File | Description | Size | Format | |
---|---|---|---|---|
5.56 MB | Adobe PDF |
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
Terms of use, description, date issued, collections.
Show Statistical Information
Towards achieving green buildings in developing countries based on a traditional approach with reference to the hot-arid climate, vernacular architecture as a design paradigm for sustainability and identity: the case of ladakh, india, eco-adaptive architecture through the bioclimatic design in historical arab regions, building a zero energy house for uae : traditional architecture revisited, sustainable housing design and development in relation to the city of jijel, algeria..
An analysis of disaster vulnerability in the united arab emirates, bioclimatic and sustainable features on vernacular architecture in ternate, towards the second sustainable city in the middle east: retransforming ras el khaimah costal city with the estidama first model of the abu dhabi master plan 2030, sustainability and vernacular architecture: rethinking what identity is, 72 references, sustainability in traditional houses in the uae: potentials and improvement of buildings abilities, renewable energy sources and rationale use of energy development in the countries of gcc: myth or reality, the green house: new directions in sustainable architecture, sustainable development after johannesburg and iraq: the global situation and the cases of slovenia and croatia, social sustainability: towards some definitions, tools needed for sustainability evaluation: the social compatibility analysis (sca), rough guide to sustainability, united arab emirates: a new perspective, the social sustainability of cities : diversity and the management of change, ethics of environment and development: global challenge, international response, related papers.
Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers
Downloadable content.
Thumbnail | Title | Date Uploaded | Visibility | Actions |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019-10-11 | Public |
Built Heritage volume 7 , Article number: 21 ( 2023 ) Cite this article
5502 Accesses
5 Citations
1 Altmetric
Metrics details
Over recent decades, heritage conservation has developed in concept and scope. This paper uses a systematic literature review approach to collect charters and documents on heritage conservation issued by UNESCO and ICOMOS, divided into two periods, before 2000 and from 2000 to the present, for analysis from a qualitative perspective. The study results show that the scope of architectural heritage is expanding, and the definition of conservation is changing from individual to holistic conservation and from holistic to sustainable conservation. The focus of conservation has evolved from tangible to intangible attributes. The changing scale of conservation, from object to landscape, incorporates a more comprehensive range of heritage values, and the status of conservation has changed from static to living conservation. This study systematically structures the development of the concept of architectural heritage conservation, providing insight in the international field of architectural heritage conservation and encouraging reflection on the conservation of architectural heritage in historic cities.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) and ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) have been exploring and guiding the conservation of the environment, cities, and buildings since their establishment. They have accumulated a wealth of experience. Since the start of this century, experts from the UNESCO World Heritage Committee have thought it was time to shift the process of architectural heritage conservation. They are gradually becoming aware of the objective reality of urban development, that historic cities are facing conflict between conservation and development and that architectural heritage conservation can no longer focus only on the conservation of buildings. The conflict between sustainable development and heritage conservation is a balancing act between preserving the importance of heritage and allowing sustainable development (Fouseki and Cassar 2014 ; Adams et al. 2014 ; Arumägi and Kalamees 2014 ; Broström et al. 2014 ; Eriksson et al. 2014 ; Fabbri 2013 ). Thus, the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape was created.
In 2011, UNESCO adopted the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape , which addresses the negative impact of urban development on heritage conservation and the contradictions and problems between architectural heritage conservation and modern urban development. It argues that rigid and dogmatic conservation strategies need to be adapted to a city’s social context and economic environment (UNESCO 2011 ). History and development should not be opposites but rather mutually beneficial (Najd et al. 2015 ). The historic urban landscape is an approach that incorporates both the historical environment and contemporary space into the conceptual scope (Yang, Brumana and Previtali 2019 ). The conservation of architectural heritage in urban spaces is not only about preserving the historical buildings of the past but also about uniting stakeholder groups, identifying architectural heritage, gaining a collective cultural identity, finding a sense of place and civic pride for residents, allowing everyone to appreciate the cultural values of the city today, and creating a cultural identity for future urban planning through this process (Cauchi-Santoro 2016 ).
Before 2000, the definition and scope of architectural heritage conservation were based on a series of ICOMOS charters, resolutions, and declarations surrounding The Venice Charter in 1964. In 1987, the definition and scope of architectural heritage conservation in The Washington Charter were gradually extended beyond protecting the building itself. The charter provided a new concept of architectural heritage conservation, defining the concept of architectural heritage and its historic location and larger historic urban areas. In addition, it defined the notion of holistic conservation.
In 2005, the historic landscape of cities was first introduced in the Vienna Memorandum adopted by UNESCO (UNESCO 2005 ), stimulating a new way of thinking. In 2011, the term was formally introduced in the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (UNESCO 2011 ), which pointed out that change is considered part of the urban tradition and was widely discussed. Reviewing and summarising the evolution of architectural heritage conservation reveal that the definition and scope of architectural heritage conservation have changed from The Venice Charter to the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape .
How has the concept of architectural heritage conservation developed from the Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments to the present? How has the scope of architectural heritage conservation changed accordingly?
This study aims to analyse the development of architectural heritage conservation and discuss changes in the concept of architectural heritage conservation by analysing the charters and documents on architectural heritage conservation issued over the years by ICOMOS and UNESCO to gain a deeper understanding of the concept of architectural heritage conservation. On this basis, it reconceptualises and clarifies the systematic nature of the concept of architectural heritage conservation, reveals the development of architectural heritage conservation, and identifies its implications for the conservation of architectural heritage in historic cities. Architectural heritage conservation is not static and changes with time and the development of society. Therefore, systematically examining the development of the concept of architectural heritage has far-reaching guiding significance for the definition of architectural heritage, the determination of its scope, and the stimulation of its value.
This study adopts a systematic literature review approach to collect charters and documents on architectural heritage conservation issued by UNESCO and ICOMOS for analysis from a qualitative perspective and compiles statistics for two periods: before 2000 and from 2000 to the present. The full texts of the charters and documents on architectural heritage conservation were read so that views adopted in the concept of heritage and leading views on the scope of heritage could be extracted and listed and the four aspects of definition, focus, scale, and status of architectural heritage conservation could be analysed. Finally, the study elaborates on the inspiration for architectural heritage conservation in historic cities, leading to reflection on the conservation of architectural heritage.
3.1 development of the definition of architectural heritage conservation.
In 1931, the Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments was established. It proposed the need to study the suitability of decorative flowers and trees for certain monuments or groups of monuments, to eliminate all forms of advertising and the erection of unpleasant electric poles in the vicinity of monuments of artistic and historical value, to prohibit the construction of noisy factories and towering pillars, and to better protect the monuments themselves (ICOMOS 1931 ). The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments was the first official document on the protection of cultural heritage to be accepted at the international governmental level. In a sense, it was the beginning of the formation of an international consensus.
Subsequently, in 1964, The Venice Charter was formed. It argues that monuments cannot be separated from the history they represent and the environment in which they were created (ICOMOS 1964 ). Historic monuments include the monuments themselves and their historical environment. The charter was an essential moment in the cultural debate, as it expanded the definition of historic monuments, emphasised the protection of the environment in which these monuments are located, and accelerated the expansion of conservation standards from individual buildings and groups of buildings to buildings and the environments with unique civilisations that they contain (Jokilehto 2013 ; Goetcheus and Mitchell 2014 ; Ahmad 2006 ). Based on the Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments , it reaffirmed the scope and significance of heritage conservation. More important, it expanded the definition of heritage conservation and provided a complete definition of architectural heritage conservation. However, it is not perfect, as it focuses on single historic site conservation, ignoring the problem of the city, and therefore the macro-level.
In the stage, the focus was on historical heritage conservation of a single substantial space, and the scope of conservation attention was narrowed. However, the scope of monument conservation has changed as the understanding of conservation value has changed and expanded. The object of conservation has gradually expanded from a single historical building to the level of historical areas. The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments formed a preliminary understanding of the environment surrounding historical buildings.
The concept of architectural heritage conservation has been widely promoted and accepted through the definition of the historic urban landscape in the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape , which expanded the scope of architectural heritage. Moreover, the scope change in architectural heritage conservation documents triggered changes in programmatic documents for architectural heritage conservation. In terms of connotation, some critical changes occurred in architectural heritage conservation documents after 2000.
The charters adopted by the general assembly of ICOMOS as well as resolutions and declarations issued every two years are consensus documents for the heritage conservation academic community and influence the conservation practices of governments. Since its establishment in 1965, ICOMOS has issued or endorsed 49 documents. Among them, 19 charters were adopted by the general assembly of ICOMOS, 17 resolutions and declarations, 7 charters were adopted by ICOMOS national committees, and 6 other international standards were issued. There are 45 documents on architectural heritage conservation (Table 1 ).
Regarding the number and type of documents the period before 2000 was a significant era of development. There were 26 documents related to architectural heritage conservation, accounting for 96.30% of all documents; from 2000 to the present, there were 19 documents, accounting for 86.36% of all documents. Most of these documents were promulgated between 1980 and 1990, with 11 documents related to architectural heritage, more than in any previous period.
UNESCO’s conventions, recommendations and declarations are the programmatic and guiding documents for architectural heritage conservation. Since its establishment in 1946, UNESCO has issued 12 documents related to architectural heritage conservation, accounting for 13.58% of the total number of documents (Table 2 ).
The number of UNESCO documents on architectural heritage was significantly higher after 2000 than before. There were 2 conventions, accounting for 25%. The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003 and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in 2005 emphasise the importance of culture for social cohesion, not only protecting and safeguarding people but also enhancing the diversity of cultural expression. There was 1 recommendation, the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape issued in 2011, accounting for 12.5%, and 2 declarations, accounting for 28.57%.
The ‘setting’ of heritage is originally derived from the concept of the surrounding environment or natural environment. In the Charter of Athens (CIAM 1933 ) and the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites , the word ‘surrounding’ refers to the natural environment (UNESCO 1962 ). The first use of the term ‘setting’ was in The Venice Charter for heritage conservation. The historical environment at this stage referred mainly to artificial physical constructions and ancient remains (ICOMOS 1964 ). Along with developing the understanding of heritage value, many charters provided different definitions of the ‘setting’ of heritage, resulting in different connotations of ‘environment’. The Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas clarified that ‘Architecture adapts harmoniously to the spatial organisation and setting of the groups of historic buildings’ (UNESCO 1976 ). The Washington Charter paid attention to the relationship between the neighbourhood and the surrounding environment. ‘Setting’ is the surrounding environment, both natural and artificial (ICOMOS 1987 ). In The Burra Charter , ‘setting’ refers to the area around a heritage site, including the scope of vision (Australia ICOMOS 1999 ). The European Landscape Convention proposes that all landscapes are important and that landscape is a cultural concept (Council of Europe 2000 ). The Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas elaborates on the ‘setting’ of heritage from the perspective of heritage integrity. The environment includes the immediate environment of heritage and the extended surrounding environment that affects its importance and uniqueness, or the components of its importance and uniqueness. It reflects the connotation of the relevance of heritage, and the continuity of the heritage environment from past to present, emphasising the integrity of heritage (ICOMOS 2005 ; Patiwael, Groote and Vanclay 2019 ; Jokilehto 2007 ).
Therefore, we believe that the ‘heritage environment’ is the relevant setting of heritage and should incorporate the connotation of ‘setting’ from the Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas . It covers the internal and external, individual and mutual, historical and present-day, objective and multifaceted interrelationships of heritage, and emphasises the outstanding contribution to heritage values.
A major underlying force in the evolution of heritage conservation is the shift in focus from the physical structure of heritage itself to the meaning that heritage conveys. The Burra Charter states that cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, settings, use, association, meaning, recording, related places, and related objects (Australia ICOMOS 2013 ). Such significance is an essential aspect of an object assigned by an individual or society. Meaning is why heritage is valued and why it is preserved (Bracker and Richmond 2009 ; Pye 2001 ; Olukoya 2021 ).
The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity in 2001, the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003, and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in 2005 regarded the conservation of architectural heritage as an essential part of cultural diversity and emphasise the importance of culture. Culture has become the conceptual basis for the conservation of architectural heritage. Architectural heritage is the concept not only of material heritage but also of culture. The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003 recognised that intangible and material cultural heritage are interdependent. Such heritage is also a crucible of cultural diversity and a guarantor of sustainable development. The Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas in 2005 further extended the scope of the conservation and continuation of architectural heritage to relevant intangible heritage (Gregory 2008 ; De Silva 2023 ). The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape in 2011 recognised the correlation between heritage and environmental background. It provided a new perspective and methodology for architectural heritage conservation. This shift from focusing on tangible attributes to including intangible attributes is an essential aspect of the evolution of conservation concepts.
In terms of the content of the documents, the architectural heritage conservation documents show a trend of systematisation and development. Starting with The Venice Charter in 1964, the scale of conservation has been constantly updated with the development of the times.
In 1976, UNESCO adopted the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas , which stated that new development can destroy the environment and features of historic areas and that architects and city planners should exercise care to ensure that monuments and views of historic areas are not destroyed and that historic areas can be integrated harmoniously into contemporary life as a whole (UNESCO 1976 ). Moreover, it emphasised that historic areas can be integrated into contemporary life as an integral part of the city as a whole. In 1987, The Washington Charter was formed. It points out that all cities and communities, whether developed gradually over a long period or intentionally created, contain the history of all sorts of social manifestations, and their natural and artificial environments (ICOMOS 1987 ). These entities embody the value of traditional urban culture. Building on the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas , it expanded the concept and content of the conservation of architectural heritage. It established the concepts of historical sites and larger historic urban areas. Compared to The Washington Charter , the recommendation placed more emphasis on buildings and the relationship between green space and open space, the relation between towns and urban areas and the surroundings, updating the evolution of history and the relationship between historic areas and urban development. In 2000, the European Landscape Convention recognised that all landscapes should be viewed as valuable and vital in the healthy development of individuals and societies (Council of Europe 2000 2000 ). The convention emphasised that all landscapes have significance and provide a sense of identity for urban development (Priore 2001 ). In 2005, ICOMOS issued the Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas . It pointed out that the concept of heritage, in addition to the protection of the material body, should include the relationship between that body and nature, intangible heritage, the sociocultural environment, and the relationship with the environment itself as indispensable parts of heritage value (ICOMOS 2005 ). It allowed the architectural heritage to be protected together with the environment, emphasising the cultural importance of the environment (Xie, Gu and Zhang 2020 ). It systematically declared that the relevant setting is an indispensable component of the integrity of the heritage value, not an optional appendage. In 2011, the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape defined the concept of a historic urban landscape as an urban area generated by the historical accumulation of cultural and natural values and attributes. It extended beyond the concept of a ‘historic centre’ or ‘whole’ to include a broader urban background and its geographical environment (UNESCO 2011 ). The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape held that architectural heritage conservation is systematic and sustainable, rather than static conservation for a specific type of material heritage. It emphasised the inherent relevance of various heritage elements. It was a living exploration of architectural heritage conservation in the field of urban planning, intending to maintain a balance between architectural heritage and contemporary needs. Its purpose was to integrate the whole development of history and culture into each part and area of conservation, ensure the inheritance and sustainable development of history and culture, treat architectural heritage and urban space as a system, establish identity from the individual to the whole, and strengthen the spirit of place. In 2014, the Florence Declaration elaborated landscape as a rich concept encompassing heritage as a synthesis of nature and culture (ICOMOS 2014 ). Therefore, landscape is increasingly becoming a paradigm for harmonious development, offering new ideas for integrating economic, social, and environmental development.
With the development of the times, heritage conservation documents have elaborated on the heritage concept of historic buildings and monuments and included concepts of historic towns, historic gardens, and historic areas. The relationship with the city, from architectural objects to landscapes, is increasingly important.
As the concept of architectural heritage conservation has developed, it has put forwards new conservation notions and values.
The Venice Charter for the first time explicitly introduced authenticity to cultural heritage to enable cultural heritage to be inherited with complete authenticity. The Venice Charter stressed the conservation of cultural heritage in its original state and the valid contributions of all periods (ICOMOS 1964 ). It fully expressed the original concept of the connotations of cultural heritage conservation, that is, the initial state and the environment at that time. To highlight the local value of heritage is to respect its authenticity.
In 1994, the Nara Document on Authenticity proposed the principle of the local value of heritage. Heritage assets must be considered and evaluated in the cultural context to which they belong in order to respect all cultures (ICOMOS 1994 ); thus, recognition of heritage value must be related to local social life. At the same time, respect for the diversity of culture and heritage is necessary to determine the authenticity (ICOMOS 1994 ) of architectural culture. The diversity value of heritage comes from its locality as historic remains in a specific space, and the local value of architectural heritage comes from the value of cultural diversity. Then, Australia issued The Burra Charter based on the concepts of fabric and place, distinction and connection (Australia ICOMOS 1999 ), repurposing the Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments in terms of the basic orientation towards historical building protection. From the perspective of a single individual, space as a whole, highlights the emphasis on heritage conservation in the spirit of the integrity of cultural significance. In 2005, the Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas also emphasised the importance and uniqueness of heritage are in the social, spiritual, historical, artistic and aesthetic, natural, scientific, or other cultural value (ICOMOS 2005 ). Additionally, the spirit of heritage is related to the physical, visual, and cultural aspects of the vital link to the background environment (ICOMOS 2005 ). Heritage is a specific and unique cultural form, and the recognition of its value should first be based on respect for its locality, which is a dialectical value principle in the sense of authenticity.
The Venice Charter defined the concept of architectural heritage as including not only a single building but also a unique civilisation and the development of a meaningful or historical witness of an urban or rural setting (ICOMOS 1964 ). It began to pay attention to the meaning of development, and the conservation of architectural heritage was not confined to static conservation. The European Charter of the Architectural Heritage systematically discussed the social significance of the conservation of architectural heritage and proposed the concept of holistic conservation (Council of Europe 1975 ). The practical significance of protecting architectural heritage was clarified, and the vital role of architectural heritage in providing living environmental quality, maintaining social harmony and balance, and supporting culture and education was recognised. The charter also pointed out that the future of architectural heritage depends to a large extent on its integration into people’s daily living environment and its importance in regional and town planning and development (Živaljević-Luxor, Kurtović Folić and Mitković 2020 ). The Washington Charter put forwards the relationship between the conservation of historic cities, urban areas, and urban development. The conservation of historic cities should be an integral part of social and economic development policy (ICOMOS 1987 ). The charter contained the most comprehensive definition to date of urban conservation. The conservation of historic towns and cities means that various steps are necessary for their protection, preservation, and restoration as well as their development and harmonious adaptation to modern life (ICOMOS 1987 ). It suggested that architectural heritage conservation not only involves museum-based protection but also must adapt to modern life. The modern concept of conservation is based on the conservation of historical blocks and urban context. The conservation of architectural heritage extends to the preservation of cultural and regional characteristics, which involves a shift from simple protection to the updating and development of the city. The Vienna Memorandum considered the natural and ecological environment of any buildings or structures. It pointed out that architectural heritage is the core of the challenges and development trend of coordinated interaction (UNESCO 2005 ) and put forwards coordinated conservation as a new way of thinking about architecture, sustainable urban development and landscape, and careful consideration of urban heritage conservation, urban modernisation and social development. The Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas pointed out that the environment creates and forms the environmental space as well as the current dynamic cultural, social, and economic background (ICOMOS 2005 ). It regarded heritage as a dynamic and composite whole rather than a static and independent state and recognised the impact of environmental dynamics on heritage value. The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape pointed out that positive conservation of urban heritage and its sustainable management is essential for development (UNESCO 2011 ). These changes are beginning to be regarded as part of the tradition, and conservation has become sustainable based on the balance between urban growth and quality of life (Bandarin and Van Oers 2012 ). A strategy in the context of broader thinking about urban historic landscape conservation, emphasises the dynamic, continuous, living and holistic understanding of this way of thinking. While the dynamic nature of this strategy should be recognised, the sustainable use of urban space should be improved and the architectural heritage conservation goal combined with urban development. The results of living conservation can achieve economically sustainable, socially harmonious and environmentally friendly development (Cooper 2001 ).
From The Venice Charter to the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape , the status of architectural heritage conservation has been changing. This change involves the vision of how people view the relationship between architectural heritage and the contemporary world, from the initial emphasis on the harmony between them to the gradual and profound recognition that architectural heritage is an important resource for contemporary development. Architectural heritage is moving from static to living conservation, from mere conservation to focusing on the development of the era of generating architectural culture.
The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape in 2011, which proposed that architectural heritage conservation should be viewed systematically, is a conservation document with historical significance. Over time, the definition of architectural heritage conservation has gradually developed, from representative buildings in human history to important relics of human cultural exchanges to important assets closely related to urban development. At present, the contradiction between architectural heritage protection and urban development in historical cities is becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, it a breakthrough from the traditional protection mode is urgently needed. Undoubtedly, the development of the scope of architectural heritage conservation can provide inspiration.
With the development of the definition, focus, scale, and status of architectural heritage conservation, the emphasis is increasingly on the holistic value of architectural heritage, from a single building to a focus on the surrounding environment and urban development. The concept of architectural assets has moved from a single building to a focus on the surrounding environment and urban development, with increasing emphasis on the overall value of architectural heritage. Understanding the authenticity of architectural heritage is first based on recognising the overall scenario in which it is situated. This totality goes far beyond heritage as an object. We must realise that architectural heritage, as a form of cultural heritage, naturally contains inherent temporality and spatiality in its historical generation. We must pay attention to the relationship between architectural heritage as a specific object and its natural, social and cultural contributions. Thus, the value of heritage cannot be separated from the social framework in which it is historically generated.
Different cities have different cultural forms and physical and geographical conditions, so they will approach the preservation of their heritage culture and achievements in different and diverse ways. Therefore, it is essential to carry out an extensive survey and assessment of architectural heritage and understand the distribution of heritage resources in each city, as this is an important measure to ensure the most efficient conservation of heritage achievements. From focusing on individual heritage to the conservation of the city as a whole, the protection of architectural heritage will be the result. Focusing on the interactions of architectural heritage will enable the conservation of heritage to be closely integrated into the development strategy, thus making the conservation of architectural heritage systematic and strategic. The use of heritage based on resource investigation adapts to the material and spiritual needs of modern society, enhances the cultural characteristics and vitality of the city, and at the same time promotes sustainable urban development.
As the product of a specific environment, architectural heritage is a cultural form that cannot stay in isolation for conservation; rather, conservation should be based on more extensive context and planning, as such heritage is inseparable from people’s lives. Space is a human creation, dependent on the existence of people and interaction with them, and the conservation of architectural heritage space is the conservation of architectural heritage as a whole. Spatial analysis can lead to a more scientific recognition and better understanding of the nature of architectural heritage in urban space. It also shows that architecture is the science of art and the geometric forms of architecture (Alnaim 2020 ). Based on the above theory, architectural heritage space can be analysed and studied from a holistic perspective to grasp the overall characteristics of the spatial system. Second, the integration of architectural heritage should be studied dynamically to identify the essence and causes. Finally, the focus should be on the stages of the spatial development of architectural heritage and its interaction with the city.
In recent decades, the definition of architectural heritage has expanded from the building itself to the site and from the surroundings to the urban background. It has become the direct cause of broadening values that are considered to have cultural significance, and these new values are now part of all decisions taken to conserve architectural heritage (De la Torre 2013 ). This evolution has moved from the traditional view of conservation, protecting the material fabric of objects that are assigned monument status, to the current view, which aims to protect the values represented by architectural heritage ranging from objects to landscapes. This shift is depicted in Table 3 , which compares the definition and scales of the traditional conservation paradigm to the definition and scales of the current conservation paradigm.
This study outlines recent developments in the definition and scope of heritage and provides an overview of them from the perspective of sustainable development. It aims to provoke reflection on the conservation of architectural heritage in historic cities to adapt to the needs of sustainable development and contribute to heritage conservation. The scope of what constitutes heritage is expanding, shifting from the physical to the landscape and the environment, and the definition of heritage is also expanding. Additionally, heritage studies are becoming more tolerant of change. Therefore, the current paradigm of conservation of architectural heritage is a balance between conservation and development.
The scope of conservation of architectural heritage has expanded from historic areas to historical urban areas and their surrounding areas, emphasising the holistic conservation of the surrounding area, historical relics, and historic urban areas. The Washington Charter emphasised the conservation of historic districts, summarised experiences and practices in many countries, and clarified historical area conservation content because the historical block initially formed a relatively complete protection research system. Nevertheless, with many urban renewal practices and contradictory architectural heritage conservation practices deepening the frequency and various social problems of architectural heritage, the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape paid more attention to architectural heritage conservation to coordinate with the development of the surrounding area and to realise the sustainable conservation of architectural heritage and development.
The analysis of the architectural heritage conservation documents promulgated by ICOMOS and UNESCO reveals that the definition of architectural heritage conservation is no longer limited to material objects. Rather, architectural heritage has been conceptualised in terms of conservation connotations, objects, and scope. In this context, the definition of architectural heritage conservation has changed from The Washington Charter to the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape .
This study focuses on the historical lineage and conceptual development of architectural heritage conservation. However, it is not a purely theoretical study; rather, it starts from the theory and identifies its implications for the conservation of architectural heritage in historical cities. The in-depth analysis of the development of the concept of architectural heritage can be helpful for the planning and design of urban renewal, coordination between urban development and conservation, and the practice of architectural heritage conservation in urban design and urban management. Additionally, this study can add to the applicability of architectural heritage conservation in urban development, thus contributing to developing architectural heritage conservation principles applicable to cities. As articulated by UNESCO, architectural heritage conservation is a form of urban conservation that does not replace established doctrines and conservation methods but integrates environmental protection, policy development, and heritage conservation practices. However, architectural heritage conservation in cities involves all levels of urban history and is a comprehensive and extensive system that requires multidisciplinary participation. This study briefly reviews UNESCO and ICOMOS documents and conferences. It analyses the conceptual development of architectural heritage conservation to provide architectural design, urban conservation, and urban planning practitioners with an understanding of the historical context of architectural heritage conservation, promoting cross-collaboration in urban architectural heritage conservation research and enhancing the importance of architectural heritage conservation in more fields.
With the deepening and updating of understanding and concepts, the value of architectural heritage and the concepts of heritage conservation are no longer limited to the building but have expanded to include the historical and cultural framework, comprehensive values and roles, and sustainability. Architectural heritage conservation has developed into a specialised science involving architecture, planning, history, archaeology, and sociology. Therefore, the challenges are to learn from the current conceptual development of architectural heritage conservation in historical cities, to explore and develop conservation theories and methods in line with the characteristics of historical cities and architectural heritage, and to balance the relationship between conservation and development.
Not applicable.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
International Council on Monuments and Sites
Adams, Charlotte, Rachel Douglas-Jones, Adrian Green, Quentin Lewis, and Thomas Yarrow. 2014. Building with history: exploring the relationship between heritage and energy in institutionally managed buildings. Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 5 (2): 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1179/1756750514Z.00000000053 .
Article Google Scholar
Ahmad, Yahaya. 2006. The scope and definitions of heritage: from tangible to intangible. International Journal of Heritage Studies 12 (3): 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250600604639 .
Alnaim, Mohammed Mashary. 2020. The hierarchical order of spaces in Arab traditional towns: the case of Najd, Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Engineering and Technology 8 (3): 347–366. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2020.83027 .
Arumägi, Endrik, and Targo Kalamees. 2014. Analysis of energy economic renovation for historic wooden apartment buildings in cold climates. Applied Energy 115: 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.041 .
Bandarin, Francesco, and Ron Van Oers. 2012. The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an urban century . Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
Book Google Scholar
Bond, S., and D. Worthing. 2016. Heritage values and cultural significance. In Managing Built Heritage: The Role of Cultural Values and Significance , edited by. S. Bond and D. Worthing, 49–83. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118298718.ch3 .
Bracker, A., and A. Richmond. 2009. Conservation: principles, dilemmas and uncomfortable truths . Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann in Association with the Victoria & Albert Museum.
Google Scholar
Broström, Tor, Petra Eriksson, Linn Liu, Patrik Rohdin, Fredrik Ståhl, and Bahram Moshfegh. 2014. A method to assess the potential for and consequences of energy retrofits in Swedish historic buildings. Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 5 (2): 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1179/1756750514Z.00000000055 .
Cauchi-Santoro, Roberta. 2016. Mapping community identity: safeguarding the memories of a city’s downtown core. City Culture and Society 7 (1): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2015.12.003 .
CIAM (Congrès International d’Architecture Modern). 1933. The Athens Charter . Athens: CIAM.
Clavir, Miriam. 2002. Preserving what is valued: museums, conservation, and First Nations, UBC Museum of Anthropology research publication . Vancouver: UBC Press.
Cooper, I. 2001. Post-occupancy evaluation - where are you? , 158.
Council of Europe. 1975. European charter of the architectural heritage . Amsterdam. https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters/charter21.html .
Council of Europe. 2000. Europe landscape convention . Florence. https://rm.coe.int/1680080621 .
Dastgerdi, Ahmadreza Shirvani, and Giuseppe De Luca. 2018. The riddles of historic urban quarters inscription on the UNESCO world heritage list. International Journal of Architectural Research: Archnet-IJAR 12: 152–163. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i1.1315 .
De la Torre, Marta. 2013. Values and heritage conservation. Heritage & Society 6 (2): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1179/2159032X13Z.00000000011 .
De Silva, Wasana. 2023. Comprehending genius loci, towards spiritual sustainability: lessons from Buddhist heritage city Anuradhapura. International Journal of Heritage Studies 29 (1–2): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2023.2169333 .
Eriksson, P., C. Hermann, S. Hrabovszky-Horváth, and D. Rodwell. 2014. EFFESUS methodology for assessing the impacts of energy-related retrofit measures on heritage significance. Historic Environment: Policy and Practice 5 (2): 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1179/1756750514Z.00000000054 .
Fabbri, Kristian. 2013. Energy incidence of historic building: leaving no stone unturned. Journal of Cultural Heritage 14 (3): e25–e27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.12.010 .
Fouseki, Kalliopi, and May Cassar. 2014. Energy efficiency in heritage buildings - future challenges and research needs. Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 5 (2): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1179/1756750514Z.00000000058 .
Goetcheus, Cari, and Nora Mitchell. 2014. The Venice charter and cultural landscapes: evolution of heritage concepts and conservation over time. Change over Time 4 (2): 338. https://doi.org/10.1353/cot.2014.0018 .
Gregory, Jenny. 2008. Reconsidering relocated buildings: ICOMOS, authenticity and mass relocation. International Journal of Heritage Studies 14 (2): 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250701844027 .
ICOMOS. 1931. The Athens Charter for the restoration of historic monuments . Athens: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. 1964. International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (The Venice Charter 1964) . Venice: ICOMOS. https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters/charter12.html .
ICOMOS. 1987. Charter for the conservation of historic towns and urban areas . Washington: ICOMOS. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/towns_e.pdf .
ICOMOS. 1994. The nara document on authenticity (1994) . Nara: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. 2005. Xi’an declaration on the conservation of the setting of heritage structures, sites and areas . Xi’an: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. 2014. The Florence declaration on heritage and landscape as human values . Florence: ICOMOS.
Jokilehto, Jukka. 2007. International charters on urban conservation: some thoughts on the principles expressed in current international doctrine. City & Time 3 (3): 2.
Jokilehto, Jukka. 2013. The context of the Venice Charter (1964). Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2 (4): 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1179/135050398793138762 .
Najd, Meysam Deghati, Nor Atiah Ismail, Suhardi Maulan, Mohd Yazid Mohd. Yunos, and Mahsa Dabbagh Niya. 2015. Visual preference dimensions of historic urban areas: the determinants for urban heritage conservation. Habitat International 49: 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.05.003 .
Olukoya, Obafemi AP. 2021. Framing the values of vernacular architecture for a value-based conservation: a conceptual framework. Sustainability 13 (9): 4974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094974 .
Parrinello, S., F. Picchio, R. De Marco, and A. Dell’Amico. 2019. Documenting the cultural heritage routes. The creation of informative models of historical russian churches on upper Kama Region. In The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future” ,887–894. Ávila, Spain, September 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-887-2019 .
Patiwael, Patrick R., Peter Groote, and Frank Vanclay. 2019. Improving heritage impact assessment: an analytical critique of the ICOMOS guidelines. International Journal of Heritage Studies 25 (4): 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1477057 .
Priore, Riccaro. 2001. The background to the European landscape convention. In The Cultural Landscape: Planning for a sustainable partnership between people and place , edited by R. Kelly, L. Macinnes, D. Thackray, and P. Whitbourne, 31–37. London: ICOMOS-UK.
Pye, Elizabeth. 2001. Caring for the past: issues in conservation for archaeology and museums . London: James & James.
Australia, I.C.O.M.O.S. 1999. The Burra Charter . Burra: Australia ICOMOS.
Australia, I.C.O.M.O.S. 2013. The Burra Charter . Burra: Australia ICOMOS.
UNESCO. 1962. Recommendation concerning the safeguarding of beauty and character of landscapes and sites . Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO. 1976. Recommendation concerning the safeguarding and contemporary role of historic areas . Nairobi: UNESCO.
UNESCO. 2005. Vienna memorandum . Paris: UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/5965 .
UNESCO. 2011. Recommendation on the historic urban landscape . Paris: UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/document/160163 .
Veldpaus, Loes, and Ana Pereira Roders. 2017. Historic urban landscape approach as a tool for sustainable urban heritage management. In Culture in sustainability: towards a transdiciplinary approach , edited by S. Asikainen, C. Brites, K. Plebańczyk, L. Rogač Mijatović, and K. Soini, 62–74. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
Xie, Shuyi, Kai Gu, and Xiaoling Zhang. 2020. Urban conservation in China in an international context: retrospect and prospects. Habitat International 95 (January): 102098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102098 .
Yang, M., R. Brumana, and M. Previtali. 2019. “Heritage & development” strategy on historic urban landscape (HUL): the added value of multi-Temporal hub application. In The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W11, GEORES 2019 – 2nd International Conference of Geomatics and Restoration, 1151–1158. Milan, Italy, May 8–10. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-1151-2019.
Živaljević-Luxor, Nataša, Nadja Kurtović Folić, and Petar Mitković. 2020. Role of built heritage in 20th century planning and development of Eurocentric urban areas. Facta Universitatis-Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 18 (2): 113–129. https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE171202009Z .
Download references
Author information, authors and affiliations.
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Wen Liang, Yahaya Ahmad & Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Conceptualisation, Wen Liang; writing—original draft preparation, Wen Liang; supervision, Yahaya Ahmad and Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Yahaya Ahmad or Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin .
Competing interests.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .
Reprints and permissions
Cite this article.
Liang, W., Ahmad, Y. & Mohidin, H.H.B. The development of the concept of architectural heritage conservation and its inspiration. Built Heritage 7 , 21 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00103-2
Download citation
Received : 27 December 2022
Accepted : 16 September 2023
Published : 09 October 2023
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00103-2
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .
Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering (JAABE)
Raffaele Pernice , Deepthie Perera
Post-independence architects of Sri Lanka practicing after 1948 reinterpreted outdoor transitional spaces such as verandahs and courtyards integral to traditional houses, which were multifunctional living and circulation spaces that created physical and social interactions and thresholds. This paper considers four selected precedents: two case studies of single-unit urban house designs of pioneering Sri Lankan architects with modernist influence as examples for 1950s and 60s houses in comparison with two case studies of traditional house types. The study explores the change in spatial patterns through graphical analysis of plan forms to understand the shift in socio-spatial role. In post-independence Sri Lankan modernist houses, the multifunctional role of semi-outdoor spaces common to traditional houses changed to a single function in most spaces with fewer connections to other living areas. Outdoor spaces, previously free and undefined, were incorporated in the house with designated functions from gardens to lightwells to utility. Compared to the traditional typologies, the modernist influenced urban house examples exhibit a considerable change in spatial patterns affecting the socio-spatial role of outdoor transitional spaces.
Urban India, (UGC Care list Section D), July-December 2021, ISSN 0970-9045
Pooja Ugrani
Individual residential entrances in urban Indian community housing are read differently by every agent responsible for constructing and maintaining these spaces. Users customise entrances to express their ownership over a house by placing markers, while architects envisage this space through the lens of design uniformity and building aesthetics. This paper speaks of architects' experiences of designing entrance spaces of houses 1 and how they deal with the users customising these in an apartment design. Email interviews with practising architects were conducted to bring forth multiple narratives of the design and working of residential entrance spaces to understand the challenges they faced, and to identify the gaps that exist today between mindsets that need to be bridged. The paper presents observations and analysis of the architects' responses, that opens out the architectuser dyad, and introduces various agents such as the builder, patron, vastu 2 consultant, in-house interior decorators, façade designers, all who affect design decisions. It concludes with a commentary on the possible applications of this study of entrance spaces in future projects in the global South and the way forward with respect to social interactions and the built space in urban Indian community housing.
Aditya Joshi
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment
Anjali Sadanand
ritu gulati
Vernacular Architecture has been a source of inspiration and learning all over the world. India has a rich repository of vernacular evolved over centuries of living corresponding to its existing diverse vibrant and myriad environments providing a good evidence for unearthing these lessons. In the contemporary context where most architectural practices are deficient in their connection to tradition and socio-cultural bearings, looking back to vernacular architecture is prudent and relevant. Within this premise, the Narhai settlement at Lucknow: a culturally and architecturally prolific city in Northern India has been taken as a suitable case for an in depth analysis. The objective of this study is to identify architectural spaces facilitating its interaction within the existing socio-cultural environment. It also aspires to take lessons from the selected spaces in influencing socio-cultural interactions giving rise to recommendations useful for similar socio-cultural domains.
Space and Culture, India
arulmalar Ramaraj
Globalisation, urbanisation, human neglect, socio-economic conditions, discontinuity, weather and climate have been identified from literature studies as the root causes hindering the vernacular architecture. The objective of this article is to explore such causes and impacts on vernacular architecture. For this purpose, ‘Kavunji’a village near Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu is identified. Due to the geographical location and the landform, the vernacular architecture in this village is recently undergoing modifications and extensions. To comprehend the salient characteristics of vernacular architecture, six typologies were identified. The thrust of this paper is to explore the reasons that contributed to modifications and additions in dwelling units and effects on the people’s attitude towards the maintenance of the built environment and form at regular intervals is declining rapidly as it requires tremendous efforts, fiscal resources, energy, and time. As a result, people are utilising mode...
Paul Memmott
Art of the Orient
Anna Rynkowska-Sachse
ISVS e-journal
Nishan Wijetunge
Following independence in 1948, a Ceylonese elite contingent embarked on a nationalist political course by 1956. Attempts were made to address nationalism in the visual and performing arts striving for a national identity, where architecture too saw no exception. This nationalism was perpetuated into the 1970s and beyond. In a context where elitist architects propagated 'core'-oriented modes of domestic architectures, Ceylon's nascent middleclass employed non-architects who turned to postwar mass-housing in the United States for inspiration; the American 'tract house'. 1 The local emulation went by the name of 'American Style'. This phenomenon in Ceylon is said to have started in the 1960s, and disappeared altogether right after neo liberal economic reforms of 1977. The aforesaid style is arguably, a hybrid that encapsulated the country's own vernacular, with a base of certain imported architectural traditions. The study of this fascinating area and its underlying reasons for success will be a useful precedence to assess and theorize similar architectural movements to come in future.
Indo-Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research IAJMR
Vernacular Architecture is increasingly becoming a subject of major interest not only to architecture theorists, but also to designers and technologists for very many good reasons. It has now become very apparent, that although technological advancement brings modern civilization to our communities, it also accelerates the disappearance not only the style of life which has been developed over a span of many centuries, but also the very veins of cultural identity which are so vital for the survival of any society. The onslaught of modern technology has robbed our communities of the construction skills and environmentally sensitive design of their dwellings. " Modern Architecture " is becoming more and more environmentally unfriendly not only to people, but also to the surrounding natural environment, including the excessive use of energy in cooling buildings. That is why we have to revert back to vernacular architecture to see how we can be salvage the vernacular principles and use them in sustainable architecture. There has been a turn around after years of environmentally unfriendly materials and bad architecture to sustainable building materials and construction methods.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
Roba Alamat
South Asia Journal for Culture
Milinda Pathiraja
Kasun Gayantha
International Conference on Blurred Boundaries: in search of an identity - Conference Proceedings (ISBN: 978-93-5473-568-4 (Online))
Ekhaese Noel
Srikonda Ramesh
PhD Thesis_Introduction
Barbara Calvi
Robin Jones
Prasad Shetty
Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal
Hilmi Ekin Oktay
Peter Scriver
Proceedings Book ARCASIA Design Analysis Forum
Sagara Jayasinghe
Journal of Social and Political Sciences
Anak Aritama
Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research
Ashraf M. Salama
Journal of Green Building
Ranjith Dayaratne
SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, Seventh Sense Research group
mohana priya
FUNDAČAO ORIENTE
riyaz tayyibji
RePLITO Digital Knowledge Archive
Nadja-Christina Schneider
Janmejoy Gupta , Naushaba Jameel
Mustapha H El Moussaoui
Journal of World Architecture
Jurnal Sosioteknologi
Indah Widiastuti
Kiran S A T Y A B O D H Kalamdani
Digital fabrication is causing a revolution in interior architecture. It changes how we think about design possibilities and creates spaces. This tech shift allows designers to be more precise, creative, and custom in architectural interiors. Let’s explore this topic through a story of new ideas and creativity. We’ll look at key writings and examples that show how digital fabrication has changed things.
Picture a world where architects and designers aren’t limited by old-school tools and techniques. Digital fabrication has made this a reality in interior architecture. At first, this tech was just a hint of what could be. Now, it’s a key part of modern design making it possible to create complex, custom pieces that people couldn’t even dream of before.
In “Fabricate: Making Digital Architecture,” edited by Ruairi Glynn and Bob Sheil, the authors examine the shift from hands-on craftsmanship to computer-based methods. They claim that digital fabrication has an impact on not just how we build structures but also changes the connection between the designer and the material. This change allows a new kind of interaction where designers can shape materials using digital tools reaching levels of intricacy and exactness that manual techniques could never achieve.
Tools for digital making like 3D printing , CNC milling, and laser cutting have made design more accessible to everyone. Designers can now try out shapes and structures that used to be too expensive or hard to make. In his book “Digital Fabrication in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction,” Nick Dunn looks at several examples where digital tools helped create custom interior pieces. From wall panels with complex patterns to one-of-a-kind furniture, the ability to make unique designs as needed has changed the world of interior architecture.
A striking case in point is the work of Zaha Hadid Architects known for their cutting-edge designs. Their application of digital fabrication in projects such as the Morpheus Hotel in Macau shows how technology can turn visionary ideas into reality. The hotel’s interiors boast flowing natural shapes that merge walls, ceilings, and furniture. These designs unachievable through conventional methods, highlight the revolutionary impact of digital fabrication.
The story of digital fabrication in interior architecture goes beyond looks and creativity; it also covers new materials and sustainability . Michelle Addington and Daniel Schodek’s book “Smart Materials and New Technologies: For the Architecture and Design Professions” talks about how digital fabrication lets designers use new materials that are eco-friendly and cutting-edge. For example, makers can shape and put together materials from plants or recycled stuff with great accuracy, which cuts down on waste and helps the environment.
Dutch designer Dirk Vander Kooij shows how to use sustainable materials in his work. He makes furniture from recycled plastic. His method mixes digital production with a focus on helping the environment. This creates one-of-a-kind, custom designs while reducing harm to nature. More and more interior architects are following this trend of blending tech with eco-friendly thinking, thanks to what digital production can do.
Digital fabrication does more than just make things look good and last longer – it also has a big impact on how well interior spaces work and how people use them. You can customise designs to fit specific needs and likes making them more comfortable to use. In their book “Interactive Architecture: Adaptive World,” Michael Fox and Miles Kemp look at how digital tools let us create spaces that change based on what people do and want.
Look at the MIT Media Lab’s CityHome project as an example. It uses digital fabrication to create living spaces that can transform. This groundbreaking idea features robotic furniture that can shift its setup based on what the user needs making the most of small city apartments. Digital fabrication’s precision and flexibility make these adaptable designs possible, giving us a peek into what interior architecture might look like in the future.
Digital fabrication also has an influence on team-based design approaches uniting architects, designers, engineers, and fabricators in a smooth process. In “The New Structuralism: Design, Engineering and Architectural Technologies” by Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman, the authors explore how modern architectural work crosses different fields made possible by digital tools. This teamwork is essential to bring complex designs to life and make sure they work well and serve their purpose.
A prime example of this team effort is the Elbphilharmonie concert hall in Hamburg Germany. The design process saw the architectural firm Herzog & de Meuron work with acousticians and digital fabricators. The outcome is an interior space that boasts top-notch sound quality and eye-catching looks achieved by crafting complex shapes and materials.
The perks of digital fabrication in interior architecture are huge, but the road ahead isn’t smooth sailing. We need to think about things like the upfront costs of tech, the specialized know-how needed, and how to work with new materials. But as this field grows up, people are tackling these issues through ongoing studies, training, and tech breakthroughs.
Neil Leach talks about how architectural education and work are changing in his piece “Future Architectures: The Impact of Digital Technologies.” He stresses that it’s key to teach digital fabrication skills in architecture schools to get future designers ready for what the industry wants. By getting on board with these shifts, the next crop of architects and designers will be ready to make the most of what digital fabrication has to offer.
Digital fabrication has a big impact on custom interior architecture. It’s changing things in major ways. This story shows how new ideas, creativity, and teamwork push for the best in design. As digital tools keep getting better, interior architecture can do more than ever before. We’re at the start of something new where technology and creativity will work together. This combo will shape our living spaces in ways we can’t even picture yet.
In this changing story digital fabrication’s inclusion marks a game-changing chapter. It makes us reconsider our methods, adopt new materials and techniques, and stretch the limits of what we can do in interior architecture. As we look ahead, we’re sure of one thing: the union of digital fabrication and interior architecture will keep us creating spaces as special and lively as the people who live in them.
For example:
Topic: Alternative Materials: Polymer-bamboo Reinforced Concrete
Focus Keyword: Bamboo Reinforced Concrete.
Publishing is a long process.
We follow a strict publishing schedule and it might take longer for your articles to be published. Publishing depends on current events and reader optimization.
Your articles go through editing first and if any major edits are required, we will get back to you within the time period of 2 weeks.
After the review process, our SEO team prepares it for publishing to make sure if anyone searches for the topic, they get to see your article on google among several other articles available on the web.
(The storytelling articles are only published if the content is different and unique from other writers. They are given so the writer can get comfortable with the RTF article format).
Publishing depends on current events and reader optimization.
Our graphics team prepares the different covers for it to get it published on Website, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, and others.
Once your articles are published you will be notified.
Hope this answers your question, let me know if you have any further questions
[REVIEW] Weekly schedule for review
If you want your article reviewed, please send it in by Friday for a review by the next day, so that you can submit your articles in time for your deadline on Sunday.
If you require any specific guidance or have any questions, please feel free to mail me anytime. You can send in a rough draft by Wednesday if you require any inputs on the content and curation of the article.
Harvard Citation Style Guidelines
To generate citations, please use: https://www.citethisforme.com/cite/website/autocite .
Harvard citation style is a parenthetical referencing system consisting two main components:
For example: (Joyce, 2008).
For adding the references in Harvard Style at the end of your article, paste the URL in any of the following sites:
https://www.citethisforme.com/citation-generator/harvard ;
https://www.mybib.com/tools/harvard-referencing-generator ;
And then you can copy-paste the citation generated here in your REFERENCES LIST at the end of your article.
For better understanding, follow through with the points mentioned below:
Citations for books with one author:
Last name, first initial. (Year). Title. Edition (if not the first edition of the book). City of publication: Publisher.
Davis, B. (2013). A History of Chocolate. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Davis, B. (2013). A History of Chocolate. 3rd ed. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Citations for books with two or three authors:
Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial., and Last name, first initial. (Year). Title. City of publication: Publisher.
Jones, F. and Hughes, S. (2006). Eating Out: A Definitive Restaurant Handbook. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Citations for books with four or more authors:
Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial., and Last name, first initial. (Year). Title. City of publication: Publisher.
James, P., Croft, D., Levin, S. and Doe, A. (1998). How to Succeed in the Restaurant Industry. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Citations for Print Journals:
Last name, First initial. (Year). Article Title. Journal name, Volume (Issue), Page/s.
Jenkins, O. (1996). Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine. Culinary Research, Volume 5 (8), pp. 47-59.
Citations for Journal Articles accessed on a website or database:
Last name, First initial. (Year). Article Title. Journal name, Volume (Issue), Page/s. Available from: URL. [Accessed: date].
Jenkins, O. (1996). Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine. Culinary Research, Volume 5 (8), pp. 47-59. Available at: www.culinaryresearchjournal.com/jenkinsocanteonese [Accessed: 5 June 2016].
Citations for Newspaper Articles – Print or Online:
Last name, First initial. (Year). Article title. Newspaper name, Page/s.
Last name, First initial. (Year). Article Title. Newspaper name, Page/s. Retrieved from: Journal name/ URL if freely available.
Bell, Y. (2016). Man with unusual tastes eats chalk for breakfast. The Weekly Herald, p. 4.
Lees, P. (2015). Freaky eaters. The Weekly Herald, p.21. Available at: www.theweeklyheraldonline.com/freakyeaters2015 [Accessed 21 June 2016].
Citations for Magazine Articles – Print or Online:
Last name, First initial. (Year). Article title. Magazine name, volume number, Page/s.
Last name, First initial. (Year, Month, Day). Article Title. Magazine name, [online] Page/s. Retrieved from: URL
Ilkes, J. (2006). Five Ways to Eat More Fruit and Vegetables. Healthy Lifestyles, (12), pp. 34-36.
Ilkes, J. (2009, September 20). Why Dried Fruit is a Diet Staple. Healthy Lifestyles. Retrieved from: www.healthylifestylesmag.com/driedfruitilkes2009
Citations for websites:
Author/Source if no specific author (Year). Title of web document/page. [online]. (Last updated: if this information is available). Available at: URL [Accessed date: Day/Month/Year].
HealthTips (2015). Superfoods and where to find them. [online]. (Last updated 20 May 2015). Available at: www.healthtipsarticles.com/superfoodsandwheretofindthem [Accessed 20 June 2016].
Citations for emails:
Sender’s last name, First initial. (Year). Subject Line of Email. [email].
James, D. (2016). New business plan for McDowells. [email].
Citations for Social Media:
Last name of author, First initial. (Year). Title of page [Social media format]. Day/month/year written. Available from: URL. [Accessed: Day/Month/Year].
Proud, F. (2014). Food lovers group [Facebook]. Written 5 June 2014. Available from: www.facebook.com/foodloversgroupproudf2014 [Accessed 25 September 2016].
Citations for films/videos/DVDs:
Full Title of Film/Video/DVD. Year of release. [Type of medium]. Director. Country of Origin: Film studio or maker. (Any other relevant details).
The World’s Best Curries. (2011). [Film]. Directed by J. Hertz. U.K: Foodie Studios.
Citations for YouTube videos:
Username of contributor. (Year). Video Title, Series Title (if relevant). [type of medium]. Available at: URL. [Accessed: Day/ Month/ Year].
Yummydishes. (2012). Egg custard – simple recipe!, Baking 101. [YouTube video]. Available at: www.youtube.com/yummydisheseggcustard [Accessed 13 June 2016].
Citations for broadcasts:
Series title and episode name/number. (Year). [Year of broadcast]. Broadcasting organisation and channel, date and time of transmission.
World Kitchen: Nigeria, episode 5. (2011). [Broadcast 2011]. BBC 1, first transmitted 30 July 2011, 20:00.
Citations for images/photographs – Print or Online:
Last name of artist/photographer, first initial (if known). (Year of production). Title of image. [type of medium] (Collection Details if available – Document number, Geographical place: Name of library/archive/repository).
Hewer, D. (1995). Women enjoying a cup of tea. [Photograph]. (Document number 345, London: Food Photography Library).
Citations for maps:
Map maker’s name. (Year of issue). Title of map. Map series, sheet number, scale. Place of publication: publisher.
SpeedyQuest maps. (2003). Map of Biddiford. Local Maps, sheet 5, scale 1:50000. Nottingham: Local Publications.
Citations for podcasts:
Broadcaster/author’s name. (Year). Programme title, series title (if relevant). [type of medium] date of transmission. Available at: URL [Accessed date: Day/Month/Year].
Yummydishes. (2015). Innovative Baking, Innovative Food. [Podcast]. Transmitted 16 October 2015. Available at: www.foodiepodcasts.com/yummydishesinnovativebaking [Accessed: 17 April 2016].
Citations for reports:
Organisation/author. (Year). Full title of report. Place of publication: Publisher.
Marks and Spencers. (2014). A report on the sales of ‘2 Dine for £10’. London: M&S Publications.
Citations for dissertations:
Last name of author, first initial. (Year). Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of university.
Neath, G. (1998). An examination of Mexican food in popular culture. Masters level. Oxford Brookes University.
Citations for interviews:
Last name of interviewer, first initial, and last name of interviewee, first initial. (Year). Title/description of interview.
Ferman, H. and Bill, O. (2004). Discussing cooking.
Citations for presentations/lectures:
Last name of author, first initial. (Year). Presentation/lecture title.
Yates, R. (2008). The benefits of herbs.
Citations for music:
Performer/writer’s last name, first initial. (Year). Recording title. [Medium]. City published: music label.
Luce, F. (1996). Delicious. [CD Recording]. Nottingham: Delectable Music.
Citations for computer programs/software:
Name of software/program. (Year). Place/city where software was written: Company/publisher.
RecipeGen. (2008). Nottingham: Delectable Software.
Harshvardhan Nakra, is an architecture student and writer with a keen interest in sustainable and vernacular architecture. He is a firm believer that learnings from the past, and modern technology, can help to upgrade the lives of the community through meaningful architecture.
Related posts.
Rtf will connect you with right design studios.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work which is presented in the dissertation entitled "RELEVANCE OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN artial fulfillment of the requirements for the award degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE, submitted in the . Department of Architecture and Planning, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
The thesis argues for the integration of traditional residential architecture into modern designs, emphasizing the value of traditional wisdom in addressing contemporary challenges such as sustainability and cultural identity.
Slowly, but eventually the onset of modern, contemporary and composite styles of architecture will overpower the traditional, vernacular and singular style. One of the most important characteristic of the Malayali Architecture is its roof - becoming the style's most recognizable feature.
Abstract and Figures Traditional architecture is often a topic of discussion in the literature as well as in academic discussions and the architect's profession.
Due to these changing dynamics and the architectural changes it wrought, this doctoral dissertation endeavors to the architecture of the traditional homes of Al-Balad by investigating the complex interaction of cultural identity and space.
interpretations of the traditional architectural detail are an undeniable resource to. discuss the cultural aspects of facade design. The presented paper will analyse. selected examples of how ...
This limitation stems from multiple factors, one being fundamentally hinged on the conventional notions of "traditional" and "modern" in the discourse of architecture. In the discussion of vernacular architecture, ambiguities arise from the meanings of certain terms and concepts.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/12616
It is a city beaming with live examples of a time lined and streamlined art, culture and architecture, all still intact, still in use. The dissertation focuses on curating an interpretation centre for the heritage and architecture of the city as a tribute, tailoring the 606 years of its history.
Abstract. The primary aim of this thesis is to explore the design concepts of traditional architecture in Anamur, Turkey, and to make an attempt to incorporate the design patterns extracted from traditional houses into contemporary architecture. First, the traditional and contemporary architectural concepts and their present conditions are ...
This research is concerned on identifying the sustainability potential inherent within one type of traditional architecture: the house, where the family spends most of its time for living and doing private activities. The house was the oasis of the family in the middle of the hot desert climate that characterizes most of the Arab world region.
Traditional architectural buildings may be found in major parts of Kerala and have developed through time via a steady, persistent search for optimal design. Traditional building architecture in Kerala has long been revered for its reliance on all-natural, low-tech solutions to ensure a pleasant living space. This review paper is a comprehensive investigation of these traditional architectures ...
English This thesis examines the construction practices in the traditional domestic architecture of Kerala in India. In doing so, it identifies two vital aspects of the architecture, namely the Vedic planning principles of the Vasthushasthra and the indigenous craft practices.
This is to certify that the Master's thesis of Venina Tandela has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University ... The Modular System of Japanese Traditional Architecture 2.4. Katsura Imperial Villa 2.5. Japanese Influences in Western Architecture 2.5.1. Mies Van der Rohe 2.5.2. Charles and Henry Greene
In order to reach this aim, the review of traditional Japanese landscape architecture in comparison with related Chinese garden tradition was carried out; the main features of traditional Japanese landscape architecture were highlighted and their correspondences with contemporary sustainable landscape architecture trends were demonstrated.
These entities embody the value of traditional urban culture. Building on the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas, it expanded the concept and content of the conservation of architectural heritage.
This dissertation aims to identify the aspects of sustainability and environmental performance of the traditional architecture of Angola - on which there is still a great scarcity of information. Thus, the typologies that can serve as reference and inspiration for a new bioclimatic and sustainable architecture are analyzed.
This document is an introduction to a dissertation on Malayali architecture in Kerala, India. It discusses the traditional architectural styles of Kerala, particularly focusing on roof systems as a defining characteristic. It outlines the research question of how traditional Malayali roof systems have adapted to modern contexts. The introduction provides background on Kerala's history of trade ...
novative body of work that demonstrates meaningful reinterpretations of vernacular architecture. Most of them ar Thus research aims to investigate such architect's works in order to identify the ways of re-employing or reinterpreting of the vernacular in the contemporary practice.
However, little research has been carried out in order to determine the influences of culture on both traditional and modern architecture in Nigeria.
Traditional architecture is a part of this architectural evolution. Ancient architects have unlatched the secrets to manipulate the built environment, passively to bring psycho-physical-physiological comfort, through the wise use of planning, construction techniques and materials, which may vary with respect to different regions.
How do gate houses in Sri Lanka express regional identity through vernacular and contemporary architecture? Find out in this academic paper.
As per the categories below is the list of architecture dissertation topics: 1. Co-living Housing ( Residential Architecture) In the age where earning a living is of more priority than living in families, co-living spaces are here to stay. Co-living housing schemes, not only encourage sharing space, but also sharing culture, social life, and ...
Conclusion: A New Era of Interior Architecture. ... Citations for dissertations: Last name of author, first initial. (Year). Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of university. ... Traditional water systems of India. August 27, 2024. Building Brand Culture through Retail Architecture. August 20, 2024.