research paper sample for mechanical engineering

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Journal Guidelines

Writing a Research Paper

Asme journals digital submission tool guidelines and information, writing a research paper or technical brief.

Only original contributions to the engineering literature are accepted for publication; work should incorporate substantial information not previously published.

Permissions

If a submission contains excerpts from other copyrighted material (including without limitation any diagrams, photographs, figures or text), it is the responsibility of the authors to acquire in writing all necessary rights from third parties to include those materials in a submission. In addition, appropriate credit for that third-party material must be included in footnotes, figure/table captions, Acknowledgements, References or Bibliography. This is part of the Terms and Conditions of the Copyright Transfer Agreement required form each author prior to publication of an accepted submission.

Resources The Office of Research Integrity has the following guide that may be a useful reference: Avoiding Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism, and Other Questionable Writing Practices: A Guide to Ethical Writing.

Accuracy It is of the greatest importance that all technical, scientific, and mathematical information contained in the paper be checked with the utmost care.

It is ASME policy that SI units of measurement be included in all papers. When U.S. customary units are given preference, the SI equivalent should be provided in parentheses or in a supplementary table. When preference is given to SI units, the U.S. customary units should be provided in parentheses or in a supplementary table.

A research paper should not exceed 12,000 words. Beyond this amount, a mandatory excess-page charge can be assessed. These charges are described here: Publication Charges .

To estimate figures and tables:

1 journal page = 1000 words
Half-journal page or a single column = 500 words
Half-column = 250 words
Quarter column = 125 words.

The Editor reserves the right to send papers that exceed the length limitation back to the author(s) for shortening before initiating the review process.

Elements of a Paper

The basic elements of a paper or brief are listed below in the order in which they should appear:

author names and affiliations
body of paper
acknowledgments
nomenclature
figures and tables

Text: 9 or 10 pt. Times Roman medium (or equivalent typeface), justified, with single line spacing

The title of the paper should be concise and definitive.

Author Names and Affiliations

It is ASME policy that all those who have participated significantly in the technical aspects of a paper be recognized as co-authors or cited in the acknowledgments. Author name should consist of first name (or initial), middle initial, and last name. The author affiliation should consist of the following, as applicable, in the order noted:

university or company (with department name or company division)
mailing address
city, state, zip code
country name (other than the U.S.)
e-mail (university or company email addresses should be used whenever possible)

An abstract (250 words maximum) should open the paper or brief. The purpose of the abstract is to give a clear indication of the objective, scope, and results so that readers may determine whether the full text will be of particular interest to them.

The text should be organized into logical parts or sections. The purpose of the paper should be stated at the beginning, followed by a description of the problem, the means of solution, and any other information necessary to properly qualify the results presented and the conclusions. The results should be presented in an orderly form, followed by the author'/s conclusions.

Headings and subheadings should appear throughout the work to divide the subject matter into logical parts and to emphasize the major elements and considerations. Parts or sections may be numbered, if desired, but paragraphs should not be numbered.

Equations should be numbered consecutively beginning with (1) to the end of the paper, including any appendices. The number should be enclosed in parentheses and set flush right in the column on the same line as the equation. It is this number that should be used when referring to equations within the text. Equations should be referenced within the text as "Eq. (x)." When the reference to an equation begins a sentence, it should be spelled out, e.g., "Equation (x)."

Formulas and equations should be created to clearly distinguish capital letters from lowercase letters. Care should be taken to avoid confusion between the lowercase "l"(el) and the numeral one, or between zero and the lowercase "o." All subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other symbols should be clearly indicated.

In all mathematical expressions and analyses, any symbols (and the units in which they are measured) not previously defined in nomenclature should be explained. If the paper is highly mathematical in nature, it may be advisable to develop equations and formulas in appendices rather than in the body of the paper.

All figures (graphs, line drawings, photographs, etc.) should be numbered consecutively and have a caption consisting of the figure number and a brief title or description of the figure. This number should be used when referring to the figure in text. Figure references should be included within the text in numerical order according to their order of appearance. Figures should be referenced within the text as "Fig. 1." When the reference to a figure begins a sentence, the abbreviation "Fig." should be spelled out, e.g., "Figure 1." A separate list of figure numbers and their respective captions should be included at the end of the paper (for production purposes only). ASME accepts .tiff (.tif) or .eps file formats for figures.

TIFF (Tag Image File Format) is for bitmap images (spatially mapped array of bits).
EPS (Encapsulated Postscript) is for vector graphics (mathematical expressions of geometrical primitives).

Images created in Word can opened in Adobe Acrobat and saved as .tif or .eps

Figure files greater than 15MB should be checked to see if layers were merged.

All tables should be numbered consecutively and have a caption consisting of the table number and a brief title. This number should be used when referring to the table in text. Table references should be included within the text in numerical order according to their order of appearance. Tables should be inserted as part of the text as close as possible to its first reference — with the exception of those tables included at the end of the paper as an appendix. A separate list of table numbers and their respective captions should be included at the end of the paper (for production purposes only).

Video Files

Currently, the ASME Journal Tool does not accommodate the submission of video files. Authors can contact the Editor by email if they have video files. If accepted by the Editor for review, ASME will provide information for transferring the files by FTP.

Video files should augment a figure that is included in the paper since they will be included as part of the peer-review of the paper, and if accepted for publication, part of the archival version of the paper.

The following file formats can be accepted for video files:

Supplemental Material

Go to “ Supplemental Material ” for information on this.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments may be made to individuals or institutions not mentioned elsewhere in the work who have made an important contribution.

Funding Information

Funding information provided will be placed at the end of the Acknowledgment section.

Nomenclature

Nomenclature should follow customary usage. For reference, consult American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recommendations. The nomenclature list should be in alphabetical order (capital letters first, followed by lowercase letters), followed by any Greek symbols, with subscripts and superscripts last, identified with headings.

Sample Nomenclature

Pages must be paginated.
Highly technical terms or phraseology must be explained and defined.
The use of the first person and reference to individuals should be made in such a manner as to avoid personal bias.
Company names should be mentioned only in the acknowledgments.
All papers should be concise regardless of length.
Long quotations should be avoided by referring to sources.
Illustrations and tables must be kept to a practicable minimum.
Detailed drawings, lengthy test data and calculations, and photographs not integral to the understanding of the subject, should be omitted.
Equations should be kept to a reasonable minimum, and built-up fractions within sentences should be avoided.
Spell out all acronyms on first use. Put the acronym in parentheses immediately after the spelled-out term.
All lines of the initial submission must be numbered.

Within the text, references should be cited in numerical order according to their order of appearance. The numbered reference citation within text should be enclosed in brackets.

Example: It was shown by Prusa [1] that the width of the plume decreases under these conditions.

All references must include a DOI.

In the case of two citations, the numbers should be separated by a comma [1,2]. In the case of more than two references, the numbers should be separated by a dash [5-7].

Note: ASME primarily uses the Chicago Manual of Style for reference format. Authors are encouraged to seek out precise instructions via: http://www.ChicagoManualofStyle.org. ASME does not allow references to Wikipedia.

Sample References

References should be listed together at the end of the paper; footnotes should not be used for this purpose.

References should be arranged in numerical order according to the sequence of citations within the text. Each reference should include the last name of each author followed by initials.

Website Content

[2] Wayne, John “John Cowboy Videos 2009,” YouTube video, 7:00, November 13, 2009, http://www.you tube.com/ watch?v= aBcDeFgH9yz.
[3] “Apple Privacy Policy,” last modified February 4, 2009, accessed July 19, 2010, http://www.apple.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
[17] “WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String Variable,” revision 1.3, Microsoft Help and Support, last modified November 23, 2006, http://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730.
Note: If a site ceases to exist before publication, or if the information is modified or deleted, this must be included: [8] As of February 22, 2013, Sullivan was claiming on her website that … (a claim that had disappeared from her page by March 4, 2013).

Journal Articles and Papers in Serial Publications

[3] Adams, Z., 2014, “Bending of an Infinite Beam on an Elastic Substrate,” ASME J Appl. Mech., 3, pp. 221-228.
[9] Zhang, T. W., Khun, C., Liu, Q., and Miller, A. P., 2011, “Self-Healing Techniques,” Nature, 332(6662), pp. 888-892.

Textbooks and Monographs

[10] Gibson, T.A., and Tucker, M. T., 2008, The Big Book of Cellular Studies, John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Chapter Within a Book

[32] Stevens, T. T., 1999, “Stochastic Fields and Their Digital Simulation,” Stochastic Methods. T. A. Sulle, and M. Siiu, eds., Martinius Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany, pp. 22-36.

Individual Conference Papers/Papers in Compiled Proceedings/Collection of Works by Numerous Authors

[21] Wions, T. T., and Mills, C. D., 2006, “Structural Dynamics in Parallel Manipulation,” Proceedings of the IDETC/CIE, New Orleans, LA, September 10-13, 2005, ASME Paper No. DETC2005-99532, pp. 777-798.

Theses and Technical Reports

[1] Oligaria, T. T., Fredy, C. W., Popullo, A. Z., and Tucker, M. A., 20111, “Characterization of PKM Dynamics,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2011-02-8345, 07ATC-96.
[25] Mollen, T., P., 2014, “Use of General Nonlinear Material in Articulated Systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Boston, Boston, MA.
[27] Clinton, D., 2013, “Review of Rocket Technology,” NASA Report No. NASA RE-8842.

Books Consulted Online

[23] Smith, John, 2014, A Dog’s Life in Berlin. Oxford University Press, New York. Doi: 10.1055/acprof.oso/97890.0394.000.

Citing ASME Journal Titles

In order to improve the accuracy of citation data collection, ASME is standardizing on the following abbreviations for the titles in the ASME Journal Program. Authors should use these abbreviations for ASME titles in their references:

Journal Statements:

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How to Select Mechanical Engineering Research Topics?

Table of Contents

Selecting the right mechanical engineering research topics is crucial for driving impactful innovation and addressing pressing challenges. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose the best research topics:

Identify Your Interests: Start by considering your passions and areas of expertise within mechanical engineering. What topics excite you the most? Choosing a subject that aligns with your interests will keep you motivated throughout the research process.
Assess Current Trends: Stay updated on the latest developments and trends in mechanical engineering. Look for emerging technologies, pressing industry challenges, and areas with significant research gaps. These trends can guide you towards relevant and timely research topics.
Conduct Literature Review: Dive into existing literature and research papers within your field of interest. Identify gaps in knowledge, unanswered questions, or areas that warrant further investigation. Building upon existing research can lead to more impactful contributions to the field.
Consider Practical Applications: Evaluate the practical implications of potential research topics. How will your research address real-world problems or benefit society? Choosing topics with tangible applications can increase the relevance and impact of your research outcomes.
Consult with Advisors and Peers: Seek guidance from experienced mentors, advisors, or peers in the field of mechanical engineering. Discuss your research interests and potential topics with them to gain valuable insights and feedback. Their expertise can help you refine your ideas and select the most promising topics.
Define Research Objectives: Clearly define the objectives and scope of your research. What specific questions do you aim to answer or problems do you intend to solve? Establishing clear research goals will guide your topic selection process and keep your project focused.
Consider Resources and Constraints: Take into account the resources, expertise, and time available for your research. Choose topics that are feasible within your constraints and align with your available resources. Balancing ambition with practicality is essential for successful research endeavors.
Brainstorm and Narrow Down Options: Generate a list of potential research topics through brainstorming and exploration. Narrow down your options based on criteria such as relevance, feasibility, and alignment with your interests and goals. Choose the most promising topics that offer ample opportunities for exploration and discovery.
Seek Feedback and Refinement: Once you’ve identified potential research topics, seek feedback from colleagues, advisors, or experts in the field. Refine your ideas based on their input and suggestions. Iteratively refining your topic selection process will lead to a more robust and well-defined research proposal.
Stay Flexible and Open-Minded: Remain open to new ideas and opportunities as you progress through the research process. Be willing to adjust your research topic or direction based on new insights, challenges, or discoveries. Flexibility and adaptability are key qualities for successful research endeavors in mechanical engineering.

By following these steps and considering various factors, you can effectively select mechanical engineering research topics that align with your interests, goals, and the needs of the field.

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Mechanical Engineering Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Metachronal Locomotion: Swimming, Scaling, and Schooling , Kuvvat Garayev

A Human-in-the-Loop Robot Grasping System with Grasp Quality Refinement , Tian Tan

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Health Effects of Oil Spills and Dispersal of Oil Droplets and Zooplankton by Langmuir Cells , Sanjib Gurung

Estimating the As-Placed Grout Volume of Auger Cast Piles , Tristen Mee

Hybrid RANS-LES Hemolytic Power Law Modeling of the FDA Blood Pump , Joseph Tarriela

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Dynamic Loading Directed Neural Stem Cell Differentiation , Abdullah Revaha Akdemir

An Investigation of Cross-links on Crystallization and Degradation in a Novel, PhotoCross-linkable Poly (Lactic Acid) System , Nicholas Baksh

A Framework to Aid Decision Making for Smart Manufacturing Technologies in Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprises , Purvee Bhatia

Formation of Gas Jets and Vortex Rings from Bursting Bubbles: Visualization, Kinematics, and Fluid Dynamics , Ali A. Dasouqi

Development of Carbon and Silicon Carbide Based Microelectrode Implantable Neural Interfaces , Chenyin Feng

Sulfate Optimization in the Cement-Slag Blended System Based on Calorimetry and Strength Studies , Mustafa Fincan

Interrelation of Thermal Stimulation with Haptic Perception, Emotion, and Memory , Mehdi Hojatmadani

Modeling the Ambient Conditions of a Manufacturing Environment Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) , Yang Liu

Flow Visualization and Aerosol Characterization of Respiratory Jets Exhaled from a Mannequin Simulator , Sindhu Reddy Mutra

A Constitutive-Based Deep Learning Model for the Identification of Active Contraction Parameters of the Left Ventricular Myocardium , Igor Augusto Paschoalotte Nobrega

Sensible/Latent Hybrid Thermal Energy Storage for the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle , Kelly Osterman

Evaluating the Performance of Devices Engineering to Quantify the FARS Test , Harsh Patel

Event-Triggered Control Architectures for Scheduling Information Exchange in Uncertain and Multiagent Systems , Stefan Ristevski

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Experimental Investigation of Liquid Height Estimation and Simulation Verification of Bolt Tension Quantification Using Surface Acoustic Waves , Hani Alhazmi

Investigation of Navigation Systems for Size, Cost, and Mass Constrained Satellites , Omar Awad

Simulation and Verification of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage , Marwan Mosubah Belaed

Control of a Human Arm Robotic Unit Using Augmented Reality and Optimized Kinematics , Carlo Canezo

Manipulation and Patterning of Mammalian Cells Using Vibrations and Acoustic Forces , Joel Cooper

Stable Adaptive Control Systems in the Presence of Unmodeled and Actuator Dynamics , Kadriye Merve Dogan

The Design and Development of a Wrist-Hand Orthosis , Amber Gatto

ROBOAT - Rescue Operations Bot Operating in All Terrains , Akshay Gulhane

Mitigation of Electromigration in Metal Interconnects Passivated by Ångstrom-Thin 2D Materials , Yunjo Jeong

Swimming of Pelagic Snails: Kinematics and Fluid Dynamics , Ferhat Karakas

Functional Gait Asymmetries Achieved Through Modeling and Understanding the Interaction of Multiple Gait Modulations , Fatemeh Rasouli

Distributed Control of Multiagent Systems under Heterogeneity , Selahattin Burak Sarsilmaz

Design and Implementation of Intuitive Human-robot Teleoperation Interfaces , Lei Wu

Laser Micropatterning Effects on Corrosion Resistance of Pure Magnesium Surfaces , Yahya Efe Yayoglu

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Synthesis and Characterization of Molybdenum Disulfide/Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Supercapacitor Applications , Turki S. Alamro

Design of Shape-Morphing Structures Consisting of Bistable Compliant Mechanisms , Rami Alfattani

Low Temperature Multi Effects Desalination-Mechanical Vapor Compression Powered by Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle , Eydhah Almatrafi

Experimental Results of a Model Reference Adaptive Control Approach on an Interconnected Uncertain Dynamical System , Kemberly Cespedes

Modeling of Buildings with Electrochromic Windows and Thermochromic Roofs , Hua-Ting Kao

Design and Testing of Experimental Langmuir Turbulence Facilities , Zongze Li

Solar Thermal Geothermal Hybrid System With a Bottoming Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle , Francesca Moloney

Design and Testing of a Reciprocating Wind Harvester , Ahmet Topcuoglu

Distributed Spatiotemporal Control and Dynamic Information Fusion for Multiagent Systems , Dzung Minh Duc Tran

Controlled Wetting Using Ultrasonic Vibration , Matthew A. Trapuzzano

On Distributed Control of Multiagent Systems under Adverse Conditions , Emre Yildirim

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Synthesis and Characterization of Alpha-Hematite Nanomaterials for Water-Splitting Applications , Hussein Alrobei

Control of Uncertain Dynamical Systems with Spatial and Temporal Constraints , Ehsan Arabi

Simulation and Optimization of a Sheathless Size-Based Acoustic Particle Separator , Shivaraman Asoda

Simulation of Radiation Flux from Thermal Fluid in Origami Tubes , Robert R. Bebeau

Toward Verifiable Adaptive Control Systems: High-Performance and Robust Architectures , Benjamin Charles Gruenwald

Developing Motion Platform Dynamics for Studying Biomechanical Responses During Exercise for Human Spaceflight Applications , Kaitlin Lostroscio

Design and Testing of a Linear Compliant Mechanism with Adjustable Force Output , William Niemeier

Investigation of Thermal History in Large Area Projection Sintering, an Additive Manufacturing Technology , Justin Nussbaum

Acoustic Source Localization with a VTOL sUAV Deployable Module , Kory Olney

Defect Detection in Additive Manufacturing Utilizing Long Pulse Thermography , James Pierce

Design and Testing of a Passive Prosthetic Ankle Foot Optimized to Mimic an Able-Bodied Gait , Millicent Schlafly

Simulation of Turbulent Air Jet Impingement for Commercial Cooking Applications , Shantanu S. Shevade

Materials and Methods to Fabricate Porous Structures Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques , Mohsen Ziaee

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Large Area Sintering Test Platform Design and Preliminary Study on Cross Sectional Resolution , Christopher J. Gardiner

Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Remediation of Organics in Water Using Zinc Oxide and Titanium Oxide Nanostructures , Srikanth Gunti

Heat Flux Modeling of Asymmetrically Heated and Cooled Thermal Stimuli , Matthew Hardy

Simulation of Hemiparetic Function Using a Knee Orthosis with Variable Impedance and a Proprioception Interference Apparatus , Christina-Anne Kathleen Lahiff

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Molybdenum Oxide Nanomaterials , Michael S. McCrory

Effects of Microstructure and Alloy Concentration on the Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Resistance of Al-Mn and WE43 Mg Alloys , Hesham Y. Saleh Mraied

Novel Transducer Calibration and Simulation Verification of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Channels on Acoustic Microfluidic Devices , Scott T. Padilla

Force Compensation and Recreation Accuracy in Humans , Benjamin Rigsby

Experimental Evaluation of Cooling Effectiveness and Water Conservation in a Poultry House Using Flow Blurring ® Atomizers , Rafael M. Rodriguez

Media Velocity Considerations in Pleated Air Filtration , Frederik Carl Schousboe

Orthoplanar Spring Based Compliant Force/Torque Sensor for Robot Force Control , Jerry West

Experimental Study of High-Temperature Range Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage , Chatura Wickramaratne

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Al/Ti Nanostructured Multilayers: from Mechanical, Tribological, to Corrosion Properties , Sina Izadi

Molybdenum Disulfide-Conducting Polymer Composite Structures for Electrochemical Biosensor Applications , Hongxiang Jia

Waterproofing Shape-Changing Mechanisms Using Origami Engineering; Also a Mechanical Property Evaluation Approach for Rapid Prototyping , Andrew Jason Katz

Hydrogen Effects on X80 Steel Mechanical Properties Measured by Tensile and Impact Testing , Xuan Li

Application and Analysis of Asymmetrical Hot and Cold Stimuli , Ahmad Manasrah

Droplet-based Mechanical Actuator Utilizing Electrowetting Effect , Qi Ni

Experimental and Computational Study on Fracture Mechanics of Multilayered Structures , Hai Thanh Tran

Designing the Haptic Interface for Morse Code , Michael Walker

Optimization and Characterization of Integrated Microfluidic Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors and Transducers , Tao Wang

Corrosion Characteristics of Magnesium under Varying Surface Roughness Conditions , Yahya Efe Yayoglu

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emissions, Human Energy, and Cultural Perceptions Associated with Traditional and Improved Methods of Shea Butter Processing in Ghana, West Africa , Emily Adams

Experimental Investigation of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage , Tanvir E. Alam

Design Of Shape Morphing Structures Using Bistable Elements , Ahmad Alqasimi

Heat Transfer Analysis of Slot Jet Impingement onto Roughened Surfaces , Rashid Ali Alshatti

Systems Approach to Producing Electrospun Polyvinylidene Difluoride Fiber Webs with Controlled Fiber Structure and Functionality , Brian D. Bell

Self-Assembly Kinetics of Microscale Components: A Parametric Evaluation , Jose Miguel Carballo

Measuring Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Mechanical Properties Using Flat Punch Nanoindentation Focusing on Obtaining Full Contact , Federico De Paoli

A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow Induced Noise In Hydraulic Counterbalance Valves , Mutasim Mohamed Elsheikh

An Experimental Study on Passive Dynamic Walking , Philip Andrew Hatzitheodorou

Use of Anaerobic Adhesive for Prevailing Torque Locking Feature on Threaded Product , Alan Hernandez

Viability of Bismuth as a Green Substitute for Lead in Jacketed .357 Magnum Revolver Bullets , Joel A. Jenkins

A Planar Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model for Cantilevers Experiencing Combined Endpoint Forces and Uniformly Distributed Loads Acting in Parallel , Philip James Logan

Kinematic Control of Redundant Mobile Manipulators , Mustafa Mashali

Passive Symmetry in Dynamic Systems and Walking , Haris Muratagic

Mechanical Properties of Laser-Sintered-Nylon Diamond Lattices , Clayton Neff

Design, Fabrication and Analysis of a Paver Machine Push Bar Mechanism , Mahendra Palnati

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Polyaniline Thin Films , Soukaina Rami

A Technical and Economic Comparative Analysis of Sensible and Latent Heat Packed Bed Storage Systems for Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants , Jamie Trahan

Use of FDM Components for Ion Beam and Vacuum Applications , Eric Miguel Tridas

The Development of an Adaptive Driving Simulator , Sarah Marie Tudor

Dual 7-Degree-of-Freedom Robotic Arm Remote Teleoperation Using Haptic Devices , Yu-Cheng Wang

Ductility and Use of Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel Aerospace Fasteners , Jarrod Talbott Whittaker

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Home > Engineering > MIE > ME_THESES

Mechanical Engineering Masters Theses Collection

Theses from 2024 2024.

TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND PLANTS AND INSTALLATION OPERATIONS , CENGIZHAN CENGIZ, Mechanical Engineering

Heat Transfer Enhacement of Latent Heat Thermal Enery Storage , Joe Hatem T. Saba, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2023 2023

Device Design for Inducing Aneurysm-Susceptible Flow Conditions Onto Endothelial Cells , hans f. foelsche, Mechanical Engineering

Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Interlayer-Bonded Graphene Bilayers , Afnan Mostafa, Mechanical Engineering

Wind-Wave Misalignment Effects on Multiline Anchor Systems for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines , Doron T. Rose, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2022 2022

A Simplified Fluid Dynamics Model of Ultrafiltration , Christopher Cardimino, Mechanical Engineering

Local Nanomechanical Variations of Cold-sprayed Tantalum Coatings , Dhrubajyoti Chowdhury, Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamically Augmented Air-Hockey Pucks , Madhukar Prasad, Mechanical Engineering

Analysis of Low-Induction Rotors for Increased Power Production , Jack E. Rees, Mechanical Engineering

Application of the New IEC International Design Standard for Offshore Wind Turbines to a Reference Site in the Massachusetts Offshore Wind Energy Area , Samuel C. Roach, Mechanical Engineering

Applications of Thermal Energy Storage with Electrified Heating and Cooling , Erich Ryan, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2021 2021

Design and Testing of a Foundation Raised Oscillating Surge Wave Energy Converter , Jacob R. Davis, Mechanical Engineering

Wind Turbine Power Production Estimation for Better Financial Agreements , Shanon Fan, Mechanical Engineering

Finite Element Analysis of Impact and Cohesion of Cold Sprayed Particles onto Non-Planar Surfaces , Zhongkui Liu, Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Design and Analysis: High-Precision Microcontact Printhead for Roll-to-Roll Printing of Flexible Electronics , Mehdi Riza, Mechanical Engineering

Jet Breakup Dynamics of Inkjet Printing Fluids , Kashyap Sundara Rajan, Mechanical Engineering

Ground Source Heat Pumps: Considerations for Large Facilities in Massachusetts , Eric Wagner, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2020 2020

Modeling of Electrical Grid Systems to Evaluate Sustainable Electricity Generation in Pakistan , Muhammad Mustafa Amjad, Mechanical Engineering

A Study on Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) 2020 , Ritvij Dixit, Mechanical Engineering

SunDown: Model-driven Per-Panel Solar Anomaly Detection for Residential Arrays , Menghong Feng, Mechanical Engineering

Nozzle Clogging Prevention and Analysis in Cold Spray , Alden Foelsche, Mechanical Engineering

Short Term Energy Forecasting for a Microgird Load using LSTM RNN , Akhil Soman, Mechanical Engineering

Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Sizing Using Thermodynamic Analysis , Andrew Villanueva, Mechanical Engineering

Fabrication of Binder-Free Electrodes Based on Graphene Oxide with CNT for Decrease of Resistance , Di Zhang, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2019 2019

Computational Fluid Dynamics Models of Electromagnetic Levitation Experiments in Reduced Gravity , Gwendolyn Bracker, Mechanical Engineering

Forecasting the Cost of Electricity Generated by Offshore Wind Turbines , Timothy Costa, Mechanical Engineering

Optical-Fiber-Based Laser-Induced Cavitation for Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Soft Materials , Qian Feng, Mechanical Engineering

On the Fuel Spray Applications of Multi-Phase Eulerian CFD Techniques , Gabriel Lev Jacobsohn, Mechanical Engineering

Topology Network Optimization of Facility Planning and Design Problems , Ravi Ratan Raj Monga, Mechanical Engineering

The Promise of VR Headsets: Validation of a Virtual Reality Headset-Based Driving Simulator for Measuring Drivers’ Hazard Anticipation Performance , Ganesh Pai Mangalore, Mechanical Engineering

Ammonia Production from a Non-Grid Connected Floating Offshore Wind-Farm: A System-Level Techno-Economic Review , Vismay V. Parmar, Mechanical Engineering

Calculation of Scalar Isosurface Area and Applications , Kedar Prashant Shete, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2018 2018

Electroplating of Copper on Tungsten Powder , Richard Berdos, Mechanical Engineering

A NUMERICAL FLUTTER PREDICTOR FOR 3D AIRFOILS USING THE ONERA DYNAMIC STALL MODEL , Pieter Boersma, Mechanical Engineering

Streamwise Flow-Induced Oscillations of Bluff Bodies - The Influence of Symmetry Breaking , Tyler Gurian, Mechanical Engineering

Thermal Radiation Measurement and Development of Tunable Plasmonic Thermal Emitter Using Strain-induced Buckling in Metallic Layers , Amir Kazemi-Moridani, Mechanical Engineering

Restructuring Controllers to Accommodate Plant Nonlinearities , Kushal Sahare, Mechanical Engineering

Application and Evaluation of Lighthouse Technology for Precision Motion Capture , Soumitra Sitole, Mechanical Engineering

High Strain Rate Dynamic Response of Aluminum 6061 Micro Particles at Elevated Temperatures and Varying Oxide Thicknesses of Substrate Surface , Carmine Taglienti, Mechanical Engineering

The Effects of Mechanical Loading and Tumor Factors on Osteocyte Dendrite Formation , Wenbo Wang, Mechanical Engineering

Microenvironment Regulates Fusion of Breast Cancer Cells , Peiran Zhu, Mechanical Engineering

Design for Sustainability through a Life Cycle Assessment Conceptual Framework Integrated within Product Lifecycle Management , Renpeng Zou, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2017 2017

Improving the Efficiency of Wind Farm Turbines using External Airfoils , Shujaut Bader, Mechanical Engineering

Evaluation Of Impedance Control On A Powered Hip Exoskeleton , Punith condoor, Mechanical Engineering

Experimental Study on Viscoelastic Fluid-Structure Interactions , Anita Anup Dey, Mechanical Engineering

BMI, Tumor Lesion and Probability of Femur Fracture: a Probabilistic Biomechanics Approach , Zhi Gao, Mechanical Engineering

A Magnetic Resonance Compatible Knee Extension Ergometer , Youssef Jaber, Mechanical Engineering

Non-Equispaced Fast Fourier Transforms in Turbulence Simulation , Aditya M. Kulkarni, Mechanical Engineering

INCORPORATING SEASONAL WIND RESOURCE AND ELECTRICITY PRICE DATA INTO WIND FARM MICROSITING , Timothy A. Pfeiffer, Mechanical Engineering

Effects of Malformed or Absent Valves to Lymphatic Fluid Transport and Lymphedema in Vivo in Mice , Akshay S. Pujari, Mechanical Engineering

Electroless Deposition & Electroplating of Nickel on Chromium-Nickel Carbide Powder , Jeffrey Rigali, Mechanical Engineering

Numerical Simulation of Multi-Phase Core-Shell Molten Metal Drop Oscillations , Kaushal Sumaria, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2016 2016

Cold Gas Dynamic Spray – Characterization of Polymeric Deposition , Trenton Bush, Mechanical Engineering

Intent Recognition Of Rotation Versus Translation Movements In Human-Robot Collaborative Manipulation Tasks , Vinh Q. Nguyen, Mechanical Engineering

A Soft Multiple-Degree of Freedom Load Cell Based on The Hall Effect , Qiandong Nie, Mechanical Engineering

A Haptic Surface Robot Interface for Large-Format Touchscreen Displays , Mark Price, Mechanical Engineering

Numerical Simulation of High Velocity Impact of a Single Polymer Particle during Cold Spray Deposition , Sagar P. Shah, Mechanical Engineering

Tunable Plasmonic Thermal Emitter Using Metal-Coated Elastomeric Structures , Robert Zando, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2015 2015

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Application of Thermal Energy Storage to a Combined Heat and Power Plant , Benjamin McDaniel, Mechanical Engineering

Towards a Semantic Knowledge Management Framework for Laminated Composites , Vivek Premkumar, Mechanical Engineering

A CONTINOUS ROTARY ACTUATION MECHANISM FOR A POWERED HIP EXOSKELETON , Matthew C. Ryder, Mechanical Engineering

Optimal Topological Arrangement of Queues in Closed Finite Queueing Networks , Lening Wang, Mechanical Engineering

Creating a New Model to Predict Cooling Tower Performance and Determining Energy Saving Opportunities through Economizer Operation , Pranav Yedatore Venkatesh, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2014 2014

New Generator Control Algorithms for Smart-Bladed Wind Turbines to Improve Power Capture in Below Rated Conditions , Bryce B. Aquino, Mechanical Engineering

UBOT-7: THE DESIGN OF A COMPLIANT DEXTEROUS MOBILE MANIPULATOR , Jonathan Cummings, Mechanical Engineering

Design and Control of a Two-Wheeled Robotic Walker , Airton R. da Silva Jr., Mechanical Engineering

Free Wake Potential Flow Vortex Wind Turbine Modeling: Advances in Parallel Processing and Integration of Ground Effects , Nathaniel B. Develder, Mechanical Engineering

Buckling of Particle-Laden Interfaces , Theo Dias Kassuga, Mechanical Engineering

Modeling Dynamic Stall for a Free Vortex Wake Model of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine , Evan M. Gaertner, Mechanical Engineering

An Experimental Study of the C-Start of a Mechanical Fish , Benjamin Kandaswamy Chinna Thambi, Mechanical Engineering

Measurement and Verification - Retro-Commissioning of a LEED Gold Rated Building Through Means of an Energy Model: Are Aggressive Energy Simulation Models Reliable? , Justin M. Marmaras, Mechanical Engineering

Development of a Support Structure for Multi-Rotor Wind Turbines , Gaurav Murlidhar Mate, Mechanical Engineering

Towards Accessible, Usable Knowledge Frameworks in Engineering , Jeffrey Mcpherson, Mechanical Engineering

A Consistent Algorithm for Implementing the Space Conservation Law , Venkata Pavan Pillalamarri Narasimha Rao, Mechanical Engineering

Kinetics of Aluminization and Homogenization in Wrought H-X750 Nickel-Base Superalloy , Sean Reilly, Mechanical Engineering

Single-Phase Turbulent Enthalpy Transport , Bradley J. Shields, Mechanical Engineering

CFD Simulation of the Flow around NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine , Yang Song, Mechanical Engineering

Selection of Outputs for Distributed Parameter Systems by Identifiability Analysis in the Time-scale Domain , Teergele, Mechanical Engineering

The Optimization of Offshore Wind Turbine Towers Using Passive Tuned Mass Dampers , Onur Can Yilmaz, Mechanical Engineering

Design of a Passive Exoskeleton Spine , Haohan Zhang, Mechanical Engineering

TURBULENT TRANSITION IN ELECTROMAGNETICALLY LEVITATED LIQUID METAL DROPLETS , Jie Zhao, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2013 2013

Optimization of Mixing in a Simulated Biomass Bed Reactor with a Center Feeding Tube , Michael T. Blatnik, Mechanical Engineering

Continued Development of a Chilled Water System Analysis Tool for Energy Conservation Measures Evaluation , Ghanshyam Gaudani, Mechanical Engineering

Application of Finite Element Method in Protein Normal Mode Analysis , Chiung-fang Hsu, Mechanical Engineering

Asymmetric Blade Spar for Passive Aerodynamic Load Control , Charles Mcclelland, Mechanical Engineering

Background and Available Potential Energy in Numerical Simulations of a Boussinesq Fluid , Shreyas S. Panse, Mechanical Engineering

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems Used as an Electricity Storage Technology in a Wind Farm with Large Amounts of Intermittent Energy , Yash Sanghai, Mechanical Engineering

Multi Rotor Wind Turbine Design And Cost Scaling , Preeti Verma, Mechanical Engineering

Activity Intent Recognition of the Torso Based on Surface Electromyography and Inertial Measurement Units , Zhe Zhang, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2012 2012

Simulations of Non-Contact Creep in Regimes of Mixed Dominance , Maija Benitz, Mechanical Engineering

Techniques for Industrial Implementation of Emerging Semantic Technologies , Jay T. Breindel, Mechanical Engineering

Environmental Impacts Due to Fixed and Floating Offshore Wind Turbines , Micah K. Brewer, Mechanical Engineering

Physical Model of the Feeding Strike of the Mantis Shrimp , Suzanne M. Cox, Mechanical Engineering

Investigating the Relationship Between Material Property Axes and Strain Orientations in Cebus Apella Crania , Christine M. Dzialo, Mechanical Engineering

A Multi-Level Hierarchical Finite Element Model for Capillary Failure in Soft Tissue , Lu Huang, Mechanical Engineering

Finite Element Analysis of a Femur to Deconstruct the Design Paradox of Bone Curvature , Sameer Jade, Mechanical Engineering

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of an Inclined Cylinder in Flow , Anil B. Jain, Mechanical Engineering

Experimental Study of Stability Limits for Slender Wind Turbine Blades , Shruti Ladge, Mechanical Engineering

Semi-Active Damping for an Intelligent Adaptive Ankle Prosthesis , Andrew K. Lapre, Mechanical Engineering

A Finite Volume Approach For Cure Kinetics Simulation , Wei Ma, Mechanical Engineering

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Mechanical Engineering

Find Background Info and Properties
Find In-depth research articles
How to Cite
Doing a lit review
Biomedical Engineering
Finding research off-campus

Tips on reading articles better

Reading a lot of articles in short period of time is tough! It's important to take breaks, and to take quick notes after each article. Otherwise it will all blend together.

See this article for advice from different STEM researchers on how they read articles: https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/03/how-seriously-read-scientific-paper

Guides to writing articles and literature reviews in STEM

For individual help with your writing, it's best to book an appointment with the Academic Help Writing Centre on campus .

How to Write a good technical paper Short article from Concrete International magazine.

Ten Simple Rules for writing a literature review, by Marco Pautasso (2013) A popular article published in PLoS Computational Biology.

Examples of literature reviews

If you're writing a published article or a thesis, it's always good to read different examples in your field. In a research database like Scopus or Web of Science, you can search for review articles on your topic - see the Find Articles tab. You can also see previous theses in your program. Follow this link, and modify the search to find ones from your department.

Here is an example of a review paper written by a uOttawa PhD student in civil engineering, which is structured by analytical approach.

Example journal article with highlights This is a journal article written by two members of the School of EECS here. I have highlighted key phrases in their lit review in which they synthesize and summarize the previous literature.

Science and Engineering Librarian | Bibliothécaire spécialisé en sciences et génie

Doing a systematic review?

If you've been asked to do a systematic review , we have a guide for doing them . But another type of review might actually be better suited to your project! This chart describes different types of reviews and why you might use them.

What do your professors want in a literature review?

Whether you are doing a topic summary for a term paper, a state-of-the-art survey, or a full literature review for a thesis or article, there are some common expectations that your professors have for graduate student work. They are not looking for you to simply describe some papers that you have read on the topic, one after the other. What they do expect is:

That you have found and thoroughly read enough papers to have a solid grasp of the particular topic. This is where it's very important to properly define your topic so you can do a good job, and do a structured database search! You should start to encounter some of the same authors and papers repeatedly as you read, indicating that you are finding the major works in this topic. For searching advice, see the Find Articles tab. You should use at least two search tools (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, etc).
That you have understood them enough to identify major trends, methods, approaches, and differences . This takes work! You do not want to just re-phrase the abstract. See below for some tips on doing this.
That you can communicate your own perspective and informed opinion on what is truly important - including where the current research is lacking (where there is a gap). If you are doing your own research, this is a very important part of the literature review as it justifies the rest of your project.

The process of doing a literature review

Source: North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students . https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/tutorials/litreview/

Reading and note-taking efficiently

Getting started.

You want to be organized from the start when doing a literature review, especially for a project that will take a long time.

In a Word or Excel file, keep track of your searching - which search databases and tools you use, and paste in all the search queries you run that are useful, with parameters. In Scopus, for example, this might be ' TITLE-ABS-KEY ( anaerobic AND digestion AND feedstock ) AND PUBYEAR > 2013'. This will help you avoid duplicating work later.
Use a citation manager program like Zotero or Mendeley, to keep track of your papers as you find them, and format citations later. See this guide for details on the programs. Save the PDFs to your computer, and attach them to the entries in your citation manager if it isn't added automatically.

Reading and Note-taking on Individual papers

When you actually read the papers that you find, most people take a staged approach to save time:

Read the abstract fully to determine if it's actually on topic.
If so, read the discussion and conclusion, and the figures and graphs, to figure out if the results were significant or produced interesting results.
If so, make sure it is saved. Then read the full article, and annotate the article right away.

What does annotating mean? Take very short notes (on paper or digital) of the most important findings and/or highlight important lines in the paper. You can highlight and annotate the PDF file if you want, or in your citation manager. You don't usually need to summarize the whole article - instead focus on what is important for your research or review, and write it in your own words. This could be the

whether the study was theoretical, experimental, numerical simulation, etc
main theoretical approach, model, algorithms, etc
number of test specimens or subjects
key assumptions made that might impact its general validity
key outcome measured, statistical significance of it, etc
Your own comments - for example, strengths and weaknesses

Synthesizing the papers and structuring your review

Concept mapping.

One technique is to create a concept map or 'mind map' showing the relationships or groupings of the key papers on your topic, with short labels. This way, you can try out different options for how to structure your paper and see which one makes the most sense. You can do this on paper:

You can also do this digitally, using a mind-mapping website. There are some easy-to-use, free tools that are available now. Two that I have used are Coggle and Miro. You can also just sketch on paper.

Mind map showing papers for the topic 'methods for bearing signature extraction'

Created using Coggle.it, based on a chart in Huang, H. (2018). Methods for Rolling Element Bearing Fault Diagnosis under Constant and Time-varying Rotational Speed Conditions (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ottawa). http://dx.doi.org/10.20381/ruor-21835

Image: Pacheco-Vega, R. (2016, June 15). How to do a literature review: Citation tracing, concept saturation and results’ mind-mapping. Retrieved from http://www.raulpacheco.org/2016/06/how-to-do-a-literature-review-citation-tracing-concept-saturation-and-results-mind-mapping/

After you have taken notes on individual articles, it can be very helpful to create a chart with key variables that seem important. Not every article will cover the same material. But there should be some common factors, and some differences between them. This chart is called a synthesis matrix.

Example of a 'synthesis matrix'

Source: University of Western Ontario Library (n.d.). “Writing your literature review”. https://guides.lib.uwo.ca/mme9642/litreview

See this blog post by researcher Raul Pacheco-Vega for another example of how he does this.

This chart can help you decide how to organize your review. If it's a very short review, some people write it chronologically - they describe how the topic evolved, one paper at a time. But if you have more than 10 papers, this is not a good approach. Instead, it is best to organize your review thematically . In this approach, you group the papers into several groups or themes, and discuss each theme in a separate section. Usually the groups are major methods of tackling the problem, or concepts, or techniques.

In each section of your paper, you introduce the theme, and then discuss and compare the papers in the group. Using this approach lets you show that you have not just read the papers, but have understood the topic as a whole, and can synthesize the literature.

For example, this paper co-authored by Ping Li , a Civil Engineering PhD graduate of uOttawa, organizes the papers into three categories: ones that used a 'traditional' approach; ones based on characterization of the soil microstructure, and ones that also incorporate soil mechanics. The strengths and weaknesses of category are discussed, and in the conclusion, the authors recommend approaches for future studies.

You can often include a form of a synthesis chart in your paper or thesis, as a visual summary of your lit review. This is part of a chart included in a Masters' thesis in Computer Science from uOttawa.

Part of a chart showing various papers on Phishing Detection.

From Le Page, S. (2019). Understanding the Phishing Ecosystem (M.Sc. Thesis, University of Ottawa). http://dx.doi.org/10.20381/ruor-23629

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Next: Biomedical Engineering >>
Last Updated: Sep 13, 2023 11:43 AM
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Biomechanical Engineering Research Samples

Student: Narek Akopyan Professor/Sponsor: Professor Liwei Lin Mentor: Dr. Ryan Sochol Research Project Title: Micropost Traction Force Quantification

Abstract: Microfabricated posts were designed to advance cell handling techniques, which is useful for research in biology. By creating stiffness and interpost spacing gradients along the micropost array, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were observed to unidirectionally migrate. The cells migrated in directions of increasing micropost stiffness and decreasing interpost spacing. The goal was to quantify the forces that the cell pushed or pulled on the microposts in order to move in one direction. These forces were calculated by taking microscopic images of the immovable bottom of the micropost array which was stuck to the substrate and the top of the micropost array which moved due to the forces applied by the cell. By applying the general Hooke’s Law, forces were related by the displacement each micropost moved since each cantilever could be approximated as a spring. With aid of image processing software, micropost traction forces were quantified, and the edges of the cells were found to pull more strongly on the microposts compared to the center of the cell. The forces were found to pull inwards towards the center of the cell causing unidirectional cellular migration due to the variable stiffness and spacing gradients.

Student: Leela Amladi Professor/Sponsor: Professor Liwei Lin & Professor Ken Goldberg Mentor: Sanjay Krishnan Research Project Title: Trend Searching for Surgical Robotics with Low-Cost, Low-Resolution Force and Capacitive Sensors

Student: Alex Belinski Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari and Hannah Gramling Research Project Title: Investigating the possibility of cell-induced corrosion on metallic bearing surfaces in total shoulder arthroplasty devices

Abstract: Introduction: Evidence of direct cellular attack on orthopedic implants has been observed in knee and hip implants [1], but has not been reported in shoulder implants. This work documents signs of direct cellular attack on cobalt chromium humeral heads retrieved from shoulder arthroplasty patients. These findings may provide evidence that cells initiate corrosive sites on metal bearing surfaces in the shoulder.

Methods: Visual evidence of cellular attack was observed macroscopically on eighteen humeral head implants (Figure 1). Ten of the samples showing possible cellular attack (Depuy Global) were further examined using scanning electron microscopy (FEI Quanta, Hillsboro, OR). Following Gilbert et al., samples were imaged at 5 kV and 20 kV to highlight possible biological material. Sites were characterized using EDS line scans at 20 kV to determine whether changes in element concentrations spatially correlated with boundaries of possible cellular attack (“attack sites”).

Results: Two types of attack sites were observed. The first showed increased concentrations of carbon overlapping areas previously identified as possible biological material (Figure 2), and the second showed increased concentrations of iron (Figure 3). Both instances were coupled with significant dips in concentrations of constituent materials cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum. Due to the low excitation energy of carbon, lower energy electron beams scattered by biological material resulted in brighter regions within the SEM image, while using higher energy beams produced comparatively darker regions. Carbon-rich regions were found on a total of 7 samples and iron-rich regions were found on 3.

Discussion: The presence of carbon may be indicative of biological material remnant from direct cellular attack. As shown previously [1], increased levels of iron may be evidence of a Fenton reaction. These observations have been observed in hip and knee retrievals; this is the first reported observation in shoulder retrievals. Future work will examine additional samples and reverse shoulder arthroplasty retrievals. Reference: [1] Gilbert, J., et al. (2014). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 103(1), pp.211-223.

Student: Bita Behziz Professor/Sponsor: Professor Masayoshi Tomizuka Mentor: Daisuke Kaneishi, Robert Matthew Research Project Title: Torsional Stiffness Characterisation for the APEX Gamma Exoskeleton Research Areas: Biomechanical Engineering, Controls

Abstract: Weakness or paralysis of body muscles are one of the common side effects for stroke survivors. Assistive devices can be to support these individuals, aiding them in functional daily tasks. Developing devices to assist upper limb movement would depend on precise characterization and control of the assistive device and on the needs of the user. This paper investigates the mechanical impedance of a pneumatic cylinder under several air pressure conditions for use in assistive devices. The characterization is based on fixing the number of moles of gas on each side of the cylinder and measuring the associated torque. This static torque is evaluated at different angular positions, corresponding to the flexion/extension of the elbow. It was shown experimentally that the maximum stiffness that can be applied to the user is 2.18Nm/rad when the air pressure is initialized at 50 psi in both chambers and the minimum stiffness is below 0.01 Nm/rad when the system is initialized at atmospheric pressure. This study offers deeper insight into how linear pneumatic cylinders can be used to semi-passively provide assistance to individuals with limb weakness, and supports previous publications which tested different assistive pressures on human subjects without a model of the associated stiffness’s response.

Student: Connor Benton Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentors: Megan Pendleton and Alex Baker Research Project Title: Design and Implementation of an Apparatus for Flexural Testing of Trabeculae

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the most efficient and precise method of measuring the strain-stress properties of trabecular bone tissue at a very small scale. The heterogeneity inherent in bone tissue across different people suggests that there is value in large-scale testing in order to better understand how factors such as age, disease, and disease treatment impact the material properties of the bone itself. We first evaluated the differences between strain tests and their feasibility in regard to testing specimens of our ideal size, eventually coming to the conclusion that three-point flexural testing was the best approach. We designed a test bed for this research, using high-resolution micrometers and actuators in order to give us the control we desired, and fabricated the apparatus in the student machine shop. In order to verify the accuracy of our solution, we conducted material tests of aluminum samples with known strain-stress properties. Our test bed is a compact, accurate, easy-to-use platform that provides the means to test large quantities of specimens and establish a better understanding of their material properties. This research will be built upon by our team in future testing and evaluation of different impacts on the strength of trabecular bone tissue.

Student: Christopher Berthelet Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentors: Farzana Ansari and Louis Malito Research Project Title: Design Considerations for Total Shoulder Replacements: An Analysis of Glenoid Contact Stresses

Abstract: INTRODUCTION The total shoulder replacement (TSR) is the third leading reconstructive orthopedic procedure behind hip and knee replacements, and the fastest growing arthroplasty device in the market today [1]. The ball-and-socket design typically consists of a cobalt chrome (CoCr) humeral head that articulates against an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) glenoid. While hip and knee replacements can last 10-15 and 18-20 years respectively, TSR’s only last around 5-13 years. This may be related to the fact that TSRs encounter complex rotational and translational joint kinematics; for example, superior-inferior motion of the humeral head along the glenoid occurs through abduction-adduction. These complex loading scenarios can lead to failure via implant loosening, joint instability, infection, implant wear, and device fracture. Fracture along the glenoid rim is a particularly unique failure, where excessive translational motion results in eccentric loading that can cause subsurface cracking and eventual fracture along the circumference [2]. While the effect of conformity and glenoid thickness on contact stresses has been documented, the interplay of these design factors with differing material properties and eccentric loading scenarios has not been thoroughly examined. This research seeks to utilize computational analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods to assess the contact stresses that develop in the glenoid as a function of device geometry, material properties, and translational motion.

METHODS The glenoid contact stresses that develop due to translation of the humeral head were computationally investigated using MATLAB. A standard elasticity solution (SES) developed by Bartel et al. [3] was used to calculate contact stress. Following Sweiszkowski et al. [4] , the translation of the humeral head from the central axis was modeled as a rotation of the head about the origin of the glenoid. Maximum glenoid contact stress data was generated by the MATLAB code at each degree of angular translation. In addition to testing the effects of humeral head translation on contact stresses in the glenoid component, the effects of material composition (elastic modulus), glenoid thickness, component conformity, and specific humeral-glenoid radii combinations were investigated.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION For all variables evaluated, higher contact stresses were seen farther away from the central axis (i.e. greater translation). Contact stresses near the rim of the glenoid were on average 11.3% greater than those at the center of the component for all conformities, material compositions, and thicknesses evaluated. This has important clinical implications considering that neutral positioning results in stresses ranging from 12 to 40 MPa. Combined with translation, these elevated stresses can easily exceed the yield stress of UHMWPE and contribute to crack initiation that under cyclic loading can propagate to fracture.

Decreasing conformity (increasing radial mismatch) caused an overall increase in contact stress and enhanced the effect of humeral head translation. Contact stresses were greatest for highly crosslinked and sub-melt annealed formulations. Contact stress also increased as glenoid thickness decreased or as device size decreased. Overall, the findings demonstrate that TSRs experience a complex stress state that subjects the UHMWPE to both yield and fracture.

ONGOING WORK Current work is focusing on developing an FEA model of a humeral-head/glenoid system (ABAQUS) to confirm and enhance the above computational analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to also acknowledge Robin Parrish for her assistance with code development and analysis for this project.

Student: Matt Cameron Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Cynthia Cruz Research Project Title: Improved Method for Specified Motion Monitoring While Conducting Wear Testing on Biomedical Thermoplastic Polycarbonate-Urethane

Abstract: In current medical devices, cobalt chromium (CoCr) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) materials are used to minimize fatigue and wear of joint replacements while in vivo. However due to the nature of the polymer, UHMWPE particulates can wear off and be released into the body and subsequently loosen the implant with the potential to fail. A new polycarbonate-urethane material, Bionate®, is considered to have little to no wear compared to UHMWPE [1]. Studies have only focused on Bionate® 90A and 55D. DSM, Inc. is looking at the application of Bionate® 80A and 75D in the shoulder, yet no studies focused on the wear characteristics of these specific Bionate® chemistries. Hence, the Medical Polymer Group has a Multi-Directional Tribo-System (ELVIS), which will conduct wear testing on the 80A and 75D Bionate® material.

ELVIS is a converted CNC mill controlled by a custom a National Instruments LabVIEW Virtual Instrument (VI). The VI controls the type of motion, speed, and amount of translation and rotation to conduct wear tests as well as mimic motions within a joint. The VI simultaneously monitors the position of the point of contact, the temperate and electric current of the CNC motors, and cycle information. In preparation for the Bionate® wear testing, improvements were made to how the VI monitors cycle count and cycle time. This was achieved by adding new features to the motion code in addition to timing functions that execute when motion parameters change. This allows for more accurate testing and estimation for how long the test will take. The revamped VI in combination with other adjustments will allow ELVIS to accommodate samples of the new material and then the wear characteristics of Bionate® 80A and 75D can be established. Future studies will use ELVIS to mimic the gait cycle in a shoulder joint, which has translation, abduction/adduction, and elevation all at varying rates within one motion cycle. This would be a better model at predicting the wear in the shoulder joint.

Student: Jiayang Cao, Joyce Huang, Tatiana Jansen, and Rohan Konnur Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Research Project Title: Modifying the existing Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) pump to explore non-chemical pain relief

Abstract: Following research conducted at UCSF, under Ben Alter and Walter German, our group had the task of designing and building a device to attach to the existing PCA pump, in order to assess the effect of audiovisual cues on pain relief. Currently, the commonly-used PCA pump includes a handset that only the patient has control over. When the button on the handset is pressed, a very small dose of pain relieving medicine is dispensed into an IV in the patient’s arm. There is a specified lockout time as well that varies patient to patient. Our device is comprised of a Raspberry Pi Model 3B as our computer, enclosed in an acrylic box that we designed and made to attach to the IV pole. We also had to add a second button to the existing handset to interact with our device. Our attachment to the pump reliably plays an audiovisual cue, which researchers have made, on a monitor screen any time the button is pressed outside the lockout period. In addition, our device stores the patient data associated with these button presses into a csv file that can later be analyzed.

Student: Wan Fung Chui Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Mentor: Megan Pendleton Research Project Title: Data Processing for MTS Fatigue Testing Research Areas: Biomechanical Engineering, Mechanics

Abstract: As ever more ambitious projects for human spaceflight are planned by both governmental and commercial organizations, the effects of long-term exposure to ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of bone has emerged as an active area of research. Our team in the O’Connell lab strives to test the hypothesis that ionizing radiation encountered in space leads has an embrittling effect on bone tissue.

The central source of data on the experimental side of our study this semester involved conducting fatigue tests on L5 bones extracted from irradiated and non-irradiated rats. These tests, carried out using an MTS testing system, resulted in many large, unwieldy raw data files. In an attempt to automate and streamline our data collection process across the multiple samples we tested, I was tasked with writing several computer programs in MATLAB which accepted raw data as input and produced processed numbers and graphs as output. Metrics of interest included number of cycles to failure, strain to failure, slope of the secondary region in the fatigue process, and stiffness within the secondary region, all of which shed light into how, and to what extent, ionizing radiation affects the mechanical properties of bone.

The process of writing efficient, generalizable and user-friendly code involved navigating a series of challenges including lengthy file-parsing times, accounting for formatting difficulties in the raw data input, and recognizing the secondary and tertiary regions in the strains-cycles graphs, among other issues. Ultimately, this culminated in three polished, well-commented MATLAB programs which can now be easily used by members of our team and, potentially, other members of our lab conducting fatigue studies, to produce clean graphs and extract desired metrics in a user-friendly and timely manner.

Student: Lace Co Ting Keh Professor/Sponsor: Professor Homayoon Kazerooni Research Project Title: Exoskeleton For Stroke Rehabilitation

Student: Joe Felipe Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Research Project Title: Design of Large Scale Waterbath For Mechanical Testing of Soft Tissue

Abstract: Mechanical testing of the intervertebral disc requires that the soft tissue maintain hydration for accurate and meaningful results. The aim of this project was to build a large scale waterbath compatible with the lab’s MTS machine for usage in soft tissue biomechanics. Prior to using a bath for mechanical testing, experiments that were performed could only be executed for 2-3 hours before samples of bone-disc-bone segments no longer maintained proper hydration. A new testing configuration was to be implemented in which the load cell was to be moved from the bottom to the top of the MTS machine. Grips were prepared to hold samples of bone-disc- bone segments in place for testing. With this new configuration, the bath and grips could be used for all sorts of mechanical testing such as compression, tension, and torsion. A 3-D model of the bath was made in Solidworks prior the machining of the bath. The implementation of a waterbath has greatly improved the accuracy of our results. Studies in the O’Connell lab have been focused on understanding the mechanical function of the healthy, injured and degenerated disc with the goal of developing viable repairment strategies. It is essential to have accurate and repeatable data to meet this goal. For example, a recent study “Osmotic loading environment alters intervertebral disc mechanical function” focused on comparing the mechanical properties of the intervertebral disc when soaked in a 1X vs 20X (.1M or 2M) saline solution. The difference in salinity would mimic two different states of hydration experienced in diurnal loading. Prior to the bath, bone-disc-bone segments were soaked overnight and then tested for only 2.5 hours. A prediction model was used in MATLAB which determined the samples would take about 16 hours until they reached equilibrium (no longer displacing during creep). With the implementation of the waterbath, results will no longer need to be “predicted” based off the limited data that could be collected. The next study using the bath will be on understanding the effects of space flight on spine biomechanics.

Student: Benjamin Glaser Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Noah Bonnheim Research Project Title: Machining Methods for Carbon Fiber PEEK Composite Research Areas: Biomechanical Engineering, Materials

Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a polymer composite used in orthopedic implants and screws because it offers benefits over metals in some cases. Because there are multiple manufacturers of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK, it is important to understand their relative material properties, and also to compare those samples to a non-carbon-fiber PEEK for a control. A way to identify important material properties is through monotonic tensile testing, which requires material samples of specified sizes, as per ASTM documentation. In preparing for the machining of the PEEK sample testing “dogbones”, three manufacturing methods were researched for their benefits and effectiveness. Water jet cutting, CO2 laser cutting, and CNC milling were looked at. Water jet cutting was discounted because of machine limitations for handling polymer waste. CO2 laser cutting was not chosen because of the impact of high temperatures on the material properties of PEEK, specifically samples containing carbon fiber. Traditional machining was found to be more expensive for both cost and time, but was chosen for machining dogbones as the remaining viable option. Samples containing carbon fiber need are, however, more difficult to machine because of an increased wear on machining tools, and also because of the potential health hazards from carbon fiber dust being released into the air during the subtractive manufacturing process. A machine shop was chosen based on the capability of handling carbon fiber PEEK, as well as cost per specimen. ASTM testing will be performed following the ASTM document D638, which specifies the geometric shape of the dogbone specimens as well as the strain rate and method for testing. Because the strain rate is expressed in terms of time to failure, some dogbones must be sacrificed at different strain rates to find the appropriate rate for the remaining samples.

Student: Benjamin Glaser Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Noah Bonnheim Research Project Title: Finite element modeling of vertebral bodies for total disc replacements

Student: Aditya Goel Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Mentor: Shannon Emerzian Research Project Title: The Effect of Ribose on Mechanical Properties of Bones

Student: Landon Henson Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Cynthia Cruz Research Project Title: Polishing UHMWPE for use in experiments

Abstract: The purpose of our current research is focused on various aspects of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and Bionate® as it relates to wear, life and early failure in orthopedic implants. It is well known in the orthopaedic community that UHMWPE in combination with cobalt chromium (CoCr) are good counter bearing materials for joint replacements. However, UHMWPE does have a finite life expectancy. Historically wear and damage of UHMWPE has affected the longevity of orthopaedic implants. Thus, it is our goal to gain a better understanding of how the wear characteristics of Bionate® compares with the wear characteristics of UHMWPE. It has been proposed that Bionate® 80A and 75D should be used as a counter bearing material for CoCr in the shoulder joint by DSM, inc.

In order to run experiments and thus get a better understanding of how the wear characteristics of Bionate® and UHMWPE effect the life of implants, we must reproduce as close as possible a medical grade finish that manufacturers achieve on their implants. One such property is the “smoothness” or roughness average (Ra) number of the sample to be used in experiments. Ra is the measure of the texture of a surface. To quantify the surface roughness we use a profilometer to measure the profile of the UHMWPE surface.

Previously in our lab, UHMWPE samples were polished to an Ra number of approximately 0.2~.4 µm. To achieve this finish with repeatability a new SOP for polishing was needed. The new process is a two-part wet sanding procedure. Once the appropriate geometric tolerances are obtained from machining the samples, they are polished. Optimal conditions for polishing show that abrading the sample with 800-grade sandpaper followed by 1200-grade result in consistent Ra of .2~.3 µm.

Student: Patrick Holmes Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Research Project Title: Effects of space-relevant levels of ionizing radiation on rat trabecular bone

Abstract: Ionizing radiation is often used to treat cancer by applying a large dose of radiation locally to targeted tissue. This causes a number of destructive effects on bone in the affected area, which have been fairly well studied. The effects of very small doses of radiation on bone is less well documented. On a deep space mission, astronauts will be constantly exposed to radiation that is blocked for the rest of us by Earth’s magnetosphere. The cumulative whole body dose they are likely to receive is very small; below what is used locally on a cancer patient in a single sitting. However, in conjunction with musculoskeletal disuse, this small amount of radiation could have a significant effect on the astronaut’s bone. After helping with a literature review last semester, this semester I aided in the setup of an experiment to quantify changes to the material properties of rat vertebrae exposed to low doses of radiation. Individual vertebra will be tested in compression and at the same time simulated in a finite element model. In order to receive accurate compression results, the vertebrae must be prepared such that they have parallel ends. Otherwise, bending can occur and skew our data. To do this, several jigs were employed to first cement the vertebra in PMMA (bone cement) and then to saw off the ends of the vertebra with a slow moving ISOMET saw, yielding parallel sides. Physical tests will determine the parameters of our finite element model, with which we hope to explore the changes to the post yield properties of rat trabecular bone. We expect low doses of radiation to embrittle the trabecular bone, and to cause it to fracture earlier.

Student: Naomi Kibrya Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Research Project Title: Effect of Injury and Axial Compression Preload on Intervertebral Disc Torsional Mechanics

Student: Divya Kulkarni Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Shashank Nawathe Research Project Title: Influence Of Typical Population-Variations In Tissue-Level Ductility On The Femoral Strength

Abstract: The strength of the whole bone is widely known to have a direct correlation with aging, disease and treatment. However there is not much work on the effect of tissue level ductility on whole bone strength. It makes sense that a change in individual tissue ductility would affect the overall failure of the bone whether it be the femur or the vertebrae. There have been studies in the past for which the tissue level ductility is manipulated to be either fully ductile or fully brittle and the effect of these cases on the strength of the whole bone are studied. In the real world case such extreme behaviors would most likely not be seen. In our study, we focus on human proximal femurs to study the whole bone strength and varying values of ultimate strain for the bone tissue ductility. The distinction between cortical and trabecular bone is made to find a deeper correlation between tissue level ductility and femoral strength. Relating the tissue level ductility on a micro scale with whole bone strength will be vital in understanding the cause of hip fractures and its risk-assessment.

Four cadavers are chosen to test various values of ultimate strain for both trabecular and cortical tissues of these bones. The values used are based on the previous studies of general ultimate strain values in the human population. It was assumed that ultimate strain values in tension and compression were equal. We performed our non-linear finite element analyses using the iterative quasi-nonlinear technique that has also been previously used in our fully brittle analyses.

The femoral strength was determined from each set of ultimate strains on both the cortical and the trabecular bone. This strength was determined using the force strain curve for a structure-level and calculating the 0.2% offset. Tissue level failure included both yielding and fracture. It seems as though during a sideways fall, only about 10% to 12% of the femoral strength is actually affected by the changing tissue ductility. The trabecular bone seems to have a larger effect on the entire bone strength. It seems the cortical bone ductility only plays a large role when the trabecular bone ductility is already low.

Student: Siyang Liu Professor/Sponsor: Professor Liwei Lin Mentor: Eric Sweet Research Project Title: 3D Printed Three-flow Microfluidic Concentration Gradient Generator for Clinical E.Coli Antibiotic Drug Screening Research Areas: Biomechanical Engineering, Design, Fluids, MEMS/Nano

Abstract: In the spring 2017 semester, I worked as an undergraduate researcher in Micro-Mechanical Method for Biology (M3B) program in Lin Lab of University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Ph.D Student Eric Sweet. The project I conducted research on is the 3D Printed Three-flow Micro-fluidic Concentration Gradient Generator for Clinical E.Coli Antibiotic Drug Screening.

Specifically, I am to develop a device, through means of 3D printing, to mix three species of bio-fluids and obtain flow outputs with various concentration compositions. The design research process is comprised of CAD designing, 3D printing and cleaning, and Testing with Fluigent micro-fluidic system. The primary goal is to obtain equal flow and linear concentration gradient from the outputs. Through the semester, I went through multiple mixer designs with different design parameters, and reached an agreement with Eric that the design with equilateral tetrahedrons units will produce the ideal outcome. For the final testing design, we have three layers of tetrahedron units, which mixes 3 inlets into 15 outlets.

We used the Projet 3500 HDMax printer to print the mixer and went through a series of cleaning process including hot mineral oil bath, hot water cleaning and room temperature water cleaning. Then we used the Fluigent Micro-fluidic system to input fluid with uniform pressure into the mixer and try to obtain even flow rate out of all outlets. Surprisingly, it turns out the task is more difficult than expected due to uncontrollable disturbances coming from gravity and flow resistance in micro-channels. By varying fluid supply volume and refining cleaning process we were able to obtain even flow out of the mixer ultimately.

Student: Ruben Maldonado Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Arnav Sanyal Research Project Title: Multi-Axial Strength Testing of Human Femoral Trabecular Bone

Abstract: Since multiaxial stresses can develop in trabecular bone during falls and at bone-implant interfaces, multiaxial strength behavior is of fundamental relevance to a number of orthopaedic problems. Building on the work of other student researchers in the lab who developed a 3D multiaxial failure criterion for human trabecular bone, the goal of this research is to extend the work to low-density trabecular bone and subsequently validate it using experiments. The experimental results will be used to validate the finite element models.

Student: Audrey Martin Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Evaluation of Damage on Retrieved Humeral Head Prostheses

Abstract: Introduction: Over 53,000 patients in the United States each year receive a Total Shoulder Replacement (TSR), a synthetic metal-polymer bearing system that serves to reproduce the function of a diseased or injured glenohumeral joint [1]. On average, 10 percent of these patients will undergo a risky and costly revision due to premature wear, loosening, and fracture of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) glenoid component [2]. Studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between the presence of UHMWPE-wear debris and bone loss (osteolysis) which can induce loosening of the glenoid component [3, 4]. The purpose of this ongoing study is to analyze the relationship between damage on Cobalt-Chrome (CoCr) humeral head prostheses and glenoid component wear. The goal for this term was to collect more scoring data for and prepare for a counter-bearing wear analysis.

Methods: The Medical Polymers Group (MPG) houses a collection of retrieved humeral head prostheses, many with matching glenoid components. Samples were prioritized for scoring based on the presence of (1) a matching glenoid component, (2) a damage evaluation for the glenoid component, and (3) an orientation marking on the CoCr component. Three undergraduates were trained in a previously developed, detail-oriented scoring methodology to evaluate damage on the retrieved humeral heads. The scoring methodology segregates damage modes into six categories: hairline scratching, curvilinear abrasion, pitting, dimpling, striated scratching, and linear abrasion. The data was analyzed by determining the percent of samples exhibiting each damage mode and the percentage of identification variation between scorers as compared to previously collected scores. Preparations were also made for a counter-bearing wear analysis by evaluating the capabilities of MPG’s custom multidirectional tribological-system and designing fixtures for testing.

Results: In total, seven new scores were collected. Striated scratching continues to be the most commonly found damage mode with 100% of samples exhibiting this damage mode followed by curvilinear abrasion at 94.1%. Dimpling was found to be the least common at 61.8%. At least 88% of scorers per sample showed agreement on the presence of a particular damage mode for n > 2 scorers. The test parameters for the counter bearing analysis were determined. Given the current capabilities of the test frame, a 200/20N load profile was deemed appropriate for preliminary testing.

Discussion and Conclusions:MPG’s scoring methodology continues to yield consistent results. With striated scratching and curvilinear abrasion being the most commonly found damage modes, these would be appropriate parameters to isolate for upcoming counter-bearing analyses. Future work will include performing these wear analysis using a sample with an isolated region of striated scratching, and abrasion as compared to an unused sample with no damage.

Student: Ariana Moini Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Saghi Sadoughi

Research Project Title: Structure-Function Relations for Calcaneal Trabecular Bone – Comparison with other Sites

Abstract: There are various methods used to detect osteoporosis, a growing disease that leads to low bone density and an increased risk of bone fracture. A common modality used to detect osteoporosis is Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), which measures the bone mineral density of the patient. DXA is most often performed on the lower spine and hips. However, it is expensive and exposes patients to small doses of ionizing radiation. An alternative to DXA is calcaneal ultrasound, which is non-ionizing and inexpensive. It is easier to use and is widely accessible to the public. However, it is not clear how well the calcaneal trabecular bone relates to the mechanical behavior of the trabecular bone in the hip and spine. In this experiment, we want to understand the structure-function relations of the calcaneal trabecular bone and compare them to previously measured trabecular bone properties from other anatomic sites. The trabecular bone in the calcaneus specimens is not oriented the same way as in the vertebral body. Therefore, uniform compression loading configuration will not be along the main axis of trabeculae and as a result will be off-axis. Therefore, to be able to have a reasonable comparison between the structure-function relations of trabecular bone from different anatomic sites, we need to account for this on-axis versus off-axis loading. For that, the orientation of each trabecula in calcaneal specimens must be found. Individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS) software was utilized to categorize each individual trabecula within each specimen as a plate or rod and return its corresponding coordinates as a vector of its orientation. The data was then imported into Matlab to calculate the angle of the rod and plates with the horizontal axis to then compare the structure-function relations of calcaneal trabecular bone with that of the vertebral trabecular bone. This research is currently in the process of comparing the data to the vertebral body.

Student: Robin Parrish Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Analysis of Stresses in Glenoids

Abstract: Introduction: Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is the most commonly used bearing surface in total joint arthroplasties. However, failure of the UHMWPE component is a common cause of device failure. Therefore, novel materials are being developed in an attempt to increase the life of these devices. This study set out to determine stresses in the bearing surface used in total joint arthroplasty as a function of material, geometry, and loading condition.

Methods: This study was carried out computationally using the simplified elasticity solution and focused on the glenoid component of total shoulder arthroplasties. The following parameters were varied to determine their effects on stresses: elastic modulus of material used, backing material, and radial mismatch. Glenoid radius of curvature was also investigated for consideration of its effects on stresses in the glenoid.

Results and Discussion: It was shown that stresses in the glenoid increase as the modulus of elasticity of the glenoid increases. Glenoid stresses also increase with decreasing radial mismatch between the glenoid and humeral components. However, due to the increased contact area associated with lower moduli, effects of conformity are minimized in systems containing glenoids with lower moduli. Finally, it was shown that for any given geometric configuration, there is a polynomial relationship between modulus and maximum stress. This relationship was used to isolate the effects of backing thickness and humeral geometry and to demonstrate that increasing backing thickness increases the effective modulus and maximum stress in the glenoid. Finally, our findings suggest that biomaterials with lower moduli may be able to decrease stresses in the glenoid, subsequently reducing wear rates and leading to lower device failure rates.

Future Work: Finite element analysis (FEA) will be performed, and results from the simplified elasticity solution will be compared to the results of the simulation. Following the validation of this FEA model, a glenoid with variable radius of curvature will be investigated. Finally, conclusions will be drawn concerning the efficacy of novel biomaterials.

Student: Robin Parrish Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Finite Element Analysis of Crack Propagation in UHMWPE

Abstract: Introduction: Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is commonly used as a bearing surface in total join arthroplasties. However, failure of the UHMWPE component is a common cause of device failure. Several material modifications can be made to increase wear resistance, fracture resistance, and oxidative resistance. However, each compositional change has trade-offs. We are interested in characterizing the structure-property relationships that govern crack propagation because fracture is a common cause of catastrophic device failure.

Methods: This study was carried out computationally in conjunction with mechanical crack-propagation tests. A crack test specimen was modeled in Abaqus FEA software (Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp), and various loading conditions were applied. The radius of the notch tip was varied, and a side-groove was added to the model. Complementary mechanical tests were carried out with the same set-up as the Abaqus model.

Results and Discussion: The conclusions that were drawn from the results of the simulations are as follows: (1) Stresses near the notch tip increase with decreasing notch radius. (2) Stresses near the notch tip increase with movement through the depth of the sample into the center. (3) Sharper notch radius results in lower stresses away from the notch tip. (4) Stresses at the surface and in the center do not change proportionally with movement away from the notch tip.

Future Work: Material data is being collected on the specific formulations of UHMWPE that are of interest to us. Connections are being drawn between the FEA model and the mechanical tests. We will calculate the size of the plastic zone in front of the notch tip to better design the mechanical tests to result in cracking rather than yielding.

Student: Sam Pliska Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Mentor: Ben Werbner Research Project Title: Effects of chABC Treatment on Annulus Fibrosus Biochemical Composition

Abstract: The integrity of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is dependent on many structural factors. Failure occurring in and around the disc can manifest in many different forms, from fractures to tears and herniation [1]. The annulus fibrosus (AF) specifically is susceptible to multiple forms of tears that can increase in frequency and severity with age [1]. These tears can allow for the herniation of the nucleus resulting in pinching of spinal nerves, causing pain throughout the lower back and leg [2]. Due to its increased prevalence with age and it being genetically inherited [1], IVD degeneration is a large and growing problem. From what is known, a key contributor to deterioration is a loss of proteoglycans or glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains [3].

GAGs are hydrophilic meaning they attract water which assists in absorbing and distributing compressive loads [3]. One method of characterizing IVD degeneration consists of analyzing the biochemical composition such as GAG and water content [4]. At this point in time, however, there is still a gap in understanding regarding the relationship between composition and mechanics. Analysis of the impact of GAG content on the mechanical properties of IVDs could help reveal some of the mechanisms associated with deterioration.

In the past, chondroitinase ABC (chABC) has been used in studies to enzymatically digest GAG in the AF to simulate the natural degeneration of the IVD [1, 3, 5]. To validate the efficacy of this degeneration process, comparisons will be made between the GAG content of chABC digested and non-digested specimens.

Through the utilization of chABC to enzymatically digest GAG, the exact impact to the biochemical composition of the AF was calculated. Along with the value of percent GAG content by dry weight, the weight percent of the samples that were water was also discovered. Due to GAG’s ability to attract water, it makes sense that the chABC digestion protocol would impact water content as well.

Our study shows that with a very high statistical significance, the samples treated with chABC had a reduced GAG content. This initial result makes sense as it matches results of past studies. The statistical significance between the control water content and dGAG water content makes sense as well as it also matches past works [4]. This decrease in water content associated with the chABC digestion process is also intuitive. Water is retained in the matrix of the AF by the attraction of the GAG’s. When these GAG’s are digested out, the ability of the AF to keep the same hydration levels decreases.

Knowing the degree to which the GAG was digested by the chABC is important for future works in being able to know the exact changes in GAG content. By knowing the impact of GAG loss on the mechanical properties of the IVD, and knowing the specific GAG loss generated by the chABC digestion protocol, a model can be generated to describe how the IVD’s mechanical properties will degenerate based on the GAG content.

Seeing how the water content of the AF is positively correlated to the GAG concentration, it becomes apparent why the chABC process has such a large impact on the mechanical properties of the IVD. Water is a key factor in protecting the disc. The water being held assists in absorbing compressive loads and distributes the load more evenly around the circumference of the annulus [3].

Student: Steven Roth Professor/Sponsor: Professor Shawn Shadden Mentor: Jessica Oakes Research Project Title: Particle Deposition in Human Lungs due to Varying Cross-Sectional Ellipticity of Left and Right Main Bronchi

Abstract: Particle deposition in the human lungs can occur with every breath. Airborne particles can range from toxic constituents (e.g. tobacco smoke and air pollution) to aerosolized particles designed for drug treatment (e.g. insulin to treat diabetes). The effect of various realistic airway geometries on complex f ow structures, and thus particle deposition sites, has yet to be extensively investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this work, we created an image-based geometric airway model of the human lung and performed CFD simulations by employing multi-domain methods (Oakes et al. (2014), Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 42: 899-914). Following the flow simulations, Lagrangian particle tracking was used to study the effect of cross-sectional shape on deposition sites in the conducting airways. From a single human lung model, the cross-sectional ellipticity (the ratio of major and minor diameters) of the left and right main bronchi was varied systematically from 2:1 to 1:1. The inf uence of the airway ellipticity on the surrounding flow field and particle deposition was determined.

Student: Gerald Santos Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Mentor: Megan Pendleton Research Project Title: Understanding Spine Biomechanics When Exposed to Spaceflight Radiation

Abstract: Examining the changes in bone quality after exposure to spaceflight radiation is the interest of this research. Bone quality properties of Young’s modulus, fracture and yield stresses, and number of cycles to failure are studied through mechanical testing methods. Rat spines were obtained in the lab, with certain specimens having an exposed radiation rating, while others served as controls. Proper care and dissection measures were taken to remove all non-bone tissue from the rat spines, without imposing any cuts or fractures on the bone. This tissue removing process averaged 2.5 hours to complete. The following step involved separating the L3, L4, and L5 vertebrae sections by cutting through the vertebral discs. The vertebrae were then secured with PMMA in fixtures to allow parallel cuts on each end with an Isomet Diamond Saw. After being cut, the samples to be used in the data analysis were Micro CT scanned to allow finite element analysis. Mechanical testing was performed on multiple samples, with a combination of three test methods. One test method obtained the Young’s modulus value of the bone, the second executes a compression to failure test, and the third is a cycles to failure test. The modulus obtaining method was successful in repeating Young’s modulus values through cyclic compression testing at stresses lower than 20% of the fracture stress. The compression to failure test provided the fracture stress of roughly 100 N. The cycles to failure test was not run successfully due to the modifications of the modulus obtaining method, which is a prerequisite test. Further modifications to the modulus obtaining method and cycles to failure test will be done, while the data thus far will serve as base values for future tests.

Student: Joanna Scheffelin Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Arnav Sanyal Research Project Title: Multiaxial Failure Criterion of Trabecular Bone

Abstract: This semester I worked with Arnav Sanyal on the “Multi-axial Strength Criterion” project in which micro-CT scans of trabecular bone cube specimens were crushed in FE simulations by applying displacements in the x, y, and z directions. Data was collected for failure (Principal stress at failure) for all 3 directions. The ultimate goal is to fit this data to a closed ellipsoid in which the failure stresses in each direction are superimposed to create a super ellipsoid to show failure criteria of the bone specimen. I wrote various algorithms in MATLAB to fit this code to a closed surface. The best fit is a quartic ellipsoid translated and rotated by 3 Euler angles and with an additional variable term to alter the fit. The fit is done using the “fmincon” function in MATLAB with 10 variables.

Student: Colin Shanahan Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Compression Testing of Cross-linked Vitamin E Enriched Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene

Abstract: Vitamin E enriched Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is growing in popularity as a material for knee and other joint replacements due to its anti-oxidation properties. However, there have not previously been any studies done on its compressive properties which greatly determine its quality as a material in joints such as the knee. Using a methodology developed in previous tests which was based off of ASTM standard D695 for compressive testing of rigid plastics a series of tests were performed using an Instron machine. Conventional GUR 1020 UHMWPE was tested for baseline comparison purposes, both cross linked and non-cross linked. The same was performed for GUR 1020 UHMWPE enriched with Vitamin E, both cross linked and non-cross linked. Also of interest was the orientation of samples cut from stock material to confirm isotropy. Results so far have not shown any clear correlations and so further testing is required.

Student: Gregory Slatton Professor/Sponsor: Professor Liwei Lin Mentor: Dr. Ryan Sochol Sub Area: Microfluidics Research Project Title: Kidney-on-a-Chip: Biophysical Biomimicry via Micro/Nanoscale 3D Printing

Abstract: With nephrotoxicity, or kidney failure, accounting for nearly 20% of pharmaceutical drug development failures during clinical trials, in vivo kidney systems could render costly, time-consuming (and sporadically inaccurate) animal testing obsolete. Current state-of- the-art platforms are typically fabricated with multi-layer soft lithography and contain two planar channels separated by a permeable membrane. In contrast to their in vivo counterparts, which include complex architectural geometries, state-of-the-art kidney-on- a-chip platforms have overly simplified geometries. Additionally, biophysical stimuli, including micro-environmental geometric cues, have been shown to greatly influence a wide array of cellular functions, thus necessitating a better model of biomimetic architecture to enhance the predictive capabilities of kidney-on-a-chip technologies. Current micro-and-nanoscale 3D printing-based methodologies are uniquely suited for mimicking the complex geometries of in vivo kidney structures, making an artificial kidney-on-a-chip substitute more attainable than ever before. Utilizing multi-jet 3D printing, we have set out to demonstrate this process by fabricating microscale fluidic channels that are lined with kidney cells and permeable membranes to mimic tubules in the kidney. Once simple geometries are successfully demonstrated with our process, the next step is to achieve the functions of a permeable membrane and cell lining in complex geometric architectures to create an artificial kidney-on-a-chip structure functional enough to replace its in vivo counterpart in clinical drug trials.

Student: Nisha Subramanian Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Megan Pendleton & Shannon Emerzian Research Project Title: The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Bone Biomechanics

Student: Amelia Swan Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Comparison of Scratching and Abrasion Damage on Retrieved Cobalt Chrome Humeral Heads

Abstract: The in vivo damage observed on the counterbearing cobalt chrome (CoCr) surface of total joint replacements (TJR) can increase the volume of wear debris released from the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMPWE) glenoid surface. Consequently, osteolysis and implant loosening can occur [1]. The previous study investigated metallic damage on a microscale, scanning retrievals for striated and hairline scratches with a Phaseshift 3D Optical Profilometer. MapVue and Vision 32 software were used to retrieve 2D profiles of the surface. Matlab uses this data to gain values for average roughness (Ra), minimum valley depth (Rv), maximum peak height (Rp), skewness (Rsk), and kurtosis (Rku) [2]. This investigation applies the same methodology to scratches within abrasion patches found on the CoCr surface. The abrasion data will be compared to scratch data to determine if damage modes have different severities. Additionally, after testing different profiling methods in Vision 32, a more global abrasion analysis has also been developed. This analyzes a whole patch of abrasion as opposed to just one of its components. Future studies will include a comparison of the damage found on shoulder retrievals with that of hips and knees using the same procedures, as well as examining damage trends on CoCr surfaces of total arthroplasties versus hemiarthroplasties. Thanks to the principle investigator Lisa Pruitt, graduate mentor Farzana Ansari, and the Biomedical Nanotechnology Center for the use of their optical profilometer.

Student: Amelia Swan Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Development of Roughness Parameter Analysis for Retrieved Humeral Heads

Abstract: Once retrieved, total shoulder replacements display damaged counterbearing cobalt chrome (Co-Cr) humeral heads. This damage varies in geometry and severity, from hairline and striated scratching to curvilinear and linear abrasion. It is theorized that this damage accelerates the wear of the bearing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) surface in vivo. These wear particles can lead to implant loosening and an inflammatory response called osteolysis [1]. Previous studies in the lab have developed a macroscale damage scoring system, as well as a damage analysis method that determines roughness parameters over 2D profiles of the microscale surface. [2] The study shows that scratching has a higher peak height, kurtosis (peak sharpness), and average roughness compared to abrasion, although abrasion has higher skewness. It is likely that the third-body wear mechanisms differ between the damage modes. The large peaks from scratch profiles likely generate larger UHMWPE particles, but their negative skewness indicates that some peak material may be worn away over time. Abrasion with a linear geometry commonly occurs at the center of the humeral head, which experiences the largest contact stresses; this explains the reduced peak heights and kurtosis values found for this damage type. Meanwhile, curvilinear abrasion has blunter, shorter peaks and positive skewness but covers a large portion of the head’s surface area. This could generate smaller wear particles but a larger overall volume of wear debris, which can worsen the immune response. [3] The study is currently ongoing. Future steps include increasing the sample size for statistical analysis; comparing damaged surfaces from different fixation methods, implant geometries, and causes of failure; coupling the damage between UHMPWE and metal surface; expanding the roughness analysis to hips and knees; and testing retrieved implants to see how scratch morphologies change after wear testing. Thank you to Professor Lisa Pruitt, graduate mentor Farzana Ansari, the employees of the Mechanical Engineering Student Machine Shop, and the Medical Polymers and Biomaterials Group for their advisement and facilities, as well as the Biomedical Nanotechnology Center for the use of their optical profilometer.

Student: Amelia Swan Professor/Sponsor: Professor Lisa Pruitt Mentor: Farzana Ansari Research Project Title: Damage Analysis of Cobalt Chrome Humeral Head Retrievals using 3D Profilometry

Abstract: After a total shoulder replacement is retrieved, damage is observed on both the bearing glenoid surface and the counterbearing humeral head. These are made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and cobalt chrome (Co-Cr), respectively. The damage accelerates UHMPWE wear debris generation when the two surfaces articulate in vivo. This can lead to implant loosening and a painful immune response called osteolysis [1]. Previous studies have used a Phaseshift Optical Profilometer to scan the surface of the Co-Cr component, and MapVue and Vision 32 software to collect 2D surface profiles. Matlab imports this data and calculates average roughness (Ra), minimum valley depth (Rv), maximum peak height (Rp), skewness (Rsk), and kurtosis (Rku) [2]. This methodology has been applied to different severity levels of hairline scratching, striated scratching, and linear abrasion patches. It has been shown that certain damage modes and severities have some significant differences in roughness parameter values. Logically, it follows that the differing roughness values on the Co-Cr surface generate variably-sized UHMWPE wear particles [3]. However, a macroscale analysis should also be considered, as the damaged area’s size and density will also affect the volume of wear debris. A multi-directional tribotester will be used for preliminary wear testing of retrieved Co-Cr humeral heads against UHMWPE disks. The tests will focus on comparing results from contact areas covered by varying damage modes and severities. This will illuminate the volume of UHMWPE debris that is worn away based on damage mode, and how metallic damage modes change after articulation against UHMWPE disks. Future studies will include additional roughness parameter statistics, the continuation of wear testing, and the expansion of this analysis to hip and knee retrievals.

Student: Albert Wang Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Shannon Emerzian Research Project Title: Effects of Ribose on Bone Bending Mechanical Properties

Abstract: Introduction Previously our team had concluded our project investigating the effects of ribose on rat vertebrae, and the goal of this study is to expand upon the scope and look into how bone quality is affected by ribose. The clinical motivation behind this study is based on the many papers exploring the link between diabetes and an increased risk of bone fractures. Our study aims to further explore this and determine whether an increase in non-enzymatic crosslinks can negatively affect the bending mechanical properties of murine femurs. The focus of this semester was performing literature review and coming up with a sound experimental procedure and SOP. We also sample prepped all the femurs that are needed in the study, which included both the left and right femurs of 25 mice. Next semester will be focused on conducting microCT scans for computational analysis before performing 3-point bending tests on our femur samples with the Instron.

Research and Proposed Method Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are very important in the study of bone material properties. Different from naturally-occurring, healthy enzymatic crosslinks, AGEs effectively bind collagen fibers together, thus increasing the brittleness of bones and the risk of bone fractures.In our literature review, many papers pointed to a correlation between diabetic patients and increased fracture incidents, while others indicated that ribose significantly increased collagen crosslinking in bones. We hypothesized that an increase in non-enzymatic crosslinks as a result of ribose or sugar treatment negatively affects the bending mechanical properties of long bones.

Since we are interested in long bones, we extracted both the left and right femurs of 25 mice, giving us 25 sets of mice femurs to work with. We randomly assigned the left and right femurs to the control and experimental treatments, meaning that one bone will serve as the control sample while the other from the same animal will receive ribose treatment and serve as our experimental sample. This experimental design will make our future data analysis much more powerful as we are limiting the potential of external factors such as mice behavior or fitness from impacting our data. Over winter break, we will begin our bone treatment so as to ensure that we can immediately begin scanning once the semester begins. The control group will be treated with PBS for 14 days while the experimental group will be treated with ribose for 14 days. The ribose solution will be made with 35mL of PBS, 3.5g of ribose (0.6M), and 35 mg of sodium azide (0.1%). We will be changing the solutions for both treatment groups once every 2 days.

Future Steps We did not have the chance to begin mechanical testing this semester. The whole of next semester will be dedicated to computational analysis through microCT scanning and performing bending mechanical tests with the Instron. Upon finishing testing, we will be analyzing the data and determining whether the presence of non-enzymatic crosslinks as a result of our ribose treatment did indeed cause bone bending mechanical properties to change.

Student: Minhao Zhou Professor/Sponsor: Professor Grace O’Connell Mentor: Bo Yang Research Project Title: Study On A Novel Hip Joint Replacement Surgical Technique

Student: Shan Zhu Professor/Sponsor: Professor Tony Keaveny Mentor: Saghi Sadoughi Research Project Title: Micromechanics of the Human Calcaneus Bone

Abstract: One of the highest priorities of osteoporosis research is to define measures of bone quality that are better predictors of clinical fracture risk than bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. Within osteoporosis research, osteoporotic fractures represent a biomechanical breakdown of the bone, therefore, a detailed understanding of the biomechanical mechanisms of such fractures is required in order to move beyond BMD in fracture risk assessment. To better understand additional fracture risk predictors, we sought to determine the dependence of bone strength on bone volume fraction by performing high-resolution micro–computed tomography (micro-CT), and micro–finite-element analysis on a heterogeneous cohort of 25 human calcaneus bones. Although, elastic modulus used in linear studies has been reported to be well correlated with strength over a range of bone densities, we also conducted non-linear analysis because yield stress may be a superior indicator of strength since failure behavior generally involves nonlinear phenomena. High resolution images were acquired for each sample. The resulting images were segmented using a global threshold. Using these high-resolution scans, a 3D voxel-type finite element model was generated for each sample. All elements were cube-shaped. Displacement-type boundary conditions were applied to simulate the loading configuration. Individual finite element models were solved using an implicit, parallel finite element framework. The calcaneus stiffness was calculated from the linear analysis resultant force and calcaneus strength was determined using the nonlinear analysis force strain curve with 0.2% offset. The results showed that both stiffness and yield stress scale reasonably with bone volume fraction. Additionally, nonlinear analysis visualizations showed local failure starting in the most porous regions. Finally, it was observed that tensile failure is the dominant failure mechanism in bone since bone tissue is stronger in compression.

How to Find the Perfect Research Topic for Your Mechanical Engineering PhD Project?

Embarking on a Mechanical Engineering PhD project is an exciting and challenging endeavor that requires careful consideration and selection of a research topic. Choosing the perfect research topic is a crucial step that sets the foundation for the entire project, shaping its direction and determining its significance. This blog aims to provide valuable insights and guidance on how to find the perfect research topic for your Mechanical Engineering PhD project. By exploring various strategies, considerations, and resources, aspiring researchers can embark on a fulfilling and impactful research journey, contributing to the advancement of the field and leaving a lasting mark on their academic and professional endeavors.

Finding the perfect research topic for your Mechanical Engineering PhD project requires careful consideration and exploration. Here are some strategies to help you in this process:

1. Stay updated with current trends: Read scientific journals, attend conferences, and engage with the latest research in mechanical engineering. Keeping up with the current trends and advancements in the field will give you insights into the areas that are gaining importance and need further exploration.

2. Consult with your advisor/professors: Seek guidance from your advisor or other knowledgeable professors in your department. Discuss your interests and potential research areas with them. They can provide valuable insights, suggest relevant literature, and help you identify research gaps that can be explored in your PhD project.

3. Brainstorm and conduct preliminary research: Conduct a brainstorming session where you generate a list of potential research topics based on your interests. Then, conduct preliminary research to assess the feasibility and availability of resources for each topic. This will help you evaluate the practicality and viability of different research directions.

4. Narrow down your research focus: Analyze the potential topics from your list and identify the ones that align with your research goals, feasibility, and available resources. Consider the novelty, relevance, and potential impact of each topic. It's crucial to choose a topic that allows you to make a significant contribution to the field.

5. Consider interdisciplinary approaches: Mechanical engineering often intersects with other disciplines such as materials science, robotics, thermodynamics, and biomedical engineering. Explore opportunities for interdisciplinary research to broaden your scope and find innovative research topics.

6. Collaborate with industry or research institutions: Collaborating with industry or research institutions can provide valuable insights into real-world problems and help you identify research topics that have practical applications. Such collaborations may also offer access to resources, funding, and specialized equipment.

7. Network and discuss with peers: Engage with fellow PhD students, researchers, and professionals in the field of mechanical engineering. Participate in seminars, workshops, and conferences to meet and discuss ideas with like-minded individuals. These interactions can provide fresh perspectives and lead to potential research collaborations or ideas.

8. Conduct a literature review: Perform a comprehensive literature review on potential research topics to understand the existing body of knowledge, identify research gaps, and refine your research questions. This will ensure that your research is unique and contributes to the existing knowledge.

9. Prioritize your research goals: Finally, consider your long-term career goals and the impact you want to make in the field of mechanical engineering. Choose a research topic that aligns with your aspirations and allows you to gain expertise in a specific area, which can be beneficial for your future career prospects.

Basic thermodynamics is a fundamental aspect of mechanical engineering that deals with studying energy and its transformations. It encompasses principles such as the laws of thermodynamics, properties of matter, and heat transfer. Exploring research topics related to basic thermodynamics can provide a solid foundation for your PhD project. You can delve into areas such as energy conservation, entropy generation, thermodynamic cycles, and the behaviour of gases and fluids. Investigating the optimization of energy systems, heat transfer enhancement techniques, or the development of novel energy storage technologies are just a few examples of potential research directions within basic thermodynamics.

Considerations

When searching for the perfect research topic for your Mechanical Engineering PhD project, it's important to consider several key factors. Here are some considerations to keep in mind:

1. Significance and relevance: Choose a research topic that addresses a significant problem or research gap in the field of mechanical engineering. Consider the potential impact of your research on theory, practice, and real-world applications. Ensure that your topic aligns with current industry needs and societal challenges.

2. Feasibility and available resources: Assess the feasibility of your research topic in terms of time, resources, and expertise. Consider the availability of necessary equipment, facilities, and funding. It's important to choose a topic that can be realistically completed within the timeframe of your PhD program.

3. Research scope and novelty: Evaluate the scope of your research topic. Determine whether it is broad enough to provide substantial content for a PhD project, but not so broad that it becomes unmanageable. Aim for a topic that allows you to make a unique contribution to the existing knowledge base, either by addressing a research gap or by applying existing knowledge in a novel way.

4. Interdisciplinary opportunities: Explore interdisciplinary aspects within mechanical engineering or related fields. Consider how your research can benefit from collaboration with other disciplines such as materials science, robotics, computer science, or biomedical engineering. Interdisciplinary research can open up new possibilities and increase the impact of your work.

5. Potential for publications and future career prospects: Consider the potential for publishing your research findings in reputable scientific journals and conferences. Look for a topic that offers opportunities for disseminating your work and enhancing your academic profile. Additionally, evaluate how your chosen research topic aligns with your long-term career goals and aspirations within academia, industry, or other professional domains.

6. Advisor and department expertise: Choosing a topic that aligns with their areas of expertise can provide valuable guidance, support, and collaboration opportunities throughout your PhD project.

7. Ethical considerations: Ensure that your research topic adheres to ethical guidelines and regulations. Consider any potential ethical implications or risks associated with your research, such as human subject research, animal testing, or environmental impact. Seek guidance from your advisor and institutional review boards to ensure your research is conducted ethically.

8. Intellectual property and commercialization potential: Evaluate whether your research topic has the potential for intellectual property creation or commercialization. Consider if there are opportunities for patenting inventions, developing prototypes, or partnering with industry for technology transfer. This aspect can enhance the practical value of your research and its potential for wider impact.

When searching for resources to find the perfect research topic for your Mechanical Engineering PhD project, consider the following:

1. Academic Journals : Some well-known journals in mechanical engineering include the Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, and the Journal of Applied Mechanics.

2. Conferences and Proceedings: The conferences, symposiums, and workshops provide opportunities to learn about cutting-edge research, network with experts in the field, and gain insights into emerging research areas and challenges. Conference proceedings often include many research topics and can inspire new ideas.

3. Research Databases: IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar allow you to search for academic papers, conference proceedings, and technical reports related to mechanical engineering. Use keywords and filters to narrow down your search and find relevant literature on various research topics.

4. Professional Associations and Societies: Join professional associations and societies in mechanical engineering, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) or the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE). These organizations often provide access to resources, publications, and research insights specific to the field. Additionally, they may offer networking opportunities and specialized interest groups that focus on specific research areas.

5. Institutional Resources: University libraries, research centers, and departmental websites often provide access to databases, journals, and research publications. Consult with librarians or research support staff who can assist you in finding relevant resources for your research topic exploration.

6. Research Funding Agencies: Research funding agencies and programs which support mechanical engineering research often publish calls for proposals, highlighting priority research areas and topics. By aligning your research topic with these funding opportunities, you can increase the chances of securing financial support for your PhD project.

7. Collaboration with Industry: Collaborating with industry professionals, companies, and research organizations in mechanical engineering can provide insights into real-world challenges and foster mutually beneficial research partnerships. Industry partners may also suggest research topics that align with their needs or offer access to specialized equipment and resources.

8. Online Research Communities: Platforms such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and professional networking sites like LinkedIn allow you to connect with researchers, exchange ideas, and explore potential research topics. Engaging in discussions and seeking feedback can help you refine your research interests.

9. Consult with Experts and Advisors: Seek guidance from your PhD advisor, professors, and experts in the field. Discuss your research interests, goals, and potential research topics with them. They can provide valuable insights, suggest relevant literature, and share their expertise to help you identify suitable research areas.

10. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: By collaborating with researchers from other disciplines, you can explore novel research topics that combine mechanical engineering with other fields such as materials science, computer science, or biomedical engineering.

Engineering thermodynamics expands upon the principles of basic thermodynamics and focuses on their practical application in engineering systems. This field of study involves the analysis and design of thermal systems and processes. When searching for a research topic in engineering thermodynamics, you can explore areas like power generation, refrigeration and air conditioning, combustion, and energy conversion. Investigating advanced thermodynamic cycles, improving energy efficiency in industrial processes, optimizing renewable energy systems, or developing novel cooling techniques are all viable research directions within engineering thermodynamics. By addressing real-world engineering challenges, your PhD project can contribute to the development of more sustainable and efficient energy systems, providing valuable insights and solutions to industry and society as a whole.

In conclusion, finding the perfect research topic for your Mechanical Engineering PhD project is a critical and exciting process that requires careful consideration and exploration. By following a systematic approach and considering various factors, you can identify a research topic that aligns with your interests, has significance in the field, and offers opportunities for impactful contributions.

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Abstract In this paper, an experimental vapour compression cycle (VCC) prototype is developed. The VCC system composes of a high performance 300W linear compressor with variable capacity control, expansion valve, air-cooled condenser, and two...

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Abstract An Industrial Product-Service System (IPS2) is characterized by a high integration of product and service shares. This implies that the providing company develops an IPS2 consisting of product share, e.g. a highly complex precision machine...

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Abstract Upper stage solid rocket motors (SRMS) for launch vehicles require a highly efficient propulsion system. Grain design proves to be vital in terms of minimizing inert mass by adopting a high volumetric efficiency with minimum possible...

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Abstract Modern Diesel engines are attractive for fuel economy and performances but they are suffering from increasingly strict emission standards. Therefore the investigation of the injection and combustion processes are mandatory. This paper...

Abstract A numerical model of 2. 5D non-isothermal resin transfer molding simulation is developed for thin part based on the control volume/finite element method. The non-uniform temperature distribution and the heat generation during the filling...

Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to determine a mathematical model in order to evaluate theoretically the roughness of a spherical surface finished with a torodial end mill. The parameters that influence the theoretical value of the...

Abstract The Safety Distance Model (SDM) is a key component of the collision prevention system. The SDM research rarely considers vehicle fleet as the research target, as the traditional SDMs only focus on the communication between two vehicles....

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Research on the Shrinkage Performance of Vertical Vibration Compacted Cement-Stabilized Gravel

Research Paper
Published: 16 April 2024

Cite this article

Yingjun Jiang 1 ,
Chenfan Bai ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-5702 1 ,
Jiangtao Fan 1 ,
Yu Zhang 1 ,
Kejia Yuan 1 &
Changqing Deng 2

This study investigates the shrinkage performance of cement-stabilized gravel (CSG) compacted using vertical vibrations. The reliability of the vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM) for preparing CSG was confirmed by comparing the mechanical properties of different laboratory compaction specimens with field core samples. The factors influencing shrinkage deformations of CSG were investigated. Based on fracture mechanics, a pair of shrinkage cracking coefficients were proposed to represent the shrinkage cracking of CSG, and the shrinkage cracking performance of CSG was quantified to assess the effect of gradation and cement content on shrinkage cracking. The mechanical strength of VVCM-compacted CSGs was found to exhibit a correlation of 91% with the field core samples. Most of the drying-shrinkage deformation of CSG occurs within the first 15 d (> 85% of the total), during which it increased linearly with the amount of water loss. The resistance of a skeleton dense gradation to drying- and temperature-shrinkage deformations was superior to that of a suspended dense gradation. Moreover, increasing dust and cement contents exacerbated the shrinkage deformation of CSG. The skeleton dense gradation had the best shrinkage cracking resistance, and an excess dust content worsened the shrinkage cracking of CSG. Increasing cement content resulted in higher drying-shrinkage deformation but did not considerably affect shrinkage cracking.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Bentz DP (2008) A review of early-age properties of cement-based materials. Cem Concr Res 38(2):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.005

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge their financial support. And special thanks also go to Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education.

This research is supported by the Scientific Project of Shannxi Provincial Transportation Department (Grant No. 21-48K), and Scientific Project of Hunan Provincial Education Department (Grant No. 22B0752).

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Jiang, Y., Bai, C., Fan, J. et al. Research on the Shrinkage Performance of Vertical Vibration Compacted Cement-Stabilized Gravel. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01424-7

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