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5 Interesting Historic Sites in Uzbekistan

With humans having lived in uzbekistan as early as the paleolithic period, uzbekistan is home to a number of fascinating historical sites. here's our pick of 5 of the best..

Lucy Davidson

30 sep 2021, @lucejuiceluce.

Having once been both a central point of the Silk Road and part of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan is a country which is rich in history. Today, the double-landlocked country is emerging from the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, and is home to among the most devout Muslim populations in Asia.

Though it is a fairly isolated country, Uzbekistan is full of relatively unknown sites which hark back to its diverse history. From stunning mosques which punctuate the skyline alongside Soviet-era architecture, to older sites such as ancient cities and mausoleums, here are 5 key historic sites in Uzbekistan for any history enthusiast.

1. Guri Amir

Guri Amir, in the former Silk Road city of Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan, is the mausoleum of the Mongol leader Timur (1369-1405), also known as Tamerlane. Timur was responsible for building many of Samarkand’s most impressive sites, including the Registan trio of madrassahs.

A blue-domed building encrusted with Samarkand’s trademark clay tiles, Guri Amir is the final resting place not only of this famous leader, but of his two sons and two grandsons.

2. Registan of Samarkand

Registan is one of the main sites in the ancient city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan. Samarkand was founded in approximately 700 BC and its location along the vital trade route known as the ‘Silk Road’ transformed it into a prosperous centre of commerce.

Now made up of three ornate madrassahs – centres of learning – facing onto a central courtyard, Registan was the medieval centre of Samarkand. Of these three symmetrical buildings, each of which is elaborately adorned with glazed clay tiles, the Ulugh Beg Madrassah is the oldest, dating back to 1420. The other two madrassahs, Sher-Dor and Tillya-Kori, were built in the seventeenth century under the rule of Yalangtush Bakhodur. Registan is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Samarkand.

3. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque

The Bibi-Khanym Mosque in Samarkand in Uzbekistan was originally constructed by Timur (1369-1405), a warrior and Mongol leader who ruled this important Silk Road city.

A vast structure crowned by a blue dome and overlooking a courtyard, the Bibi-Khanym Mosque was built by Timur for his wife between 1399 and 1405. Much of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque was destroyed in an earthquake in the nineteenth century and has since been reconstructed.

4. Shah-i-Zinda

Shah-i-Zinda in the UNESCO-listed city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan is an incredible complex of mausoleums, mosques and madrassahs. The most important of these shrines, alluded to by the name ‘Shah-i-Zinda’, meaning ‘living king’, is what is thought to be the mausoleum of Kusam ibn Abbas, cousin of the Prophet Mohammed.

Like many of the buildings in Samarkand, the structures are adorned with geometric shapes created using colourful glazed tiles. Some of the buildings of Shah-i-Zinda have undergone significant (and controversial) renovations and reconstructions.

5. Itchan Kala

Itchan Kala is the inner town (protected by brick walls some 10 m high) of the old Khiva oasis, which was the last resting-place of caravans before undergoing the extensive desert crossing to Iran. Although few very old monuments still remain, it is a rounded and well-preserved example of the Muslim architecture of Central Asia.

Today, there are several outstanding structures such as the Djuma Mosque, the mausoleums, and the madrasas as well as the two stunning palaces built at the beginning of the 19th century by Alla-Kulli-Khan.

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Visiting Uzbekistan's Best Historical Sites

Where and how to see uzbekistan's historical cities.

Steven Hermans

• Where to go

Restoration vs conservation

Beyond uzbekistan’s cities.

• When to go to Uzbekistan

The historical monuments of Uzbekistan have attracted Western travellers for centuries.

From Marco Polo to the Great Game spies, Uzbekistan was always at the heart of the intrigue, its cities the routers of the great interchange between East and West that we call the Silk Road.

But for most of that time it was only the hardiest of travellers risking life and limb who managed to see the great jewels connecting the caravan roads. Since the end of the Soviet Union, however, Uzbekistan has opened its doors to visitors.

Here's a rundown on Uzbekistan's top historical cities, and our essential guide on how to visit them.

The Kalta Minor in Khiva

featured trips

Visiting the historical cities of uzbekistan, uzbekistan's best historical sights and how to visit them.

Historical Samarkand is often the first stop for visitors to Uzbekistan – with the exception of capital Tashkent which serves as a transport hub. The high-speed train from Tashkent to Samarkand takes two hours, halving the time it takes to drive between the two cities.

Samarkand was the capital of Amir Timur, a 14th-century master general who built an empire spanning Central Asia and Persia, killing 17 million people in the process. He was also a patron of the arts, capturing artists along the way to build him a legacy in stone. The pitiful dead have been forgotten, but the magnificent city still stands.

Samarkand's Registan square

Exploring Samarkand's Registan and its madrasahs

The Registan complex of mosque and madrasahs (Islamic schools), decorated with ceramic tiles and presided over by an obviously un-Islamic lion, are at the heart of Samarkand. From here, you can branch out to the enormous Bibi Khanum mosque, or instead visit the striking Gur Emir mausoleum of Timur himself, which would inspire the Taj Mahal, built by Timur’s descendants of the Mughal dynasty.

The Registan was medieval Samarkand’s commercial centre. In the 15th century, under the auspices of Ulugh Beg, the astronomer-king and Timur’s grandson, it became Samarkand’s educational centre as well, when he built a splendid madrasah (from the viewing platform, it’s the building to your left) where he taught astronomy. At the time, the Ulugh Beg madrasah was known as one of the best universities of the Muslim world.

Ulugh Beg’s size is balanced by the sheer elegance of its design and ceramic tile coating. A yellow-brown background highlights glazed green, turquoise, yellow and blue. Mosaic and majolica panels shine with floral motifs and Kufic calligraphy. The highlight is a muqarnas (a vaulted form of Islamic architecture) honeycomb decoration that dazzles with its mathematical complexity.

"Never in all the centuries will an artist, thought's acrobat, even with the bow of phantasy, scale the forbidden peaks of this minaret," reads one of the inscriptions extolling the opposite Shir Dor (having tigers) madrasah, built by Governor Yalangtush between 1619 and 1636. His architects strove to match Ulugh Beg in scale and nobility, though Koranic prohibition against symmetry forbade an exact mirror-image.

The decoration of Shir Dor is not as refined as that on the Ulugh Beg madrasah of the 15th century - the golden age of Timurid architecture. Yet the harmony of large and small rooms, exquisite mosaic decor, monumentality and efficient symmetry all place the structure among the finest architectural monuments of Samarkand.

The Ulugh Beg Observatory Built in the 1420s by astronomer Ulugh Beg it is considered by scholars to have been one of the finest observatories in the Islamic world. It’s possible to climb Ulugh Beg’s minaret for exhilarating views over Samarkand. The best time is early in the morning – be prepared to surreptitiously offer guards a small fee if you want to do so.

The lions and human-faced sun that guard the portal are a striking return to pre-Islamic Zoroastrian symbolism, reminiscent of the Divanbegi madrassah in Bukhara.

To enclose the square in pleasing harmony, Yalangtush had a third madrasah built with a stretched facade of 75 metres. The Bibi Khanum mosque was in ruins by this time, and Tillya Kari was to become the city’s main mosque. Its name means “the gilded one” and besides a lavish mosaic feast matching the colours of the Shir Dor, its magnificent interior is swathed in gold leaf.

Need to know

The Registan is so huge that it’s worth visiting the site several times. Try to visit at different times of the day. This will allow you to pick out different details and to observe the play of light and shadow in the muqarnas. The site is open between 8am-7pm daily and the entrance fee is 30,000 som ($3.90).

Inside the tomb in Shah-i-Zinda

What to see at Samarkand's Shah-i-Zinda

Overlooking Samarkand is another monument to the dead: the Shah-i-Zinda grave complex is the most atmospheric of all the majolica masterpieces of Uzbekistan. Built to house the graves of leaders and their relatives from the 11th to the 19th century, the complex tells the story of Samarkand, from humble beginnings to the spectacular heights of the Timurid empire.

The holiest site in Samarkand is a necropolis of mausoleums. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it developed into an architectural testing ground whose celebration of ceramic art, unrivalled in Central Asia, makes this street of the dead perhaps the most visually stunning sight in Samarkand.

The name, which means ‘Tomb of the Living King’, refers to its original, innermost and holiest shrine – a complex of cool, quiet rooms around what is probably the grave of Qusam ibn-Abbas, a cousin of the Prophet Mohammed who is said to have brought Islam to this area in the 7th century.

Shah-i-Zinda began to assume its current form in the 14th century as Timur and later Ulugh Beg buried their family and favourites near the Living King.

Look out for the 16-sided tomb of Amir Burunduk, the octagonal mausoleum built by Ulugh Beg, and the glorious Alim Nesefi Mausoleum with its relief majolica tiles, eight-pointed stars and the inscribed names of twelve Shi'ite imams.

The sapphire blue tombs are part of the necropolis built for Timur's female relatives. The most beautiful tomb is the Shodi Mulk Oko Mausoleum (1372), resting place of a beautiful young niece of Timur. The exquisite majolica and terracotta work here – notice the minuscule amount of space between the tiles – was of such exceptional quality that it merited almost no restoration.

The narrow corridors keep Shah-i-Zinda cool, so you can visit throughout the day in all seasons, but to have the site to yourself, come early in the morning. After visiting Shah-i-Zinda, be sure to continue on to Samarkand’s city cemetery, where the most visited grave is that of former strongman Islam Karimov, who ruled the country with an iron fist for more than a quarter of a century, styling himself as Timur’s successor.

Mir-I-Arab madrasah, Bukhara

Bukhara is Uzbekistan’s fifth-largest city and was a prominent stop on the Silk Road trade route. Built on the remains of a Buddhist monastery, Bukhara is known as the Dome of Islam throughout the Muslim world and still attracts pilgrims – Sufis in particular – who visit the shrine of Bahuddin Naqshbandi, revered founder of the Naqshbandi Sufi sect.

More than 2,000 years old, Bukhara offers the most complete example of a medieval city in Central Asia, with an urban fabric that seems to have changed little over the centuries.

What to see at Bukhara's Po-i-Kalan

The spiritual heart of Bukhara is the Po-i Kalan complex. The magnificent brickwork of the Po-i Kalan minaret has been in place since 1127, surviving earthquakes, the Red Army’s cannonballs and Genghis Khan’s marauders. At the foot of the 45m high minaret lies the mirror image of the Kalan mosque and the Mir-i Arab madrasah. The mosque actually stands on the foundation of an earlier 8th-century mosque that was burnt to the ground by Genghis Khan’s army.

Lyabi Hauz square, Bukhara

This ‘new’ mosque was built in 1514 and served as Bukhara’s main mosque, with space for up to 10,000 worshippers. Shut down during the Soviet invasion, the Mosque re-opened to the faithful in 1991. The minaret cannot be scaled by tourists, and the madrasah is functional, only allowing visitors into the main court of the building so as not to disturb the students, but the Kalan mosque is free to visit.

The 19th-century octagonal pavilion set in front of the mihrab is an intriguing late addition to the mosque. Some say it marks the ancient well used for centuries for ritual ablutions, others that it was built to shade the emir during his weekly visits. Most probably, it served as an early tannoy system, from where a second imam would echo the words and motions of the first for the benefit of the congregation.

What to see at Bukhara's Lyabi Hauz

The Lyabi Hauz square centres around a pond or hauz . Most ponds in Bukhara were filled in after the Soviet take-over; they were the cause of diseases that plagued residents. But the Lyabi Hauz survived, perhaps because of how it so beautifully reflects the religious structures that flank it on three sides. The Divanbegi madrasah is noteworthy for its facade of phoenixes attacking a Mongol-faced sun, while the nearby khanqah (Sufi spiritual retreat) was a hostel for wandering dervishes who passed through the city. Summer evenings bring concerts and al fresco dining in a rather garish green light.

There’s plenty more to see in Bukhara, from the 1,000-year-old Samanid mausoleum to the gaudy palace of the last Emir, the Ark Fortress and the leavings of the famed Bukhara Jews. Central Bukhara has hundreds of historic structures now used as bathhouses, shops selling carpets, spices or calligraphy.

It pays to wander out of the centre and into the narrow back streets to get a sense of real Bukharan life playing out amidst the ruins of days gone by. The crowds soon thin out, and it’s not long before kids force you into their game, or an invitation for tea comes your way. Accept that invitation, and you will be rewarded with a peek behind the high gates of a traditional Uzbek multi-generational house.

Carved pillars at Juma Mosque in Khiva

The small slave trader settlement of Khiva encapsulates the best of Central Asian architecture within its mud-brick fortress walls. In the 19th century, Khiva remained out of reach for Russian colonial troops due to its remote location in the Kyzylkum desert, meaning it is well-preserved.

The Kalta Minor minaret dates from the 19th century and was supposed to rival the Kalan minaret in Bukhara. However, it remains unfinished after the architect fled out of fear of being killed by the khan. More than the shape, though, it’s the pattern-glazed tiles in shimmering turquoise, white and yellow that make the minaret worth visiting. Khiva is tiny (home to just 90,000 people), so it’s worth exploring further. The best side trip goes to the desert fortresses of Khwarezm: impressive, lonely relics rising up from the barren floor, these were once flourishing settlements until the course of the life-giving Amu Darya river changed and left them parched and deserted.

Amir Timur Museum in Tashkent

Tashkent's museums

After a devastating earthquake in 1966, Tashkent was rebuilt by authorities to become the “beacon of Soviet power in the East” that would “light the socialist path to prosperity for neighbouring peoples of Asia.” A city built on a monumental scale, Tashkent offers a fascinating blend of 20th-century Oriental Brutalist architecture, medieval mausoleums and a fast-paced modern metropolis.

Besides monumental structures, Tashkent is also the place to indulge in some fine food – for instance, the capital’s 100 000-strong Korean community ensures delicious Korean-Uzbek food is not hard to find.

Few museums in Uzbekistan are worth your time; Tashkent is the exception. The Fine Arts Museum is stunning from the outside, but inside the visual feast continues, with an exquisite assembly of the best silk, woodcarving, suzani weaving, ceramics and jewellery.

Tashkent’s State Museum of History is another must-visit, if only for the spectacular shape of the former Lenin museum. It’s the place to really get a grasp on the long and diverse history of this land (but take a guide along, the museum’s English-language explainers are not very helpful). If possible, visit the museum at the end of your trip: you’ll get so much more out of the exhibits when you have been to the places they came from and understand the historical context, not just academically, but emotionally.

If you are wondering if a building would have looked the same 500 or 1000 years ago, the answer is, almost invariably, “no”. Although Uzbekistan has plenty of experts on the matter, it remains a very corrupt country, and restorations are usually given to cronies who have no time for historical accuracy.

Heritage destruction by real estate developers in search of a quick buck, or by inane officials in the name of touristification; it’s a real scourge in Uzbekistan. We advise not to look for the ‘real’ or ‘old’ Uzbekistan. There is only one Uzbekistan: that of the present.

One of the special attractions of Central Asia is the extraordinary layeredness of its history. Destruction is a big part of that, from Genghis Khan to Soviet state-sanctioned atheism. Recent market-driven restorations are just the latest version of a never-ending process of renewal.

Ferghana textiles in Uzbekistan

If you would like to extend your trip outside of the main cities, consider the following options. If arts and crafts are your thing, head to the eastern Ferghana Valley, where you can admire silk production in Margilan, ceramics masters in Rishton, and the Khan’s Palace in Kokand.

For something entirely different (and rather more depressing), continue west from Khiva into the new Aral desert, the successor to the Aral Sea, formerly the fourth-largest lake in the world but dried out by cotton farming. The regional capital Nukus hosts the Savitsky Museum, home to a top-notch collection of Russian avant-garde art once forbidden by Soviet authorities.

In the far south of the country, Termez offers remains of Greek and especially Buddhist history, as well as a tantalising glance over the border to Afghanistan at glorious Mazar-i Sharif.

Finally, Uzbekistan’s central location in the region means you can cross a border and quickly find yourself in one of four other Stans: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan or Turkmenistan.

The Five Stans

Where to go and what to do in central asia, when to go to uzbekistan, about the author.

Steven is the creator and editor of Caravanistan , an online travel guide to the Silk Road that was described by the Lonely Planet as a "peerless online travel guide to the region". He has been travelling the region since 2010, and has dedicated himself to improving tourism on the Silk Road, both for travellers and locals.

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Arapov A. Historical Monuments of Uzbekistan: Tashkent - Samarkand - Bukhara - Khiva - Shakhrisabz. - Tashkent: SMI-ASIA, 2014.

Related papers

The publication is an extended catalog of architectural and archaeological sites of basic historical centers of Uzbekistan: Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Shakhrisabz, as well as historical and cultural areas of the ancient Khorezm (south of Karakalpakstan) and Bactria-Tokharistan (Surkhandarya). It presents a descriptions, photos of the monuments and related artifacts.

Linguistics and Culture Review

This article illustrates the naming convention of historical monuments by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union in Uzbekistan. The Russification is a form of cultural assimilation during which the non-Russian communities whether voluntary or involuntary gave up their culture or statehood or language in favor of the Russian culture. Undeniably, the Russification in the naming convention of Uzbekistan’s historical monuments still bears its legacy. For instance, the names of archaeological finding on the territories of Selengur—Kulbulak and Teshiktash—pronounced in the Russian phonetics rather than Uzbek. Rather, Kulbulak is ought to be spelled Qulbuloq; and, Teshiktash—Teshiktosh.

Rustambek Abdullaev, Urazali Tashmatov, Jabbor Eshonqulov, , 2015

resent booklet contains the information on 54 elements from the National List o f Intangible Cui- li tural Heritage that was approved by the Republican Centre fo r Folk Art under the Ministry o f Culture and Sports o f the Republic o f Uzbekistan, 2 elements from the List o f ICH in Need o f ■ Urgent Safeguarding, 1 element from the List o f Documents Recommended fo r Inclusion into the UNESCO Registry o f the Best Experiences in ICH Safeguarding and 3 elements from the local lists o f ICH

CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY, 2022

The article expresses opinions on some current issues of the philosophy of history. In particular, it was noted that the study of history is the key to understanding the national identity, and in this regard there are problems that are currently on the minds of the general public.

In this article has been expressed condition of ancient material culture memorials in Uzbekistan during the 1960-1970s of Soviet government and also their guarding processes by the helping archive materials and historical literatures as well. In this research investigated that in the 1960s ideas was introduced into the socio-political life. Besides, author showed that the memorial museum has exhibited photos, photographs, historical sites, industrial enterprises, which reflect the biography and activities of the statesman, over 90,000 visitors visited the museum during this time, with over 300 thematic tours, since the 1960s, museums in Uzbekistan have laid the groundwork for new methods of mass cultural work. In particular, on the basis of the Museum of the History of Peoples of Uzbekistan a “traveling museum” was established, its employees visited the state, collective farms and also showed the audience the unique treasures and material resources of the museum, valuable exhibits a...

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Tepa sites have often been the focus of archaeological investigations in the lowland areas of Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia. This bias frequently led to paying only a little attention to the surrounding landscape and its potential for the study of historical settlement and land use. Moreover, in these environs archaeologists face particularly unfavourable conditions in the landscape, which has been radically transformed by decades of mechanised agriculture and settlement growth. The newly launched project of the Czech-Uzbekistani Archaeological Mission aims to answer the challenges of research in the heavily exploited lowlands of southern Uzbekistan and explore the surroundings, supposedly an economic territory, of Khaytabad Tepa, a walled settlement occupied between the Achaemenid period and the Middle Ages. For the investigation of various parts of a culturally and physically diverse landscape (village areas, fields, tepa mounds), a flexible methodology was developed, building on an intensive surface survey as the dominant research component to analyse the Khaytabad Tepa surroundings. Given the initial stage of the research, this report focuses on the background, objectives, and methodology of the project and evaluates the 2021 pilot season. The amount and chronological range of collected material point to the great potential of the adopted approach as well as the research area itself. The identified artefact scatters indicate a substantially more complex settlement development than has been acknowledged so far: The collected pottery assemblages largely correspond to the occupation timespan of the central walled settlement. The widespread distribution of Iron Age and Middle Ages material suggests an extensive exploitation of the area in these particular periods.

International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering, 2020

Since ancient times, the cities of Uzbekistan and Kazakstan have gained worldwide fame, like pearls scattered along the Great Silk Road, they sparkle under the bright sun. Cities of modern Uzbekistan have existed for thousands of years - Tashkent (2200 years), Termez, Bukhara, Khiva (2500 years), Shakhrisabz and Karshi (2700 years), Samarkand (2750 years), Margilan (2000 years), Almaty (1000 years), Turkestan (2000 years), Chimkent (2200 years) and Taraz (2000 years). In Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, numerous collections, repositories, archives and libraries preserve the richest collections of manuscripts collected over many centuries. And all thanks to its favorable location in a picturesque oasis, almost in the center of the network of roads of the Great Silk Road.

Elisabeth Panggabean, 2023

Open Archaeology 2024; 10: 20240005, 2024

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The 9 best places to visit in Uzbekistan

Aug 15, 2024 • 8 min read

Get to know Uzbekistan with this guide to the top places to visit, like the historic center of Bukhara. Shutterstock

Set at the crossroads of the ancient Silk Road, Uzbekistan is famed for its stunning historical architecture and beautiful mosques and medressas, alongside Soviet modernism, a flourishing arts and crafts scene, a rich traditional culture, and the genuine hospitality of local people.

The continental climate brings four distinct seasons, and escaping into nature and visiting off-the-beaten-track destinations are adventures that will leave lifetime memories.

Here are our top recommendations of places to visit in Uzbekistan for architecture, culture, nature and immersion in the arts.

1. Registan, Samarkand

Best for dramatic architecture

The historic Registan Square in Samarkand impresses first-time visitors more than any other attraction in Uzbekistan. Included on the UNESCO World Heritage list, the square consists of three striking medressas – the Ulugbek, Sherdor and Tilla-Kori – which together served as a university for Islamic scholars. The name Registan means "a sand place". Since the Timurid period, this has been a place where people have met, important decisions were announced, and crucial events in Uzbekistan’s history occurred.

Samarkand is blessed with many other historical attractions, including the Bibi-Khanym Mosque , the Shah-i-Zinda Necropolis , the Gur-e-Amir mausoleum and Ulugbek’s Observatory – all of them well worth visiting. One day might be enough to cover most important stops, but if you want to enjoy the pace of life in Samarkand, wander around talking to local craftspeople and leave some time for tea and local cuisine, allow two days or more.

Local tip: Opened in 2022, Samarkand International Airport is the second-biggest airport in the country and a good entry point to Uzbekistan. Turkish Airlines, WizzAir, AirDubai, FlyAirstan, Jazeera Air and several Uzbek airlines operate regular flights to this modern airport, and from Samarkand, it’s easy to travel around the country by rail – to Bukhara, Khiva and Nukus and then fly back to the capital Tashkent.

Best for history

In Samarkand, an ancient mosque might sit alongside an office tower or a modern neighborhood, but Bukhara ’s old city really makes you travel in time. Protected by UNESCO, the historical part of the city still feels completely authentic, with timeless mosques, minarets, medressas, craft workshops, caravanserais and local eateries. Set around an artificial pool called Labi Hovuz, the central square has a unique atmosphere and is a great place to admire the architecture, enjoy local food, sip tea, slurp ice cream, bargain with souvenir sellers, or just have a breather sitting on a bench in the sun.

There are many must-visit stops in Bukhara. Be sure to make time for the Ark , a former residence of Bukhara Emir, the eye-catching medressas of Mir-i-Arab , Nadir Divanbegi and Abdul Aziz Khan , the Kalon Minaret , and the inspiring Sitorai Mohi Hosa summer palace.

While the old city might seem compact on the map, Bukhara deserves at least two full days. This is one of those cities where you can discover endless new layers each time you return.

Planning tip: Multicultural, ancient and packed with interesting experiences, Bukhara is best enjoyed in spring and autumn when the weather is not too hot or too cold.

3. The Savitsky Museum in Nukus

Best stop for art lovers

Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in the west of Uzbekistan, lures many visitors thanks to the unusual landscapes of the Aral Sea , the Ustyurt Plateau and the ancient fortresses in the surrounding desert. But one of the most interesting destinations is the Savitsky Museum (or the Nukus Museum of Art) in the regional capital, Nukus. It displays a vast collection of Russian avant-garde art, secretly preserved during Soviet times. Its founder, Igor Savitsky, was an art connoisseur who saved roughly 100,000 artworks, showcasing the rich lifestyle and heritage of people in this area.

Planning tip: Trains from Tashkent to Nukus can take more than 20 hours; many travelers arrive by air to maximize time for sightseeing.

4. Ichan Kala, Khiva

Best for stepping into the past

The open-air museum that is the city of Khiva used to be the capital of the Khorezm Shakhs and later the hub of the Khiva Khanate, and it still preserves its own language, traditions and culture. The fascinating Ichan Kala (which means “inner city”) is the fortress in the heart of Khiva, and most of the architectural attractions are located inside of it. Visit the atmospheric Juma mosque, the Tosh-Hovli Palace (with its harem rooms for wives of the ruler), and the Kalta Minor minaret, and you’ll feel the grandeur and tranquility of Central Asia in the Middle Ages.

Some of the historic buildings have been transformed into boutique hotels – it’s a very unusual feeling to stay overnight in a room of medieval features, but with all the modern facilities you could want, such as air-conditioning and a hot shower. Get to know the culture of Khiva through classes, from baking bread all the way to lessons in energetic Khorezm dancing.

5. Margilan

Best for lovers of traditional art forms

Moving from historical to artistic sites, the city of Margilan in the Fergana Valley is a great place to discover the history of ikat fabric the weaving of textiles with designs pre-dyed into the fibers. This unique weaving technique has independently developed in many different parts of the world, including in Indonesia, Japan, India and Latin America, but the Silk Road made Uzbek ikat particularly famous, thanks to its quality and the variety of the fabrics produced in silk, cotton and velvet.

Margilan is a cozy small town where you can visit long-established makers of Central Asian ikat at the Yodgorlik Silk Factory , speak to modern weavers at local crafts centers, or just enjoy the abundance of the local farmers market and the laidback lifestyle of this mainly agricultural area.

Planning tip: Margilan has been a hub for silk production since the time of the Silk Road; get here easily by shared taxi from Fergana or train from Tashkent. Come on Thursday or Sunday for the local market.

Best for ceramics fans

There is probably no other city in the world with quite so many ceramic artists as Rishtan. As soon as you enter the town, you will see pottery items for sale on both sides of the highway, but don’t rush to buy here because you will find better quality and more authentic works in the studios of local craftspeople.

Rishtan was already famous for glazed ceramics 1000 years ago, thanks to the unique soil – the richest source of terracotta clay in the region. The workshops of Alister Nazirov and Rustam Usmanov are famous for preserving and popularizing the ancient techniques of Uzbek ceramics art. However, there are many skilled crafters and ceramics centers for all tastes and budgets in the city.

7. Tashkent

Best stop for city slickers

The Uzbek capital, Tashkent , is not just an entry point to the country, but a diverse and fascinating destination in its own right. Islamic architecture, vibrant avenues, art and history museums, theaters, international gastronomy and nightlife make for a modern, cosmopolitan experience.

Start with a visit to central Amir Timur square, where you can drop into the Amir Timur Museum , view the Amir Timur monument and the Tashkent clock tower (which now hosts two quirky restaurants), and visit a famous piece of Soviet monumental architecture, the Hotel Uzbekistan .

Nearby, so-called Broadway Street is especially colorful in the evening with souvenir shops, street food and amusements. A short hop west, Tashkent City Park offers plenty of ways to keep busy, with an aquarium, planetarium, dancing fountains and street shows, as well as diverse restaurants, modern hotels, shopping malls and an open-air cinema. For a shopping treasure hunt, head to the vast Chorsu Bazaar , Tashkent’s best-loved marketplace, or the Navruz Ethnopark to discover traditional clothing and accessories, local crafts and authentic Uzbek food.

8. Konigil Village

Best crafts stop if you’re short on time

On the outskirts of Samarkand, the village of Konigil is an atmospheric destination. This village is an amazing place to learn about the crafts of the region in one place. The Meros Paper Mill specializes in traditional silk paper, and you can also see the production of vegetable oil, ceramics, carpets and other local crafts. There are places to sample local food and even a small guest house, conveniently located in one tranquil space near the small, tree-shaded Siab River. Time slows down here, and it’s a beautiful escape for a half day or more.

9. Zaamin National Park

Best escape for nature lovers

Among the many picturesque mountain areas in Uzbekistan, Zaamin National Park holds a special place in the hearts of locals, thanks to its unspoiled natural scenery. Until recently, this picturesque destination east of Samarkand was off the radar of foreign tourists but well-explored by the people of the area. The air of Zaamin is considered to have healing properties, and nature here is pure and abundant – indeed, the area is often compared to Switzerland.

Many unique types of flora and fauna are found here, including black storks, black bears, lynx and snow leopards, and locals are warm and sincere. There’s a beautiful lake-like reservoir and great trails for hiking, and people come there in both summer and winter to stay in the area’s new international hotels and run in the Zaamin Ultramarathon in June.

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21 Incredible Landmarks in Uzbekistan You Don’t Want to Miss

Few countries on earth are blessed with the historic, cultural and architectural treasures of Uzbekistan. Home to three of the region’s most exceptional cities in Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva, the quantity and quality of the Silk Road era mosques, mausoleums and madrasahs, bazaars, citadels and tombs are not only phenomenal but also astonishing. With so many different things to see and do, here are 21 of the most incredible landmarks to see in Uzbekistan .

1 Registan Square (Samarkand)

Few places epitomise Uzbekistan more than Registan Square and it is unquestionably the country’s most recognisable landmark. Sitting at the ancient epicentre of the Silk Road city of Samarkand, this beautifully proportioned square is flanked by three historic madrasahs, the oldest of which dates to the early 15th century. For centuries Registan Square was the centre of Samarkand’s public life – it was here that announcements were made, executions took place, markets were held and festivals celebrated but a decline in trade saw the buildings deteriorate until 20th century renovations. UNESCO protected, today the structures are dazzling – the madrasahs intricately decorated with multi-coloured mosaics and the towering domes resplendent with vibrant azure tiles.

2 Po-i-Kalyan and the Kalyan Minaret (Bukhara)

The foremost Islamic religious complex in Bukhara, the Po-i-Kalyan lies at the heart of what is Central Asia’s holiest city. Best known for the towering Kalyan Minaret, which was spared destruction by the invading forces of Genghis Khan, the buildings here have changed little over the centuries. The compound also houses a 500 year old mosque and grand madrasah however the Kalyan Minaret is the highlight. Dating to 1127 AD, the minaret is nearly 50 metres in height and was most probably the tallest structure in the region at the time of its construction.

3 Kalta Minor Minaret (Khiva)

The squat, highly decorative Kalta Minor Minaret is one of Khiva’s most distinctive sites. Its massive circumference but stunted height has fuelled many rumours since it was constructed with a popular legend being that the minaret’s foundations were originally intended to support a structure so tall that those at the top would be able to see the city of Bukhara over 400kms away. Whether there is any truth to this is unclear, however, what is certain is that the minaret was intended to be much taller than its final height but following the death of its sponsor soon after building started in 1851, construction was halted and the structure left unfinished.

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4 Khast-Imam Square (Tashkent)

A series of major earthquakes, the most devastating of which occurred in 1966, deprived Tashkent of much of its ancient heritage. Under Soviet rule many of the traditional buildings lost were replaced by ones similar to those found throughout the rest of the USSR and recent development has further changed the city with more open areas, wide avenues and contemporary architecture. Khast-Imam Square, the centre of the old city, largely survived both natural disasters and redevelopment and remains the location of Tashkent’s most important religious and historic monuments. Places of interest include Tilla Sheikh Mosque, which houses a rare 7th century Koran, and the Mausoleum of Abu Bakr Kaffal Shashi.

5 Tomb of Daniel (Samarkand)

A number of different locations in Central Asia and the Middle East claim to be the final resting place of the biblical prophet Daniel but one of the most compelling is set a short distance from the city of Samarkand. Occupying a commanding position atop a hill that overlooks the Siab River, the prophet’s actual physical tomb is unusually long with it said to represent his importance and holiness. Legends abound as to how the remains arrived here, some believe early Christians, others say Timur returned with them from the Near East, and there is also debate as to the exact contents of the large coffin. There is also a natural spring which is said to have healing properties.

6 Chor Minor (Bukhara)

Instantly recognisable, the pretty Chor Minor is one of Bukhara’s more unusual landmarks. Although small in stature, the building is beautiful proportioned and was once an entry gatehouse for a two hundred year old madrasah that is no longer standing. The name translates as ‘Four Minarets’, a literal description of the number of towers that stand at each corner of the structure. Although not strictly minarets, the towers feature religious decorations and are topped by turquoise-blue domes.

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7 Kunya-ark Citadel (Khiva)

Originally dating to the early 12th century, the Kunya-ark Citadel was the main fortress and residence of the rulers of Khiva. Expanded in the late 17th century, it is one of the best preserved military structures in Uzbekistan and has changed little over the years. Adjoining the historical inner city of Khiva, Kunya-Ark is close to the West Gate and has huge exterior walls that enclose a complex housing everything from palaces and mosques to an arsenal, mint, workshops, jail and warehouses. Highlights include the 19th century Summer Mosque, throne room, harem and royal mint.

8 Bibi-Khanym Mosque (Samarkand)

With its turquoise-coloured domes and elaborate geometric tiled designs, Bibi-Khanym is one of the country’s most impressive mosques and a centrepiece to Timur’s vast empire. At the time of its completion in 1404 the mosque was said to have been one of the largest in the Islamic world and its minarets, monumental dome and grand entrance gateway required innovative engineering solutions that pushed the building techniques of the time to their limit. Over the following centuries the complex fell into disrepair, eventually succumbing to an earthquake at the end of the 19th century but has recently undergone a period of restoration.

9 Ark Fortress (Bukhara)

The Ark Fortress, residence of the Bukhara khans, is the city’s oldest structure and believed to have been inhabited since the 4th century BC. Essentially a walled royal town within Bukhara’s old city, the Ark Fortress was once the epicentre of the Bukhara Khanate and contained homes, mosques, stables and markets, a treasury, the Emir’s apartments, an armoury and a prison. By the early 20th century, the Red Army had reached Bukhara and bombing caused substantial damage to the interior of the fortress. However, many of the royal chambers remain as does the Friday Mosque, prison, the emir’s personal mosque and a collection of museums.

10 Chorsu Bazaar (Tashkent)

Standing in the centre of Tashkent’s old town, the huge blue-domed structure of Chorsu Bazaar dominates the surrounding city. This area has been a centre for trade and produce for centuries but the current marketplace is a modern construction. However, the cavernous interior is impressive and everything and anything can be found here from spices, fruit and vegetables to sweets, clothing and livestock. Outside, open-air food stalls selling shashlik kebabs, bread and plov are busy at all times of day. The remaining low-rise mud-brick homes of the old town are a short walk to the north and there is also a 400 year old madrasah and mosque nearby.

11 Ulugh Beg Observatory (Samarkand)

Located north of Samarkand, the Ulugh Beg Observatory provides compelling evidence of the scientific advancement of the medieval Islamic world. Although little remains today, in its heyday there was a three-storey observatory, however, its large curved track is all that can now be seen. Instigated by astronomer, mathematician and ruler of Samarkand Ulugh Beg, the complex was completed in the 1420s and built to his exact requirements. The results of the work carried out at the Ulugh Beg Observatory influenced astronomers as far afield as Europe, China and India. There is also a small museum to visit.

12 Magok-i-Attari Mosque (Bukhara)

Thought to be one of the oldest surviving mosques in Central Asia, Magok-i-Attari is set in the heart of ancient Bukhara and forms part of the UNESCO protected structures. Long thought to occupy a site of significant religious importance, excavations in the 1930s also uncovered a pre-Islamic Zoroastrian temple believed to date to the 5th century. The first mosque was erected some time in the 9th or 10th centuries, pre-dating the Mongol invasion, and saw further architectural embellishments during the 1500s. Interestingly, the mosque and adjoining square are lower than the surrounding lanes standing at, what is believed to be, the town’s original street level.

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13 Shakhi-Zinda Necropolis (Samarkand)

The most important place of pilgrimage in Uzbekistan, the Shakhi-Zinda Necropolis is an avenue of interconnected, exquisitely decorated mausoleums and graves close to the Bibi-Khanym Mosque. In all the complex is formed of religious buildings constructed over a period of eight hundred years – the earliest of which belongs to Qusam ibn-Abbas who is traditionally believed to have brought Islam to Samarkand during the 7th century. The finest of the buildings are those of the Timurid era and showcase elaborate tilework, intricate mosaics and delicate terracotta designs.

14 Ismail Samani Mausoleum (Bukhara)

Bukhara’s oldest surviving Muslim monument, the Ismail Samani Mausoleum is the final resting place of the founder of the Samanid Empire – a realm that, at its zenith, controlled a huge expanse of Central Asia stretching from Kazakhstan in the north to Iran and Pakistan in the south. Construction of the mausoleum was finished by the middle of the 10th century and the building has changed little since that time making it a significant monument both historically and architecturally. Decorated with a sophisticated and attractive terracotta brick design, the building’s shape is reminiscent of a Zoroastrian fire temple which indicates a link to ancient pre-Islamic influences.

15 Ak Saray Palace (Shakrisabz)

The monumental edifice of Timur’s summer palace dominates the ancient remains of Shakrisabz. Directly ordered by Timur, Ak Saray Palace was to be the grandest building in his empire and a symbol of his power and wealth. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the complex was completed at the beginning of the 1400s and, despite damage over the centuries, has been sensitively restored. Ak Saray is renowned for the quality of its workmanship and features a wide variety of designs and colours. The detailed mosaic and majolica work is particularly refined and features depictions of foliage and calligraphic inscriptions of both Koranic and secular content.

16 Trading Domes of Bukhara

Bukhara’s trading domes have welcomed explorers, travellers and traders for centuries. Dating back to the 1500s when the city, and wider region, was flourishing due to the money and produce that arrived via the Silk Road, at its zenith there were five domed bazaars in Bukhara each of which specialised in specific merchandise. Today only a few of these covered markets are left standing, however, they remain in everyday use selling everything from herbs, spices, jewellery and carpets to household items, clothing and local souvenirs.

17 Madrasah of Muhammad Amin-Khan (Khiva)

One of Khiva’s best preserved religious buildings, the Madrasah of Muhammad Amin-khan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and located within the ancient walled city beside the Kalta Minor Minaret. Not as old as many of the other structures in the vicinity, the madrasah was completed in 1854 and commissioned, and named after, the ruler of Khiva at that time. Once one of the region’s most important educational institutions, the Madrasah of Muhammad Amin-khan has two-stories, is richly decorated and, under Soviet rule, was for a short period a prison.

18 Mausoleum of Imam al-Bukhari (Samarkand)

Located outside of Samarkand, the Mausoleum of Imam al-Bukhari is the final resting place of one of Islam’s most respected theologians and scientists. Born in Bukhara in 810 AD, al-Bukhari travelled extensively throughout his life, studied under influential scholars and, ultimately, wrote a number of significant and authoritative works. After his death, the mausoleum became a revered pilgrimage site and a few hundred years later a mosque was built nearby. The whole complex was renovated at the turn of the last century by the Uzbek government.

The Silk Road

Following the dramatic path of the famous Silk Road, traverse Imperial China from capital Beijing to the nation’s barren western limits then through the secretive central Asian countries of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

19 Islam Khodja Complex (Khiva)

A little over a hundred years old, the Islam Khodja complex is one of the more recent additions to Khiva’s historic centre. Formed of a large madrassah and massive minaret, the latter is the tallest structure in the city and is nearly 60 metres in height. The minaret is slender, tapering to a gilded point and is heavily decorated with concentric rings of blue tiling leading to an elaborate top from which the call to prayer is recited by the muezzin. It is a steep climb to the summit of the Islam Khodja minaret but the views of the city are spectacular.

20 Chashma-Ayub (Bukhara)

One of the more distinctive buildings in Uzbekistan, the Chashma-Ayub mausoleum has a unique conical-shaped dome. Known as ‘Job’s well’, local legend has it that the holy spring which bubbles up at the site was created when the prophet Job struck the ground with his staff. The mausoleum was built in stages over a period of time between the 12th and 16th centuries and inside it is still possible to drink from the spring which is said to have healing properties.

21 Siyob Bazaar (Samarkand)

A short walk to the north of Registan Square and next to the monumental remains of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Siyob Bazaar is Samarkand’s most important and largest market. Part covered and part open-air, the bazaar is largely modern in appearance but, in many ways, provides a direct link to the city’s ancient trading heritage. Covering a vast area, this is a true marketplace of the eastern tradition selling everything from fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices to dried fruits, sweets, local breads and nuts.

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Monuments of Uzbekistan

On the plains of Central Asia there are many cities with hundreds of architectural monuments from various epochs. Among the most famous are Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Shakhrisabz, Termez and Kokand. These cities were centers of science and art. Great architects created palaces, mosques and mausoleums, world famous monuments of ancient architecture, to memorialize Alexander the Great and Gengiz Khan. Many of these masterpieces did not survive, but by visiting those which have been preserved, it is possible to glimpse pages of history.

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Visit These Famous Historical Sites In Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, a country with exuberant history and culture, is home to some of the most stunning ancient cities and enchanting landscapes, like the majestic deserts of Kyzulkum and the peaceful, lush valleys of Zarafshan. Not only is Uzbekistan known for its culture, traditions and undying history, but it is also known for its rich history, which beautifully portrays Uzbekistan&rsquos Islamic heritage, its colourful, bustling bazaars and its delicious cuisine, which is an exceptional blend of Middle-eastern, Central Asian as well as Russian flavours. Uzbekistan has something to offer to everyone. Whether you&rsquore looking for adventure or a relaxing holiday, Uzbekistan is where you should be this holiday season. The enthralling historic sites of Uzbekistan make everyone keep coming back for more. From Soviet Union-influenced architectural buildings to skyline mosques, Uzbekistan is a dream come true for all history buffs. Here are some of the historical sites you should visit.

Gur-i Amir is a must-visit tourist attraction in Uzbekistan and is considered one of the many masterpieces of Islamic architecture. In the former silk road city of Samarkand, Gur-i Amir was the mausoleum of the Mongol leader, Tamerlane. Tamerlane (also known as Timur) built the Gur-i Amir as a resting place for his grandson, Muhammad Sultan, who died in a battle. The mausoleum is popularly known for its sublime architecture, a phenomenal blend of Persian and Islamic elements. It has a large turquoise dome intricately designed with calligraphy and geometric patterns. The turquoise dome of the Gur-i Amir has become quite a remarkable symbol of the city of Samarkand and can be spotted very easily from different parts of the city. The dome is tiled into two hues of blue, with the bands of the tiles containing a Kufic inscription that says &ldquoGod is Eternal&rdquo. The mausoleum has been constructed towards the southern side of a walled squared courtyard that was defined by a Madrasa and a Khanaqah on two corners of the courtyard. The interiors of Gur-i Amir consist of a square chamber, a stairway located in the southeastern corner of the chamber that leads towards the &ldquoCruciform Crypt&rdquo. In 1424, Ulugh Beg added a corridor to the Gur-i Amir, also known as Beg&rsquos gallery. Gur-i Amir provides visitors with an amazing opportunity to explore the rich history of the Timurid era and appreciate the breathtaking Islamic architecture. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque

This majestic congregational mosque, located northeast of Registan, is a one-of-its-kind monument in the entire Central Asian region. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque has been made entirely out of spoils extracted from Timur&rsquos invasion of India. It is said that Timur ordered that the Bibi-Khanym Mosque be constructed as a surprise for his wife, Bibi Khanym. However, the architect fell in love with Bibi Khanym and refused to finish the construction of the mosque until he received a kiss. After this incident, the architect was executed by Timur, and it was ordered that all women wear veils at all times. When the construction of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque began, it began with the intention of it being the largest mosque the Islamic world had ever seen, with a breathtaking entrance, majestic domes, designed very intricately, beautiful tilework, etc. However, over the centuries, the mosque had to face the ravages of natural disasters, destruction, neglect, etc. In an attempt to restore the mosque, several renovation and restoration projects took place in the 20th century, and the mosque was restored, showcasing certain elements of the original project. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque is a must-visit site and stands as a testament to Uzbekistan&rsquos rich culture and history.

Itchan Kala

Located in the heart of Khiva, the city of Itchan Kala is home to 50 historical monuments and around 250 traditional dwellings dating back to the 19th century. Recognised as a UNESCO world heritage site, the Itchan Kala is known for its well-preserved architecture. A mud-brick wall with numerous historical buildings, such as Madrasahs, Mosques, Mausoleums, etc, surrounds the city. A few of the remarkable buildings located within the premises of Itchan Kala include the Mohammad Amin Khan Madrasah, Tash Hauli Palace, Islam Khodja Minaret, etc. The buildings are adorned with beautiful mosaics and intricate carvings, and walking through the picturesque streets of Itchan Kala can be a great way to explore the town in a better manner. Being one of the most secluded areas along the Silk Road, Khiva acted as a resting spot for people travelling. Itchan Kala offers visitors a truly captivating historical and cultural experience and is the perfect destination that combines Uzbekistan&rsquos cultural authenticity, history and tradition.

Cover Photo Credits Shutterstock

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Cultural heritage of Uzbekistan

To date, UNESCO Representative World Heritage list includes 4 architectural complexes - the Ichan Kala Museum-reserve in Khiva (1990), the historical center of Bukhara (1993), the historical center of Samarkand "Samarkand – crossroads of cultures" (2001), the historical center of Shakhrisabz, the Ugam-Chatkal National Park (2016) and 9 monuments of intangible heritage.

Since the Independence of Uzbekistan, the country has focused not only on preserving cultural heritage through restoration work on monuments, but also on strengthening national consciousness and recognition in world culture.

For more than a Millennium, minarets and ancient domes have become a kind of symbol of many cities, a picturesque silhouette of urban landscapes, their religious and educational institutions-mosques and madrassas.

In independent Uzbekistan, these unique creations of ancient architects have acquired a special status as objects of priceless cultural heritage and are under special state protection.

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