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Typhoon Haiyan Case study with exam questions

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

10 December 2023

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An A4 sheet summarising the Typhoon Haiyan case study required for the OCR GCSE Geography exam. Exam questions are on the back for the students to complete.

It includes:

• Primary effects
• Secondary effects
• Reponses (Preparation, immediate, long term)
• Evaluation of the responses

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A bundle is a package of resources grouped together to teach a particular topic, or a series of lessons, in one place.

GCSE Global Hazards Case Studies

A bundle including all the case studies needed for the Global Hazards section of the GCSE OCR Exam paper. This bundle includes: * The Nepal Case Study * Typhoon Haiyan * UK Drought 2012

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Take 10: Typhoon Haiyan

Appealing black and white revision strips to help GCSE students learn and recall key facts about the Typhoon Haiyan case study.

The PowerPoint slides present the key information, associating each fact with an icon to make it memorable through the technique of dual coding. Students can then annotate the printable revision strips or use them to test recall.

The Word document includes exam-style questions on the relative importance of environmental impacts and social impacts, and of short-term and long-term responses. The questions and mark scheme were written with the Eduqas B GCSE geography specification in mind, but the rest of the resource is likely to be relevant to all exam boards.

An extract from the revision tips section:

Connect one idea to the next to create a chain of knowledge. For example:

• Typhoon Haiyan occurred in the Philippines, Pacific Ocean. When did it make landfall?
• On 7 November 2013. And how strong was it?
• Category 5, with gusts of up to 235 mph and a landfall windspeed of 195 mph. What impact did it have on agriculture?
• 71,000 hectares of farmland were affected, and $85 million was lost from damage to farms.

Carry on in the same way, making connections …

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Case Study – Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines 2013

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1 . Question

Hurricanes are measured in categories using the Saffir-Simpson scale. What was the category of Typhoon Haiyan?

2 . Question

In what are did Typhoon Haiyan hit?

• Philippines.
• Philadelphia.

3 . Question

Approximately 6,300 people died. What feature caused the most deaths?

• Storm surge.
• Lightening.

4 . Question

Approximately how much monetary damage was caused by the Typhoon?

• US$12 billion.
• US$1 Billion.
• US$ 100 million.
• US$487 million.

5 . Question

Approximately how much rain fell?

6 . Question

At full strength, in mph approximately how fast did the Typhoon travel?

7 . Question

How high was the storm surge in Tacloban as a result of the Typhoon?

8 . Question

Approximately how much, of the city of Tacloban, was destroyed?

9 . Question

Which one of the following was NOT one of the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

• Heavy Rain.
• Strong winds.

10 . Question

Which one of the following is NOT one of the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

• Outbreaks of disease.

11 . Question

How many evacuation centres were set up to assist the local population?

12 . Question

How many people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan?

13 . Question

How high were some of the waves that hit land during the typhoon?

14 . Question

How many people were made homeless by the Typhoon?

• 4.1 million.
• 1.4 million.

15 . Question

How many fishing boats were destroyed during the Typhoon?

16 . Question

Which of the following is NOT one of the initiatives that formed part of the long-term response?

• More police to control looting.
• Introducing no build zones.
• New storm surge warning system.
• Mangroves replanted.

17 . Question

During the typhoon what was the air pressure?

• No air pressure.
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Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

Typhoon haiyan (2013).

Typhoon Haiyan was a Category 5 ‘super’ typhoon that affected the Philippines in November 2013.

• The storm formed over the warm tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean and moved westwards.
• Winds reached 275 km/hr.
• The storm surge devastated the city of Tacloban on the island of Leyte.

Primary effects

• 6,300 were killed.
• Damage to 40,000 homes.
• 90% of the city of Tacloban was destroyed.

Secondary effects

• Roads were blocked by landslides that were caused by flooding.
• Disease outbreaks were caused by a lack of clean water and sanitation.

Responses to Typhoon Haiyan

• Overseas aid from NGOs (non-governmental organisations).
• 1,200 evacuation centres were set up.
• Aid in the forms of finance and supplies from the UN (United Nations).
• Homes were rebuilt in safer areas.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.3 Factors Affecting Risk

1.1.4 People Affecting Risk

1.1.5 Ability to Cope With Natural Hazards

1.1.6 How Serious Are Natural Hazards?

1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.8 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 The Earth's Layers

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates

1.2.3 The Earth's Tectonic Plates

1.2.4 Convection Currents

1.2.5 Plate Margins

1.2.6 Volcanoes

1.2.7 Volcano Eruptions

1.2.8 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.9 Primary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.10 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.11 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.12 Immediate Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.13 Long-Term Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.14 Earthquakes

1.2.15 Earthquakes at Different Plate Margins

1.2.16 What is an Earthquake?

1.2.17 Measuring Earthquakes

1.2.18 Immediate Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.19 Long-Term Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.20 Case Studies: The L'Aquila Earthquake

1.2.21 Case Studies: The Kashmir Earthquake

1.2.22 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.23 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.24 Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards

1.2.25 Protecting & Planning

1.2.26 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.27 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.29 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Winds & Pressure

1.3.2 The Global Atmospheric Circulation Model

1.3.3 Surface Winds

1.3.4 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.5 Changing Weather in the UK

1.3.6 Tropical Storms

1.3.7 Tropical Storm Causes

1.3.8 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.9 The Structure of Tropical Storms

1.3.10 The Effect of Climate Change on Tropical Storms

1.3.11 The Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.12 Responses to Tropical Storms

1.3.13 Reducing the Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.14 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.15 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.16 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.17 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.18 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.19 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Climate Change

1.4.2 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.3 Natural Causes of Climate Change

1.4.4 Human Causes of Climate Change

1.4.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

1.4.6 Effects of Climate Change on People

1.4.7 Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

1.4.8 Adaptation to Climate Change

1.4.9 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.11 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Food Chains & Webs

2.1.3 Ecosystem Cascades

2.1.4 Global Ecosystems

2.1.5 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.2 Interdependence of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.3 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests

2.2.4 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests

2.2.5 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.6 Deforestation

2.2.7 Impacts of Deforestation

2.2.8 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.9 Why Protect Rainforests?

2.2.10 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.11 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.12 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.13 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.14 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Interdependence in Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Adaptation of Plants to Hot Deserts

2.3.4 Adaptation of Animals to Hot Deserts

2.3.5 Biodiversity in Hot Deserts

2.3.6 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.7 Desertification

2.3.8 Reducing the Risk of Desertification

2.3.9 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.10 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Interdependence of Cold Environments

2.4.3 Adaptations of Plants to Cold Environments

2.4.4 Adaptations of Animals to Cold Environments

2.4.5 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.6 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.7 Sustainable Management

2.4.8 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.9 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.2 Examples of the UK's Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering

3.2.3 Mass Movement

3.2.4 Processes of Erosion

3.2.5 Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.6 Headlands & Bays

3.2.7 Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.8 Longshore Drift

3.2.9 Sediment Transport

3.2.10 Deposition

3.2.11 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.12 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering

3.2.13 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering

3.2.14 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.15 Coastal Management - Managed Retreat

3.2.16 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.17 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.18 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.19 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.20 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The Long Profile of a River

3.3.2 The Cross Profile of a River

3.3.3 Vertical & Lateral Erosion

3.3.4 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.5 Processes of Erosion

3.3.6 Sediment Transport

3.3.7 River Deposition

3.3.8 Waterfalls & Gorges

3.3.9 Interlocking Spurs

3.3.10 Meanders

3.3.11 Oxbow Lakes

3.3.12 Floodplains

3.3.13 Levees

3.3.14 Estuaries

3.3.15 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.16 River Management

3.3.17 Hydrographs

3.3.18 Flood Defences - Hard Engineering

3.3.19 Flood Defences - Soft Engineering

3.3.20 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.21 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.22 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.23 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 The UK in the Last Ice Age

3.4.2 Glacial Processes

3.4.3 Glacial Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.4 Tarns, Corries, Glacial Troughs & Truncated Spurs

3.4.5 Types of Moraine

3.4.6 Drumlins & Erratics

3.4.7 Snowdonia

3.4.8 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.9 Conflicts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.10 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.11 Coping with Tourism Impacts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.12 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.13 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.14 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Factors Causing Urbanisation

4.1.3 Megacities

4.1.4 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.5 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.6 UK Cities

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.8 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.9 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.10 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.11 Reducing Traffic Congestion

4.1.12 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.14 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Limitations of Developing Measures

5.1.3 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.4 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

5.1.6 Physical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.7 Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.8 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.9 Consequences of Uneven Development

5.1.10 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.11 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.12 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.13 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.14 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.15 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.16 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

5.2 Economic Development in the UK

5.2.1 Causes of Economic Change in the UK

5.2.2 The UK's Post-Industrial Economy

5.2.3 The Impacts of UK Industry on the Environment

5.2.4 Change in the UK's Rural Areas

5.2.5 Transport in the UK

5.2.6 The North-South Divide

5.2.7 Regional Differences in the UK

5.2.8 The UK's Links to the World

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Uneven Distribution of Resources

6.1.3 Food in the UK

6.1.4 Agribusiness

6.1.5 Demand for Water in the UK

6.1.6 Water Pollution in the UK

6.1.7 Matching Supply & Demand of Water in the UK

6.1.8 The UK's Energy Mix

6.1.9 Issues with Sources of Energy

6.1.10 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Increasing Food Consumption

6.2.3 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.4 Impacts of Food Insecurity

6.2.5 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.7 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.8 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.9 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.11 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 Water Surplus & Water Deficit

6.3.2 Increasing Water Consumption

6.3.3 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.4 Impacts of Water Insecurity

6.3.5 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.6 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.7 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.8 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.9 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.10 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.12 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Increasing Energy Consumption

6.4.3 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.4 Impacts of Energy Insecurity

6.4.5 Increasing Energy Supply - Solar

6.4.6 Increasing Energy Supply - Water

6.4.7 Increasing Energy Supply - Wind

6.4.8 Increasing Energy Supply - Nuclear

6.4.9 Increasing Energy Supply - Fossil Fuels

6.4.10 Carbon Footprints

6.4.11 Energy Conservation

6.4.12 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.14 Energy - Statistical Skills

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OCR B GCSE Geography Revision

Revision materials to support you in preparing for your GCSE Geography exams. 

GCSE | OCR B GCSE Geography Revision | Global Hazards | Typhoon Haiyan

• What is a natural hazard?
• Types of Natural Hazards
• Hazard Risk
• Plate Tectonics
• Why do tectonic plates move?
• The global distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes
• Destructive plate margins
• Conservative plate margins
• Constructive plate margins
• Causes of earthquakes
• Measuring Earthquakes
• What are the effects of earthquakes?
• Responses to Earthquakes
• Case Study – HIC Earthquake
• Case Study – LIC Earthquake
• Why do people live in tectonically active areas?
• Managing Tectonic Hazards
• Global Atmospheric Circulation

Revision Notes

Weather Hazards Case Studies

Typhoon Haiyan

2012 Drought in the UK

2018 UK Heatwave

Storm Desmond

Interactive Revision

Typhoon haiyan case study ocr b geography.

Typhoon Haiyan, known locally as Yolanda, struck the southeast coast of the Philippines on November 8, 2013. As a super typhoon, it brought devastating winds reaching up to 312 kilometres per hour, making it one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded. The most severely impacted regions included Leyte, Tacloban, and Samar. The Philippines, an archipelago of over 7,000 islands, is frequently affected by around 20 typhoons annually. This makes it a multiple-hazard zone, prone to other natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, landslides, and flooding.

A satellite image of Typhoon Haiyan

Natural Causes:

• Warm Ocean Waters: The Pacific Ocean’s vast expanse of warm waters provides the necessary heat and moisture to fuel powerful typhoons.
• Low Wind Shear: Minimal variation in wind speed and direction with height ensures that the storm maintains its structure and intensity.
• Geographical Layout: The scattered nature of the Philippines’ islands means there are few large landmasses to diminish the typhoon’s strength as it passes.

Human Factors:

• Low Development Levels: The Philippines’ status as an emerging and developing country means limited resources for disaster preparedness and response.
• Rapid Population Growth: Particularly in coastal areas, rapid population increase has led to dense, vulnerable settlements.
• Inadequate Infrastructure: Poorly constructed buildings and storm shelters increase damage and casualty rates.

Consequences

Debris lines the streets of Tacloban, Leyte island. This region was the worst affected by the typhoon, causing widespread damage and loss of life. Caritas responds by distributing food, shelter, hygiene kits and cooking utensils. (Photo: Eoghan Rice – Trócaire / Caritas)

• Casualties: The typhoon resulted in at least 6,300 deaths.
• Missing Persons: Approximately 1,800 people were declared missing.
• Displacement: Around 670,000 people were rendered homeless due to the widespread destruction of homes and infrastructure.
• Affected Population: A total of 11.5 million people were impacted by the typhoon, including those who lost their homes, sources of income, or access to basic services.
• Financial Loss: The estimated economic damage amounted to $2.86 billion, encompassing the destruction of property, infrastructure, and livelihoods.
• Primary Industries: Significant devastation occurred in primary industries, particularly fishing and agriculture . The Philippines, one of the largest producers of coconuts, suffered extensive damage to coconut trees. Fishing boats and related infrastructure were also severely affected.
• Rice Production: Approximately 130,000 tonnes of rice were ruined, exacerbating food insecurity and economic loss.
• House Destruction: About 130,000 houses were destroyed, with 90% of the houses in Tacloban being demolished.
• Shelter and Reconstruction: The extensive damage to housing necessitated large-scale relief and rebuilding efforts, stretching the government’s and aid organisations’ resources and capabilities.
• Soil Erosion and Vegetation Loss: The typhoon caused significant soil erosion and vegetation loss, further impacting agriculture and the natural environment.

Immediate Response:

• Evacuation Centres: Over 1,200 centres were established to shelter displaced persons.
• International Aid : Countries like the UK provided substantial aid, including £50 million from the government and HMS Daring for emergency support.
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Organizations like ShelterBox distributed essential items such as water purification equipment, blankets, and solar-powered lights.

Government Actions:

• Military Deployment: The Philippine government deployed soldiers to maintain order and assist in relief efforts.
• Food Aid: The Philippine Red Cross provided basic food supplies, including rice and canned goods.

Challenges:

• Accessibility Issues: Heavy rain and damaged infrastructure made it difficult to reach remote areas.
• Coordination Problems: The vast number of islands complicated the assessment of damage and aid distribution .

Typhoon Haiyan’s catastrophic impact on the Philippines highlighted the vulnerability of EDCs to natural disasters. The combination of natural conditions conducive to typhoon formation and human factors such as poverty and rapid urbanisation exacerbated the disaster’s severity. The response showcased the challenges and the crucial role of international cooperation and local resilience in disaster management. Future efforts must focus on improving infrastructure, enhancing early warning systems, and developing sustainable urban planning to mitigate the effects of such natural events.

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Geography > Typhoon Haiyan Case Study Questions > Flashcards

Typhoon Haiyan Case Study Questions Flashcards

List 5 Primary Effects

List 5 Secondary effects.

33,000 bags of rice stolen during looting. Over 1 million crops lost. Nearly 6 million workers lost income sources. Millions of coconut trees damaged. Lack of access to clean water. 30,000 boats destroyed.

List two short-term reponses.

Tacloban sports stadium was used as a temporary shelter. UN and partners, e.g Red Cross organised a plan for relief and recovery for 12 months costing over $300 million. Including delivering aid, drinking water, food, shelter, and hygiene kits.

List two long-term responses.

New no-build zone within the shore to prevent against future tropical storms. UK gave a $16 million package.

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Typhoon Haiyan: Four Questions About This Super Storm and Major Humanitarian Disaster

Subscribe to this week in foreign policy, elizabeth ferris elizabeth ferris former brookings expert, research professor, institute for the study of international migration - georgetown university.

November 12, 2013

Editor’s note: Elizabeth Ferris wrote a follow-up to this post on Typhoon Haiyan and the failure of the Filipino government and the international community to respond immediately to the humanitarian crisis.

The images of coming out of the Philippines are shocking – the scope of the devastation and the depth of the humanitarian crisis left in Typhoon Haiyan’s wake is seemingly immeasurable. As I wait in airport lounges between flights, I am glued to television reports and Twitter posts coming from cities like Tacloban, which was largely flattened by the super storm. While the horrific first images bring tears to my eyes, my Twitter feed mostly reassures me — Oxfam, PACOM, World Vision, UNHCR, USAID and many aid groups are on their way. I receive regular bulletins from the U.N.’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). This is a disaster of enormous proportions, but OCHA is doing what it is supposed to do — coordinating donor contributions, sending regular updates, reporting on the establishment of humanitarian hubs, etc.

As I talk with reporters and try to put this tragedy into perspective, I’m struck by how some in the media see this disaster as a totally new phenomenon. So far, in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan — and after years of working on human displacement caused by major natural disasters — I don’t see anything new, although this disaster is certainly much larger than others resulting from the 20 or so cyclones the Philippines experiences every year .

I don’t know how things will turn out in this particular disaster — maybe it will be like the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan where the initial response was exemplary, but then the meltdown of the Fukushima nuclear reactor demonstrated that the scope of a disaster and the limitations of disaster response can reveal itself over a number of days. Things can always go terribly wrong.

Given that cautionary note, here are four questions to keep in mind as you watch news of the Typhoon Haiyan disaster unfold in the days and weeks ahead:

1. Why do initial government responses appear lacking?

Be wary of initial news reports, especially those of inadequate response by the government of the Philippines. While I’m sure valid reports of government missteps will emerge over time, the Philippine government has invested heavily in disaster preparedness and response. The Philippines has strong civil society organizations, including the Filipino Red Cross, and has practiced, drilled and prepared for disasters for years. I’ve always thought that the Philippines should be given the opportunity to be a leader in teaching other countries about disaster preparedness. In fact, hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated before the cyclone hit. However, there weren’t enough safe areas to accommodate all of the evacuees (remember that the Philippines is made up of thousands of islands). The government should be credited for doing the right thing and evacuating as many people as it could.

2. In some Philippine cities and towns, the images of looting by desperate people look terrible. How widespread is the looting?

Beware of stories about looting in this and other disasters. Looting is always a familiar disaster narrative in news reports. The extent of looting often turns out to be magnified by news coverage and greatly exaggerated after the disaster passes. Hurricane Katrina is a perfect case in point. A few stores sadly were extensively looted — the vast majority of businesses and homes were not.

3. Why does it seem that the poorest are always hit hardest by disasters?

Sadly, poor and marginalized populations always bear the brunt of natural hazards. Even in more stable times, the social safety net supporting these people is often minimal at best. This was true with Hurricane Katrina, true in the 2004 tsunami, true in the hundreds of natural disasters that go unreported or unnoticed each year. It is also true that local groups and communities carry out the bulk of initial response. As you watch the news, look for signs of local Filipino groups — neighbors, churches, local charities — responding quickly to the crisis.

4. Why do responses to disasters always seem late in coming and uncoordinated?

When you don’t know what’s happening, it’s easy to blame the lack of coordination. The truth is that coordination is always difficult when national and local governments are still assessing and communicating need. Lack of coordination is also often difficult for the best of reasons: lots of people and countries want to help but national disaster response capabilities (sometimes due to closed ports and airfields) and international capacities can be limited. Yes, let’s continue to work to improve coordination mechanisms, but let’s not be too quick to point the finger at coordination failures when other factors may be to blame.

Hoping that people appreciate the cautionary notes above, I am heartened as by the outpouring of compassion in response to Typhoon Haiyan. I am proud that USAID, the U.S. military and other branches of the U.S. government are mobilizing a robust response, and I am proud that the United Nations is responding quickly and effectively. I am glad that the media are covering this disaster and hope that Americans and others will respond quickly and generously to the desperate human need. This is a terrible tragedy and the humanitarian needs are great.

We should also keep in mind that, given the reality of climate change, we are likely to see more of these super-disasters in the future. They will be massive and more unpredictable. Disasters like Haiyan are likely to be the new norm. We need to get ready — all of us, Japan, the U.S., the Philippines and hundreds of other countries — as more of these super-disasters are coming our way.

Humanitarian & Disaster Assistance Migrants, Refugees & Internally Displaced Persons

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Typhoon Haiyan

The Philippines consists of a group of islands in the South China Sea. The country regularly suffers from large typhoons that move in from the south west every year during the tropical storm season. This case study is about Typhoon Haiyan, which is unofficially the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed.

Facts about the Philippines & UK (from CIA Fact book 2014)

BACKGROUND CAUSES

The Philippines sits in an area of seasonally warm ocean water (sea temperatures over 27°C) and has enough Coriolis Force to create rotating winds over the ocean's surface. Sea-level rise is happening globally but is particularly affecting the Philippines. It is caused by global warming and has gone up by about 20cm since 1900. These sea level rises create larger storm surges. Use of groundwater has caused parts of the country to sink. The worst affected city, Tacloban, is at the end of a bay that funnelled water from the storm surge.

NASA image of Typhoon Haiyan By NASA, LAADS Web

Timeline of development; • 2nd November 2013 – Typhoon Haiyan starts as an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia. • 3rd November – moves west and develops into a tropical depression • 4th November - Haiyan becomes a tropical storm • 5th November -  the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity. • 7th November  - Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in  Guiuan, Eastern Samar • 10th to 11th of November - Haiyan reaches Vietnam and weakens in intensity Impacts Quick facts according to the Disasters and Emergency Committee of the UK • Typhoon Haiyan - known locally as Yolanda - hit eastern Samar Island at 8.40pm GMT on 7 November 2013 (4.40am 8th November local time). • It caused a storm surge – a wall of water – that was 25 feet high in some areas, including in the town of Tacloban. • Over 14 million people were affected across 46 provinces. • The city of Tacloban, home to more than 220,000 people, suffered more loss of life than any other area of the Philippines. • Five million people saw their homes severely damaged or destroyed (550,000 houses destroyed and an additional 580,000 houses were severely damaged).

Devastation in Tacloban By Trocaire from Ireland (DSC_0749)

Typhoon Haiyan is one of the most devastating storms of recent history. It killed approximately 7400 people (6,340 confirmed, 1,061 missing) and affected 9 million people. Immediately after the storm the Philippines faced a humanitarian crisis after the Visayas Islands in the central part of the country had 1.9 million homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced. The economy was affected, with estimated losses at $2.9billion with much of this in agriculture.  The major rice and sugar producing areas for the Philippines were destroyed. A total of 131,611 tons of rice was lost (Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)), together with much of the coconut crop which is nearly half the Philippines agricultural exports (the country is the world’s biggest producer of coconut oil).  5.9 million Workers lost income sources according to USAID. Tacloban airport terminal building was also completely destroyed by a 5m storm surge. The United Nations feared the possibility of the spread of disease is high due to the lack of food, water, shelter, and medication. In addition, casualties were reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas.  Socially people were affected; they became refugees in lass affected areas and migrated there.  Also, fishing communities were affected with the storm destroying boats and associated equipment. The natural environment was also affected, with loss of forests, trees and widespread flooding. Local ecosystems were also affected by sewage leaking from overwhelmed sewage systems and oil leaks. A lack of sanitation in days following the event also leads to a higher level of pollution.

Management & responses The government was criticised for its slow response to this event. However, the Philippines formally declared "A State of National Calamity" and asked for international help; one day after the Haiyan hit the country.  A week after the typhoon had struck President Benigno Aquino was under growing pressure to speed up the distribution of networks or food, water and medicine to desperate survivors and to get paralysed local governments functioning. However, the storm damaged infrastructure making response difficult.  For example, the Tacloban city government was decimated, with just 70 workers in the immediate days after the disaster compared to 2,500 normally. Many were killed, injured, lost family or were simply too traumatised to work.

By December, water tanks had been installed by charities like Oxfam but not in all areas.  6 Months later, many people still had limited access to shelter and water.  NGOs like the International Red cross were trying to provide adequate settlements, fresh water access and access to jobs/livelihood. The Philippines authorities have invested in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). They spent $624m on this in 2011 – two per cent of the national budget and 0.28 per cent of GDP – while at least five per cent of a local authority's revenue is set aside for its Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Fund

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, risk and culture: the case of typhoon haiyan in the philippines.

Disaster Prevention and Management

ISSN : 0965-3562

Article publication date: 11 July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to look into the socio-cultural contexts that shaped people’s evacuation decisions during typhoon Haiyan in three affected areas in the Philippines.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a multi-sited ethnography that utilized interviews, focus group discussion and participatory risk mapping among selected women and men in areas affected by typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.

Coastal communities encounter threats from storm surges as brought about by typhoons. During such periods, disaster evacuation programs are implemented. In some instances, evacuation programs are met with resistance from community members. Such resistance has been attributed to the people’s hard headedness and ignorance of the potential impacts of living in hazard prone areas. This paper argues that it is not solely for these reasons that people refused to evacuate. Results showed that hesitance may also be due to other considerations and priorities vital to people. It is also because people had faith in the knowledge and strategies that they were able to develop by engaging with hazards through time. Furthermore, previous experiences with disaster evacuation programs cast doubt on their value in saving their lives. Life in the evacuation areas can be as dangerous if not more compared with living in their coastal homes. Some of the informants believed that they were being moved from hazard zones to death zones. This paper ends with recommendations for the development of evacuation programs that build people’s resilience while taking into consideration the local moral world in identified hazard zones in the Philippines.

Research limitations/implications

The study focused on three areas affected by typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, namely, Tacloban City, Guiuan, Eastern Samar, and San Francisco, Cebu.

Originality/value

Most research on disaster mitigation looked into the engineering and technology aspects. This paper looks into the socio-cultural contexts of disaster evacuation.

• Risk perception
• Evacuation behaviour
• Social memory
• Socio-cultural contexts of disaster evacuation
• Typhoon Haiyan

Acknowledgements

Funding for the conduct of the study was provided by the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology.

Dalisay, S.N. and De Guzman, M.T. (2016), "Risk and culture: the case of typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines", Disaster Prevention and Management , Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 701-714. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-05-2016-0097

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2016, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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