artificial intelligence assignment 1

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• Patrick Henry Winston

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These problem sets (also known as “labs” in 6.034) are from the Fall 2012 version of the course, but should line up well with the Fall 2010 lectures.

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COMP3308 – Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Assignment 1

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Comp3308-assignemnt-1, assignment 1: search methods.

Submission: 5pm, Friday 21 April, 2017 (mid‐semester break). This assignment is worth 10% of your final mark. It is an individual assignment; no group work

Late submissions policy

No late submissions are allowed.

Programming languages

Your implementation can be written in Python, Java, C, C++ or MATLAB. The assignment will be tested on the University machines, so your code must be compatible with the language version installed on those machines.

Your assignment must be completed individually using the submission tool PASTA ( http://comp3308.it.usyd.edu.au ). In order to connect to the website, you’ll need to be connected to the university VPN. You can read this page to find out how to connect to the VPN. PASTA will allow you to make as many submissions as you wish, and each submission will provide you with feedback on each of the components of the assignment. You last submission before the assignment deadline will be marked, and the mark displayed on PASTA will be the final mark for your assignment

1. The 3‐digit puzzle

In this assignment, you will implement a number of search algorithms to solve the 3‐digit puzzle. Given are two 3‐digit numbers called S (start) and G (goal) and also a set of 3‐digit numbers called forbidden. To Solve the puzzle, we want to get from S to G in the smallest number of moves. A move is a transformation of one number into another number by adding or subtracting 1 to one of its digits. For example, a move can take you from 123 to 124 by adding 1 to the last digit or from 953 to 853 by subtracting 1 from the first digit. Moves must satisfy the following constraints:

• You cannot add to the digit 9 or subtract from the digit 0;
• You cannot make a move that transforms the current number into one of the forbidden numbers;
• You cannot change the same digit twice in two successive moves.

Note that since the numbers have 3 digits, at the beginning there are at most 6 possible moves from S. After the first move, the branching factor is at most 4, due to the constraints on the moves and especially due to constraint 3.

For the purpose of this assignment numbers starting with 0, e.g. 018, are considered 3‐digit numbers.

• Write a program to find a solution of the puzzle using the following 6 search strategies: BFS, DFS, IDS, Greedy, A* and Hill‐climbing. Use the Manhattan heuristic as a heuristic for A* and Greedy and also as the evaluation function in Hill‐climbing. The Manhattan heuristic for a move between two numbers A and B is the sum of the absolute differences of the corresponding digits of these numbers, e.g. h(123, 492) = |1 - 4| + |2 - 9| + |3 - 2| = 11.
• Avoid cycles. When selecting a node from the fringe for expansion, if it hasn’t been expanded yet, expand it, otherwise discard it. Hint: It is not just the three digitsthat you need to consider when determining if you have expanded a node before. Two nodes are the same if a) they have the same 3 digits; and b) they have the same ‘child’ nodes.
• 1 is subtracted from the first digit
• 1 is added to the first digit
• 1 is subtracted from the second digit
• 1 is added to the second digit
• 1 is subtracted from the third digit
• 1 is added to the third digit Example: the order of the children of node 678 coming from parent 668 is 578, 778, 677, 679. Note that there are no children for the second digit as it already has been changed in the previous move (constraint 3).
• For the heuristic search strategies: if there are nodes with the same priority for expansion, expand the last added node.
• Set a limit of 1000 expanded nodes maximum, and when it is reached, stop the search and print a message that the limit has been reached (see section “Input and Output” for the exact message required).

3. Input and Ouput

As your program will be automatically tested, it is important that you adhere to these strict rules for program input and output.

Your program should be called ThreeDigits, and will be run from the command line with the following arguments:

• A single letter representing the algorithm to search with, out of B for BFS, D for DFS, I for IDS, G for Greedy, A for A*, H for Hill‐climbing.
• A filename of a file to open for the search details. This file will contain the following:

For example, the file puzzle.txt might contain the following:

This file means that the search algorithm will start at state 345, and the goal is state 555. The search may not pass through any of 355, 445 or 554. Remember that the last line may not be present; i.e. there are no forbidden values.

The following examples show how the program would be run for each of the submission languages, assuming we want to run the A* search algorithm, and the input is in a file called sample.txt .

Python (version 2.7.9):

Java (version 1.8):

C (gcc version 4.4.7):

C++ (gcc version 4.4.7):

You program will output two lines only. The first line will contain the solution path found from the start node to the goal node (inclusive), in the form of states separated by commas. If no path can be found with the given parameters, then the first line should be “No solution found.”.

The second line should be the order of nodes expanded during the search process, in the form of states separated by commas. If no path was found, this should still print the list of expanded nodes. Remember that this list should never exceed 1000 states (point 5 in the Tasks section).

sample.txt:

Note that the outputs of BFS and IDS here are quite long, and so the second line has wrapped. These outputs are still only two lines.

4. Submission Details

This assignment is to be submitted electronically via the PASTA submission system.

Your submission files should be zipped together in a single .zip file and include a main program called ThreeDigits. Valid extensions are .java, .py, .c, .cpp, .cc, and .m. If your program contains only a single file, then you can just submit the file without zipping it.

Upload your submission on PASTA under Assignment 1.

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What is artificial intelligence?

artificial intelligence

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

• Harvard University - Science in the News - The History of Artificial Intelligence
• National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare applications
• Lifewire - What is artificial intelligence?
• Computer History Museum - AI and Robotics
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Artificial Intelligence
• artificial intelligence - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
• artificial intelligence (AI) - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the  intellectual processes characteristic of humans , such as the ability to reason. Although there are as yet no AIs that match full human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge, some AIs perform specific tasks as well as humans. Learn more.

Are artificial intelligence and machine learning the same?

No, artificial intelligence and machine learning are not the same, but they are closely related. Machine learning is the method to train a computer to learn from its inputs but without explicit programming for every circumstance. Machine learning helps a computer to achieve artificial intelligence.

Recent News

artificial intelligence (AI) , the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since their development in the 1940s, digital computers have been programmed to carry out very complex tasks—such as discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess —with great proficiency. Despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as yet no programs that can match full human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some programs have attained the performance levels of human experts and professionals in executing certain specific tasks, so that artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as medical diagnosis , computer search engines , voice or handwriting recognition, and chatbots .

What is intelligence?

• Investing in AI stocks
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All but the simplest human behavior is ascribed to intelligence, while even the most complicated insect behavior is usually not taken as an indication of intelligence. What is the difference? Consider the behavior of the digger wasp , Sphex ichneumoneus . When the female wasp returns to her burrow with food, she first deposits it on the threshold , checks for intruders inside her burrow, and only then, if the coast is clear, carries her food inside. The real nature of the wasp’s instinctual behavior is revealed if the food is moved a few inches away from the entrance to her burrow while she is inside: on emerging, she will repeat the whole procedure as often as the food is displaced. Intelligence—conspicuously absent in the case of the wasp—must include the ability to adapt to new circumstances.

(Read Ray Kurzweil’s Britannica essay on the future of “Nonbiological Man.”)

Psychologists generally characterize human intelligence not by just one trait but by the combination of many diverse abilities. Research in AI has focused chiefly on the following components of intelligence: learning, reasoning, problem solving , perception , and using language.

There are a number of different forms of learning as applied to artificial intelligence. The simplest is learning by trial and error. For example, a simple computer program for solving mate-in-one chess problems might try moves at random until mate is found. The program might then store the solution with the position so that, the next time the computer encountered the same position, it would recall the solution. This simple memorizing of individual items and procedures—known as rote learning—is relatively easy to implement on a computer. More challenging is the problem of implementing what is called generalization . Generalization involves applying past experience to analogous new situations. For example, a program that learns the past tense of regular English verbs by rote will not be able to produce the past tense of a word such as jump unless the program was previously presented with jumped , whereas a program that is able to generalize can learn the “add -ed ” rule for regular verbs ending in a consonant and so form the past tense of jump on the basis of experience with similar verbs.

(Read Yuval Noah Harari’s Britannica essay on the future of “Nonconscious Man.”)

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NPTEL An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Assignment 1 Answers 2022 | Week 1 Answers: QUIZXP

• by QuizXp Team
• January 22, 2022 February 22, 2022

Are you looking for the Answers to NPTEL An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Assignment 1 – IIT Delhi? This article will help you with the answer to the  Nation al Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning  ( NPTEL )  Course “ NPTEL An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Assignment 1 “

What is NPTEL An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence?

An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence by IIT Delhi course introduces the variety of concepts in the field of artificial intelligence. It discusses the philosophy of AI, and how to model a new problem as an AI problem. It describes a variety of models such as search, logic, Bayes nets, and MDPs, which can be used to model a new problem. It also teaches many first algorithms to solve each formulation. The course prepares a student to take a variety of focused, advanced courses in various subfields of AI.

CRITERIA TO GET A CERTIFICATE

Average assignment score = 25% of the average of best 8 assignments out of the total 12 assignments given in the course. Exam score = 75% of the proctored certification exam score out of 100

Final score = Average assignment score + Exam score

YOU WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR A CERTIFICATE ONLY IF THE AVERAGE ASSIGNMENT SCORE >=10/25 AND EXAM SCORE >= 30/75. If one of the 2 criteria is not met, you will not get the certificate even if the Final score >= 40/100.

Below you can find the answers for NPTEL An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Assignment 1

NPTEL An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Assignment 1 Answers:-

Q1. Who is known as the “Father of Artificial Intelligence”?

Answer:- c – John McCarthy

Q2. What were the reasons leading to the first AI winter in 1974-80 ?

Answer:- a,c,d

Q3. Which of the following programs completed a major mathematical proof?

Q4. Which of the following is/are the reason(s) for the recent takeoff of deep learning?

Answer:- b,c,d

???? Next Week Answers: Assignment 02 ????

Q5. Strong AI hypothesis says that

Q6. Which action is a rational agent expected to prioritize?

Q7. Consider an AI agent which is given the task of sorting an array A of n distinct integers where each element ∈ {1,2,..n}. In each time step, the agent is allowed to swap two consecutive elements in the array. What are the state representations which provide complete information about the array?

Answer:- We are a little confused about the answers of 7 and 9 will update soon and notify you on the telegram channel if you know the answer then please comment down below .

Note:- We are going to post answers for all weeks you can join us on telegram for regular updates and if there are any changes in answers then will update on our telegram channel only.

Q8. Which game was AlphaGo built for, and which company was responsible for its development?

Q9. Why is Mathematical Logic considered to be an important part of AI?

Q10. What is an expert system in the context of AI?

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