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Pre-operational Water of Construction: Case Study of a Commercial Complex in Pune, India

2015, International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology

Pune, situated in the western part of India in the state of Maharashtra is a burgeoning city that has been growing in leaps and bounds since the past decade. Growth of any city is associated with growth in infrastructure and the construction sector. Construction is known to be very water intensive consuming a lot of fresh water in its pre‐operational stage. With all the construction activity happening in the city of Pune which incidentally lies in water stressed zone, depending on rainwater as its only source of water, it is imperative to assess the quantum of fresh water that is actually associated with the construction of buildings in its pre‐operational stage. A recently completed commercial complex in the heart of the city was studied with an objective to assess the quantum of pre‐operational water, also referred to as virtual water or embodied water, and compare it with the operational water demand of the case study. The methodology of the study includes the indirect water embodied in the major materials of construction termed as inherent water and the water use during construction termed as induced water. The inherent water and the induced water were added to arrive at the quantum of pre‐operational water. The study found that the pre‐operational water demand of the commercial complex was to the tune of 23.8895 kl/m2 of constructed floor area with steel contributing to the maximum. The pre‐operational water translated to 31.16% of the operational water demand considering a 50 year life cycle, or 15.58 years of operational water, clearly indicating the significance that it holds, and the attention that it demands.

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Construction of buildings is a highly resource intensive process, concerning use of materials, land, energy and water. Since buildings are required to fulfill our primary need for shelter, consumption of these resources is simply unavoidable. However, with shrinking stock of natural resources and degrading ecosystem services, the consumption process has to be wise, judicious and non-wasteful. Search for alternative and recycled materials, multiple floor spaces and use of renewable energy are some of the human responses against the perceived threat of materials, land and energy constraints respectively. Water resource management in building construction and operation, however, has still a long way to go, especially because the amount of water used per unit area of construction largely remains undocumented. There has been some pioneering research on embodied water measurement of several non-residential buildings in India. In this backdrop, the present paper seeks to understand and assess the quantity of fresh water used in contemporary urban multi-storied residential buildings and reports a study conducted for a real-life project in Tamilnadu, India. Since the use of construction water directly varies with the type of construction, a steel and glass building will have its embodied water-footprint mainly on account of that of its materials while on-site water use plays a major role in case of a cast-in-situ reinforced cement concrete and brick building. Thus, water efficiency at the production stage is required in the first case while the second category demands concerns and actions at the consumption stage. This paper examines some of the issues related to the subject like water demand at material production as well as construction stage and the resultant embodied water of typical urban constructions in India, which was found to be in the range of about 27 Kilolitres/Sq m of total built-up area.

Innovative Research Publications , Indraneel Roy Choudhuri

The pre-operational embodied water of an upcoming multi-storied residential complex in Gurgaon, India was quantified at 24.0705 kl/m2 of floor area by computing the water embedded in materials of construction and water used during construction. This translated to 66.21% of the operational water of the complex considering a 50 year life cycle

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Background/Objectives: Water conservation in buildings seldom considers the water used in building production or in other words the virtual water content of buildings. There is very few reported research in this field, especially in the Indian context, despite the fact that water scarcity is a burning issue requiring urgent attention. The paper attempts to provide a baseline study of virtual water content of urban buildings in India and establish its significance in sustainable design practice. Methods: Virtual water content is calculated through case studies of one residential building each from Kolkata and Pune under a common framework. The methodology includes the computation of inherent and induced virtual water, where the former is on account of the materials and the latter is for the actual construction. The inherent water considers five major materials of construction viz. bricks, cement, steel, aluminium and glass, as data pertaining to embodied water coefficients of only these are available on date. The inherent and induced virtual water when added gives the total virtual water content expressed per unit floor area. Findings: The virtual water content was calculated at 19.3588 kl/m2 and 16.2707 kl/m2 for Kolkata and Pune respectively. The inherent water component at 61.45% and 82.00% of the virtual water for Kolkata and Pune respectively conformed to earlier findings that the inherent water was comparatively more significant than the induced water component. An important finding of the study was that buildings in warm-humid climate used more water in their on-site processes as compared to their counterparts in moderate climate. The quantum of virtual water translates to water requirement of 1233 families for one whole year on an average. This is a significant amount of water hidden in buildings that goes unnoticed. Applications/Improvements: Rapid urbanization and growing water scarcity necessitates serious attention to virtual water content of buildings for a more holistic approach towards water conservation leading to a sustainable future. In this context, the study assumes a novel approach in our understanding of virtual water content of buildings and hopes to inspire further research in this area.

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Technical Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Pune Local Centre

Buildings are known to be highly water intensive consuming enormous amounts of fresh water during its entire life cycle, leading to various strategies for conserving it. Unfortunately, these strategies target the operational water use of the buildings while the pre-operational water is grossly overlooked. The paper investigates the significance of pre-operational embodied water through the case study of a multiplex in Kolkata, India and existing published works in this field of research with an aim to establish the importance of factoring the same for innovative and sustainable design practices. The methodology includes the water embodied in materials of construction termed as inherent embodied water and the water use during construction termed as induced embodied water. The study computes the pre-operational embodied water as 24.3968 kl/m2 of floor area, which translates to 36.33% of the operational water demand considering a 50 year life cycle, or 18.16 years’ of operational water clearly indicating the significance that it holds, and the attention that it demands.

Dimiter Alitchkov

The analysis of the water use of the different consumers is an important issue for the proper design, performance and management not only for the water supply and sewerage systems in the buildings, but also for the urban water infrastructure as a whole. Water use changes with time due to many climatic, socio-economic, cultural and technical factors and is tightly connected with the development of the society and technologies. When the change becomes substantial, there is a need of upgrading and verification of the design parameters and methods, but also the construction practices and maintenance requirements as well as the corresponding regulations, so that they become adequate with current and future development. Analysis of the different methods characterizing the water use in the buildings on quantative basis as well as the determination of its seasonal, daily, hourly or shorter period of time variation is made. The advantages and disadvantages of water demand mathematical models...

Prof Robert Crawford

Mazlan Mohd Tahir

Water is a natural gift upon all life forms since the early civilization of mankind and Malaysia is one of the nation that is rich with water resources. Since decades ago, the development in the water sector spurs the social economic growth of this country (Mohd. Azhar, 2000). As time goes by with rapid urbanisation across Malaysia, the demand for water especially in buildings, increase to accommodate a growing population and their needs. Roodman et al. (1995) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (Al-Tamimi, 2011) highlight that the World watch Institute estimates building consumption to be at least 40% of the world’s energy and 16% of the water used annually. However, issues like increasing wastages and mismanagement of water leads to a problem towards this resources. Hence, the first part of the paper assesses the issues faced globally and locally towards water resources and the principles of water quality cascade in relation to sustainable water management in build...

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