathan A. Peters

The Association Of Changes In Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Changes In Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , Leanna Marie Ross

The Nutrition Assistance Landscape in Afterschool Programs: Understanding the Gap between Research, Policy, and Practice , Falon Elizabet Tilley

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Effects Of Exercise On Sleep Parameters Among Older Women , Charity B. Breneman

Exploring Children’s Physical Activity Levels Through Structure and Measurement , Jessica L. Chandler

Comparison of the Effects of Energy Flux on Metabolic Conditions and Satiety in Young Adults , Molly Madison DeMello

Role Of Altered Gut Microbiota In Tumor Development, Mucus Production And Inflammation In APC MIN/+ Mouse Model , Kamaljeet Kaur

Exploratory Analysis Of PTSD Severity And Objective Measures Of Physical Activity Among Combat Veterans , Danny O. Sauceda

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Environmental and Policy Assessment – Measurement Issues and Implications , Rahma Jamea Yousef Ajja

Metabotropic Receptor Modulation of Kainate Receptors in the Hippocampus , C'iana Patrice Cooper

The Recovery of Gut Barrier Function With Selenium Rich Diet in Acute DSS-Induced Colitis , Sarah Depaepe

The Role of Ovarian Function in the Progression of Cachexia in the APC MIN/+ Mouse , Kimbell Louise Hetzler

Factors Influencing Level of Implementation of Physical Activity Interventions in Youth-Serving Organizations , Yuen Yan Lau

Correlations Between White Matter Integrity, Structural Connectivity, And Upper and Lower Extremity Motor Function in Individuals With Chronic Stroke , Denise M. Peters

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Fatness Effect on Submaximal Systolic Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Prognosis among Young Adults , Vivek Kumar Prasad

Adiponectin and Selenium Rich Diet can act as a Complimentary Medicine in the Treatment of Intestinal and Chronic Inflammation Induced Colon Cancer , Arpit Saxena

Novel Drug 2-benzoyl-3-phenyl 6,7-dichloroquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide Induces Colon Cancer Cell Apoptosis Through HIF-1α Pathway , Alexander-Jacques Theodore Sougiannis

Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Association with Health Risks Among African American Adults , Tatiana Y. Warren-Jones

Patient and Provider Perceptions of Weight Gain, Physical Activity, and Nutrition in Pregnancy , Kara M. Whitaker

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

The Effects of Exercise Training on Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Women , Katie Marie Becofsky

The Effects of Arthritis Foundation’s “Walk With Ease” Program on Cognitive Function , Ryan S. Falck

Weight-Gain and Energy Balance , Benjamin Thomas Gordon

ROLE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ON LIVER FUNCTION DURING CACHEXIA PROGRESSION IN THE APC MIN/+ MOUSE MODEL , Aditi Narsale

Longitudinal Evaluations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity: Capturing the Full Spectrum of Duration and Intensity , Amanda E. Paluch

The Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Mitochondrial Biogenesis by gp130/STAT3 Signaling during Cancer Cachexia , Melissa Puppa

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Mechanisms of Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Effectiveness of Manual Therapy , Lane Brooks Bailey

Optimal Cooperation In Joint Action Tasks , Scott Michael Blanchette

Measuring Organizational Member Involvement In Physical Activity Coalitions Across the United States , Daniel Benjamin Bornstein

Outsmarting the Brain: Augmenting Motor Training with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Order to Facilitate Plasticity-Dependent, Functional Improvement within the Motor Cortex , Raymond Joseph Butts

The Association of Physical Fitness With Psychological Health Outcomes In Soldiers During Army Basic Combat Training , Shannon K. Crowley

An Investigation into the Influence of Dietary Saturated Fat and Quercetin Supplementation on Adiposity, Macrophage Behavior, Inflammation, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty-Liver Disease , Reilly Enos

The Effect of Radiation on Myofiber Properties in Mouse Skeletal Muscle , Dennis K. Fix

Exploring the Role of Culture and Race In Stroke Rehabilitation Disparities , Jennifaye Verdina Greene

Classroom Exercise Breaks and Educational Outcomes in Elementary School Students , Erin Kaye Howie

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Exercise Science Research Guide

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Choosing your topic

Choosing your research topic is an important step in writing your paper. First, choose a topic you're interested in. You don't want a topic that is too narrow or one that has little or no research about it. Think of a topic that will have enough articles/research relating to it. Is it significant enough that research has been done on it?

How to choose a topic? Writing different ideas down on paper can help your ideas flow. You also want a topic that piques your curiosity. Keep in mind you have to live with this topic over the course of an entire semester.

Try identifying 3 potential research topics. Consider related concepts. Then, perform a quick search on all three. From your three ideas, choose the one that is strongest. Are there enough articles available? Is the topic too general? Does the topic seem to broad or narrow?

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Last Updated: May 15, 2024 2:34 PM
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The 10 Most Controversial Topics in Exercise Science in 2023

Want to get attention and engagement on social media? Start an argument about a controversial topic in exercise science.

“Direct core work is dumb. Do squats and deadlifts and the core takes care of itself.”

“Traditional cardio is a waste of time. Just lift faster.”

“Your clients don’t need corrective exercises. Strength training itself is corrective.”

For every follower you lose, you’re likely to gain five more.

Only problem: Few things in exercise science are truly black and white. If it’s worth discussing, it’s worth going into more detail than you can fit on a bumper sticker.

That’s certainly true of the 10 controversial, polarizing, and hotly debated topics I tackle here:

Flexibility vs. mobility
Corrective exercise vs. “shut up and lift”
Compound vs. isolation exercises
Bilateral vs. unilateral lower-body training
Moderate reps vs. higher and lower reps
Full-body lifts vs. direct core work
Core stability vs. core flexion and/or rotation
Traditional cardio vs. metabolic resistance training
Interval training vs. steady-state cardio
Advanced monitoring techniques vs. the feel method

1. Flexibility vs. mobility

Our clients don’t need more passive flexibility, the movement gurus tell us. Too much of it might even increase injury risk . What we should focus on instead is mobility—active control over their range of motion.

Are the gurus right?

Kind of. Active range of motion is a physical quality worth pursuing. And too much passive flexibility can predispose that joint to injury.

But a lot of clients enjoy stretching. Combined with conscious breathing, they like how it feels at the end of a workout as they transition back into daily life. Some folks believe it speeds up recovery, too.

Verdict: Incorporate a client-specific mix of active mobility and passive flexibility training based on their personal preferences and the demands of their target activities.

You don't have to choose between mobility and flexibility work for your clients. Use whatever combination best fits their needs and preferences.

2. Corrective exercise vs. “shut up and lift”

Speaking of movement gurus:

They’ve convinced a generation of personal trainers to use cookie-cutter assessments to identify “movement dysfunctions” and prescribe “corrective exercises” to address them.

They meant well, but as so often happens in the fitness industry, they got ahead of themselves. Not only are there no universally agreed-on standards for movement, but we also now know the way people move doesn’t actually predict injury .

What some call “dysfunctional” may simply fall into the normal range of variability in movement.

On the flip side, some trainers don’t do any sort of assessment, and advocate putting clients under the bar right away—even if it’s their first time in the weight room. This can be problematic if the trainer doesn’t help the client find their optimal exercise setups , or has them use a load they’re not prepared to handle.

Verdict: Haphazardly subjecting a client to heavy lifting can put them at risk. Use exercise-specific assessments to find your client's best starting point for exercises like squats and deadlifts . Just don’t claim you’re identifying and correcting movement dysfunctions.

3. Compound vs. isolation exercise

Multijoint movements—squats, hinges, presses, rows, lunges—should form the foundation of your training programs. That’s not in any way controversial.

But compound movements aren’t the only choice for every muscle group.

Take the hamstrings and adductors, for instance. These are oft-injured muscles, especially in athletic populations.

While they do get worked in multijoint movements, research has shown that isolating them with Nordic hamstring curls and Copenhagen adductor raises can reduce injuries. As a bonus, clients can also get a nice pump where they aren’t used to having one.

Verdict: Prioritize compound lifts, of course. But there’s no reason to exclude single-joint exercises. Biceps curls and triceps extensions are classic examples of giving clients what they want, while the aforementioned movements for the hamstrings and adductors give some of them what they need.

4. Bilateral vs. unilateral lower-body training

Unilateral lower-body exercises offer similar strength and hypertrophy benefits as their bilateral counterparts , along with two distinct advantages:

Lower compressive forces on the spine
Higher stability requirement

And you’ll probably increase the overall training volume if you work one leg at a time, which could improve your client’s conditioning.

But traditional bilateral squats and deadlifts aren’t pointless, as some coaches have argued.

I can think of three reasons to use them:

For clients who aspire to compete in powerlifting, they’re a must.
For contact-sport athletes, training ought to prepare them for the high loads they’ll face on the field.
Some clients just prefer them, either because they like the feeling of a heavy barbell in their hands or on their back, or because they want to measure their strength against well-known benchmarks.

Verdict: A mix of unilateral and bilateral lower body training works well for most clients. One simple, time-saving strategy is to include a bilateral knee-dominant exercise and a unilateral hip-dominant exercise in one session, then flip-flop for the next session.

For example, you might do a bilateral squat and single-leg Romanian deadlift in the first session, and in the next one do a bilateral deadlift combined with a rear-foot-elevated split squat.

Most clients will get the best results with a combination of bilateral and unilateral lower-body exercises.

5. Moderate reps vs. higher and lower reps

Classic training wisdom tells us that six to 12 reps is the optimal range for hypertrophy. Any lower and you’re primarily building strength. Any higher and you’re increasing endurance.

Those guidelines work well enough as shorthand, but they don’t tell the whole story. The latest research shows that any rep range can produce hypertrophy, as long as the volume is high enough and the sets are taken close enough to failure .

That said, the moderate rep range remains a convenient sweet spot for most clients.

Lower-rep training requires more recovery between sets, which either lengthens your training sessions or reduces the amount of work you can do in the allotted time. Meanwhile, high-rep sets taken to failure aren’t anyone’s idea of a fun way to train, and clients may object to the discomfort they induce.

Verdict: If a client’s primary goal is hypertrophy, six to 12 reps will always be the most convenient range. But if a client wants to maximize their muscular potential, some evidence suggests you should use a variety of rep ranges .

6. Full-body lifts vs. direct core work

Coaches who believe direct core work is unnecessary have a point: Full-body barbell lifts do, in fact, elicit high levels of activation in the trunk muscles .

But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t ever train the core directly.

For untrained clients, or those returning from an injury or illness, the midsection is often a weak link. They’ll do well with a few sets of direct core work toward the end of the session. On the opposite end of the spectrum, for clients with exceptionally strong core muscles, direct work is the best way to provide a significant training stimulus.

And lots of people in between those extremes simply enjoy feeling the burn in their abs, as with other “mirror muscles.”

Verdict: To supplement full-body lifts, select a handful of exercises that work the core directly and address the client’s needs and goals.

Even your strongest clients can benefit from direct core training.

7. Core stability vs. core flexion and/or rotation

On one side, you’ll find biomechanics experts (along with internet “experts”) who argue that the purpose of the core is to prevent motion, not create it . They advocate for anti-movement core exercises like dead bugs, bird dogs , and side planks.

Yet anecdotally, we hear about elite athletes who regularly do hundreds or even thousands of crunches and not only perform well but remain free of back pain.

The truth is, high-volume lumbar flexion and rotation exercises may be a bad idea for a client who’s deconditioned or has a history of back pain. But that’s hardly unique to core training. Any exercise can be counterproductive if we prescribe too much, too soon.

For clients who enjoy them and are prepared for them, it’s perfectly safe to include a few sets of sit-ups, crunches, or Russian twists in their program. Heck, they may even provide some functional benefits along with their aesthetic value .

Verdict: Train the core statically and dynamically for clients who can tolerate it. Just be smart about it. Build volume slowly and cautiously, as you would with any other part of your training program.

8. Traditional cardio vs. metabolic resistance training

Metabolic resistance training , in theory, allows you to increase cardiovascular fitness while also building muscle. Which, understandably, makes some coaches wonder why they would ever want their clients to do traditional cardio.

If you’ve read the previous items, you can guess the number-one reason: Some clients simply enjoy walking, running, swimming, or cycling in between personal training sessions, and there’s no reason to talk them out of it.

You also need to be cautious about pushing clients into metabolic resistance training before they’re ready for it. That’s especially true of CrossFit-type workouts, where you do heavy, technical lifts for time in a fatigued state. For clients who aren’t well prepared, the risk far outweighs any potential reward .

Verdict: Metabolic resistance training, with appropriate exercise selection, can be both fun and beneficial for clients who’re ready for it.

But don’t forget that traditional cardio also offers health and conditioning benefits. If a client wants to do it, in or out of the gym, include it in their program.

metabolic-resistance-training-with-kettlebell

Metabolic resistance training can produce fast improvements in body composition and aerobic fitness. But traditional cardio is still beneficial for health and recovery from more intense workouts.

9. Interval training vs. steady-state cardio

This argument is similar to the previous one, and even predates it by a decade or two. The only difference is that we’re talking about two different ways to do more or less the same thing—increase endurance and burn fat—without resistance training thrown into the mix.

Proponents of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are quick to boast about the superior calorie-burning efficiency of their methods, compared to steady-state cardio .

They’re right, if we’re comparing genuine HIIT to someone pedaling at a snail’s pace on a stationary bike while watching Netflix, which probably isn’t providing much of a training effect. At most, it potentially promotes recovery from intense training .

But there’s an easy fix: Encourage the client to bump up the intensity slightly.

By holding their heart rate in the neighborhood of 110 to 130 beats per minute for 20 to 30 minutes, they’ll see steady increases in cardiovascular fitness. And unlike HIIT, which offers quick increases in VO2 max, the client won’t quickly reach a plateau .

Verdict: Interval training and steady-state cardio both burn calories and increase cardiovascular fitness. Ideally, clients will do some of both, but if they prefer one over the other, encourage them to increase the intensity and/or duration in a progressive way.

And from time to time, remind them that the fat-burning effect of any type of training is highly overrated .

10. Advanced monitoring techniques vs. the feel method

Activity-tracker technology allows us to monitor every step, heartbeat, minute of sleep, and calorie consumed or expended.

But just because our clients can track fancy readiness metrics like heart-rate variability, does that mean they should? Or should we ditch the expensive gadgets and just base training decisions on how clients feel?

For elite athletes, high-tech monitoring strategies can provide a competitive edge. But for the average gymgoer, these devices may paradoxically provide too much data.

Verdict: A simple device that counts steps and measures heart rate is a happy medium for most of the general population.

Final thoughts

Never forego an entire training methodology simply because one expert, in an effort to get attention, insists on its uselessness. Avoid such polarizing stances on fitness topics. When you keep an open mind, you’ll find that the middle of the road is the most defensible position on most issues.

By exposing your clients to a full range of training stimuli, you improve their health and fitness in multiple ways—and give them more reasons to look forward to your training sessions.

J. L. Nuzzo, “The case for retiring flexibility as a major component of physical fitness,” Sports Medicine , vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 853–870, 2020.

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N. Van Dyk, F. P. Behan, and R. Whiteley, “Including the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programs halves the rate of hamstring injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 8,459 athletes,” British Journal of Sports Medicine , vol. 53, no. 21, pp. 1362–1370, 2019.

J. Harøy et al., “The Adductor Strengthening Program prevents groin problems among male football players: A cluster-randomized controlled trial,” British Journal of Sports Medicine , vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 145–152, 2019.

M. Jones, J. Ambegaonkar, B. C. Nindl, J. A. Smith, and S. A. Headley, “Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower-body heavy resistance exercise on muscle activity and testosterone responses,” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1094–1100, 2012.

B. J. Schoenfeld, J. Grgic, D. Ogborn, and J. W. Krieger, “Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , vol. 31, no. 12. pp. 3508–3523, 2017.

B. Schoenfeld and J. Grgic, “Evidence-based guidelines for resistance training volume to maximize muscle hypertrophy,” Strength and Conditioning Journal , vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 107–112, 2018.

N. Hamlyn, D. Behm, and W. Young, “Trunk muscle activation during dynamic weight-training exercises and isometric instability activities,” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1108–1112, 2007.

S. McGill, “Core training: Evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention,” Strength and Conditioning Journal , vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 33–46, 2010.

B. Contreras, B. Schoenfeld, N. Zealand, and G. F. Services, “To crunch or not to crunch: an evidence-based examination of spinal flexion exercises, their potential risks, and their applicability to program design,” Strength and Conditioning Journal , vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 8–18, 2011.

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R. Ortiz, A. Sinclair Elder, C. Elder, and J. Dawes, “A systematic review on the effectiveness of active recovery interventions on athletic performance of professional-, collegiate-, and competitive-level adult athletes,” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 2275–2287, 2019.

S. Seiler and E. Tønnessen, “Intervals, thresholds, and long slow distance: the role of intensity and duration in endurance training,” Sportscience , vol. 13, pp. 32–53, 2009.

Travis Pollen

Travis Pollen has a diploma in personal training from NPTI and a PhD in health and rehabilitation sciences from Drexel University. He also holds a master’s degree in biomechanics and movement science along with an American record in Paralympic swimming. He bridges the gaps between research and practice and performance training and rehab at his website and on Instagram .

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Research in the Exercise Sciences

Where we are and where do we go from here-part ii.

Baldwin, Kenneth M.; Haddad, Fadia

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

Address for correspondence: Kenneth M. Baldwin, Ph.D., FACSM, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 (E-mail: [email protected] ).

Accepted for publication: October 19, 2009.

Associate Editor: Stephen M. Roth, Ph.D., FACSM

This decadal perspective summarizes novel, insightful observations achieved in exercise science. The topics span genomics and gene function, epigenetics, cell signaling, epidemiological phenomena, and other important areas. A future strategy is presented along two parallel, integrated paths involving the following: 1) a continuance of genomic discovery and gene function, and 2) classical biochemical/physiological approaches toward solving biological- and health/disease-related phenomena.

This article summarizes novel findings in exercise science in the last decade and points to new directions in the future.

INTRODUCTION

In 2000, a perspective was provided concerning the evolution of the "exercise sciences" in the 21st century ( 4 ). The article covered a wide range of topics such as the following: 1) emerging technologies and research initiatives, 2) new fields of research, 3) future funding trends and research priorities, 4) future challenges in exercise research-the building of a solid foundation, and 5) where the exercise sciences fit in health care.

Well, here we are 10 yr later, and the current authors have been charged with the assignment of taking the pulse concerning the scope of progress that has been made in the exercise field in the last 10 yr along with projecting what impact such accomplishments bode for the future. Although the goal of this perspective will be essentially the same as before, we will take a slightly different tactic in formulating such a view. Rather than providing only our personal opinion, several experts in the field were contacted to provide their own insights. The responses received were quite insightful, and there was a large degree of agreement in their respective viewpoints.

In the present article, the goal is to examine to what degree progress has been made on several fronts in the exercise field. Based on the dialogue presented below, it is not surprising that considerable advancements have occurred in skeletal muscle, given the fact that it is the organ system of exercise/movement. Then, we will posture how the exercise field should evolve. Hopefully, such an approach will provide a reflection of what the science community has accomplished and how we can extend the knowledge base down the road. Furthermore, we apologize in advance for not providing more depth and breadth in covering topics beyond those highlighted in this perspective (see next section).

SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS AND NOVEL DISCOVERIES IN THE LAST 10 YR

Before going into the details, it is important to point out some general background information. A PubMed search with the word exercise retrieved approximately 82,826 peer-reviewed articles published in the past 10 yr. There were approximately 3836 papers linked to genetics, 45 to proteomics, 155 to genomics, 22 to epigenetics, and 326 to signaling pathways. For additional links to the exercise theme, the term obesity retrieved 7357 articles; diabetes, 6312; longevity, 254; muscle, 18,562; bone, 4038; metabolism, 24,033; nervous system, 4505; hormones, 6954; brain function, 2644; circulation, 3426; immune system, 1281; respiratory, 5734; and hematology, 126. These data suggest a wide range of subject matter linked to the exercise sciences and illustrate a vast group of investigators focusing on these important topics. Unfortunately, the authors cannot cover all these mentioned themes, given the strict space constraints for this brief perspective.

Achievements in Gene Function and Regulation

Genomics, genetic factors, and exercise.

The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003. No doubt, this milestone helped pave the way for genomic research exploring how genetic factors impact the responses and adaptations of health-related traits to exercise stimuli. Furthermore, studies have identified polymorphism in more than 239 genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) and associated certain genotypes with cardiovascular responses, fitness phenotypes, and muscle strength and power adaptations ( 8 ). For example, there is a strong association between R577X genotype of the alpha actinin 3 gene ( ACTN3 ) and performance in a variety of athletic endeavors. The R allele has been found to be associated with power-oriented performance, whereas the XX genotype may be linked with endurance ability ( 49 ). However, the collective data point to the fact that, although some genotypes may be associated with certain phenotypes, the overall physiological significance is multifactorial, and the result of interactions between the genome, the epigenome, and the environment widely vary on an individual basis. Thus, this evolving field has generated a wide diversity of viewpoints as to how the field will evolve as pointed out by the excellent perspective provided by Stephen Roth, Ph.D., FACSM ( 42 ). He predicts that genomic studies will continue to enhance our understanding of the underlying biology of exercise responses. Genomic information can be useful for prescribing individualized exercise regimen especially when treating susceptible patients. No doubt, exercise genomics, applied in public health care, will be a hot area in the next decade.

Gene knockouts

In the last 10 yr, the molecular manipulation of gene function, designed almost exclusively for the mouse, has exploded with a large number of the articles recently published in the last 2 yr. The primary approach has been to null out a target gene and address the likely physiological and biochemical outcomes (phenotype) in the context of either acute or chronic exercise performance. The genes that have been studied span a broad scope, as illustrated by the following genes examined: triacylglycerol lipase, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC1-alpha), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) related kinases, desmin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor protein P53, carnitine functional interruption, muscular dystrophy (MDX), alpha 1 AMP kinase, uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), LOV keltch protein (LKP) kinase, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), myoglobin, myostatin, adenine nucleotide translocator, and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha to name a few.

To illustrate the power of this research approach, the function of TSP-1 will be illustrated as reported by Malek and Olfert ( 28 ). This gene is a negative modulator of angiogenesis in several tissue types. Animals with this gene knocked out have greater muscle capillarity and a corresponding greater running endurance capacity than the wild-type animals. This study thus provides a unique insight that the capillary-to-muscle interface is a critical factor that limits exercise capacity. Importantly, this article points out that the negative consequences of the loss of TSP-1 also must be considered because there are checks and balances to maintain optimal levels of physiological processes whether it is blood supply regulation or cell growth. In the context of the recent review article by Booth and Laye ( 7 ), this study would have been more complete if the animals also were studied under increased daily physical activity. Gene function may differ between inactive animals and those with high levels of daily physical activity ( 7 ). For example, with certain gene knockouts, animals fail to show the disease phenotype when the animals have access to voluntary wheel running ( 7 ). Thus, for a full spectrum of gene function, knockout animals should be compared with wild type not only at rest but also under chronic exposure to physical activity and in response to an acute exercise stress stimulus ( 7 ).

RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing, initiated by double-stranded RNA that is identical in sequence to the target gene. The discovery that synthetic duplexes of 21 nucleotides (siRNAs) trigger gene-specific silencing in mammalian cells has made them a useful tool to study gene function in mammalian systems ( 16,26 ). SiRNA technology involves the use of small interfering RNA fragments that can be delivered into cells either directly or via a plasmid vector delivery system. Once within the cell, siRNAs trigger the degradation of their cognate messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby reducing the substrate for translation. Thus, the target gene becomes significantly "knocked down," thereby reducing the effectiveness of the target gene's regulation of physiological processes. This technology is theoretically simpler and more cost effective than genetically producing the "knockout" approach and is particularly useful in studying the function of genes that are lethal upon complete knockout. Another advantage of siRNA usage is that because the target protein is not completely eliminated, the knockdown perturbations are less likely to induce compensatory plasticity processes observed with complete knockouts. Consequently, in the future, siRNA is predicted to be used in a broad range of experiments targeting the rat because of its long-standing use as an important animal model in the exercise field.

Epigenetics and gene regulation

Epigenetics is a new and rapidly growing research field that investigates heritable alterations in chromosome function/gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are diverse but can be classified into three interacting areas involving the following: modulation of the chromatin/histone structure (methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation), DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA such as microRNA and antisense RNA (reviewed in ( 30 )). Recent studies have shown that epigenetic modulations also can be dynamically and rapidly occurring in response to environmental changes to alter gene expression. For example, our group, in carrying out recent studies on the plasticity of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene family in response to altered loading state, has discovered two types of epigenetic phenomena. The first involves the expression of antisense RNA in the fast MHC gene locus in which the MHC genes are organized in tandem on the same chromosome. These antisense RNAs allow adjacent genes to cross talk as well as to coordinate regulation of neighboring MHC genes ( 35,41 ). Second, we have discovered that repression of slow MHC and activation of fast MHCs (and vice versa) in a given muscle involve altered patterns of acetylation and methylation of the histones that regulate expression of MHCs, that is, slow to fast and fast to slow depending on the loading conditions ( 36 ).

Recently, epigenetic regulation was linked to rat behavior in response to exercise. It was shown that exercise causes epigenetic changes that lead to enhanced memory formation and better coping in response to stress. Significant increases in histone H3 phosphoacetylation and induction of the cFos gene were found in the brain of exercised rats ( 11 ). Another epigenetic inducer is diet. For example, recently, a high-fat diet was shown to increase methylation of the leptin gene, thus reducing its expression in obese people ( 31 ). These findings raise the possibility that many of the adaptations that occur in muscle and in other organ systems in response to diet, exercise, chronic inactivity, aging, and many disease interventions could be regulated, in part, via epigenetic phenomena. These observations lead to an important topic for future investigation, which suggests the possibility that the beneficial effects of exercise is occurring via epigenetic reprogramming of gene expression. The notion that environmentally induced epigenetic traits have an impact on future generations has important ramifications for future research involving diet and exercise. For example, can diet and exercise induce specific epigenetic modulations that serve as a countermeasure for many disorders, which helps in overcoming our genetic weakness and predisposition to certain diseases ( 7 )?

Micro-RNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level ( 44 ). These highly conserved ∼21-mer RNAs regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of specific mRNA. Each individual miRNA could act posttranscriptionally to target hundreds of mRNAs for translational repression, degradation, or destabilization. They are involved in many aspects of cell function and play a significant role in disease development. Research suggests that miRNAs are major regulators of gene expression and thus are part of the adaptive response ( 10 ). Computational analyses continue to identify gene targets for cellular miRNA; however, these targets must be validated with microarray data. MiRNAs together with transcription factors generate a complex combinatorial code regulating gene expression. There is speculation that, in higher eukaryotes, the role of miRNAs in regulating gene expression could be as important as that of transcription factors. Thus, identifying and targeting miRNA-transcription factor gene networks may provide a potent approach in future research in exercise science as applied to therapy and disease prevention.

Genetic selection and maximal exercise performance

The relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences in terms of individual exercise capacity is difficult to determine in humans. In recent studies using self-selected rodents after many generations (7 vs 15), it was possible to delineate key factors for determining maximal oxygen consumption rate (MOCR) in inherent high capacity runners (HCR) versus low capacity runners (LCR) independent of training stimuli. In generation 7 animals, MOCR was primarily differentiated between the two groups by the ability of the muscle system to extract and diffuse oxygen rather than the capacity to deliver oxygen. In generation 15, the opposite was apparent in that the HCR again had greater MOCR than LCR, but the difference in this generation was due to greater oxygen delivery rather than greater oxygen extraction. In both generations, the HCR group had greater oxygen diffusion capacity. According to P.D. Wagner and associates ( 21 ), these unique studies are important in that they now allow researchers to dissect each step in the transport chain while also eliminating the environmental factors' contribution to these physiological phenomena.

Cell Signaling: Regulatory Molecules Impacting Metabolism and Muscle Mass

Muscle metabolism.

One of the long-standing questions in all fields of biomedical science involves filling in the gap between the stimulus and response to a given perturbation, for example, exercise (aerobic and/or resistance loading). In the last decade, major strides have occurred in filling in such gaps, and this is illustrated by a couple of examples, although there are numerous signaling pathways that control physiological and immune homeostasis. In the metabolic fields relative to exercise, the signaling pathway centered on adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) has shown that by activation of this so-called fuel gauge or metabolic regulator (pharmacological and contraction-induced activation), a number of outcomes occur in association with AMPK activation ( 47 ). These include increases in glucose disposal; fatty acid oxidation; activating transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis; and mediating actions of hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, and glucocorticoids. Interestingly, AMPK also serves as a negative modulator of anabolic processes (glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis). Thus, AMPK is a powerful regulatory molecule, and in the future, it will likely be the target of various pharmacological interventions for treating various disorders centered on diabetes and obesity. In this context, we have witnessed the controversy of using pharmacological manipulation of AMPK function and its downstream targets (PPAR-delta and PGC1-alpha) as presented in the findings of Narker et al. on the improvement of exercise performance via an exercise "pill" ( 34 ). This article has created several counter viewpoints as to the physiological impact and merit of such an approach as reviewed in the excellent article by Booth and Laye ( 7 ).

Mitochondrial biogenesis

Forty-two years ago, Holloszy ( 18 ) made a seminal discovery that programmed running exercise carried out over several weeks induces a doubling of the mitochondria in the leg muscles of rodents not normally accustomed to physical activity. Since that time, hundreds of studies have focused on this important phenomenon, which serves as one of the key linchpins that define the field of muscle plasticity. Fast forward to this decade, several studies as reviewed by Holloszy ( 19 ) and Hood ( 20 ) provide the mechanism(s) driving this important discovery. For example, studies have shown that a single bout of exercise induces a rapid increase in mitochondrial biogenesis that is mediated by PGC1-alpha and other factors, which induce transcription of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes that combine to encode the protein comprising the mitochondria ( 3,25 ). This important discovery has rejuvenated the science community such that mitochondrial research in health, disease, and aging will be a major focus in the next decade. In fact, a new field of science referred to as "mitochondrial medicine" has emerged.

Muscle mass

Another important discovery/advancement of similar importance involves the IGF-1 protein kinase B/AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, which has been linked to anabolic processes, particularly in skeletal muscle in response to exercise ( 6 ). This pathway has been shown to activate a number of downstream effectors that act on enhancing expression of the ribosomal translation machinery, as well as increasing activity of activators and enzyme systems in the processes governing protein translation as well as immune function. Furthermore, this system is linked to inhibiting processes Forkhead box O1 (Foxo1-Atrogin-1 MAFbx system) governing the catabolic processes of protein degradation ( 29,32,43 ). There are several other signaling pathways that have been dissected and worthy of being mentioned, but lack of space prevents such a dialogue in this brief review.

In the context of the above topics concerning signaling for metabolic regulation and the regulation of anabolic pathways for controlling muscle mass, a perspective has evolved suggesting that if the signaling pathway for metabolic control is activated, the pathway(s) for anabolic outcomes is down regulated and vice versa ( 2,12 ). This incompatibility seems counterintuitive to some degree because many athletes train for enhanced functional capacity for both properties. Clearly, research in the future is needed to address this important topic.

Muscle as an Endocrine Organ System

In recent years, Pedersen et al. ( 37 ) coined the term myokine for any factor apparently expressed/synthesized in skeletal muscle in response to physical activity, which in turn can act either locally or released into the blood to regulate function in other tissues. Three myokines have been identified and partially characterized. Interleukin (IL)-6 seems to act both locally on carbohydrate metabolism and distally on hormone activity in the pancreas/liver and in lypolysis in adipose tissue. IL-8 acts locally and may play a key role on angiogenic processes. IL-15, which is released during resistance exercise ( 40 ), seems to regulate anabolic processes in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, individuals expressing certain single nucleotide polymorphism in the IL-15 receptor-alpha demonstrated more muscle hypertrophy than other subjects in response to resistance exercise training ( 40 ). These collective observations illustrate that this emerging field is ready to explode and will have a major impact on how we view the role of skeletal muscle in terms of being a regulator of function in other organ systems ( Figure ).

The Dynamics of Connective Tissue and Bone Adaptation With Exercise

The study of connective tissue in regard to both tendon and the intramuscular connective tissue recently has blossomed to the forefront partly because of the efforts of Mackey et al. ( 27 ). It has been demonstrated that the metabolism, blood flow, and turnover of collagen in connective tissue is rapid and that regulatory factors are up regulated in relation to exercise (IGF-1, transforming growth factor (TGF-beta, IL-6)). By use of microdialysis and stable isotopes, ultrasonography, and atomic force microscopy, these various approaches have made it possible to determine the structure and function of this dynamic tissue along with examining the adaptive regulation in response to various activity paradigms. The consensus of these findings is that the connective tissue infrastructure responds to exercise stimuli as rapidly as the myofiber complex.

With regard to physical activity and the anabolic responses of bone, it seems that the response varies among different skeletal elements and across different regions of the same bone according to the recent findings of Hamrick et al . ( 15 ). Their findings on treadmill running mice for only 30 min·d −1 suggest that the osteogenic responses of cortical bone to exercise varies significantly along the length of a bone, and more distal regions seem most likely to exhibit morphological changes when loading conditions are altered. The mechanisms for this heterogeneity have not been elucidated.

On the front of genetic and environmental factors contributing to bone mass, Suuriniemi and coworkers ( 45 ) investigated the role of PvuII polymorphism in the estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha gene concerning the activity profiles on 245 prepubertal and early pubertal girls, given that impairment of bone mass at puberty is an important risk factor for osteoporosis in later life. Their findings suggest that the PvuII polymorphism in the ER-alpha gene may modulate the effect of exercise on bone mineral density at loaded sites. The heterozygotes seem to benefit most from the exercise effect; whereas, neither of the homozygote groups received any significant improvement from physical activity. The findings further suggest that physical activity may hide the genetic effect on bone; for example, one may compensate one's less favorable Pp genotype by increasing physical activity at early puberty. It would be interesting to determine in future research whether these exercise-induced effects are occurring via epigenetic reprogramming.

The Role of Progenitor (Satellite) Cells in Muscle Adaptation

Skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are unique in that they are multinucleated and also maintain satellite cell pools in the basal lamina. Whether myonuclear addition from the satellite cell pool is a prerequisite for marked skeletal muscle fiber enlargement to occur in response to loading stimuli is the subject of ongoing inquiries in the muscle biology field. Petrella et al. ( 38 ) addressed this topic by using cluster analyses of 66 subjects that underwent a rigorous quadriceps resistance exercise training program. The subjects were subsequently classified after training into three groups of fiber enlargement: 1) extreme responders, 2) moderate responders, and 3) nonresponders. Extreme responders had more nuclei per fiber before training and showed the greatest level of satellite cell expansion and incorporation into the enlarged myofibers as compared with both the moderate and non responders. These observations provide strong evidence that myonuclear proliferation/differentiation is a prerequisite for load-induced fiber enlargement in human muscle. These findings on human muscle essentially corroborate previous studies on rodent skeletal muscle that were overloaded for long duration after irradiation to prevent satellite cell proliferation/differentiation. In that study, irradiation prevented the marked hypertrophy that was observed in nonirradiated muscle as well as the incorporation of satellite cells in the muscle's nuclear domain ( 1 ). Moreover, there is additional evidence that injury repair processes also are dependent on satellite cell proliferation in the repair of injured/ regenerating fibers.

Exercise and Endothelial Cardiovascular Biology

The crucial role played by the endothelium (the lining cells of blood vessels) in cardiovascular biology is becoming increasingly appreciated as endothelial dysfunction seems to have detrimental consequences and long-term effects. For example, endothelial injury has been implicated in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and hypertension. During the last 10 yr, it has become evident that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), released from bone marrow, may play an important role in maintaining an intact endothelial cell layer ( 33 ). Earlier reports from animal experiments suggest that circulating EPCs bind to the activated dysfunctional epithelium via specific receptors and reconstitute the endothelial cell layer by secretion of mediators of proliferation ( 39 ). Recent research also suggests that acute exercise stimulates release of EPCs in steady-state strenuous exercise along with other regulatory factors such as VEGF and IL-6. Additionally, reports by Brehm et al. ( 9 ) provide strong evidence that physical activity predisposes the mobilization and enhanced functional activity of circulating progenitor cells that may lead to improved cardiovascular function in patients with recently acquired myocardial infarct. Finally, Witkowski et al. ( 48 ) report that chronic long-duration exercise training in aging male subjects demonstrated greater hyperemic forearm blood flow compared with less active subjects, although the EPC counts were not different between the two groups. Additionally, detraining of the active subjects resulted in both a large decrease in reactive forearm blood flow and circulating EPCs and VEGF receptor number. These alterations were correlated to changes in antioxidant capacity. These collective findings clearly point to the important role that exercise plays in maintaining the homeostasis of the vascular endothelial system and the dynamic nature of its response to inactivity.

Epidemiological Studies on Physical Activity and Longevity

In the last decade, there have been many articles published pointing to the positive impact that physical activity plays in the evolution of several degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular dysfunction, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis to name a few. In fact, studies show that physical exercise is "more protective" than might be predicted on exercise-induced changes in risk factors ( 23 ). However, the critical question is whether exercise plays a positive role in extending one's life span. In 2001, Blair and colleagues ( 5 ) set the tone by trying to sort out whether it was physical activity per se or the level of fitness that contributed to health benefits leading to longevity because both were linked to reducing morbidity from coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and all-cause mortality. It was recommended that future studies define more precisely the shape of the dose-response gradient across activity and the level of fitness groups with a primary focus on musculoskeletal fitness relative to additional health outcomes. Although ongoing research suggests that activity level is an important contributor to longevity for both male and female subjects, only recently did new insight occur on this important topic by focusing more on elite athletes. Recently, Teramonto and Bungum ( 46 ) analyzed mortality and longevity of elite athletes using a variety of standardized tests. Their findings show that elite endurance (aerobic) athletes and mixed-sport (aerobic and anaerobic) athletes survive longer than the general population, as indicated by lower mortality and higher longevity. Furthermore, the results point to lower cardiovascular disease as the primary factor for these lower mortality rates. On the other hand, there are inconsistent results among studies on power (anaerobic) athletes. Thus, there is some truth to the term survival of the fittest.

To put this important issue into a broader perspective, Fraser and Shavlik ( 13 ) studied 34,192 California Seventh-Day Adventists and found that this subject pool has higher life expectancy than other white Californians by approximately 7.28 yr, giving them the highest expectancy of any formally described population. Additional analyses attributed this life extension to diet (leaning toward more vegetarian), exercise, lower body mass index, less dependency on hormone replacement, and lack of smoking. It might turn out that, in the long run, it is the behavioral choices that individuals make that contribute to one's longevity.

Biomedical Informatics

Biomedical informatics (BMI) is an expanding field that is playing an ever growing role in health care and biomedical research. BMI now encompasses subdisciplines such as bioinformatics, imaging informatics, clinical informatics, and public health informatics ( 14 ). Indeed, electronic medical record systems and numerous National Institutes of Health (NIH) initiatives like the Clinical Translational Science Award place a heavy emphasis on biomedical informatics. A fundamental component of biomedical informatics is the so-called ontology, which provides a controlled vocabulary and set of terminologies that can be used to model a domain of knowledge or discourse. Currently, an exercise/physical activity/physical inactivity specific ontology does not exist. Consequently, it is our recommendation that recognized organizations in the field of exercise science like the American College of Sports Medicine take the lead in developing ontologies that will play an essential role in accelerating breakthroughs in the field of exercise science.

MOVING FORWARD ON TWO PATHS

Building on a solid foundation.

With the topics covered above, it is clear that research initiatives in the last decade were focused heavily on gene discovery and gene expression, along with their manipulation and regulation. These new areas of study were enhanced further by the emergence of the epigenetic field. New technologies blossomed and became commonly available such that it became easier to perform molecular/biochemical analyses via kits purchased off the shelf from a large variety of vendors (which, in turn, generated a lot of junk mail). Furthermore, a wide variety of high throughput analyses systems became available in many areas in the biological sciences to include genomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. These, in turn, generated a "mountain" of data that required advances in the bioinformatics field to design software for better analyses and integration of the large volume of data being generated. Thus, it is safe to say that the research centered around "gene expression and function" will only get bigger and better as more information is generated and integrated in different fields, including the exercise sciences. However, is this path the only way to go?

Back to the Future: The Essence of Fundamental Biochemistry

In a recent opinion/OP-ED article in the New York Times ( www.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/opinion/06watson.html?_r=1 ) Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, provided a deep rooted perspective on the topic: "To Fight Cancer, Know the Enemy." Watson opined that over the years since 1971, the NIH National Cancer Institute squandered the assault on fighting cancer by putting more resources into comprehensive cancer centers rather than putting needed money into basic cancer research. Although the death rates for cancer have dropped over time, the cure for cancer is nowhere on the horizon.

Watson points out that a comprehensive overview of how cancer biology works did not begin to emerge until about 2000, with more extensive details about specific cancers beginning to pour forth only after the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. At present, although there are promising drugs in the pipeline, these "powerful attackers" may not be effective for every case and for a life long cure. Watson postulates that the time has come to turn the focus away from decoding the genetic instructions behind cancer and to a greater degree toward understanding the "chemical reactions within cancer cells." This concept is based on the long-standing discoveries of biochemists that cancer cells, to grow and replicate, are almost exclusively dependent on the metabolic processes of carbohydrate metabolism, which "overdrive" reactions that lead to increased glucose transportation into these rapid growing cells to fuel the signaling driving proliferation differentiation processes. Thus, Watson argues the need to return to performing studies on the biochemistry of cells to ascertain the function and mechanisms of gene products. In the authors' view, there are potential lessons learned from the Watson opinion piece that can be translated to the exercise sciences in dealing with a number of degenerative diseases and health epidemics.

For example, we are well aware of the critical problems associated with obesity, which seems to keep growing despite a lot of attention by the science community. Perhaps it is time to get back to basics. This is illustrated by the unique studies recently published by Huber et al. ( 22 ). They have made the unique observation that by undernourishing (caloric restriction) pregnant rats, the development of the fetus is imprinted with a biochemical footprint favoring the economy of energy balance. After birth, the animals grow normally in the neonatal state, but as they proceed into adulthood, they become obese, although they do not consume more food than their normal sibling counterparts. Also, these animals prefer exercise relative to food intake if presented with the choice, and exercise proves to be useful in preventing the development of obesity in this model. Furthermore, the biochemical cascade of this process is much different in its biochemical mechanism as compared with normal animal littermates that were fed high fat diets and also became obese.

To put these above findings into a human context, in a report by Kyle and Pichard ( 24 ) involving the Dutch famine of 1944-1945, prenatal famine due to marked food reduction in pregnant mothers resulted in significant alterations in physiological homeostasis of the offspring. These included increases in impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, coronary heart disease, atherogenic lipid profiles, antisocial personality, and other related disorders. These unique findings point to the importance of using modern tools to dissect the signaling processes and the biochemical framework for understanding obesity and other disorders in different types of animal models and potentially in humans with different prenatal, neonatal developmental, genetic, and epigenetic imprints. Furthermore, the above phenomena raises important questions for maternal fetal programming of exercise effects; for example, will physically active mothers have more physically active offspring? Or will such offspring have some protection against inactivity-related disorders?

In the Figure, we present a conceptual framework of integrating the physiology/biochemistry with genomic data as an approach for better interpretation of data in exercise physiology and potential outcomes.

Some Key Themes Driving the Exercise Science Field in the Future

The following topics listed below were provided by investigators who responded to the inquiry. They are by no means the end-all of where the science should be heading.

Exercise mimetics: the controversial article of Narker et al. ( 34 ) has sparked keen interest into whether there are a wide range of pharmacological agents (exercise pills) that can activate certain pathways linked to enhancing running capacity and/or muscle growth. The key question is whether exercise stimuli are essential requirements to enhancing physical fitness and improved metabolic outcomes. See the reviews of Booth and Laye ( 7 ) on this controversial topic as well as the article by Hawley and Holloszy ( 17 ), the latter of which puts exercise mimetics in proper perspective.
Studies are already unfolding to search for large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms and invariant genomic probes to unlock genomic variation contributing to fitness, performance, and trainability. These probing breakthroughs are made possible by both human and mouse genotyping arrays generated by collaborations between Jackson Laboratories and Affymetrix (note that the authors have no financial conflicts of interest on these technology advancements).
Reactive oxygen species: the focus will be to understand the underlying biology of these species, including their role in regulating muscle mass under different impacting loading state and as signaling molecules for organelle, organ, and organismal adaptations.
Genomics: the genomic basis of muscle function is already expanding (because of new technologies) to gain insights on athletic performance, general health, and the exercise impact on different diseases.
The muscle from inside and out: the role of myokines, cytokines, and adipokines are thought to impact both organ systems and organism homeostasis; the new emphasis should focus on mechanisms driving such synergism.
The processing of substrate fuels during acute and chronic exercise in athletic, sedentary, and obese lifestyles.
Experiments need to be designed to ascertain the mechanism(s) of cell signaling regulation when aerobic and anabolic training paradigms are simultaneously imposed on animal and human subjects.
Muscle fiber, connective tissue, bone, and satellite cell integration: each of these systems is dynamic and the challenge is to understand their integrative role in responses to various mechanical stimuli.
Mechanical sensors and signaling regulators that control muscle size: this area is largely unexplored.
Discovering biomarkers for predicting exercise and altered health settings: it is accepted that there is a large variability in how humans respond to different types of training stimuli; is it possible to predict who are the responders versus nonresponders?
Extreme environments: there are many challenges to frame the underlying mechanisms as to how individuals perform in stressful environments of heat, cold, hypoxia, and insufficient nutrition.
The link between exercising muscle and brain plasticity: this is possibly the key to the real quality of life in the aging population.
Exercise and disease prevention: probably the biggest challenge for impacting the health industry in the next decade and beyond.
Mechanisms regulating aging and exercise-induced longevity: the real bottomline to exercise research endeavors.

In the context of the above topics, it is important to note that several of the previous possible future research topics may involve epigenetic research to answer some critical questions that could not be solved with basic genomic approaches.

BUDGET TRENDS: ARE THE NECESSARY RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO COMPLETE THE MISSION?-NOT

In 2000, the NIH's operational budget was $22 billion (B). It increased further to $30 B by 2003 as part of the "budget doubling package" initiated previously by Congress in the late 1990s. From that point on to the present time, the budget has remained flat; and with corrections for inflation, the actual operating dollars has steadily fallen in excess of 10%. This budget profile has had a marked negative effect on NIH funding for investigator initiated R0 types of grant applications. In some of the NIH institutes, the pay line percentages are approaching single digits.

In 2009, the Obama administration, as part of the stimulation package initiative, infused $8.4 B into the NIH budget for scientific priorities in the form of Challenge Grants in Health Science Research (these grants are supposed to provide 2 yr of funding but with no opportunity for renewal). Also, in many of the NIH institutes, there was an infusion of money into the typical R01 type of grant, which has the potential to elevate transiently the funding level for a short period (2009 and 2010). Presently, as this article is being written, there is no assurance that the funding profile will be enhanced to a higher steady-state level in real dollars beyond the 2010 budget. Also, to the authors' knowledge, with so many applications being submitted in the Challenge Grant initiative (∼20,000), it is highly unlikely that many individuals in the exercise sciences field benefited from the stimulus package initiative. This is punctuated by the fact that the pay line for most of the grants was in the second to third percentile! Thus, unless there is a dedicated stimulus to the NIH budget down the road that provides a continuous increase in the operational budget that exceeds the cost of inflation with a primary target toward R0 grant applications, the authors are pessimistic concerning the potential of enhancing the research mission well beyond that which has occurred up until the present time.

From our perspective, investigators working in the field of exercise science and its related fields have made outstanding strides on many fronts as illustrated by the examples delineated in this perspective. This occurred despite funding limitations during the latter half of this decade. Despite this funding fiasco, there is an amazing database and an assortment of state-of-the-art technologies, analytical tools, and sets of resources that posture the community for bigger and better things to come. However, unless appropriate stimulating packages and stable budget profiles return to viable levels, 10 yr from now, the report card or progress report will not reach its true potential.

The authors thank the following individuals who contributed their insights and suggestions to the composition of this article: Greg Adams, Marcas Bamman, Claude Bouchard, Vince Caiozzo, Michael Kjaer, Mark Olfert, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Steve Roth, Michael Sawka, Stefano Schiaffino, Espen Spangenburg, Ron Terjung, Peter Wagner, and William Winder.

This article was supported in part by NIH grants AR-30348 and HL-73473.

gene regulation; muscle as an endocrine organ; epigenetics; cell signaling; biochemistry; epidemiology; obesity

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Study reveals the benefits and downside of fasting

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Low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting have been shown to have numerous health benefits: They can delay the onset of some age-related diseases and lengthen lifespan, not only in humans but many other organisms.

Many complex mechanisms underlie this phenomenon. Previous work from MIT has shown that one way fasting exerts its beneficial effects is by boosting the regenerative abilities of intestinal stem cells, which helps the intestine recover from injuries or inflammation.

In a study of mice, MIT researchers have now identified the pathway that enables this enhanced regeneration, which is activated once the mice begin “refeeding” after the fast. They also found a downside to this regeneration: When cancerous mutations occurred during the regenerative period, the mice were more likely to develop early-stage intestinal tumors.

“Having more stem cell activity is good for regeneration, but too much of a good thing over time can have less favorable consequences,” says Omer Yilmaz, an MIT associate professor of biology, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and the senior author of the new study.

Yilmaz adds that further studies are needed before forming any conclusion as to whether fasting has a similar effect in humans.

“We still have a lot to learn, but it is interesting that being in either the state of fasting or refeeding when exposure to mutagen occurs can have a profound impact on the likelihood of developing a cancer in these well-defined mouse models,” he says.

MIT postdocs Shinya Imada and Saleh Khawaled are the lead authors of the paper, which appears today in Nature .

Driving regeneration

For several years, Yilmaz’s lab has been investigating how fasting and low-calorie diets affect intestinal health. In a 2018 study , his team reported that during a fast, intestinal stem cells begin to use lipids as an energy source, instead of carbohydrates. They also showed that fasting led to a significant boost in stem cells’ regenerative ability.

However, unanswered questions remained: How does fasting trigger this boost in regenerative ability, and when does the regeneration begin?

“Since that paper, we’ve really been focused on understanding what is it about fasting that drives regeneration,” Yilmaz says. “Is it fasting itself that’s driving regeneration, or eating after the fast?”

In their new study, the researchers found that stem cell regeneration is suppressed during fasting but then surges during the refeeding period. The researchers followed three groups of mice — one that fasted for 24 hours, another one that fasted for 24 hours and then was allowed to eat whatever they wanted during a 24-hour refeeding period, and a control group that ate whatever they wanted throughout the experiment.

The researchers analyzed intestinal stem cells’ ability to proliferate at different time points and found that the stem cells showed the highest levels of proliferation at the end of the 24-hour refeeding period. These cells were also more proliferative than intestinal stem cells from mice that had not fasted at all.

“We think that fasting and refeeding represent two distinct states,” Imada says. “In the fasted state, the ability of cells to use lipids and fatty acids as an energy source enables them to survive when nutrients are low. And then it’s the postfast refeeding state that really drives the regeneration. When nutrients become available, these stem cells and progenitor cells activate programs that enable them to build cellular mass and repopulate the intestinal lining.”

Further studies revealed that these cells activate a cellular signaling pathway known as mTOR, which is involved in cell growth and metabolism. One of mTOR’s roles is to regulate the translation of messenger RNA into protein, so when it’s activated, cells produce more protein. This protein synthesis is essential for stem cells to proliferate.

The researchers showed that mTOR activation in these stem cells also led to production of large quantities of polyamines — small molecules that help cells to grow and divide.

“In the refed state, you’ve got more proliferation, and you need to build cellular mass. That requires more protein, to build new cells, and those stem cells go on to build more differentiated cells or specialized intestinal cell types that line the intestine,” Khawaled says.

Too much of a good thing

The researchers also found that when stem cells are in this highly regenerative state, they are more prone to become cancerous. Intestinal stem cells are among the most actively dividing cells in the body, as they help the lining of the intestine completely turn over every five to 10 days. Because they divide so frequently, these stem cells are the most common source of precancerous cells in the intestine.

In this study, the researchers discovered that if they turned on a cancer-causing gene in the mice during the refeeding stage, they were much more likely to develop precancerous polyps than if the gene was turned on during the fasting state. Cancer-linked mutations that occurred during the refeeding state were also much more likely to produce polyps than mutations that occurred in mice that did not undergo the cycle of fasting and refeeding.

“I want to emphasize that this was all done in mice, using very well-defined cancer mutations. In humans it’s going to be a much more complex state,” Yilmaz says. “But it does lead us to the following notion: Fasting is very healthy, but if you’re unlucky and you’re refeeding after a fasting, and you get exposed to a mutagen, like a charred steak or something, you might actually be increasing your chances of developing a lesion that can go on to give rise to cancer.”

Yilmaz also noted that the regenerative benefits of fasting could be significant for people who undergo radiation treatment, which can damage the intestinal lining, or other types of intestinal injury. His lab is now studying whether polyamine supplements could help to stimulate this kind of regeneration, without the need to fast.

“This fascinating study provides insights into the complex interplay between food consumption, stem cell biology, and cancer risk,” says Ophir Klein, a professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, who was not involved in the study. “Their work lays a foundation for testing polyamines as compounds that may augment intestinal repair after injuries, and it suggests that careful consideration is needed when planning diet-based strategies for regeneration to avoid increasing cancer risk.”

The research was funded, in part, by a Pew-Stewart Trust Scholar award, the Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, the Koch Institute-Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Bridge Project, and the MIT Stem Cell Initiative.

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Press mentions, medical news today.

A new study led by researchers at MIT suggests that fasting and then refeeding stimulates cell regeneration in the intestines, reports Katharine Lang for Medical News Today . However, notes Lang, researchers also found that fasting “carries the risk of stimulating the formation of intestinal tumors.”

Prof. Ömer Yilmaz and his colleagues have discovered the potential health benefits and consequences of fasting, reports Max Kozlov for Nature . “There is so much emphasis on fasting and how long to be fasting that we’ve kind of overlooked this whole other side of the equation: what is going on in the refed state,” says Yilmaz.

MIT researchers have discovered how fasting impacts the regenerative abilities of intestinal stem cells, reports Ed Cara for Gizmodo . “The major finding of our current study is that refeeding after fasting is a distinct state from fasting itself,” explain Prof. Ömer Yilmaz and postdocs Shinya Imada and Saleh Khawaled. “Post-fasting refeeding augments the ability of intestinal stem cells to, for example, repair the intestine after injury.”

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How early-stage cancer cells hide from the immune system

MIT biologists found that intestinal stem cells express high levels of a ketogenic enzyme called HMGCS2, shown in brown.

Study links certain metabolites to stem cell function in the intestine

Intestinal stem cells from mice that fasted for 24 hours, at right, produced much more substantial intestinal organoids than stem cells from mice that did not fast, at left.

Fasting boosts stem cells’ regenerative capacity

“Not only does the high-fat diet change the biology of stem cells, it also changes the biology of non-stem-cell populations, which collectively leads to an increase in tumor formation,” Omer Yilmaz says.

How diet influences colon cancer

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Study estimates 1 in 7 Medicare beneficiaries with high BMI may qualify for anti-obesity drug

by Brigham and Women’s Hospital

A new study led by investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham health care system, estimates that 3.6 million Medicare beneficiaries are most likely to become eligible for semaglutide.

If Medicare Part D narrowly defines cardiovascular disease, the majority of patients would remain ineligible, while new federal spending could still exceed $10 billion.

Current federal regulation restricts Medicare from covering drugs prescribed solely for weight loss. However, in March 2024, Medicare announced it would extend coverage to semaglutide (Wegovy), a popular glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), for patients with elevated body mass index (BMI) who also had established cardiovascular disease (CVD).

This means that the definition of "established CVD," which has not been formally codified, will have outsized impacts on both public health and Medicare costs.

The study also estimates eligibility and associated maximum costs if different definitions of cardiovascular risk were to be considered. The findings are published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.

The research team analyzed data from respondents over 65 or who were on Medicare and who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2020. They found that if all patients with elevated BMI and a history of heart attack, stroke, coronary artery disease , or angina were treated with semaglutide, maximum annual costs to Medicare could be as high as $34.3 billion after rebates.

"When established cardiovascular disease is narrowly defined, only 1 in 7 Medicare beneficiaries with elevated BMI are likely to be eligible to receive semaglutide, but costs to Medicare could still exceed $10 billion per year," said lead author Alexander Chaitoff, MD, MPH, of the Center for Health care Delivery Sciences in the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology at BWH.

"In this conservative coverage scenario, that means most beneficiaries with elevated BMI and cardiovascular risk would remain ineligible for semaglutide, yet the medication could still potentially become one of the costliest drugs for Medicare."

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Parliamentary inquiry into SA Museum's controversial restructure hears claims science and research are undervalued

By Sophie Landau

By Daniel Litjens

Topic: Libraries, Museums and Galleries

Interiors of the South Australian Museum 2024-04-26 09:04:00

SA Museum donors have told a parliamentary committee they will consider redirecting their $1 million gift to another institution. ( ABC News: Che Chorley )

Major donors to the South Australian Museum say they feel "let down" by the management of their million-dollar donation.

The museum is under scrutiny for a proposed restructure which includes 27 job losses in the research and collections team, which are to be replaced with 22 mostly lower-level roles.

What's next:

The findings from a premier's review of the restructure will be released in the next four weeks.

Long-time donors to the South Australian Museum say a $1 million gift has been mismanaged by the board, while a retired museum scientist says the institution's proposed restructure does not value the role of science.

A parliamentary committee investigating the museum was told philanthropist Antony Simpson gave the funds to the establishment in September 2019 on the condition they would be used to hire a scientist to research critical minerals.

His wife and fellow donor, Mary Lou Simpson OAM, is the founder and chair of the Flinders Ranges Ediacara Foundation and has a background in anthropological research.

She shared a statement on his behalf to the committee, which was established after an outcry over a proposed restructure of the museum .

Exterior of South Australian museum building and signs

The museum's board announced in February changes that included replacing 27 research and collections positions with 22 lower-classified roles. ( ABC News: Daniel Litjens )

She told the committee that in October 2022 a critical mineral researcher believed he received the position, but three months later learned the position would not be filled.

"I have subsequently been informed by the new CEO that it is the museum's intention now not to hire a research scientist," Mr Simpson said in his statement, delivered by Ms Simpson.

"I personally feel very let down as the museum has been a highly favoured institution of myself and my family.

"It would be most regrettable to see it transformed from one of the most significant of South Australia's scientific institutions to a mere repository of collections."

Mr Simpson said pending the outcome of the restructure review, it might be necessary for the gift to be "redirected to an institution that will use it for the designated scientific research".

A woman looks off camera with a serious expression

Andrea Michaels says trust needs to be rebuilt with the museum's key stakeholders. ( ABC News: Lincoln Rothall )

South Australian Arts Minister Andrea Michaels said the state government was taking on feedback from both the parliamentary inquiry and a premier's review of the restructure.

"Science is a critical part, and research is a critical part of what the museum does here in SA," she said.

Ms Michaels said trust would need to be rebuilt with key stakeholders, including philanthropists.

"I know the museum director is working closely with those philanthropists to make sure that their very valued funds are used in the best way possible," she said.

Museum values critiqued by former staff

In February, the museum's board announced it intended to replace 27 positions in the research and collections division with 22 lower-classified jobs, among other changes.

After a significant public outcry , the restructure was paused and the state government launched a premier's review in April .

Protesters on the steps of SA Parliament.

Protesters concerned about the museum's proposed restructure gathered on the steps of parliament in April. ( ABC News: Daniel Litjens )

Former museum scientist Catherine Kemper also addressed the committee on Monday, stressing that reducing the number of researchers would be a "tragedy".

Dr Kemper said the proposed "re-imagining" of the SA Museum did not value the role of science.

"I believe that research and collections at the South Australian Museum will be permanently damaged if the present board and management continue on their path of downgrading scientific knowledge and discovery," she said.

"In the last few years, I've seen a lack of understanding of how powerful the scientists can be for the state.

"If we're talking about biodiversity conservation … you have to have the scientists in order to have the information to inform, for example, the Biodiversity Act."

A woman stands beneath bone specimens of animals in a museum foyer

Catherine Kemper says there is a lack of understanding about how important scientists can be for the state. ( ABC Radio Adelaide: Malcolm Sutton )

But Dr Kemper said the number of research positions had been reduced and if the restructure went ahead it would be "impossible" to do original research, let alone service the collections.

"We need more scientists, not less," she said.

The review committee asked Dr Kemper if the SA Museum chair, director or arts minister understood the contributions scientists made to the museum.

"No, I don't think they do," she said.

"I suspect they don't want to. I suspect that there is this … they're on their own tack for whatever reason and they don't want to see the implications."

Ms Simpson was asked the same question.

"They've got no idea," she said.

Premier Peter Malinauskas says the findings from his review will be released in the next four weeks, while the parliamentary inquiry into the museum continues.

SA Museum chief executive David Gaimster said funds associated with Mr Simpson's $1 million donation would be "deployed in consultation with the donor".

"The South Australian Museum has been in discussion with Mr Simpson about his donation and we are working together closely on a new project," Dr Gaimster said.

"The museum has recently made a major mineralogy acquisition.

"Some of the donation will support documentation and research into this new collection, which is of major scientific interest."

Mr Gaimster said the museum "does not comment publicly on internal staffing matters".

COMMENTS

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The Top 10 Most Interesting Exercise Science Research Topics

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Top 10 Exercise Science Research Paper Topics

2. Determining the Minimal Amount of Physical Exercise Required to Maintain Strength and Stamina

3. Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Mass on Olympic Weightlifting Athletes

4. The Effect of Exercise on the Gut Microbiome

5. Wearable Technology for Health Monitoring and Sport Performance

6. Optimizing Human Movement Potential for Elite Athletes

7. Equity in Sports

8. Effect of Bike Commuting on Insulin Sensitivity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Adipose Tissue

9. Reducing Lower Back Pain by Increasing Physical Activity

10. Applications of Kinesiology in the Treatment of Movement Dysfunctions

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Controversial Exercise Physiology Topics

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Physical Exercise And Health Topics

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Difficult Kinesiology Topics For High School

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221+ Interesting Kinesiology Research Topics (Updated 2024)

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Kinesiology Research Topics: 2024

Top 15 Topics on Biomechanics

Top 15 Topics on Exercise Physiology

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Top 15 Kinesiology Research Topics on Cardiopulmonary Kinesiology

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