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English literature refers to the body of written works produced in the English language, primarily by authors from England and other English-speaking countries. It encompasses various genres, including novels, plays, poetry, essays, and short stories. English literature spans several centuries, beginning with the works of medieval writers like Geoffrey Chaucer and continuing through the Renaissance, Romanticism, Victorian era, and into the modern and postmodern periods.

English literature is renowned for its rich and diverse literary tradition, featuring celebrated authors such as William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, Virginia Woolf, William Wordsworth, and many others. These writers have made significant contributions to the development and evolution of literary forms, techniques, and themes.

Studying English literature involves analyzing and interpreting literary works within their historical, cultural, and social contexts. It explores themes such as love, human nature, morality, power, identity, and societal issues. Scholars and students of English literature engage in close reading, literary analysis, and critical interpretation to uncover deeper meanings, explore literary devices, and appreciate the artistry and craftsmanship of the written word.

English literature serves not only as a means of artistic expression but also as a reflection of the human experience, shedding light on different perspectives, cultures, and eras. It offers insights into the complexities of human emotions, relationships, and societal structures, making it a subject of enduring fascination and study.

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6 Tips For Giving a Fabulous Academic Presentation

6-tips-for-giving-a-fabulous-academic-presentation.

Tanya Golash-Boza, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of California

January 11, 2022

One of the easiest ways to stand out at an academic conference is to give a fantastic presentation.

In this post, I will discuss a few simple techniques that can make your presentation stand out. Although, it does take time to make a good presentation, it is well worth the investment.

Tip #1: Use PowerPoint Judiciously

Images are powerful. Research shows that images help with memory and learning. Use this to your advantage by finding and using images that help you make your point. One trick I have learned is that you can use images that have blank space in them and you can put words in those images.

Here is one such example from a presentation I gave about immigration law enforcement.

PowerPoint is a great tool, so long as you use it effectively. Generally, this means using lots of visuals and relatively few words. Never use less than 24-point font. And, please, never put your presentation on the slides and read from the slides.

Tip #2: There is a formula to academic presentations. Use it.

Once you have become an expert at giving fabulous presentations, you can deviate from the formula. However, if you are new to presenting, you might want to follow it. This will vary slightly by field, however, I will give an example from my field – sociology – to give you an idea as to what the format should look like:

• Introduction/Overview/Hook
• Theoretical Framework/Research Question
• Methodology/Case Selection
• Background/Literature Review
• Discussion of Data/Results

Tip #3: The audience wants to hear about your research. Tell them.

One of the most common mistakes I see in people giving presentations is that they present only information I already know. This usually happens when they spend nearly all of the presentation going over the existing literature and giving background information on their particular case. You need only to discuss the literature with which you are directly engaging and contributing. Your background information should only include what is absolutely necessary. If you are giving a 15-minute presentation, by the 6 th minute, you need to be discussing your data or case study. At conferences, people are there to learn about your new and exciting research, not to hear a summary of old work.

Tip #4: Practice. Practice. Practice.

You should always practice your presentation in full before you deliver it. You might feel silly delivering your presentation to your cat or your toddler, but you need to do it and do it again. You need to practice to ensure that your presentation fits within the time parameters. Practicing also makes it flow better. You can’t practice too many times.

Tip #5: Keep To Your Time Limit

If you have ten minutes to present, prepare ten minutes of material. No more. Even if you only have seven minutes, you need to finish within the allotted time. If you write your presentation out, a general rule of thumb is two minutes per typed, double-spaced page. For a fifteen-minute talk, you should have no more than 7 double-spaced pages of material.

Tip #6: Don’t Read Your Presentation

Yes, I know that in some fields reading is the norm. But, can you honestly say that you find yourself engaged when listening to someone read their conference presentation? If you absolutely must read, I suggest you read in such a way that no one in the audience can tell you are reading. I have seen people do this successfully, and you can do it too if you write in a conversational tone, practice several times, and read your paper with emotion, conviction, and variation in tone.

What tips do you have for presenters? What is one of the best presentations you have seen? What made it so fantastic? Let us know in the comments below.

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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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McCombes, S. (2023, September 11). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 29, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/

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119 Best Literature-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

With over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too" id="category_description">crystalgraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. below you’ll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 119 best literature templates for powerpoint and google slides. the text you’ll see in in those slides is just example text. the literature-related image or video you’ll see in the background of each title slide is designed to help you set the stage for your literature-related topics and it is included with that template. in addition to the title slides, each of our templates comes with 17 additional slide layouts that you can use to create an unlimited number of presentation slides with your own added text and images. and every template is available in both widescreen and standard formats. with over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too.

Widescreen (16:9) Presentation Templates. Change size...

Earth globe with jigsaw puzzle pattern and cuttings from famous books

Presentation design with quill pen and ink well resting on an old book in a library concept for literature writing author and history background

Slide deck with wooden blocks with the text language background

Theme with education school literature reading and knowledge concept - oak tree growing on heap of books on wooden table

Slide deck consisting of quill pen and inkwell resting on an old book with green background concept for literature writing author and history

Presentation theme having quill pen and ink well resting on an old book in a library concept for literature writing author and history

PPT theme enhanced with quill pen resting on an old book on a desk concept for literature writing author and history background

PPT theme having books in library concept for education literature and reading

Presentation design enhanced with literature reading and poetry concept - book with autumn leaf on blanket at home

Slide deck having open book dim lighting for effect

Slide set enhanced with library with books on shelf literature concept

PPT layouts with poetry word cloud - handwriting on a handmade rag paper literature terms

Slide deck featuring stack of books and school bell on desk with chalkboard

PPT theme consisting of word grammer with old typwriter keys monochrome

PPT theme enhanced with business man pointing the text learning languages

Slide deck featuring word thesis with old typwriter keys monochrome

PPT theme enhanced with literature author in glasses typing on typewriter

Slide deck consisting of woman working with a set of letters writing concept backdrop

Slides consisting of woman working with a set of letters writing concept

PPT theme having word phonics and student holding notepads against stack of books against sky backdrop

Presentation theme featuring poetry word abstract in gritty vintage letterpress metal types against colorful handmade paper art writing and literature concept background

Slide deck consisting of word grammer with old typwriter keys monochrome backdrop

Slide deck featuring globe with books and world map on background world literature concept

Presentation consisting of literature reading concept banner or header image with stack of antique books against a dark background

Slide deck enhanced with love read write poetry crossword in ivory letter tiles against textured handmade paper art writing and literature concept

PPT theme with english alphabet background backdrop

Slide deck enhanced with poetry card with colorful background with defocused lights

Presentation theme consisting of glasses on opened book dictionary

Presentation theme enhanced with visual poetry word abstract in vintage letterpress wood type with a cup of coffee against handmade bark paper literature and visual media concept

Presentation theme enhanced with open book dim lighting for effect backdrop

Presentation theme consisting of coffee over newspaper

PPT layouts featuring laptop

Presentation theme with female hand holding up the uppercase capital letter c isolated against a purple background conceptual of the alphabet writing literature and typeface

PPT theme having three old book ends

PPT theme having leisure literature and people concept - smiling african american woman reading book at home

Theme consisting of word literature with old typewriter in monochrome

Theme featuring poetry backdrop

Theme consisting of cup from coffee and the newspaper backdrop

Presentation theme enhanced with coffee over newspaper

Presentation theme with house of robinson crusoe beautiful island with blue bay and palm trees backdrop

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ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

Nov 16, 2014

3.02k likes | 7.63k Views

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE. 1) Short Story. A short form of fiction with characters, a setting, and a plot. It presents a sequence of events, or plot. It resembles longer forms of fiction because it provides the reader with a theme or lesson. 2) Plot.

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• rising action
• main character
• minor character
• story takes place
• rising action eventually leads

Presentation Transcript

1) Short Story A short form of fiction with characters, a setting, and a plot. It presents a sequence of events, or plot. It resembles longer forms of fiction because it provides the reader with a theme or lesson.

2) Plot Plot is the pattern of events in a story. Plot development usually consists of these elements: 1.Exposition 2. conflict (rising action) 3. Climax 4. falling action 5. resolution. 3 4 2 5 1

3) Exposition The beginning of the story. This is where the reader meets and learns about the main character and setting.

4) Rising Action This is when most of the events take place. The character and conflict is developed. The rising action eventually leads to the climax.

5) Climax This the turning point in the story. It is the high point of the action of the plot. It is the moment of greatest tension. The outcome of the plot depends on the climax.

7) Falling Action The story begins to “wrap up” as the mysteries are explained and the characters return to their own lives.

8) Resolution This is the end of the story. The conflict of the story has been resolved in some way.

Putting It All Together 1. Exposition 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution Beginning of Story Middle of Story End of Story

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffAOkGg2Lr4

9) Character? A character is a person, animal, or object that takes part in the action of a literary work. Types of characters: 1. Protagonist 2. Antagonist 3. Main Character 4. Minor Character

10)Protagonist • The Protagonist is the main character, the hero. (The good guy) • Look at the ROOT • ‘Pro’ means for • The protagonist is generally who the audience roots for

11) Antagonist The Antagonist is the character or force that works against the protagonist. The antagonist can be viewed as the “bad guy”, villian or the source of conflict. Look at the ROOT ‘Anti’ means against The antagonist is against the protagonist reaching their goal

12) Main Character The Main Character is the most important character in the story, poem, or play. Example… Harry Potter, Ron Weasly and Hermione Granger are the MAIN CHARACTERS in the story Harry Potter. These characters are all important to the plot of the story The story could not be told with out these characters.

13) Minor character The Minor Character is the one who takes part in the action, but is not the focus of attention Example… The stepsisters in the story Cinderella These characters take part in the story but they are NOT the main focus. The story can still go on with out them.

On your paper take a few moments to write down a list of Protagonists, Antagonists, Main character and Minor Character that you can recall from movies, television shows, and video games. Protagonist Antagonist Main Minor Character Character

15) Setting

The setting tells the reader where and when a story takes place. What time Of day is it? What is the Weather like? Where is the Location? What is the time period? Hot Rainy Cold Morning Afternoon Night City Neighborhood State Region Era (ex: Great Depression) Time Period

Why is the setting important? For example: A story that takes place in the South during the Civil War would be different than a story that take in New York during the civil war. For example: A story set in the dark woods at night will probably have a scary, eerie feeling. The beliefs and actions of characters Effects The Setting Effects The Setting Feeling or Mood

16) Conflict Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Without conflict, there is no plot.

Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs Society Man vs Self What are the different types of Conflict? occurs when one person struggles against another person. occurs when a person struggles against the forces of nature (ex: storm, disease, starvation, wild animals) occurs when a character struggles against the rules, laws, or customs that surround him (ex: a victim of racism, a social outcast, or criminal. occurs when a character struggles with his own fears, ignorance, or conscience.

Man vs. Man • occurs when one person struggles against another person.

Man vs. Nature Man vs. Nature • occurs when a person struggles against the forces of nature (ex: storm, disease, starvation, wild animals)

Man vs. Society • occurs when a character struggles against the rules, laws, or customs that surround him (ex: a victim of racism, a social outcast, or criminal)

Man vs. Self • occurs when a character struggles with his own fears, ignorance, or conscience.

What is Point of View? • Point of view determines who is telling the story. It is the perspective the author chooses to tell the story • There are three types of point of view: • First person • Third person limited • Third person omniscient.

First Person Point of View • Definition: The story is told by one of the characters. The narrator uses the word “I” to refer to that character. The events in the story are interpreted by this character. • Example: As I placed a carefully wrapped package on the park bench, I looked up and saw Molly walking across the street. I hoped that she hadn’t seen me.

Third Person Limited • Definition: Someone outside the story tells the story. The reader know the thoughts and feelings of only one or two characters • Example: As George placed the carefully wrapped package on the park bench, he looked up and saw Molly walking across the street.

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Report of a case of renal collecting duct carcinoma with literature review

• Open access
• Published: 29 August 2024
• Volume 1 , article number  33 , ( 2024 )

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• Yong Cui 1 &
• Yuan Gao 2  

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare pathologic subtype of renal cell carcinoma that accounts for approximately 0.4–1% of cases and originates in the collecting ducts (Bellini ducts) of the renal medulla. The majority of patients are metastatic at the time of presentation, extremely malignant and rapidly progressive, with most patients dying 1–3 years after initial diagnosis. Currently, surgery is considered the only effective treatment. There is no uniform standard for postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy.In this article, we report a case of an 85-year-old female patient with CDC who underwent radical nephrectomy. This is an extremely rare case. We describe the case and perform a literature review to report current research advances regarding the treatment and prognosis of patients with CDC. The aim of this study is to contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of CDC.

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1 Introduction

CDC is a rare pathologic subtype of renal cell carcinoma that accounts for approximately 0.4–1% of cases and originates from the collecting ducts of the renal medulla (Bellini ducts), Mancilla-Jimenz reported the first case of CDC [ 1 ].Due to the rapid progression of the disease and extensive metastasis to peripheral lymph nodes, the majority of patients have a very poor prognosis, with a median survival of less than 2 years [ 2 ]. Early diagnosis is an important factor in prolonging survival.Fleming and Lewi developed diagnostic criteria and CDC was isolated as a separate subtype of renal cancer.Although this disease has immunohistochemical features, it is difficult to characterize histologically due to its rarity and needs to be differentiated from other renal cell carcinomas and uroepithelial carcinomas [ 3 ].

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of a patient with CDC admitted to Weifang People’s Hospital, and combined with the literature review, we analyzed the diagnosis and treatment of CDC in order to improve people's understanding of CDC, so as to reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

2 Case report

An 85-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of hematuria for 3 months. The patient reported no distinct triggers or causes for the hematuria. She had chest pain and chest tightness. Prior to admission, she did not have lumbar pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, lethargy, or other systemic symptoms. A lower abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan performed after admission revealed the following:Left upper renal calyx and renal parenchyma occupations; Small cyst of the right kidney; pelvic effusion (Fig.  1 ). Considering her age and the necessity of surgery, a team of urologists evaluated his physical condition and established a treatment plan for surgery. One week after admission, the patient underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, which was successful.

The lower abdominal and pelvic CT scan revealed Left upper renal calyx and renal parenchyma occupations

2.1 Postoperative pathological diagnosis

Postoperative pathological examination revealed resection of the left kidney along with perirenal fat measuring 12 cm × 7 cm × 4.5 cm. The renal fat capsule was easily peeled. A mass measuring 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 1 cm was observed in the kidney. The section appeared grayish white and grayish red, was brittle, and had a close relationship with the renal peritoneum, 0.6 cm from it.

2.2 Pathological results

The left kidney tumor was glandular tubular and papillary. The size of the renal tumor was 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 1 cm. The tumor involved the renal pelvis and renal sinus fat, and did not involve the renal perineurium and perirenal fat. The nerves were invaded and cancerous emboli were seen in the vasculature. Ureteral and vascular breaks were clear (Fig.  2 ).

Pathological findings of renal collecting duct carcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin, 100×)

Immunohistochemical results: CK wide ( +), Vimentin ( +), E-Cadherin (partially +), RCC (scattered +), PAX-8 ( +),CAIX (focal +), P504S ( +), INI1 (weak +), Ki-67 (index 20%).

Pathological staging based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition classified the tumor as pT3aNxMx.

2.3 Postoperative treatment

Postoperatively, pezopanib 0.8 g was administered orally once daily.Intravenous 160 mg of teraplizumab every 3 weeks for 1 month postoperatively. CT scans of the lower abdomen at 1 month postoperatively and 3 months postoperatively reported the following findings:

Postoperative left kidney; Striated dense shadow in the left adrenal region.This treatment has been maintained for 4 months. No adverse immune-related events occurred, and no signs of local recurrence or systemic metastasis were found. Therefore, the therapeutic effect has been highly favorable.In April after surgery, the patient was admitted to the hospital for diarrhea, and the patient died 3 days after admission.

3 Discussion

3.1 clinical manifestations.

CDC can occur at any age and is more common in younger people. Males are more likely to be affected than females by a ratio of approximately 2:1 [ 4 ].

Common clinical symptoms of CDC include painless hematuria, low back and abdominal pain, low back and abdominal masses, fatigue, fever, and weight loss or when the tumor develops metastasis, Usually most of the patients develop metastasis including bone and lymph node metastasis prior to treatment [ 5 ]. In this case, we presented to the hospital with painless hematuria as the main symptom.

3.2 Imaging features

The imaging features of CDC differ from those of other renal cell carcinomas. In renal tumors located in the zone connecting the renal cortex and medulla, the early presentation of poorly defined borders, mild enhancement, and metastasis require consideration of the diagnosis of CDC [ 6 ].

The organ of origin of CDC is water-rich renal tissue, and the interstitium of the tumor is characterized by increased fibrous tissue proliferation and collagenization, and the tumor parenchyma is denser than the surrounding normal tissue, which is a characteristic feature of CDC tumors on nonenhanced CT. These features differ from renal cell carcinoma originating in the renal cortex, where dense interstitial tissue or increased collagen secretion, proliferation of inflammatory fibroblast tissue and abundant fibrous tissue components are characteristic of CDC tumors. These features are important for the pathologic diagnosis of CDC, which shows low signal on magnetic resonance T2WI [ 7 ]. On dynamic enhancement scans, most CDC tumors show relatively low density in the renal cortex and medulla. The parenchyma of the mass is heterogeneous, with mild to moderate enhancement in the cortical or medullary stage, below the surrounding renal parenchyma. The medullary stage shows inhomogeneous and mildly delayed enhancement [ 6 ]. MRI shows isointensity or hyperintensity on T1WI and hypointensity on T2WI [ 8 ].

3.3 Pathologic features

Pathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of CDC. Tumors tend to be yellowish-brown to white in color, may be associated with necrosis and hemorrhage, and show infiltrative growth, often invading the cortex, and may extend beyond the renal parenchyma, including perirenal fat, adrenal glands, and perirenal fascia [ 9 ]. Microscopically, CDCs are usually seen as tubular papillary structures, with tumor cells forming cobblestones along the glandular ducts. Lowly differentiated tumor cells show a nested, cord-like, sarcomatoid, or adenoidal cystic morphology with or without interstitial connective tissue reaction [ 10 ].

Genetic and biochemical approaches are becoming increasingly important for the identification and diagnosis of renal cancer. Many biomolecules, including epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, such as N-calmodulin and poikilodulin, and human leukocyte molecules, such as HLA-G and HLA-E, have been reported to be biomarkers for renal cancer. Immunohistochemical examination of these biomarkers is important for determining the origin and diagnosis of CDC. positive expression of CK (AE1/AE3), CK7, CK19, EMA, wave proteins, CK34BE12, PNA, and european agglutinin (UEA), and negative expression of CD10 and CK20. the combination of CK34BE12 and PNA is able to detect 90% of the CDC. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings are important for the diagnosis of CDC and differentiation from other types of renal cancer [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].

3.4 Differential diagnosis

Renal collecting duct carcinoma is mainly differentiated from the following malignant tumors.

Renal medullary carcinoma: renal medullary carcinoma originates from the collecting ducts near the cortical area, under the microscope, the tumor of renal medullary carcinoma is low differentiated and patchy distribution, and the tumor cells are arranged in an adenoidal cystic structure, and more neutrophil infiltration can be seen in the tumor body, and sickle-shaped erythrocytes can be seen at the same time [ 14 ].

Papillary renal cell carcinoma: According to the histopathological changes, it is divided into two subtypes: type I and type II. Tumor cells consist of papillary or tubular structures with a slender vascular axis, and foamy macrophages and cholesterol crystals can be seen in the core of the papillae; tumor cells are small, with sparse cytoplasm (type I) or tumor cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and high nuclear grading (type II), and areas of necrosis, sarcomatous differentiation and rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation can be seen. Papillary renal cell carcinoma was positive for CK7, and the positive rate of P504S was high.

3.5 Treatment and prognosis

In the clinical setting, the initial diagnosis and treatment decisions for renal cancer are often made without histopathologic information, and the diagnosis can only be confirmed based primarily on imaging and after initial surgery. According to the literature, most CDC cases are high-grade and advanced, but there is no consensus on treatment options. Surgery remains the most effective treatment for patients with kidney cancer, even in advanced stages [ 15 ]. Surgical procedures include radical nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy, but given the highly aggressive nature of CDC, radical nephrectomy is recommended. Méjean et al. [ 16 ] reported that the median survival of six patients with CDC who underwent nephrectomy was only seven months, and three patients died perioperatively or postoperatively. CDC is highly biologically invasive, and patients are usually in poor general condition at the time of diagnosis. Surgical complications and postoperative recovery may prevent patients from receiving systemic therapy, so it is recommended that the diagnosis of CDC can be confirmed by biopsy, which can provide the best diagnostic and treatment plan for subsequent treatment.

In patients with CDC who develop metastases, the treatment regimen is usually based on uroepithelial tumors, using chemotherapy regimens, usually platinum or carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine. The prognosis for these regimens is poor, with survival statistically less than 12 months [ 17 ]. Orsola et al. [ 18 ] reported two cases of CDC who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin + gemcitabine) after radical nephrectomy; however, the mean postoperative survival was only 5.6 months. A prospective phase II trial showed that, platinum-based combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy was effective in 23 patients with previously untreated mCDC undergoing 6 cycles of treatment, which showed objective remission rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of 26 months, 7.1 months, and 10.5 months, respectively [ 19 ].

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mTOR inhibitors targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway are important for the treatment of metastatic CCRCC. There is less evidence on the effectiveness of such agents in the treatment of NCCRCC, especially for mCDC.A small retrospective analysis of 13 patients with mCDC evaluated the activity of different TKIs: sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, and the mTOR inhibitor tesirolimus. Only 2 patients were able to receive second-line treatment with sunitinib after disease progression, no patient survived more than 5 years, 4 patients experienced early disease progression, and 2 patients had long-term control of their disease with OS of 49 and 19 months, respectively [ 20 ].

Tamada et al. [ 21 ] reported that immunotherapy-based combination therapy has become the standard first-line treatment for metastatic RCC.CDC in combination with immunotherapy, the effect of which is unclear. A 62-year-old man was treated with pembrolizumab and axitinib for CDC with multiple bone metastases. after 7 months, the primary and metastatic lesions shrank and were evaluated as partial response.A 71-year-old man received pembrolizumab and axitinib for the treatment of CDC with lymph nodes and lung metastases. after 9 months, the primary and metastatic lesions had shrunk and were assessed as partial responses. Tumor cell expression of PD-L was negative in both patients, and CD4 + and CD8 + cells were observed in the tumors. The combination of pembrolizumab and axitinib is effective in the immunotherapy of metastatic CDC [ 22 ].

In summary, despite clinical advances in the treatment of metastatic RCC, the prognosis for patients with mCDC remains poor. Currently available treatment options are poor, and results from prospective trials are limited. For patients with localized disease, nephrectomy is the only potentially curative option, whereas for patients with mCDC, a doublet chemotherapy regimen containing platinum salts and gemcitabine is recommended.

4 Conclusion

In conclusion, CDC is a highly malignant and rare renal tumor with unique biological behavior, morphology and functional manifestations. Most patients with CDC have distant metastases at the time of initial diagnosis. The prognosis of CDC is generally poor. There is no standardized follow-up treatment plan for this tumor, and radical surgery is the only curative treatment for patients with limited CDC. However, it is prone to recurrence and metastasis after surgery.

Data availability

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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Cui, Y., Gao, Y. Report of a case of renal collecting duct carcinoma with literature review. Discov Med 1 , 33 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-024-00051-5

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Received : 19 June 2024

Accepted : 26 August 2024

Published : 29 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-024-00051-5

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Ah, literature, what a beautiful form of art. Could you name the different genres? Of course you could, as you've completed a thesis on this matter and now you need to defend it. Well, we have the template for you! It's a very elegant and floral design with some vintage...

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Writing tone, number of slides, middle school activities to celebrate national poetry month.

Download the "Middle School Activities to Celebrate National Poetry Month" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. If you’re looking for a way to motivate and engage students who are undergoing significant physical, social, and emotional development, then you can’t go wrong with an educational template designed for Middle School by...

Generation of '27

Generation of '27 is a group of avant-garde poets and artists who began to publish their work in the 20s of the 20th century. To help you explain this interesting part of Spanish literature to your students, we propose you this old-style brown template, with different illustrations of books, pens,...

Literary Analysis and Interpretation - Spanish - Foreign Language - 12th Grade Infographics

Download the "Literary Analysis and Interpretation - Spanish - Foreign Language - 12th Grade Infographics" template for PowerPoint or Google Slides and discover the power of infographics. An infographic resource gives you the ability to showcase your content in a more visual way, which will make it easier for your...

Literature Review

Whether you're a student or an academic, mastering the literature review is a key skill in scholarly writing. This fully customizable Google Slides and PowerPoint template can assist you in structuring your review seamlessly. Featuring a vibrant yellow design with captivating book illustrations, this template is designed to facilitate the...

Study of Classical Literature Center

Download the Study of Classical Literature Center presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Are you looking for a way to make your school or academy stand out among the competition? This template is designed to showcase all the fantastic aspects of your center. With perfect slides that allow you to...

Renaissance Literature - Master of Arts in English

Download the "Renaissance Literature - Master of Arts in English" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. As university curricula increasingly incorporate digital tools and platforms, this template has been designed to integrate with presentation software, online learning management systems, or referencing software, enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of student...

Classical Literature Lesson for High School Infographics

Imagine stepping into a world of classical literature, discovering the secrets of the greatest tales ever told elegantly and creatively, with exciting designs and engaging infographics. With these Google Slides and PowerPoint infographics, designed specifically for high school students, you'll be introduced to an array of infographics that include everything...

Brazilian Literature Thesis

Have you studied important figures of the Brazilian literature? Names such as Euclides da Cunha or Mário de Andrade will be familiar to you, then. Time to download this new template, whose filler text comes in Portuguese, and customize it so that it contains a summary of your dissertation. The...

Thesis Defense: Epic Poetry, History and Criticism

Download the Thesis Defense: Epic Poetry, History and Criticism presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Congratulations, you have finally finished your research and made it to the end of your thesis! But now comes the big moment: the thesis defense. You want to make sure you showcase your research in...

Language Arts for High School - 9th Grade: Reading Comprehension on Classical Literature

Getting high school students interested in reading comprehension on classical literature can be a challenge… and this template is the perfect ally to attempt it! Its charming illustrations add a layer of detail over the design that combines a dark blue background with a grid and green shapes that call...

Most Important Works of Literature

Download the Most Important Works of Literature presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides and start impressing your audience with a creative and original design. Slidesgo templates like this one here offer the possibility to convey a concept, idea or topic in a clear, concise and visual way, by using different...

Gothic Literature

Download the Gothic Literature presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. The education sector constantly demands dynamic and effective ways to present information. This template is created with that very purpose in mind. Offering the best resources, it allows educators or students to efficiently manage their presentations and engage audiences. With...

Mexican Literature Bachelor's Thesis

Have you already chosen the topic of your final thesis? Oh, wow, on Mexican literature? You will definitely succeed and get the best grade possible! With the work already done and the content written, there is only the last step left: defending it in front of an examining board. You...

Vietnamese Literature Thesis Defense

Download the Vietnamese Literature Thesis Defense presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Congratulations, you have finally finished your research and made it to the end of your thesis! But now comes the big moment: the thesis defense. You want to make sure you showcase your research in the best way...

World Literature Theme

Download the World Literature Theme presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. The education sector constantly demands dynamic and effective ways to present information. This template is created with that very purpose in mind. Offering the best resources, it allows educators or students to efficiently manage their presentations and engage audiences....

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