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Modeling Digital Business Ecosystems: A Systematic Literature Review

The changing business landscapes urge organizations to collaborate and combine their expertise to stay competitive. Organizations establish partnerships and collaborate via the Internet, which often happens dynamically and at fast pace resulting in formation of Digital Business Ecosystems (DBEs). DBEs are complex and their management requires having explicit and up-to-date information about them. Modeling enables thorough visual analysis and facilitates the understanding and formation of DBEs. It also allows viewing DBEs through multiple perspectives, as well as exploring alternatives in the course of DBE formation or management. This systematic review aims to synthesize existing studies pertaining to Conceptual Modeling for analysis, design, and management of DBEs. A total of 94 studies were included in the review. The findings suggest that there is a scarcity of existing Conceptual Modeling methods and tools supporting DBEs. Additionally, the extensive emphasis on DBEs’ actors in modeling leads to an urgent need for the methods to be extended to support the establishment of holistic views for integrating multiple perspectives of DBEs. Future research should focus on these areas to facilitate the transformation of how organization’s collaborations are viewed – from a single-organization to a multitude of viewpoints on organizational networks of collaboration, coexistence, and competition. Such models also need to support the key features of DBEs, such as resilience and automation.

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Digital business ecosystem: Literature review and a framework for future research

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A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial ecosystems in advanced and emerging economies

  • Published: 02 March 2020
  • Volume 57 , pages 75–110, ( 2021 )

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business ecosystem literature review

  • Zhe Cao 1 &
  • Xianwei Shi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5977-7880 2  

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The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has been gaining considerable attention during the past decade among practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. However, to date, entrepreneurial ecosystem research has been largely atheoretical and static, and it focused mostly on advanced economies. In this paper, we therefore do two things. We first systematically review entrepreneurial ecosystem literature and propose a conceptual model that explicates three entrepreneurial ecosystem dynamics based on resource , interaction , and governance logics, respectively. We then systematically review empirical studies of emerging economy entrepreneurial ecosystems to build a theoretical framework that highlights their salient features. We reveal three key findings that challenge the direct application of the model vis-à-vis advanced economy entrepreneurial ecosystems to emerging economy entrepreneurial ecosystems: resource scarcities , structural gaps , and institutional voids . Our findings contribute to entrepreneurial ecosystem literature in terms of ecosystem dynamics and contextualizing entrepreneurial ecosystems in emerging economies. We also provide policy implications for emerging countries in fostering new venture creation.

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Appendix 1. Review procedures for search, selection, and exclusion

The systematic review of entrepreneurial ecosystems

Criteria for inclusion for review

Studies providing theoretical contributions

Both theoretical and empirical studies

Focus on entrepreneurial ecosystems

All years (1970–2018)

Search method and scope (949)

A full search of articles within database Web of Science ISI Social Sciences Index

Focus on title and abstract

Search strings ( n  = 589)

TS=((entrep* OR start-up* OR startup*) AND (ecosystem* OR eco-system*))

Expanded search to guarantee exhaustiveness ( n  = 360):

Google scholars first 30 pages (272)

ProQuest (9)

Snowball (54)

Other sources include hand searching, personal contacts, working papers and other gray literature (25)

Exclusion criteria by theoretical relevance (881)

Not related to management, business or economics ( n  = 165)

Foreign language articles ( n  = 50)

Nonpapers, including reports, speeches, call for papers, magazines, and blogs (64)

Screen title and abstract to exclude studies in which the primary focus is not on entrepreneurial ecosystems ( n  = 602)

Single-use, multiple without elaboration, and grammatical coincidence

Unrelated discipline such as environmental studies

Duplicated studies

Pure empirical and descriptive studies that provide little theoretical contribution

Studies focused on corporate-level open innovation

Studies focused on nongeographical ecosystem concepts such as business ecosystems

Studies focused on new firm location choice

Studies focused on the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth

Studies focused on only one or two components of entrepreneurial ecosystems, rather than the ecosystem as a whole

Exclude papers from the same authors that present similar arguments or theories. Keep the representative papers with high citations

For gray literature, check the quality by referring to the quality assessment guidance from Adams et al. ( 2017 ) and only include articles that are fit-for-purpose, provide contributions and are evaluated by field experts

Results unavailable electronically or by other reasonable means

This review resulted in 68 key papers on entrepreneurial ecosystems.

The systematic review of empirical studies on E4s

Empirical articles including both quantitative and qualitative studies

All sectors

Search method and scope (36,896)

Search strings ( n  = 36,886)

TS=((("entrepreneur*”) OR (“new venture*”) OR (“new firm*”) OR (new enterprise*) OR (“startup”) OR (“start-up”) OR (SME*) OR (“small firm*”) OR (“small and medium-sized enterprise*”) OR (“micro and small business*”) OR (“firm formation”) OR (“scale-up”) OR (“scaleup”) OR (stand-up) OR (“business model*”) OR (“scalable business model”) OR (“experimentation”) OR (“lean method”) OR (“lean startup”) OR (“disruption orient*”) OR (“growth oriented”) OR (“entrepreneurial firm*”) OR (“nascent entrepreneur*”) OR (unicorn) OR (digital entrepreneur*”) OR (“digital startup*”))

AND ((“emerging econom*”) OR (“emerging-market”) OR (“emerging countr*”) OR Brazil OR Chile OR China OR Colombia OR Hungary OR Indonesia OR India OR Malaysia OR Mexico OR Peru OR Philippines OR Russia OR (“South Africa”) OR Thailand OR Turkey)

AND ((institution*) OR (“institution* void*”) OR (cultur*) OR (normative) OR (regulatory) OR (resource*) OR (“institution* gap*”) OR (“institution* failure”) OR (“market failure*”) OR (“intermedia*”) OR (sponsor*) OR (“external factor*”) OR (barrier*) OR (constraint*) OR (“founding environment*”) OR (“resource* gap*”) OR (“resource* scarcit*”) OR (“resource* munificen*”) OR (accelerator*) OR (incubator*) OR (“coworking space*”) OR (“financ*”) OR (“venture capital*”) OR (“angel investor*”) OR (crowdfunding*) OR (“human capital”) OR (“science park*”) OR (“entrepreneur* ecosystem*”) OR (“startup ecosystem”) OR (“start-up ecosystem”) OR (“family business*”) OR (“family-owned business*”) OR (“business group*”) OR (“returnee entrepreneur*”) OR (“transnational entrepreneur*”) OR (“entrepreneur* education”)) OR (“mentor*”) OR (“knowledge spill-over*”))

Expanded search to guarantee exhaustiveness ( n  = 10):

Expand to gray literature that focuses on E4s (Google Scholar first 30 pages and ProQuest)

Employ the snowballing technique by browsing through references of potentially relevant articles

A focused search of selected key journals to ensure that articles of relevance not using specified keywords are included

JBV, ETP, SMJ (top entrepreneurship journal)

AMJ, ASQ, and OS (top management journal)

SEJ (entrepreneurship journal related special issues not available on Web of Science database)

Known special focused journals including Research Policy and Small Business Economics

Exclusion criteria by theoretical relevance (36,877)

Reviews, editorials, book reviews, meeting abstracts, news items, discussion, retraction, software review, commentaries, biographical item, speeches, call for papers, magazines, blogs correction, letter, and note ( n  = 13,360)

Foreign language articles ( n  = 1119)

Not related to management, business, or economics ( n  = 19,563)

Screen title and abstract to exclude studies in which the primary focus is not on emerging economy entrepreneurial ecosystems ( n  = 2833)

Conceptual papers

Studies in countries that are not in the list of emerging economies

Noncontextual factors such as individual traits, capabilities, self-efficacy, prior knowledge, and sense-making

Studies focused on large corporations rather than SMEs and entrepreneurship, e.g., corporate entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship

Studies focused on the role of entrepreneurship in economic development and global networks

Studies focused on innovation rather than entrepreneurship

Studies focused on new firm strategies such as marketing, risk management, and talent management strategies

Studies focused on new construct and measurement development or validations

Studies focused on firm-level capabilities, e.g., entrepreneurial orientation and absorptive capacity

This review resulted in 19 key empirical studies on E4s.

Appendix 2. Entrepreneurial ecosystems dynamics

figure 3

Conceptual model of entrepreneurial ecosystems dynamics

Appendix 3. Entrepreneurial ecosystems in emerging economies

figure 4

Conceptual model of entrepreneurial ecosystems dynamics in emerging economies

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Cao, Z., Shi, X. A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial ecosystems in advanced and emerging economies. Small Bus Econ 57 , 75–110 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00326-y

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Accepted : 07 February 2020

Published : 02 March 2020

Issue Date : June 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00326-y

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