presentation on wireless network security

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WIRELESS SECURITY

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Shivam Nathani

Amir Seyed Danesh

Dr. A.S.Syed Navaz M.Sc., MCA., M.Phil., Ph.D.,

Nidal Turab

The paper presents an analysis of the WEP, WPA and IEEE 802.11i protocols, from the WLANs security requirements point of view. Then, they are compared by two criteria: the network security level that each one assures and their influence on the network performance.

Computer Science and Information Systems

Radomir Prodanović

Constant increase in use of wireless infrastructure networks for business purposes created a need for strong safety mechanisms. This paper describes WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) protocol for the protection of wireless networks, its security deficiencies, as well as the various kinds of attacks that can jeopardize security goals of WEP protocol: authentication confidentiality and integrity. The paper, also, gives a summary of security improvements of WEP protocol that can lead to the higher level of wireless network infrastructure protection. Comparative analysis shows the advantages of the new 802.11i standard in comparison to the previous security solutions. A proposal of possible security improvements of RSNA (Robust Security Network Association) is presented.

… of the 1st international conference on …

Kahiro Kirongo

International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology

Ijesrt Journal

Globalization and Business

In the last period of time, security in wireless networks and quality of service, became very important and it is a subject of active researches. Communication signals which are extended in some environment can be received by someone else. Companies and individual users must recognize potentially existing problems and try to prevent them. Every system which needs to secure has some deficiencies in it. These deficiencies or part of them can be used by attacker. subsequently, for providing security of the system it is important to consider all possible threats and attacks which can be performed against the system. security mechanisms must provide system security by considering the given threats, attacks and deficiencies. in this article questions of security of wireless networks are discussed, it analyzes possible threats and the appro- priate mechanisms of protection. The most common forms of threats of wireless networks (non-authorised access, Denial of service, Dos and man-in-the-m...

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Ashwani Kush

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• Network security

Wireless communications are central to enterprise networks. This comprehensive guide explains how key wireless features evolved, how it's used in different types of networks, the benefits and challenges of the technology and where the wireless industry is headed.

Wlan security: best practices for wireless network security, follow these wireless network security best practices to ensure your company's wlan remains protected against the top threats and vulnerabilities..

• Andrew Froehlich, West Gate Networks

For many businesses, wired Ethernet is no longer supreme. Instead, IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi has become the go-to network access technology for users and endpoints. Wireless LANs offer many advantages over their wired alternatives. They are reliable and flexible, and they can reduce cost of ownership. WLANs offer easy installation, the ability to move and not be tied to a physical location, and scalability.

With the advantages, however, comes a major disadvantage: security. Wi-Fi's borderless nature -- in combination with a confusing array of legacy and modern authentication, access control and encryption techniques -- makes WLAN security an overwhelming challenge .

Implementing WLAN security measures is complex, so let's break it down in steps. First, we discuss some common WLAN threats enterprises face when the correct security policy isn't in place. Then, we examine the history of WLAN security and the techniques security engineers consider to be the best. Finally, we detail some WLAN best practice security guidelines.

What is WLAN security?

WLAN cybersecurity threats can lead to data theft. To prevent against this risk, security teams put mechanisms in place to stop attempts to read communications being transmitted or received over the wireless medium and collect sensitive information, such as personal information, login credentials or business data.

This article is part of

What is wireless communications? Everything you need to know

• Which also includes:
• A history of wireless for business and a look forward

Wireless network capacity planning and requirements

• 12 types of wireless network attacks and how to prevent them

Teams can use several methods to protect Wi-Fi communications . Some of these methods are generic and help manage both wired and wireless communications risks. These methods include enterprise-grade authentication mechanisms, restricting corporate network access by way of media access control (MAC) address allowlisting, network- and device-based antivirus and malware services, and the use of third-party VPNs.

However, most businesses use a built-in encryption protocol. This forces all Wi-Fi communications to encrypt their data prior to being sent and requires the receiving side to have a decryption code to unencrypt the data once it reaches its destination.

WLAN threats and vulnerabilities

WLAN cybersecurity threats can lead to data loss, malware infections, DDoS attacks and other detrimental scenarios. Teams should be aware of many WLAN threats and vulnerabilities , including the following:

• IP and MAC spoofing. If bad actors successfully connect to the corporate WLAN, they can use tools to impersonate -- or spoof -- trusted devices by changing the source IP address in the packet header or by manipulating an allowlisted device's MAC address. In turn, receiving devices might unknowingly accept the spoofed communications. DDoS botnets and man-in-the-middle attacks are among the most common tactics employed with spoofing.
• DNS cache spoofing/poisoning. DNS spoofing is the act of placing an unauthorized device on the WLAN to spoof the DNS server that other connected clients use. In turn, the spoofed DNS server redirects users and devices that attempt to access a trusted remote resource, such as a website, to a malicious one.

• War driving. When WLAN signals propagate outside company walls and into public spaces, war drivers search for open or exploitable WLANs to use for free internet access -- called piggybacking . Bad actors can also use war driving for more nefarious reasons, such as attempting to find and steal sensitive corporate data.

How WLAN security standards have evolved over time

Early iterations of Wi-Fi focused more on connectivity, as opposed to security. As a result, WLAN security protocols were designed to provide secure access .

The Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) standard, introduced in the late 1990s, was the first attempt to keep hackers from accessing wireless traffic, but it was fatally flawed. WEP relied solely on pre-shared keys (PSKs) to authenticate devices. Users didn't change PSKs frequently enough, however, and hackers found they could use simple tools to crack the statically encrypted key in a few minutes.

WEP is now considered to be woefully insecure and should be removed from corporate use.

In 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced a new standard, Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA ). WPA offered a more secure encryption mechanism. The initial WPA uses a stronger, per-packet key encryption foundation, dubbed Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP).

WPA2, released in 2004, made configuration management easier and added Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) for stronger security protection.

WPA3 uses even stronger encryption mechanisms. Because it was introduced in 2018, however, many legacy devices don't support WPA3. As a result, organizations commonly deploy a combination of the three WPA protocols to protect their corporate WLANs.

Teams commonly configure WPA using one of two authentication key distribution methods:

• WPA-Personal , also known as WPA-PSK , is based on a shared password users employ to gain network access. Because this authentication technique is shared, it's considered less secure than WPA-Enterprise.
• WPA-Enterprise , also known as WPA-Extensible Authentication Protocol (WPA-EAP), uses 802.1x RADIUS to connect to a user database containing individual usernames and passwords. With WPA-EAP, each user must enter a valid username and associated password before gaining access to the WLAN. This method is considered secure because no passwords are shared between users and devices.

WLAN cryptographic algorithms

Enterprise-grade WLANs can use different types of wireless security standards. The cryptographic security algorithm varies depending on the security protocol used. This is an important concept to grasp, as the security algorithm is what protects transmitted and received data from being accessed -- and the effectivity of that protection differs depending on a bad actor's ability to crack the security algorithm.

The following security algorithms are most common in current WLAN environments.

Based on Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4), the WEP encryption algorithm can use a 40-, 104- or 232-bit long key to encrypt data sent across Wi-Fi. The problem with WEP is these keys are static in nature and must be manually changed. If a key isn't updated regularly, bad actors can crack it in relatively short order. Thus, WEP is not recommended for enterprise use.

Also based on RC4, TKIP uses the same cipher stream as WEP. However, the major difference with TKIP is the algorithm automatically changes the key over time and communicates those changes to the sending and receiving device. Additionally, the key size is bumped to 128 bits in length. These two factors eliminate much of the risk found in WEP, as cracking the encryption key takes time. In theory, by the time a bad actor cracks the 128-bit key and attempts to use it to steal data, the algorithm has already shifted and moved to a new key.

The rekey component of TKIP creates brand-new shared encryption keys each time 10,000 packets are sent, and it mixes the use of multiple keys on a per-packet basis. Additionally, TKIP implements a cryptographic integrity check hashing mechanism on packets, so the data payload is not sent in plaintext, as is the case with WEP. This helps protect against spoofing attacks.

From a WLAN perspective, TKIP is used when implementing the WPA security standard.

Moving beyond shared key and shared key rotation, as used with WEP and WPA, respectively, the Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol ( CCMP ) algorithm is based on AES, which relies on the Rijndael symmetric block cipher.

CCMP uses cipher keys that are 128 bits long and block sizes that are 128 bits. While both TKIP and CCMP technically use 128-bit keys, TKIP combines the root key with the initialization vector. In contrast, CCMP uses the entire 128 bits to create the key. Additionally, CCMP requires checks to guarantee that only authorized receiving devices can decrypt the data, as opposed to TKIP's method of using less secure message integrity verification checks.

CCMP is used with the WPA2 and WPA3 encryption standards.

WLAN security checklist

When researching how to secure WLAN networks, network and security teams can use the following checklist to ensure they cover all the bases:

• Research production devices, and determine what is the highest level of encryption possible.
• If they must use less secure security standards, determine if these less secure devices can operate on a logically segmented wireless network using separate SSIDs.
• When possible, use 802.1x authentication methods, as opposed to PSKs.
• Provide guest access that allows access only to the internet.
• Implement network- and device-based security tools, such as firewalls, intrusion prevention systems and antivirus/malware prevention.
• Perform regular security patch maintenance on wireless APs and controllers.
• Physically secure Wi-Fi APs to prevent tampering.
• Conduct wireless scans of the WLAN to identify rogue APs.
• Create WLAN usage policies to help enforce proper usage and prevent password sharing.

WLAN security best practice tips

Enterprises should carefully plan and execute a cohesive strategy to protect their WLANs against data loss and unauthorized access. While the final security options depend on the level of protection required and available budget, teams can follow some important tips and techniques.

As with anything security, ensure IT security policies define access requirements : Who needs access to what and when? Include remote and on-the-go employees, too.

Other best practices include the following:

• Segmentation of Wi-Fi users and devices by SSID. Departments and devices use WLANs in different ways. Therefore, teams can't secure every device using the same standard. For example, one way to protect devices that support WPA-Enterprise from those that support only WPA-Personal is to segment legacy devices logically into a separate SSID. Once segmented, teams can wrap access policies around the less secure endpoints.
• Guest Wi-Fi. Set up a separate guest Wi-Fi SSID for those users and devices that only require internet access. Access policies can block these devices from communicating with any users or devices on the corporate network, while still delivering internet-bound traffic securely beyond the network edge.
• Avoiding signal strength bleeding out into insecure areas. APs installed near external walls should have their power levels carefully set to reduce any leakage into nearby parking lots or public squares. Doing so helps protect against external wireless interference and reduces the chance an unauthorized user can successfully connect to the network.
• Rogue AP detection. Most enterprise-grade WLAN platforms include tools that monitor the 802.11 wireless frequency ranges to identify rogue APs -- or those potentially spoofing corporate SSIDs.
• 802.1x authentication vs. PSK. Whenever possible, require users and devices to authenticate using 802.1x, as opposed to a PSK. This reduces the need to manually change PSKs multiple times a year. It also prevents the sharing of PSKs, which can potentially lead to hackers using Wi-Fi to gain unauthorized access to the corporate network.
• Network LAN switchport configurations. Configure the switchports that connect wireless APs to the corporate LAN with security in mind. Place AP management IP addresses on a segmented virtual LAN, allowing only specific VLANs to be trunked to the APs. Use static or sticky MAC address port security techniques to protect against people unplugging an AP and attaching an unauthorized device into the LAN.
• network access control or unified endpoint management platforms to provide granular access controls;
• VPN technologies to protect when sensitive data is transmitted or received across insecure Wi-Fi connections; and
• AI-backed network detection and response platforms that can monitor traffic flows and alert personnel when users, devices or traffic flows veer from normal behavior, a sign that some form of WLAN compromise may be occurring.

Other standard security best practices also apply, including the following:

• Use firewalls and antimalware.
• Ensure secure remote access via VPNs, zero-trust network access or Secure Access Service Edge .
• Keep software patched and up to date.
• Change any default credentials.
• Educate users about security.
• Keep up to date with current security threats.

What is the difference between WLAN and Wi-Fi?

What's the difference between 802.11ac vs. 802.11ax?

An overview of wireless WAN

Troubleshoot wireless network connection problems in 10 steps

Related Resources

• 5 Basic Steps for Effective Cloud Network Security –Cloud Gateway
• Converged infrastructure fundamentals –TechTarget ComputerWeekly.com
• Escalating cyber threats whilst under pressure to reduce IT costs –Superloop
• ESG: Revisting a Software-Based Approach to Network Security –Palo Alto Networks

Dig Deeper on Network security

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)

Wireless security: WEP, WPA, WPA2 and WPA3 differences

WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI)

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

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How to Perform a Firewall Audit in 11 Steps (+Free Checklist)

Jenna Phipps

eSecurity Planet content and product recommendations are editorially independent. We may make money when you click on links to our partners. Learn More .

A firewall audit is a procedure for reviewing and reconfiguring firewalls as needed so they still suit your organization’s security goals. Over time, business network needs, traffic patterns, and application access change. Auditing your firewall is one of the most important steps to ensuring it’s still equipped to protect the perimeter of your business’ network. Your business can either do the audit yourself or hire a firewall specialist vendor to perform one.

Table of Contents

How Does a Firewall Audit Work?

A firewall audit is a thorough procedure that requires your IT and security teams to look closely at your firewall documentation and change management processes. Audits raise questions about firewall functionality, as well as force teams to get granular about who’s in charge of firewall rules. They lay a foundation for continuous network security updates and improvements.

To successfully execute an audit, first determine your audit’s objectives and collect the data your team needs. Then, review your firewall rules and whether they’re still a good fit for your security infrastructure and overall network security . Your teams should also know who’s responsible for the request and upkeep of each rule. A good firewall audit should end with a clearly scheduled audit in the future, as well as testing processes so you know if the firewall actually works.

11 Steps to Perform a Firewall Audit

Your security, IT, or networking teams can use the following steps as guidelines to complete your audit, or to find a vendor who will perform the audit for you.

1. Know Your Audit Plan & Objectives

Sit down with your IT, security, or networking teams and ask, What exactly are we trying to accomplish with this audit ? Then, develop a list and make it succinct. Maybe you’re trying to weed out some irrelevant rules, or your business’s executives want to know exactly what the firewall is filtering. Audits often have multiple purposes, so it’ll likely be a combination of items.

Create ordered steps to follow during the audit — they may be similar to our list here. Make sure every team member knows their job and when to perform it. This includes setting credentials and role-based access controls for the appropriate employees so they can view and configure the right technology.

Your team may want to use a specific software to track the list of objectives and steps, or you may just use a Google or Word document and share it with relevant stakeholders. Whichever you choose, make sure it’s easy to access and understand.

2. Gather All Relevant Data

Pull all necessary information before you start the actual audit. Pre-audit data should include:

• Logs: Firewall logs contain data about protocols and IP addresses and are useful for seeing what’s actually happening on the network.
• A list of rules: Have all your firewall rules in front of you so you can decide which are still useful and which no longer are.
• Everyone’s responsibilities: Find out who’s available during an audit (for example, know whether the head of IT will be on PTO during the potential audit timeline).

By organizing this information in advance, you’ll be less likely to run into a snag halfway through the audit because you’re missing data or guidelines for team members. A shared folder is a good location to store multiple sources of data.

3. Determine Change Management Procedures

It’s possible your team already has a change management process or solution, but make sure it’s clearly defined and documented. Additionally, confirm whether the owners of that process have shared any relevant documentation with new team members, and ensure that everyone knows how to submit a change request or access the documentation.

Also consider whether a change management software tool would be helpful for your team. Small businesses and large enterprises alike benefit from the organization of firewall changes, and those changes shouldn’t happen randomly. While change management tools take initial time to learn, they can save time long-term by simplifying requests and approvals, especially when adding or removing firewall rules.

4. Check the Firewall Hardware & Operating System

After you’ve prepared all the documentation and know everyone’s roles, one of the early steps in a firewall audit process is a hardware and firmware check. Look at the hardware to see whether it fits your company’s standards and security requirements. For example, some legacy networking hardware might have hardcoded default credentials — these can’t be changed from their factory settings. Those networking appliances should be replaced as soon as possible.

Check firmware, too. Is the OS up to date on all patches? Complete any necessary security upgrades and make sure the hardware is updated to the latest version. Also, check your firewall vendors’ security bulletins for recent vulnerabilities, since firewall appliances and security gateways often have back doors and other exploitable weaknesses.

While next-generation firewalls (NGFW) are higher-security products than more simple firewalls, they shouldn’t be exempt from initial checks and patches. NGFWs also need regular updates and management to properly protect networks. Run vulnerability scans on your NGFWs, too.

5. Perform a Risk Assessment

Assess your firewall hardware and software for all risks. This includes digital risks, like unpatched firmware, and physical risks, like a server room that doesn’t require keyholder access. A risk assessment includes categorizing each risk, so your teams know which to prioritize.

Don’t forget regulatory compliance, either. Consider purchasing software that helps your security team remain compliant with any relevant industry standards, like HIPAA, SOX, and PCI-DSS. Some regulations may require specific firewall configurations or data protection mechanisms.

Vulnerability scanning products that support firewalls are also helpful — they’ll flag back doors and weaknesses in your hardware and configurations. If you’re a large enterprise, a penetration testing service could provide massive long-term benefits. These services comb through your infrastructure, including firewalls, in detail to find vulnerabilities. Hiring a pentester is especially useful for first-time firewall audits.

6. Review Firewall Rules & Determine Best Practices

Firewall rules are the tools that tell firewalls how to behave, managing which traffic they should accept and discard. Rules specify certain ports, protocols, and traffic so firewalls know exactly which IP addresses to allow through and which traffic to allow to leave the network.

Sometimes firewall rules become irrelevant over time. Your business might need to allow an IP address or set of addresses that was previously blocked. Additionally, rules developed over a period of time by different admins can become redundant. During a firewall audit, check for repetitive rules or ones that no longer fit your business’s security objectives. Then delete those, ensuring no gaps are left in the firewall.

Involve the change management process heavily here. How does your business want to request and approve firewall rule changes? Who’s allowed to request, who’s responsible for those approvals, and who takes over responsibility for approvals if an admin leaves the company? These are all questions to answer during an audit.

7. Review Logs to Find Ongoing Patterns

Firewall logs collect packet and transmission data, storing that information for admins to review. Log files can reveal traffic patterns over time, which is a helpful resource for teams as they decide which rules work well, which don’t, and which new ones need to be created.

For example, if a study of log files during a firewall audit reveals that traffic has come from a certain IP address to a certain port at a strange time of day, research that further. If the traffic source is malicious, admins can create a rule blocking that IP address on the port.

8. Review Blocklists & Allowlists

Blocklists (or blacklists) and allowlists specify IP addresses that are forbidden or permitted to connect to an organization’s network. These may fall under your team’s firewall rules, but they’re important enough to mention on their own. Blocklists and allowlists improve granularity of firewall rules. Some highly protected networks might even use an allowlist for the entire network — only traffic from a few specific IP addresses can pass through the firewall at all.

The IT team may have certain websites that they know contain malware downloads or just have unsafe connections. When they put the IP addresses from those sites on a blocklist, no one who’s connected to the company network can access the sites. While blocklists don’t cover every threat, they’re a good way to eliminate known ones right off the bat.

9. Look at Overall Security Compliance

We briefly touched on compliance when talking about risk assessments, but overall compliance is bigger — this includes all your business’s security policies. First, check to see if the policies are up to date. They should also be clearly documented and easy to find for all relevant stakeholders. Once your teams have determined that policies are updated and documented, check that the firewall’s configuration is in line with the organization’s overall policy.

Maybe the security policy requires that the firewall software implements multi-factor authentication , or maybe only a certain number of people are permitted to access the server room where firewalls are installed on-premises. You’ll want to be able to provide a thorough report to the executive team, proving that the firewall configuration matches policies, if you’re asked.

10. Update All Roles & Admin Permissions

This goes hand in hand with the previous point, but update every role and its related access controls, including administrative roles. It’s possible that an employee who left the company two years ago still has active credentials for the firewall management console; those should be immediately deactivated. Additionally, remove or add any keycards to the physical server room or office where the firewall hardware resides.

Consider implementing the rule of least privilege for your firewall’s configuration. A least privilege access strategy mandates that access is only given to those who explicitly need it to perform their jobs properly. Least privilege access can apply to all enterprise systems, not just firewalls, for improved security. If you decide to implement this strategy, reduce employee system access to those who need it and adjust all other credentials or permissions accordingly.

11. Test New Configurations & Schedule the Next Audit

As soon as you’ve completed the initial firewall audit, prepare for the next one by testing the current configuration and scheduling a sequential audit. Don’t just assume that any new configurations work — your networking, IT, and security teams should be regularly testing the firewall rules and the hardware and software’s overall operations. The post-audit testing period is also an appropriate time to hire a pentesting service .

Planning the next audit in advance makes it more likely to happen on schedule. Additionally, give your team members assignments so they know exactly what roles they’ll have in the next audit, as well as a timeline for completing those steps.

Free Firewall Audit Checklist

Use the following list in order as a short-form set of steps that you can present to any business leader and use to guide your audit process.

By following this list or a similar one, your teams will be better prepared to plan and execute firewall audits in the future. You’ll also be able to add any extra steps that your team ran into during the audit process; that’s a normal occurrence during any audit process.

Top 3 Firewall Audit Providers

If you’re looking for a firewall auditing tool, consider Tufin, SolarWinds SEM, and AlgoSec as potential solutions. They’re three of the top firewall auditing products in the security market, and they offer features like compliance auditing, firewall rule compliance, and network scanning.

Tufin is a firewall auditing tool that’s intended to help teams become and stay compliant with regulations like HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and GDPR. Tufin also generates audit reports that can be automated if needed. It sends alerts to security teams when one of their configurations doesn’t meet a specified organization security policy. Tufin offers three plans — SecureTrack+, SecureChange+, and Enterprise; contact its sales team for a custom quote.

SolarWinds SEM

SolarWinds Security Event Manager (SEM) is a comprehensive tool for managing business cybersecurity. Teams can use SEM to develop audit reports, centralize log and event data from multiple network sources, and receive real-time alerts. A SolarWinds SEM subscription license starts at $2,992, and a perpetual license starts at $6,168, but for a custom quote based on your business’s specific environment, contact the sales team.

AlgoSec is a firewall auditing and compliance tool that allows security teams to generate reports based on compliance standards like PCI, SOX, and HIPAA. AlgoSec checks all changes to firewall rules to make sure they’re consistent with industry compliance. It also documents the change approval process for rules. For custom pricing, contact AlgoSec’s sales team or request a quote; you can also buy through one of its partners.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is firewall compliance.

Firewall compliance can refer to either organizational compliance, meaning the firewall meets your business’s security policies, or regulatory compliance, meaning it meets industry or government standards.

Many businesses will have to consider both. The way a firewall is configured, including its rules, should align with your organization’s security goals, since those goals are company-specific and most suited to your individual business needs (assuming they’re logical and well-developed).

What Is a Firewall Assessment?

A firewall assessment is a broad evaluation of your firewall’s hardware, like appliances, and its software, like the operating system that manages it. A thorough assessment should also cover any firewall rules and access controls. An assessment is similar to an audit, but the connotation of an audit is typically more thorough. However, they’ll involve some of the same steps.

What Do You Audit in Your Firewalls?

Audit all firewalls’ hardware, operating systems, other management software, rules, and any additional configurations. Every part of the firewall should be reviewed so your business knows if it works and if its rules are still serving the network and organization well.

Bottom Line: Perform Firewall Audits Consistently

Doing an initial audit is the biggest step, but your IT, networking, or security teams should schedule sequential audits over the coming years. Consistent audits save teams time in the long run because they know exactly where to find documentation and other configuration resources. By preparing sufficiently for an audit, creating thorough and clear documentation, and testing audit success afterwards, you’ll improve your IT infrastructure’s overall security.

To learn more about firewalls, read about the common types of firewalls next, including unified threat management products, database firewalls, and web application firewalls. 

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Wireless Network Security

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IEEE i IT443 Broadband Communications Philip MacCabe October 5, 2005

Cryptography and Network Security

An Initial Security Analysis of the IEEE 802.1x Standard Tsai Hsien Pang 2004/11/4.

WPA2 By Winway Pang. Overview  What is WPA2?  Wi-Fi Protected Access 2  Introduced September 2004  Two Versions  Enterprise – Server Authentication.

IEEE Wireless LAN Standard

 The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization.

Network and Internet Security

Lecture slides prepared for “Business Data Communications”, 7/e, by William Stallings and Tom Case, Chapter 8 “TCP/IP”.

Lecture 24 Wireless Network Security modified from slides of Lawrie Brown.

Wireless Network Security. Wireless Security Overview concerns for wireless security are similar to those found in a wired environment concerns for wireless.

CECS 5460 – Assignment 3 Stacey VanderHeiden Güney.

Network Components 101 Travis Hill.

Wireless and Security CSCI 5857: Encoding and Encryption.

Investigators have published numerous reports of birds taking turns vocalizing; the bird spoken to gave its full attention to the speaker and never vocalized.

Lecture 2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Reference: TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 4 th Edition (chapter 2) 1.

Chapter Network Security Architecture Security Basics Legacy security Robust Security Segmentation Infrastructure Security VPN.

ACM 511 Chapter 2. Communication Communicating the Messages The best approach is to divide the data into smaller, more manageable pieces to send over.

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition

Lesson 20-Wireless Security. Overview Introduction to wireless networks. Understanding current wireless technology. Understanding wireless security issues.

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Wireless Network Security

Jul 17, 2014

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Wireless Network Security. TJX Data Breach. TJX used WEP security They lost 45 million customer records They settled the lawsuits for $40.9 million. Objectives. Describe the basic IEEE 802.11 wireless security protections

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• personal security models
• tkip addresses
• mac address filtering weaknesses
• wpa2 enterprise security
• wireless authentication

Presentation Transcript

TJX Data Breach • TJX used WEP security • They lost 45 million customer records • They settled the lawsuits for $40.9 million

Objectives • Describe the basic IEEE 802.11 wireless security protections • Define the vulnerabilities of open system authentication, WEP, and device authentication • Describe the WPA and WPA2 personal security models • Explain how enterprises can implement wireless security

IEEE 802.11 Wireless Security Protections

IEEE • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) • In the early 1980s, the IEEE began work on developing computer network architecture standards • This work was called Project 802 • In 1990, the IEEE formed a committee to develop a standard for WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks) • At that time WLANs operated at a speed of 1 to 2 million bits per second (Mbps)

IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standard • In 1997, the IEEE approved the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard • Revisions • IEEE 802.11 • IEEE 802.11a • IEEE 802.11b • IEEE 802.11g • IEEE 802.11n

Controlling Access to a WLAN • Access is controlled by limiting a device’s access to the access point (AP) • Only devices that are authorized can connect to the AP • One way: Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering • CSE uses this technique (unfortunately)

Controlling Access

MAC Address Filtering

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) • Designed to ensure that only authorized parties can view transmitted wireless information • Uses encryption to protect traffic • WEP was designed to be: • Efficient and reasonably strong

WEP Keys • WEP secret keys can be 64 or 128 bits long • The AP and devices can hold up to four shared secret keys • One of which must be designated as the default key

WEP Encryption Process

Transmitting with WEP

Device Authentication • Before a computer can connect to a WLAN, it must be authenticated • Types of authentication in 802.11 • Open system authentication • Lets everyone in • Shared key authentication • Only lets computers in if they know the shared key

Vulnerabilities ofIEEE 802.11 Security

Open System Authentication • To connect, a computer needs the SSID (network name) • Routers normally send out beacon frames announcing the SSID • Passive scanning • A wireless device listens for a beacon frame

Turning Off Beaconing • For "security" some people turn off beacons • This annoys your legitimate users, who must now type in the SSID to connect • It doesn't stop intruders, because the SSID is sent out in management frames anyway • It can also affect roaming • Windows XP prefers networks that broadcast

MAC Address Filtering Weaknesses • MAC addresses are transmitted in the clear • An attacker can just sniff for MACs • Managing a large number of MAC addresses is difficult • MAC address filtering does not provide a means to temporarily allow a guest user to access the network • Other than manually entering the user’s MAC address into the access point

WEP • To encrypt packets WEP can use only a 64-bit or 128-bit number • Which is made up of a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) and a 40-bit or 104-bit default key • The 24-bit IV is too short, and repeats before long • In addition, packets can be replayed to force the access point to pump out IVs

Cracking WEP • With the right equipment, WEP can be cracked in just a few minutes • You need a special wireless card

Personal Wireless Security

WPA Personal Security • Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) • A consortium of wireless equipment manufacturers and software providers • WECA goals: • To encourage wireless manufacturers to use the IEEE 802.11 technologies • To promote and market these technologies • To test and certify that wireless products adhere to the IEEE 802.11 standards to ensure product interoperability

WPA Personal Security • In 2002, the WECA organization changed its name to Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance • In October 2003 the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) • WPA had the design goal to protect both present and future wireless devices, addresses both wireless authentication and encryption • PSK addresses authentication and TKIP addresses encryption

WPA Personal Security • Preshared key (PSK) authentication • Uses a passphrase to generate the encryption key • Key must be entered into both the access point and all wireless devices • Prior to the devices communicating with the AP • The PSK is not used for encryption • Instead, it serves as the starting point (seed) for mathematically generating the encryption keys

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) • WPA replaces WEP with TKIP • TKIP advantages: • TKIP uses a longer 128-bit key • TKIP uses a new key for each packet

Message Integrity Check (MIC) • WPA also replaces the (CRC) function in WEP with the Message Integrity Check (MIC) • Designed to prevent an attacker from capturing, altering, and resending data packets

WPA2 Personal Security • Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) • Introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance in September 2004 • The second generation of WPA security • Still uses PSK (Pre-Shared Key) authentication • But instead of TKIP encryption it uses a stronger data encryption method called AES-CCMP

WPA2 Personal Security • PSK Authentication • Intended for personal and small office home office users who do not have advanced server capabilities • PSK keys are automatically changed and authenticated between devices after a specified period of time known as the rekey interval

PSK Key Management Weaknesses • People may send the key by e-mail or another insecure method • Changing the PSK key is difficult • Must type new key on every wireless device and on all access points • In order to allow a guest user to have access to a PSK WLAN, the key must be given to that guest

Pre-Shared Key Weakness • A PSK is a 64-bit hexadecimal number • Usually generated from a passphrase • Consisting of letters, digits, punctuation, etc. that is between 8 and 63 characters in length • If the passphrase is a common word, it can be found with a dictionary attack

Cracking WPA

WPA2 Personal Security • AES-CCMP Encryption • Encryption under the WPA2 personal security model is accomplished by AES-CCMP • This encryption is so complex that it requires special hardware to be added to the access points to perform it

WPA and WPA2 Compared

Enterprise Wireless Security

IEEE 802.11i • Improves encryption and authentication • Encryption • Replaces WEP’s original PRNG RC4 algorithm • With a stronger cipher that performs three steps on every block (128 bits) of plaintext

802.1x Authentication

IEEE 802.11i • Key-caching • Remembers a client, so if a user roams away from a wireless access point and later returns, she does not need to re-enter her credentials • Pre-authentication • Allows a device to become authenticated to an AP before moving into range of the AP • Authentication packet is sent ahead

WPA Enterprise Security • Designed for medium to large-size organizations • Improved authentication and encryption • The authentication used is IEEE 802.1x and the encryption is TKIP

WPA Enterprise Security • IEEE 802.1x Authentication • Provides an authentication framework for all IEEE 802-based LANs • Does not perform any encryption • TKIP Encryption • An improvement on WEP encryption • Designed to fit into the existing WEP procedure

WPA2 Enterprise Security • The most secure method • Authentication uses IEEE 802.1x • Encryption is AES-CCMP

Enterprise &Personal Wireless Security Models

Enterprise Wireless Security Devices • Thin Access Point • An access point without the authentication and encryption functions • These features reside on the wireless switch • Advantages • The APs can be managed from one central location • All authentication is performed in the wireless switch

Enterprise Wireless Security Devices

Enterprise Wireless Security Devices • Wireless VLANs • Can segment traffic and increase security • The flexibility of a wireless VLAN depends on which device separates the packets and directs them to different networks

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