short essay on flood in assam

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Essay on Flood In Assam – Short Essay & Long Essay upto 1500 Words

Essay on Flood In Assam: Assam, a state in northeastern India, is no stranger to the devastating effects of annual floods. The Brahmaputra River, which flows through the state, often overflows its banks during the monsoon season, causing widespread destruction and displacement of communities. In this essay, we will explore the causes and consequences of floods in Assam, as well as the efforts being made to mitigate their impact and protect the vulnerable populations living in the region.

Table of Contents

Flood In Assam Essay Writing Tips

1. Introduction: Start your essay by introducing the topic of floods in Assam. Mention that Assam is prone to annual flooding due to its geographical location and the Brahmaputra River.

2. Background information: Provide some background information on the causes of floods in Assam. Mention factors such as heavy rainfall, deforestation, and poor drainage systems contributing to the frequent flooding in the state.

3. Impact on people: Discuss the impact of floods on the people of Assam. Talk about how floods disrupt normal life, damage property, and lead to loss of lives. Mention the displacement of people and the economic impact of floods on the state.

4. Impact on agriculture: Highlight the impact of floods on agriculture in Assam. Mention how floods destroy crops, damage agricultural land, and lead to food shortages in the state. Discuss the long-term effects of floods on the agricultural economy of Assam.

5. Government response: Talk about the government’s response to floods in Assam. Discuss the measures taken by the government to mitigate the impact of floods, such as building embankments, dredging rivers, and providing relief to affected people. Mention the challenges faced by the government in dealing with floods in Assam.

6. Role of NGOs and volunteers: Discuss the role of NGOs and volunteers in providing relief and support to flood-affected people in Assam. Highlight the efforts of organizations and individuals in helping the affected communities during and after floods.

7. Conclusion: Summarize the key points discussed in the essay and emphasize the need for better disaster preparedness and mitigation measures in Assam. Call for collective action to address the issue of floods in the state and ensure the safety and well-being of its residents.

By following these writing tips, you can effectively write an essay on floods in Assam that is informative, engaging, and well-researched. Remember to use relevant examples, statistics, and quotes to support your arguments and make your essay more compelling.

Essay on Flood In Assam in 10 Lines – Examples

1. Assam is a state in northeastern India that is prone to annual flooding during the monsoon season. 2. The Brahmaputra River, along with its tributaries, often overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation. 3. The floods in Assam are typically caused by heavy rainfall, melting snow from the Himalayas, and poor drainage systems. 4. The floods affect millions of people, displacing them from their homes and causing loss of lives and livelihoods. 5. The floodwaters also damage crops, livestock, and infrastructure, leading to economic losses. 6. Rescue and relief operations are carried out by government agencies, NGOs, and volunteers to help those affected by the floods. 7. Temporary relief camps are set up to provide shelter, food, and medical assistance to the displaced people. 8. The floods in Assam highlight the need for better disaster preparedness, early warning systems, and sustainable development practices. 9. Efforts are being made to build embankments, dredge rivers, and improve drainage to mitigate the impact of future floods. 10. The people of Assam show resilience and solidarity in the face of adversity, coming together to rebuild their lives after each flood.

Sample Essay on Flood In Assam in 100-180 Words

Assam, a state in northeastern India, is prone to annual flooding during the monsoon season. The Brahmaputra River, along with its tributaries, overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation in the region. The floods not only damage homes and crops but also lead to loss of lives and displacement of people.

The floodwaters bring with them diseases, further exacerbating the situation. The government and relief agencies struggle to provide assistance to the affected population, as the scale of the disaster is often overwhelming.

Efforts are being made to mitigate the impact of floods in Assam, such as building embankments and flood shelters. However, more needs to be done to address the root causes of the problem, such as deforestation and poor urban planning.

In conclusion, the annual floods in Assam are a recurring natural disaster that requires sustained efforts to minimize their impact on the lives of the people in the region.

Short Essay on Flood In Assam in 200-500 Words

Assam, a state in northeastern India, is known for its lush greenery, rich biodiversity, and the mighty Brahmaputra River. However, every year during the monsoon season, the state faces a recurring problem – floods. The floods in Assam are a result of heavy rainfall in the catchment areas of the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries, causing the river to swell and overflow its banks.

The floods in Assam have become a regular occurrence, with the state experiencing severe flooding almost every year. The floods not only cause widespread destruction of property and infrastructure but also result in loss of lives and displacement of people. The most affected areas are the districts along the Brahmaputra River, including Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Jorhat, and Dibrugarh.

One of the main reasons for the frequent floods in Assam is the topography of the state. The Brahmaputra River, which flows through Assam, is a braided river with a wide floodplain. During the monsoon season, the river receives heavy rainfall, causing it to swell and inundate the surrounding areas. The flat topography of the state also exacerbates the problem, as water from the hills flows down quickly and accumulates in the low-lying areas, leading to flooding.

The floods in Assam have a devastating impact on the state’s economy and infrastructure. The floods damage crops, livestock, and homes, leading to loss of livelihoods for thousands of people. The inundation of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure disrupts transportation and communication networks, making it difficult for relief and rescue operations to be carried out effectively.

The floods also have a significant impact on the environment and biodiversity of Assam. The floodwaters wash away fertile soil, leading to soil erosion and loss of agricultural productivity. The floods also destroy habitats of wildlife, leading to displacement and loss of biodiversity in the region.

The government of Assam, along with various agencies and organizations, has been working tirelessly to mitigate the impact of floods in the state. Measures such as construction of embankments, dredging of rivers, and installation of flood warning systems have been implemented to reduce the impact of floods. However, these measures have not been entirely successful in preventing the recurring floods in Assam.

In conclusion, the floods in Assam are a recurring natural disaster that poses a significant threat to the state’s economy, infrastructure, and environment. It is essential for the government and other stakeholders to work together to find sustainable solutions to mitigate the impact of floods and ensure the safety and well-being of the people of Assam.

Essay on Flood In Assam in 1000-1500 Words

Floods are a natural disaster that can cause widespread devastation and loss of life. In Assam, a state in northeastern India, floods are a recurring phenomenon that affects millions of people every year. The Brahmaputra River, which flows through the state, is prone to overflowing its banks during the monsoon season, leading to massive flooding in the region. The state’s geography, with its many rivers and low-lying areas, makes it particularly vulnerable to floods.

The floods in Assam are usually caused by heavy rainfall in the catchment areas of the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. The monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, brings heavy rains to the region, leading to the rivers swelling and overflowing their banks. The state receives an average of 2,500 mm of rainfall during the monsoon season, which is among the highest in the country.

The floods in Assam have a devastating impact on the state’s population, economy, and infrastructure. Thousands of people are displaced from their homes, crops are destroyed, and livestock is lost. The floods also lead to the spread of waterborne diseases, such as cholera and typhoid, which can further exacerbate the situation. The state’s infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings, is also damaged by the floods, leading to disruptions in transportation and communication.

The floods in Assam have a particularly severe impact on the state’s agriculture sector. Assam is known for its fertile soil and abundant water resources, which make it a major producer of rice, tea, and other crops. However, the floods destroy crops, leading to food shortages and loss of income for farmers. The floods also damage irrigation systems and agricultural infrastructure, further affecting the state’s agricultural productivity.

The floods in Assam also have a significant impact on the state’s wildlife and environment. The Kaziranga National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Assam, is home to the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceroses. The park is prone to flooding during the monsoon season, leading to the displacement of wildlife and loss of habitat. The floods also lead to the poaching of animals, as they are forced out of the park in search of higher ground.

The government of Assam, along with various non-governmental organizations and international agencies, has been working to mitigate the impact of floods in the state. Early warning systems have been put in place to alert people about impending floods, and evacuation plans have been developed to ensure the safety of the population. Relief camps are set up to provide shelter, food, and medical assistance to those affected by the floods. The government also provides financial assistance to farmers and other affected individuals to help them recover from the losses incurred during the floods.

Despite these efforts, the floods in Assam continue to pose a significant challenge to the state. Climate change is expected to lead to more frequent and intense rainfall in the region, which could further exacerbate the flooding situation. Deforestation and encroachment on floodplains also contribute to the problem, as they reduce the natural capacity of the land to absorb water.

In conclusion, the floods in Assam are a recurring natural disaster that has a devastating impact on the state’s population, economy, and environment. The government and other stakeholders need to work together to develop long-term solutions to mitigate the impact of floods in the region. This includes measures to improve infrastructure, enhance early warning systems, and promote sustainable land use practices. Only by working together can we hope to reduce the impact of floods in Assam and ensure the safety and well-being of the state’s population.

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Introduction

North-east India has been witnessing unusually heavy rainfall since the beginning of May. That has resulted in one of the worst floods ever recorded in Assam. As of 3 July, flood has affected 1,835,551 people in 26 out of the state’s 35 districts and it submerged 471.98 square kilometers (47,198.87 hectares) of cropland. [1] About 200 people have died so far. Earlier on 22 June the floods had affected 5,457,601 people in 32 districts and submerged 990.26 square kilometers (99,026 hectares) of cropland. [2] Recurring floods in Assam and their devastating impacts has raised serious questions about the efficacy of current flood adaptation measures that relies primarily on grey infrastructure (or engineering solutions) such as embankments. As floods are projected to intensify as the world gets warmer, a combination of grey infrastructure and green infrastructure (or nature-based solutions) can help Assam and other flood-prone states of India adapt to its impact more effectively in the coming years.

Floods and its Impact on Assam

Assam is one of the most flood-prone states in India and it experiences up to three to four waves of flooding every year. In all, 31,050 square kilometers (3,105,000 hectares) or 39.58% of its total land area is vulnerable to flooding each year. [3] Assam’s vulnerability to flood stems from a complex web of climatic, hydrological and social factors. The state is located in a region that is known for extreme rainfall. For example, while India received an average rainfall of 61.1 millimeters during the first 17 days of the current monsoon season from 1-17 June, the north-east region received 220.3 millimeters, 39% above normal. [4] In contrast, northwest India, central India and southern India reported deficit rainfall of 63%, 57% and 24% respectively. The high density of rivers further exacerbated Assam’s vulnerability to floods. The state has over 125 rivers, a significant numbers of which originated from the hills and mountains of Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya (both extreme rainfall hotspots) as well as countries like Bhutan and China. The most well-known among these rivers is the Brahmaputra which originated as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Southwest Tibet. Beyond this, a combination of other factors such as poor or inadequate drainage/channel capacity, high silt load in rivers, encroachment of riverine areas, deforestation/watershed degradation, loss/destruction of wetlands, corruption, etc. have contributed to Assam’s flood woes. Floods have a significant negative impact on Assam’s economy as it loses an estimated Rs. 200 crores every year due to it. [5] This is probably an underestimate and the true economic costs of floods are likely to be many times higher. Furthermore, floods have also washed away 4,270 square kilometers (4,27,000 hectares) of land or 7.40% of the Assam’s total land area since 1950. It continues to wash away 80 square kilometers (8,000 hectares) of land every year. It has also destroyed critical infrastructures that are essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions such as roads, bridges, railway tracks, etc.

Limitations of Current Adaptation Measures

As is the case with other flood-prone states in India, grey infrastructure - so called because it is usually built with concrete - such as embankments (also known as levees or dykes) are the preferred form of flood adaptation in Assam. Embankments are walls constructed along the banks of rivers to prevent flooding. According to reports, since the 1950s, Assam has built 423 embankments along the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. [6] Of these, 295 are believed to have outlived their intended lifespan. It is therefore not surprising that they are being breached regularly and are even damaged and destroyed. During the post-flood reconstruction phase, government agencies often resorted to simply fixing damaged or destroyed embankments and do not build them back better. As such, they continue to remain vulnerable to future floods. Embankments themselves are also known to exacerbate Assam’s flood problems. For example, floods caused by embankment breaches are often more severe than the regular flooding of rivers and it spread over a more expansive area. Embankments also obstruct flood waters from retreating back into rivers once floods have subsided. Despite these limitations, Assam continues to remain fixated on embankments. One major reason for this is the vested interests of engineers, contractors and politicians for whom embankments are “big business.” Alluding to this, one expertopined that “Assam has increasingly moved towards becoming an ‘embankment economy’ - the construction of embankments along the Brahmaputra has become a business involving contractors for construction, maintenance and repair.” [7] He further lamented that “Floods actually mean a lot of money to a lot of people and many feed off the contractor lobby.” [8]

Rethinking Adaptation

The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) observed in the first installment of its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) that was released on 9 August 2021 that “…the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events have increased since the 1950s over most land area” and that “human-induced climate change is likely the main driver.” [9] Thus, as climate change tips toward full-blown crisis, north-east India faces the prospect of more extreme rainfall. For Assam, that meant more intense and severe flooding. In the face of this challenge, a diversified approach to flood adaptation that included both grey and green infrastructures should be explored. In other words, both engineering solutions and nature-based solutions should be a critical part of Assam’s flood defence toolbox. Nature-based solution is an umbrella term that refers to “actions to address societal challenges through the protection, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems, benefiting both biodiversity and human well-being.” [10] Such solutions may include the following:

Protecting, restoring or managing natural forests in catchment areas (in upstream/headwaters and along rivers): Upstream forest slows and retains surface water runoff. It also reduces soil erosion and landslides.
Protecting and restoring wetlands: Wetlands act as natural sponges. They absorb floodwaters during wet periods and release them during dry periods.
Maintaining or enlarging natural floodplains: Floodplains are natural flooding outlets for rivers and provide more room to spread out.

Implementing these could prove to be challenging because it will require actions to be taken across jurisdictional boundaries. For example, managing floods in the Brahmaputra River effectively through nature-based solutions will necessitate the adoption of a basin-wide approach. That in turn will require greater cooperation and coordination of efforts between Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and other neighbouring states. However, the priorities, interests and values of these states may not align necessarily and may even be in conflict with each other. But this is not completely insurmountable. Although Arunachal Pradesh andMeghalaya are less vulnerable to flooding than Assam owing to their hilly terrain, they are highly vulnerable to extreme rainfall-induced landslides and mudslides. Given this, it is imperative that Assam and its neighbouring states convene a regional plan to jointly address the challenges of not only floods but also landslides and mudslides sustainably through nature-based solutions.

The ongoing floods in Assam should be seen as a wake-up call that finally galvanizes action on adaptation. Although engineering solutions such as embankments still have a role to play in mitigating floods, they are no longer sufficient. Nature-based solutions therefore have an obvious place in Assam’s flood defence toolbox and provide a powerful complement (or alternative) to engineering solutions. Working alongside engineering solutions, nature-based solutions will boost the overall resilience at all levels of flooding.

[1] “Assam Daily Flood Report as on 03-07-2022 at 4:00 PM.” Flood Reporting and Information Management System (FRIMS). Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA). July 3, 2022. http://www.asdma.gov.in/pdf/flood_report/2022/Daily_Flood_Report_03.07.2022.pdf [2] “Assam Daily Flood Report as on 17-06-2022 at 4:00 PM.” Flood Reporting and Information Management System (FRIMS). Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA). June 22, 2022. http://www.asdma.gov.in/pdf/flood_report/2022/Daily_Flood_Report_22.06.2022.pdf [3] Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. 2021. “Flood Management in the Country including International Water Treaties in the field of Water Resource Management with particular reference to Treaty/Agreement entered into with China, Pakistan and Bhutan.” Standing Committee on Water Resources (2020-2021). Seventeenth Lok Sabha. Lok Sabha Secretariat. August. New Delhi. http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Water%20Resources/17_Water_Resources_12.pdf [4] Kalita, Prabin. “Northeast rain: ‘Wettest places on earth’ live up to reputation with highest rain in 56 years.” Times of India. June 18, 2022. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/wettest-places-on-earth-live-up-to-reputation-with-highest-rain-in-56-yrs/articleshow/92265984.cms [5] “Assam Losing ₹200 Crore Annually Due to Floods: Economic Survey.”NDTV. August 20, 2014. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-losing-rs-200-crore-annually-due-to-floods-economic-survey-650610 [6] “Banking on national embankment policy.” The Sentinel. April 5, 2022. https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/banking-on-national-embankment-policy-586094 [7] Sharma, Ashima. “The Mising and the Miyah have learnt to live with the Brahmaputra. Can Assam?” The Third Pole. September 30, 2021. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/livelihoods/adapting-to-brahmaputra-floods-assam-mising-miyah/ [8] Karmakar, Rahul. “In Assam, a trail of broken barriers.” The Hindu. August 2, 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-assam-a-trail-of-broken-barriers/article32244695.ece [9] International Panel; on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. “Summary for Policymakers.” In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf [10] International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2020. “Ensuring Effective Nature-based Solutions.” Issues Brief. July. https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/iucn_issues_brief_-_nbs_standard_eng.pdf

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Extreme weather events
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Flood in Assam essay | Detailed Essay

Flood in Assam essay : Amidst the serene landscapes and rich cultural tapestry of India’s northeastern state, Assam, lies a recurring tragedy that has tested the resilience of its people for decades – the annual floods. Beyond the vibrant festivals and picturesque vistas, these floods bring a wave of devastation that leaves communities grappling with loss and displacement. In this essay, we embark on a journey to understand the multifaceted dimensions of the Assam floods, examining the underlying causes, the far-reaching consequences, and the valiant efforts to mitigate their impact. As we delve into the heart of this calamity, we shed light on the intricate interplay between nature’s forces and human determination, and how this juxtaposition shapes the narrative of a region’s struggle for survival.

So here is the detailed essay on Assam Floods:

Flood in assam essay, introduction:.

Assam, a northeastern state of India, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, rich biodiversity, and diverse cultures. However, it also faces a recurring natural challenge – annual floods . These floods are primarily caused by the overflow of the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries, affecting millions of lives and causing extensive damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment.

Causes of Flooding :

The Brahmaputra River, one of the largest rivers in the world, originates in Tibet and flows through Assam. During the monsoon season, heavy rainfall in the region and in the upstream areas of the river basin leads to a massive inflow of water. The combination of heavy rainfall, the river’s considerable width, and the inadequate drainage infrastructure in many areas results in overflowing riverbanks and widespread inundation. Additionally, the region’s hilly terrain exacerbates the problem as water rushes downhill, overwhelming settlements and agricultural fields.

Impact on People:

The annual floods in Assam have a profound impact on the lives of the people. Thousands are displaced from their homes, forced to seek refuge in temporary relief camps. These camps often lack basic amenities, leading to health issues and a general decline in the quality of life. Loss of livelihoods is another significant concern, as farmlands are submerged, livestock is lost, and transportation and communication networks are disrupted. Furthermore, the floodwaters contaminate drinking water sources, leading to the outbreak of waterborne diseases.

Environmental Consequences:

The floods not only affect human lives but also the rich biodiversity of the region. Assam is home to several endangered species like the one-horned rhinoceros, and their habitats are at risk due to the inundation caused by floods. The floodwaters erode soil and deposit sediment, which can alter the composition of the soil and impact agricultural productivity in the long term. Wetlands and forests also suffer from degradation, disrupting ecological balance and affecting the overall environment.

Response and Mitigation:

The Assam government, along with central agencies, undertakes various measures to mitigate the impact of annual floods. These include constructing embankments and flood control structures, improving drainage systems, and creating elevated roads to maintain connectivity during floods. Early warning systems are also deployed to alert communities about impending floods. However, challenges such as the scale of the problem, resource limitations, and the need for constant maintenance pose obstacles to effective mitigation.

Sustainable Solutions:

To address the issue of annual floods sustainably, a multi-faceted approach is required. This includes:

Integrated River Management: Developing a comprehensive approach to managing rivers and their basins, which involves not only flood control but also considering ecological and social aspects.
Improved Infrastructure: Building robust embankments and drainage systems, along with consistent maintenance, to ensure efficient water management during floods.
Ecosystem Restoration: Preserving and restoring natural ecosystems like wetlands and floodplains that can act as buffers during floods and contribute to biodiversity conservation.
Community Preparedness: Educating and training communities to be better prepared for floods, including developing evacuation plans, raising awareness about sanitation and health, and promoting sustainable livelihood options.
Climate Change Adaptation: Recognizing the influence of climate change on the frequency and intensity of floods, and integrating climate adaptation strategies into flood management plans.

Conclusion : Flood in Assam Essay

The annual floods in Assam present a significant challenge that requires both immediate relief measures and long-term sustainable solutions. By combining government efforts, community involvement, and innovative strategies, it is possible to reduce the impact of these floods on both people’s lives and the environment. Through holistic and adaptive approaches, Assam can navigate its way towards a more resilient future in the face of this recurring natural disaster.

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‘He never returned’: Widespread misery in India’s flooded Assam

At least 28 dead and about a million people impacted as severe pre-monsoon rains cause flooding in parts of Assam.

locals on a raft in Dighali Ati Village of Nagaon

Nagaon, Assam – Over two days, Krishna Bhadra had gone to his flooded house in Nagaon district’s Garmaj village several times to salvage his family’s belongings after floodwaters suddenly roared in last week.

The family of four had taken refuge in a small pavilion of a government building in Nagaon, 122km (76 miles) from the main city of Guwahati in India’s northeastern Assam state.

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On Saturday, Krishna asked his wife Basanti to cook quickly so he could eat and go back to the village.

“He went to check if our house has been totally damaged by the floodwater,” Basanti said. “He never returned.”

Krishna’s body was recovered by the police from the family’s flooded home on Sunday.

“He did not know how to swim. Perhaps he slipped and drowned,” Ganesh Rai, his brother-in-law told Al Jazeera.

Krishna, a daily wager, was the only earning member of the family.

locals fishing in floodwaters in Hojai district

As many as 28 people have lost their lives and approximately a million residents impacted as severe pre-monsoon rains led to landslides and flooding in parts of Assam.

‘Everything is under water’

The heavy pre-monsoon rains caused extensive damage to rail links and highways even as government officials said they were working “on a war-footing” to restore connectivity and provide relief.

The Kopili River, a tributary of the mighty Brahmaputra, is still flowing over the danger mark. The river flowed at its highest flood level on May 17, marooning large parts of Hojai and Nagaon districts.

The Assam State Disaster Management Authority’s (ASDMA) bulletin on Wednesday said nearly 600,000 people in the state’s 15 districts continue to be affected by the floods and more than 72,000 are still in relief camps in southern and central Assam.

locals stand next to a rail track in Nagaon. Hundreds of people moved next to these tracks to escape floodwaters.

Hundreds of others are living under tarpaulins on the highways, railway tracks or any other higher ground they could find even as floodwaters start to recede.

Since early April, flooding has affected 33 districts of Assam and about one million residents had to move to relief camps, ASDMA officials said.

Several government agencies, including the National Disaster Response Force, the State Disaster Response Force, the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force, have been called in for relief and rescue.

Assam’s minister for revenue and disaster management Jogen Mohan on Tuesday evening said the “situation is under control”.

But the locals are still in shock and waiting to start rebuilding their lives.

“It was in 2004 that the water level was this high,” recollected Asar Ali, a hawker in Dighali Ati village.

Since May 19, Asar’s family of seven has been living near the rail tracks under a tin and tarpaulin shack he borrowed from other villagers. Houses on both sides of the tracks are still under water as residents wait for more relief from the administration.

“So far we only got two kilogrammes (four pounds) of rice, 200 grammes (seven ounces) of lentils and a litre (about a quart) of water from the local administration,” Asar told Al Jazeera.

Every day, Asar walks to the nearby village with a bucket to get clean drinking water for the family.

In Barkhal village of Morigaon district, Kushila Rajbhar is still waiting for a tarpaulin from the local administration.

“Every time there is a flood, the relief comes and we get a tarpaulin and other things. This time we have only received chura (flattened rice), sugar, and biscuits,” Kushila told Al Jazeera, as she stood outside her flooded house.

Her meagre belongings, a few utensils and some clothes, lie on a black plastic sheet outside. The wet paddy has been spread on the highway to dry.

Kushila Rajbhar outside her flooded house

A part of the paddy field the family had been renting is now submerged under floodwaters.

“There is no work for me as everything is under water. I will have to look for work to provide for my family,” Rajbhar said.

‘Devastation unprecedented’

A senior government official described the floods as a “pre-monsoon shock”.

The flooding season in Assam usually starts after May 15. It is mostly during the monsoons that the many rivers flowing through the state, including Brahmaputra and Barak, are in spate and maroon large parts of the state.

Officials say acute rainfall in Assam and neighbouring areas between May 12 and May 18 was the reason for the widespread devastation in the hill district of Dima Hasao, Barak Valley in southern Assam and Nagaon and Hojai in central Assam.

ASDMA data shows Assam received 327 percent excess rainfall during this period, while neighbouring Meghalaya state saw 663 percent excess rains.

Relief supplies being transported to affected areas in Hojai

Mirza Zulfiqur Rahman, an independent researcher in Guwahati, says it was the excess rainfall since March this year that foreshadowed the current devastation.

“Whatever damage happened is not just because of rainfall that happened in May but also because of rainfall that happened in March which laid down the ground conditions for this high intensity rainfall to create more damage,” he told Al Jazeera.

Between March 1 and May 25, Assam received 55 percent excess rainfall while neighbouring Meghalaya recieved 122 percent excess rains as per IMD data .

“This kind of devastation is unprecedented,” said Daniel Langthasa, a member of the North Cachar Hill Autonomous District Council (NCHADC), which has partial legislative and executive jurisdiction over Dima Hasao, a tribal district and the state’s only hill station.

“In Haflong, the villages have caved in,” Langthasa said.

The picturesque hill station bore the brunt of the devastation. Riki B Phukan, an ASDMA official in Dima Hasao, said the district had seen more than 100 landslides since May 10. In the Haflong block of the district, as many as 2,756 houses were damaged.

“We are yet to assess the damage in other parts as the roads have been damaged,” he said, adding that the power supply is yet to be fully restored. Some parts of the district have had no power since May 10.

Landslides also damaged National Highway 54, which cuts through Dima Hasao and the Lumding-Badarpur section of the Indian railways network which connects southern Assam, Tripura, Mizoram and Manipur states.

“We are looking to restore the rail link by July 10,” said a spokesperson of the Northeast Frontier Railways.

Mohan, Assam’s minister for revenue and disaster management, said the highway has been restored till Haflong. “The work is going on war footing to restore the damaged roads,” he said.

A rescue boat of Assam’s fire and emergency services outside a flooded house in Nagaon. They were their to rescue the family members stuck in the house

The state administration requisitioned the Indian Air Force to drop essential supplies and fuel to inaccessible parts of the district. “Till Tuesday, 20 tonnes of fuel and food supplies had been airdropped,” said Ibon Teron, a senior district official.

Experts say this excessive rainfall is rare and a clear sign of climate change.

“Such excessive rainfall and such calamitous floods affecting more than half of the state’s geographical area has been rarely seen,” said Partha Jyoti Das, who heads the Water, Climate and Hazard Division of the Aaranyak, a Guwahati-based NGO.

“This is clearly a signature of climate change under the impact of which the northeast region is projected to receive extremely high rain episodes, more frequently and all over.”

Experts say it is futile to blame climate change alone and that non-climatic factors have worsened the flood situation. Rahman explains how ecological concerns were ignored as infrastructure building got a big push in the region.

“The logic given for infrastructure building was that it is for furthering economic connectivity. But at the same time they were disrupting the ecological connectivity. If you don’t put ecological connectivity at the heart of economic connectivity projects, all such projects are doomed to fail in the face of climate change,” Rahman told Al Jazeera.

Villagers drying out their wet paddy on Asian Highway 1 in Morigaon district of Assam

Dima Hasao is one of the districts in Assam that have seen many big-ticket infrastructure projects recently, including a broad-gauge rail link, roads and highways.

Das attributes the grim flood scenario to how deforestation and faulty land use practices have increased riverbed siltation even as structural measures and encroachment on core floodplains cause channel congestion.

ASDMA chief Gyanendra Dev Tripathi said the government is working on a multi-pronged strategy to deal with the floods. He explained how the early warning system is being upgraded to make sure residents are alerted in time with more accuracy.

The government has also built community shelters in some districts, which would work as relief camps during flooding and community spaces during normal times. More are being built.

The state government has chosen 100 villages where it is testing a climate-resilient infrastructure, including raised houses, and proper water and sanitation systems.

But experts say the government needs to do more. “They are trying to mitigate flood hazards with age-old and temporary measures like earthen embankments,” Das said.

“Non-structural measures like catchment and watershed management and flood forecasting and flood early warning etc, have never been taken seriously,” he said, adding that Assam needed “a time-bound master plan with a pragmatic, progressive and adaptive integrated flood and erosion management policy”.

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Mongabay Series: Climate Connections

Unprecedented flood cripples Assam, massive loss of life and property reported

Assam faced two severe waves of flood this year, the first one in May and then again in June, which crippled cities and rural areas.
Silchar, the second largest city of Assam faced its worst flood in living memory with more than 80% of the city being inundated.
Assam received excess rainfall in the premonsoon season from March to May this year– 672.1 mm instead of an average of 414.6 mm, the highest in ten years. This is the primary cause behind the devastation, though human-caused disturbances have aggravated the situation.

On the edge of the National Highway 31 in Assam, where floodwater had completely submerged the paddy fields, 43-year-old Rahisuddin was waiting with his wife and five children. Rahisuddin, a resident of Kakoti Gaon, under the Raha subdivision of Nagaon district in the state was waiting for a boat to go back to his village and check on his house. His family, along with most other Kakoti Gaon residents, had left the village after the first wave of flood in May and was now living, with their cattle and whatever belongings they could bring with them, in makeshift camps made of tarpaulins.

He was bargaining with a boatman who was ferrying people at a fare of Rs. 20 per person. “Won’t give anything more than Rs. 10 per person,” Rahisuddin told the boatman. When asked why he was going back to his village now, he told Mongabay-India that he wanted to take a chance to see if the water has receded a bit. “We left the village after the first wave of flood in May and for the last one month, we have been moving from one place to the other. Like most people in my village, I work as a daily wager and catch fish sometimes, but now because of the flood, I don’t have any employment.”

“Initially, we took shelter at Chapormukh railway station as it was not flooded. Then we moved here to the highway for the last 15 days. It is very difficult living like this with my children. So if the situation in the village improves a bit, I will go back to my house,” Rahisuddin said.

When Rahisuddin managed to reach his mud house with a tin roof, he found the rooms flooded with water up to his chest. When Mongabay-India contacted him over the phone the next day, he said it was impossible to stay there. “We are staying near the railway track on the Chapormukh railway station. Hundreds of other families are also staying at the railway station now.”

Rahisuddin and his family are one of the millions who have been hit by this year’s flood in Assam. As per the latest flood bulletin released by the Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), 31,54,556 people in 2,675 villages in 26 districts are currently affected. As many as 3,12,085 people are currently staying in 560 relief camps across the state. The death toll so far is 151.

Supply for the people affected by people at Raha. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

Flood is an annual occurrence in Assam with Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Flood Commission) calculating 39.58 % of the total area of the state as flood-prone. The state also has 9.40% of the total flood-prone area of the country. Assam faced two severe waves of flood this year, the first one in May affecting parts like Barak Valley, NC Hills and Hojai and then again in June, which crippled most of Lower Assam along with Barak Valley. The pre-monsoon floods impacted rural districts like Barpeta, Nagaon, Morigaon, Nalbari, Kamrup (rural) etc. as well as urban areas such as Silchar, the second largest city of Assam, which had 80% of its area was inundated.

Assam received 62% above normal rainfall in the pre-monsoon season from March to May this year: 672.1 mm instead of an average of 414.6 mm, the highest in ten years. The excess rainfall is behind the devastation with human-caused disturbances aggravating the situation. Assam’s neighbour Meghalaya recorded 93% above normal rainfall in the same season.

Climate scientist Partha Jyoti Das said more data is needed to do event attribution (to climate change) but climate change, as per model projections, is likely to cause more frequent, heavy to extremely heavy, rain episodes in the northeast region. “Therefore, there is a high likelihood that we are already observing extreme rainfall events in our part of the world.”

Bhupen Goswami, former director of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) said climate change is definitely a factor contributing to the heightened impacts of the extreme event.

The aftermath of flood at Dwarband. Photo by Dharmendra Tiwari.

“Earlier, if extreme weather events were happening every 100 years, then now maybe they will happen every ten years. But floods in Assam are also a result of bad management of dams. The flood which is affecting Barpeta and other places of Lower Assam is because of water released from dams in Bhutan and the impact was aggravated by the heavy rain. The meteorological community gave a good forecast this year that there are going to be intense spells of rain. So, keeping that in mind, the release of water from dams should have been planned better,” Goswami told Mongabay-India.

Guwahati under water

Thirty-four-year-old Dhaneswar Das, who ran a paan (betel leaf) shop in the lanes of Rukmini Nagar in Guwahati was unable to open his shop for seven straight days as waist-high flood water had inundated most parts of his lane. Das devised a novel way to sell his stuff and keep his kitchen running during the extreme rainfall event. He built a raft with bamboo and kolgos (banana tree stems) and started selling items like packaged mineral water bottles, candles, match sticks and betel nuts. “Not just me, many other people had come up with such makeshift rafts in our lane. Some people were selling vegetables on these rafts while some people were using them to navigate through the flooded bylanes,” he said.

On June 13, heavy rainfall had hit the city and after a week of continuous rain, a large chunk of Guwahati was submerged. As boats were seen in areas like Rukmini Nagar and Hati Gaon, netizens started dubbing the city “Venice”. On June 19, when Mongabay-India visited Rukmini Nagar, most of the area had waist-deep or knee-deep water. Anup Deka, a resident of Rukmini Nagar said that earlier, the area saw flash floods but floodwater never remained in the locality for such a prolonged period. Deka, who is an auto van driver by profession, said, “I couldn’t take out my vehicle for seven days. The water reached my bed. and I had to send my family away to a safer location.”

Four people in Boragaon, Guwahati, died due to landslide. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

While flash floods are not new for the biggest city of northeast India, Guwahati, this year’s deluge exacted a heavy toll. The rainfall also caused severe landslides in many of the hills surrounding the city and in one tragic incident at Boragaon, four construction workers were buried in the debris of their makeshift accommodation. The incident happened on the night of June 13 and a family which was occupying the next room had a close shave. Shivam Sarkar, narrating that ordeal told Mongabay-India, “We heard a loud sound at night and came out and saw large chunks of mud crashing on our room. Next day, the Deputy Commissioner asked us to shift to another location and we have now taken up a rented house elsewhere.”

As landslides were reported in quite a few hills around Guwahati, many people whose homes were destroyed took shelter in the relief camps set up by the district administration.

A flooded street in Anil Nagar, Guwahati. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

Engineer J. N. Khatanair, also the technical advisor of Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA), said that unplanned city growth due to heavy human influx with uncontrolled construction activities are the main reason behind flood in Guwahati.

“The present flood experienced in Guwahati is human-caused. Massive unauthorised human habitation taking place in the hill area with deforestation haphazardly taking place has also played a major role in aggravating the flood situation in the city,” he said.

Silchar submerged

Silchar, the second most populous city of Assam after Guwahati, resembled a set from a disaster movie, with more than 80% of its area submerged since last week. Like Guwahati, Silchar residents are also not alien to flash floods triggered by heavy rainfall.

However, when the water level started increasing on June 21, nobody in Silchar had even imagined what was to follow. On June 22, almost the entire city was inundated. While the rainwater from neighbouring hilly states like Manipur and Mizoram added to the flooding, breaching the Bethukandi dyke on Barak river was primarily responsible for Silchar’s fate.

“My father suffers from hypertension and needs his blood pressure medicine daily. However, stock of one of his medicines finished, and it had to be procured anyhow. There is a pharmacy hardly 200-300 meters from our residence, but no pharmacy nearby was open that day. My brother had to wade through 5-6 km of chest-high flood water before finally finding a pharmacy and my father’s medicine,” recounts Nilotpal Bhattacharjee, whose family lives in Kanakpur, a severely affected locality in Silchar.

Thirty-four-year-old Bhattacharjee, an academic and journalist currently in Tezpur, is having sleepless nights worrying about his aged parents and younger brother back home. Silchar’s residents have questioned the government for the lack of timely intervention.

About 80 percent of Silchar was submerged last week. Photo by Subhadeep Dutta.

“Despite having information, the government didn’t repair that embankment,” said Krishanu Bhattacharjee, who is also the convenor of the Silchar Chapter of India March for Science. He further said it is the need of the hour to make wetlands near Silchar like Mahisha Beel and Malini Beel encroachment free. Cachar Cancer Centre, the premier cancer facility in Barak Valley, established in 1996, also faced a major problem when the campus and parts of the hospital building were waterlogged.

Speaking to Mongabay-India, Kalyan Chakraborty, founder and Chief Administrative Officer of the hospital, told Mongabay-India, “The entrance of the hospital is flooded, so we are transporting patients on makeshift rafts. Currently, 140 patients are admitted to the hospital along with 200 staff. We are grateful to the administration and civil society for helping us with supplies so that we could take care of all these people.”

H. P. S Kandari, Commandant of 1st Battalion of NDRF, told Mongabay-India that the magnitude of the flood combined with the city’s large population was scuttling disaster response efforts in Silchar. “We have 22 units in Assam, of which nine are in Silchar. In some areas, the current is too strong. Maintaining our equipment is sometimes difficult because we don’t know what is beneath when we ply our boat in these waters. So, sometimes our boats get punctured. We have mobile workshops to repair such damage though it is not always possible to send mobile workshops everywhere at such short notice. We are working without rest in this situation to ensure we can reach everyone needing help.”

No respite in rural Assam

On a portion of the road which connects Nagaon district’s Raha to Jakhalabandha, one can see a cluster of small tents that have now become the home of Podumoni and Kakati Gaon village residents. Hafizuddin, who came from Podumoni, has been living with his family of ten in a small tent for the last ten days that he had never seen such a devastating flood before. “This is bigger than 2004 (flood),” he said.

The village residents say their houses were submerged because water was released from three dams- Umrangshu, Karbi Longpi and Khendong. Not just the village residents, but many government officials have also been unable to return home after the floods.

A house dilapidated after the flood, at Dwarband. Photo by Dharmendra Tiwari.

Parishmita Saikia, Flood Officer at Raha Circle Office, has been living in her office for the last 15 days. “My house is 7-8 km from Raha. I have heard that water has also entered my house, but I have been unable to go to check on my parents. I have to stay till three at night because there is so much paperwork involving the relief work. There is a colleague’s house nearby where I go and freshen up sometimes,” said Saikia.

The NDRF is assigned the task of sending relief to some of the worst affected areas. Mongabay-India encountered one such team at Raha. Inspector Milan Jyoti Hazarika, who was leading the team, said that while he hails from Lakhimpur, known for its floods, the event he witnessed this year will be unmatched for its intensity. “In Chapormukh, we rescued people whose houses were completely submerged, and somehow they had taken shelter on the roof,” Hazarika said.

Sofiqul Islam, who conducts boat clinics at the chars or riverine islands of Barpeta district, said that in Lower Assam, the havoc was mainly created by the swollen tributaries of the Brahmaputra like Jiabharali and Pagladia. He also expressed concern over waterborne diseases affecting the flood victims once the floodwater recedes.

Criticising the government approach towards flood management in the region by constructing embankments, independent researcher Mirza Zulfiqur Rahman said, “Flood management in this region means constructing embankments which are nothing but merrymaking for contractors. Since the 1950 earthquake, we are constructing risks (embankments and dams) in the landscape without properly mapping the floodplains. Even small dams like Kopili, Ronganodi and Umrangshu can create huge havoc.”

“If you remove even one boulder from the river bed, it will have an impact. These boulders act as cushions, and the floodwater will come in much higher intensity in their absence. The interventions we are doing on the ground can lead to catastrophic events. Entire northeast India is sitting on a veritable pack of cards, ready to collapse. The way this government responds to climate change shows that they are not even keen to acknowledge this issue. They are piling double the infrastructure of what our landscape can absorb,” Rahman added.

A flood relief camp at Raha. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

The Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) has plans like developing climate-resilient villages to combat floods. Elaborating on this, Mandira Buragohain, Project Officer (Knowledge Management and Climate Change), ASDMA said, “We are planning to come up with climate-resilient villages in Assam which will have a raised platform, handpump built on an elevated structure, community cowsheds and also we will do capacity building of women and youth. We will be setting up flood shelters in Bihpuria, Majuli and Barpeta where around 500 people can take shelter.”

When asked if the challenges are more this time, she said, “2020 was also very challenging because along with the flood, there was also a raging pandemic. However, this year the flood is more intense.”

Banner image : A shop set on a raft in Guwahati. Assam has 9.40 percent of the total flood-prone area of the country. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

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Assam floods 2024: Unprecedented timing and fury grips state

The people of Assam have lived with floods for centuries, but they have never been as surprised by its timing, intensity, and extent as they are now. The recent flooding of the riverine island of Majuli and the three waves of floods already in 2024 are testimonies to the changing character of flooding in the riparian state over the past 50 years, especially along the Brahmaputra river.

“The flooding in Majuli was sudden and occurred due to the combined impact of the rising water of the Brahmaputra river and the gushing water from its tributary, the Subansiri,” Partha Jyoti Das, head of climate and water hazards at non-profit Aaranyak, told Down To Earth .

Such flash flooding is more dangerous for people in the impacted area than a normal flood and is new for many of these areas, according to Das.

The flash flooding in the Subansiri was because of heavy rainfall in Arunachal Pradesh, from where the river flows steeply into Assam, Das explained. This added to already rising water levels in the Brahmaputra. The volume of water was such that a well-built and maintained embankment in the western part of Majuli breached at its weakest point.

There has not been a lot of flooding in Majuli for the past 4-5 years, so people were caught off-guard. “People may have had a false sense of security about the strength of the embankment. Also, the fact that it is normal for the water levels in both the Brahmaputra and the Subansiri to increase and decrease throughout the monsoon season,” said Das.

The increased extreme rainfall and occasional cloud bursts in Arunachal Pradesh and even in Meghalaya are responsible for flooding in Assam, in addition to the rainfall within the state. Heavy rainfall in Bhutan's hills often leads to flooding in the western part of the state.

The northern parts of the state flooded due to excessive rainfall in Arunachal Pradesh, while some southern parts, such as Guwahati, flooded by heavy rainfall on the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills. In 2004 and 2014, western districts like Kamrup and Goalpara flooded due to cloud bursts in the Garo hills, Das pointed out.

Majuli is just one example in Assam's saga of living with floods. The most recent flooding season for the state began on May 28, caused by rainfall from the remnants of Cyclone Remal.

By June 2, 13 districts of the state were flooded, with three people losing their lives in flood-related incidents, 535,000 people affected and 8,144 hectares of crop area inundated, according to data from the Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA).

There was some rainfall after the cyclone dissipated, maintaining flooding in some districts until June 15. On June 16, rainfall intensified again, and a second wave of floods hit many districts.

The peak of this wave of floods was reached on June 20 when 1,311 villages across 22 districts were inundated. On that date, 409,000 people remained impacted by the flooding and 6,425 ha of crop area were affected, according to ASDMA data.

This flooding see-sawed until June 29 when seven districts of the state were still reeling under floods. From June 30, the third wave of floods spread to 29 of the state’s 35 districts in just three days by July 3.

“Forty-six people have died in different flood-related incidents in the state,” according to media reports. The number of affected people in 2,800 villages has reached 1.625 million, and 39,452 ha of crop area lies devastated, according to ASDMA data on July 3.

Of these, 25,744 people are in relief camps, while 361,000 people are in relief distribution centres. Almost 500,000 people were added to the flood-impacted list in just one day between July 2 and July 3.

The rainfall in Assam during the current monsoon season from June 1-July 3 exceeded the average by 18 per cent, which the India Meteorological Department (IMD) considers normal.

“There are at least 4-5 waves of floods every year in Assam, but in some years, the season gets elongated. This is happening more frequently now and last happened in 2022,” said Das.

In 2022, most of the state had seen multiple waves of floods by June. Then there was a long dry period in July and August, and rains picked up again in September and October, bringing back the floods. This is the worst-case scenario for Assam's farmers, who mostly grow paddy for their sustenance.

“The early rains in April, May, and June 2022 meant that they were not able to sow their seeds. Then, in July and August, most of the farmers who managed to sow their seeds kept waiting for the rains to water their fields. And once it was time for harvest, the floods brought back the misery,” said Das.

When the rains cease, there is a lull for some time, and floods concentrate in certain pockets. Then, as the rainfall starts again, these pockets expand rapidly and inundate other areas.

“Even then, the persistence of floods in Assam has decreased over the past 50 years, though the short-term aggression has increased. In the 1980s and 90s, many areas would be under flood waters for long durations, for weeks and even months,” said Das. Now, he points out, the flooding is quick and, in some sense, more devastating.

In the last 50 years, major floods have occurred in Assam in 1972, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2004, and 2012, according to the ASDMA. Since then, there have been quick flash floods every year and long-term inundations in some years such as 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, and now in 2024.

“There was a predictability to the flooding which is absent now. There are also some new areas in Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong districts, which were never known to get flooded before but are experiencing floods now,” said Das.

Due to the suddenness of the floods, people have also lost their adaptive capacity to face and live with the floods. In some areas, the sense of security that comes from embankments has made people less prepared for the kind of flash flooding that happens now.

“They often don’t realise that no embankment is going to last forever against the fury of the river. The changing rainfall patterns, especially the extreme rainfall and cloudbursts in the hills, and the land use changes are only making the rivers more aggressive,” Das quipped.

A detailed reassessment of the flooding situation in Assam needs to be carried out, taking into account the changing climatology, land use patterns and socio-economic makeup of the state. And adaptation technology, such as embankments, including the materials used in them, needs to be designed using this reassessment, according to Das.

Table of Content

1 . Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
2 . Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
3 . IUCN Red List
4 . Digital Economy Report 2024
5 . Flood vulnerability of North East India
6 . PLI Scheme for Telecom and Networking Products
7 . Place in News: Austria
8 . Also in News

Assam floods affected more than 2 million people

Posted 11 Jul 2024

The recent Assam flooding and its magnitude have highlighted North East India’s vulnerability to flood.

Reasons for flood vulnerability of North East India

River instability: The Brahmaputra and the Barak rivers are braided and unstable in their reaches due to high sediment charges, steep slopes and transverse gradients.
Geology: The entire area is part of a seismic zone and periodic severe earthquakes are also a factor of river instability.
Hydrometeorology: The drainage area of Brahmaputra, and Barak in India is subjected to cyclonic storms originating in the Bay of Bengal, particularly in the latter part of the monsoon season.
For example, in Assam, districts north of the Brahmaputra show an increasing trend in rainfall in the last 30 years (CSE).
Drainage congestion: Due to heavy rainfall of short duration coupled with high flow levels in the main river rainwater is prevented from draining quickly into the riverbed.
Anthropogenic: Construction, encroachment of river bodies, embankments obstructing natural flows, etc. also induce drainage congestion.

of a river according to flood frequencies. in the upstream catchment of all dams in the North East. (currently most are very old). and rejuvenation of wetlands

Brahmaputra
Flood Zoning
Barak river

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APSC Online Coaching – Tests, Study Materials & Assam Current Affairs

Assam flood: all you need to know (apsc mains assam notes).

Go To Assam Geography Notes & Study Materials Go To Geography Notes

Assam Flood: All You Need to Know

Floods wreak havoc in Assam every year during the monsoon season. These floods caused by long and heavy spells of rain and causes very severe loss of lives and property and shamble the economy of the state. Floods are caused mainly by two river systems – the Brahmaputra and the Barak. The geographical setting of the region, high intensity rainfall, easily erodible geographical formations aggravates the floods situation.

Most of the districts of the State were affected by the floods. Generally only two districts not to see flooding were Karbi Anglong West and Dima Hasao , both hilly regions.
Over 3,90,000 hectares of agricultural lands, growing paddy and vegetables, were inundated by the floods.

Heavy Rainfall in some year or some continuous spell of heavy rain either in Assam or in the upstream region of it’s main rivers.
Rainfall in upstream also contributes to flooding, as the water flow increases downstream.
Physiology of the region is still young and the lesser Himalaya regions are still in the process of forming. The soft rocks, in the absence of green top cover, easily gives way to gushing waters.
Brahmaputra valley carries huge amount of water and is one of the most hazard prone area. Sediment load of Brahmaputra is highest in the world and thus it makes 40% of Assam’s land as flood prone.
Human-induced problems like destruction of wetlands, deforestation, and encroachments on river banks.
Most cities and towns suffer due to poor planning.
Organised system of flood-related data logging is fairly new and inexperienced in the State. Also, the State Disaster Management came into being only in 2010.
Explosive population growth in the state which led to encroachment of riverine areas, char areas, natural water reservoir areas etc. which alter and degrade the natural drainage system.
Loss of lives are in thousands. In the past five years, only in 2013, no death was reported due to floods.
Loss of animals are also very huge as the area is a bio-diversity hot-spot with 5 National Parks and so many species of unique animals.
Loss of property is unprecedented, and it is more significant as most of the sufferers of Assam flood are the poor who lose their bare-minimum assets like stock of grains, cattles and huts.
Loss of Agriculture due to prolong inundation
Loss to infrastructure includes damages to houses, dykes, embankments, roads, bridges, schools, angan wadi centers costing hundreds of crores every year.
As per Oxfam India, 2017 flood of Assam have resulted in a loss of over Rs 2939 crores.
The aftermath of deluge brings the threat of malnutrition, diarrhoea, water-borne diseases like cholera and dysentery, psychological stress and human trafficking. Drinking water and sanitation also remain a challenge.
Rivers in Assam, including the Brahmaputra, are embanked in places.
During the monsoon, the Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) and NGOs identify dry lands in upper regions and organise shelter for people living in low-lying areas.
Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) was established in 2010.
Rejuvenation of wetlands.
Reconstruction of embankments.
Increase the water carrying capacity of rivers by dredging them.
Constructing reservoirs to hold water during monsoon.
Increasing forest cover.
Construction of storage dams upstream.
Decentralised weather forecast.
Plan well and clear the drainage system in urban areas.
Development of Extensive and effective rainwater harvesting plans.
Control of population growth

1.Number of People Affected: 33.5 Lakh 2.Villages Affected: 3186 villages were severly damaged in 25 districts*. 3.Districts Affected: Lakhimpur, Jorhat, Golaghat, Cachar, Dhemjai, Biswanath, Karimganj, Sonitpur, Majuli, Barpeta, Nagaon, Nalbari, Sivasagar, Morigaon, Chiranng, Dibrugarh, Dhubri, Kokrajhar, South Salmara 4.Oxfam’s Goal: To reach out to 8000 Households 5.Reported human lives lost – 157 6. ASDMA has run 954 relief camps providing shelter to a total of 4,51,846 people.

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Make Your Note

Assam Floods

09 Jul 2024
12 min read
GS Paper - 1
Important Geophysical Phenomena
GS Paper - 3
Environmental Pollution & Degradation

For Prelims: Flood , Landslide , Brahmaputra River System , Kaziranga National Park, Topography of India

For Mains: Causes of floods, Impact on life and economy, Measures to tackle, Disaster Management Bodies

Why in News?

Recently, floods in Assam have resulted in over 50 deaths, displacing 360,000 people.

More than 40,000 hectares of crops and 130 wild animals have been affected by flooding.

What is Flood?

Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry.

Between 1998-2017, 2 Billion people have been affected worldwide due to floods.
These are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas.
Flash Floods: These are caused by rapid and excessive rainfall that raises water heights quickly, and rivers, streams, channels or roads may be overtaken.
River Floods: These are caused when consistent rain or snow melt forces a river to exceed capacity.
Coastal Floods: These are caused by storm surges associated with tropical cyclones and tsunami.
India has a total geographical area of 329 million hectares, out of which more than 40 million hectares are flood-prone .
Flood-related damages have shown an increasing trend , with the average annual flood damage between 1996-2005 being Rs. 4745 crore, compared to Rs. 1805 crore in the previous 53 years.
Floods Prone Area in India:

NDMA Guidelines for Floods

Avoid building in flood-prone areas unless you elevate and reinforce your home .
Elevate furnace, water heater, and electrical panel if susceptible to flooding.
Install check valves in sewer traps to prevent flood water backup.
Contact officials about flood barriers being constructed in your area.
Seal basement walls with waterproofing compounds.

When a Flood is Likely:

Listen to radio/TV for information.
Be aware of flash flooding - move to higher ground immediately if risk.
Be aware of areas known to flood suddenly.
Secure your home - bring in outdoor furniture, move items upstairs.
Turn off utilities if instructed.
Do not walk or drive through moving floodwater.

What are the Causes of Regular Floods in Assam?

Assam has more than 120 rivers , several of which originate from the hills and mountains of extreme rainfall hotspots in Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya as well as in China and Bhutan.
In summer, sedimentation intensifies due to soil erosion from glacier melting.
As per data from Assam government, 85% of the annual rainfall in the Brahmaputra basin takes place during the monsoon months.
It also gets a good amount of rainfall in April and May due to thunderstorm (Kalbaisakhi) activities which account for flooding during heavy rain in June.
The melting of glaciers and snow caps in the Tibetan Plateau due to global warming and climate change is causing increased water flow in the Brahmaputra River , impacting downstream regions like Assam with more frequent flooding.
Construction of Embankments: Construction of embankments first started in Assam in the 1960s to control floods. However, six decades later, most of these embankments have either outlived their utility or are in bad condition .
The population density of Brahmaputra valley has increased from 9-29 people per sq. km. in 1940-41 to 398 per sq. km in the plain areas of Assam as per the 2011 census , according to a report by the Brahmaputra Board. This has led to human settlements in river basin areas becoming more vulnerable to floods.
Jhum cultivation: It is also known as shifting cultivation , involves slash-and-burn practices that strip the soil's protective layer, leading to accelerated erosion and reduced water absorption capacity . Soil and plant material runoff contribute to sedimentation in river basins.

What are the Implications of Floods in Assam?

Kaziranga is home to the world's largest population of one-horned rhinos .
Damage to Infrastructure: The floods have caused extensive damage to roads and other infrastructure, hampering rescue and relief efforts.
Displacement of People: The floods in Assam have displaced over 2 million people, with many seeking shelter in relief camps. This has put additional strain on the resources and management.

What are the Steps Taken to Manage Floods in India?

National Flood Management Programme (NFMP) : It was launched in 1954 to provide a flexible framework for states to choose site-specific interventions, considering geographical realities and resource constraints. It emphasises both structural (dams, embankments) and non-structural (floodplain zoning) measures.
Rashtriya Barh Ayog (1976): This established an integrated approach for flood control, prioritizing scientific analysis and national planning.
National Water Policy (2012) : This policy advocates strategic reservoir operation to create flood cushions and minimise sedimentation during floods. Floodplain zoning is emphasized for regulated development in flood-prone areas.
National Hydrology Project (2016) : This project strengthens flood forecasting through real-time hydro-meteorological data accessible at all levels (state, district, village).
Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) : This program focuses on catchment area treatment to reduce sediment load in rivers, thereby enhancing their carrying capacity and minimizing overflow.
Flood Plain Zoning: This strategy aims to demarcate flood-prone areas and regulate land use to prevent encroachment and minimise damage.
Flood Proofing: Elevating vulnerable settlements and crucial infrastructure above flood levels can significantly reduce losses.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

It is an Indian specialised force constituted under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
The responsibility of managing disasters in India is that of the state governments. The ‘Nodal Ministry’ in the central government for management of natural disasters is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
It refers to trained professional units that are called upon for specialised response to disasters.

Way Forward

A parliamentary panel in 2021 suggested modernising flood warning systems by installing advanced weather stations and sirens.
Sluice Gates, which control water levels and flow rates in rivers and canals, should be constructed on tributaries of Brahmaputra and other rivers to be effective.
There is a need to strengthen bilateral exchange of hydrological data with China to prevent flooding in Brahmaputra river.
Sustainable Land Management: It involves avoiding construction in floodplains, promoting responsible practices to prevent excavation and deforestation, and controlling soil erosion along riverbanks to stabilise landscapes and reduce sediment load.
The Central Government may consider funding the flood control component of the reservoir projects.
The flood control schemes should be funded through a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in the ratio of 90% Central and 10% State from the present 75:25.

The distinctive topography, climate, and socio-economic conditions of Assam increase its susceptibility to disasters such as floods. Comment.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Which of the following is/are tributary/tributaries of Brahmaputra?

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Q. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:

The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Short Essay on Flood in Assam

The flood in Assam is such a regular feature that today hardly anyone takes a serious note of it. The state of Assam is frequently ravaged by the fury of mighty Brahmaputra and its tributaries causing untold human misery and devastation of indescribable nature. The issue calls for a permanent solution to this problem, if the state wishes to leap forward in all round development.

Several factors are responsible for the recurrence of flood in Assam. First and foremost, Assam lies in the heart of Monsoon belt and so gets an overabundance of rain. The Brahmaputra originates in Mansorovar in Tibet and rushes through the middle of the state from east to west. The 2900 km long river and its numerous tributaries such as, Subansiri, Manas, Gadadhar, Sonkosh, Dhansiri, Kopili, Krishnai etc. get flooded and overflow their banks flooding the vast plain of the state.

Secondly, the existence of the long range of mountains on its northern and eastern borders compels the waters to flow down into the vast plain below causing the rivers to swell. Thirdly, the increased level of over beds due to constant deposition of silt has been also a major cause of flood in the state.

The havoc caused by flood in Assam is beyond description. Hundreds of villages along the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries get submerged and get cut off. Many people lose their houses. Thousands are rendered homeless. Properties and goods worth crores of rupees get destroyed. Standing crops are damaged. Cattle and valuable goods are washed away.

Image Source: india4people.com

Embankments are forced to give in. Roads and communication links are interrupted. Vast areas of the state are turned into sea and many parts of the state remain cut off for long. Flood causes wide erosion and causes the spread of communicable diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc.

The human misery and economic hardships that accompany flood is unfathomable. It ruins states already impoverished economy and finance. Nevertheless, flood has some beneficial effects as well. It increases the fertility of soil, washes away all the accumulated dirt and encourages the breeding of fishes.

No doubt, the Govt, has taken several flood control measures to lessen the menace and effect of flood in the state. Immediate flood relief measures include setting up of relief camps, free distribution of food, clothes and medicines, cash compensation for the lost property etc. The chief flood control measures have been the construction of embankments along the banks of the rivers in the affected areas.

But it has not improved the overall situation. Moreover alarming situations arise when these embankments give way. Measures like palisading, forestation along river banks and dredging the riverbeds have been undertaken with little success. Construction of check dams all along the course of river, creation of more reservoirs and dams, establishment of river valley projects etc. may reduce the problem considerably in the long run.

Perhaps the best solution to the problem lies in the recently proposed Central plan of interconnecting all the major rivers of India whereby the extra water of the North and East are diverted to the South and West of India, where water is a precious commodity. Whether the above- mentioned plan actualises or not, the problem needs much more serious attention than the present level of temporary patchwork measures.

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Situation report 1: flood and landslide in assam (17 may, 2022 18:00).

Sphere India

Attachments

SITUATION UPDATE AND RESPONSE

Nearly 2 lakh people from 20 districts have been affected due to the flood situation. Two flood-related deaths were reported in Cachar district, while three fatalities due to landslides were earlier recorded in Dima Hasao. Hojai and Cachar are the worst hit with 78,157 and 51,357 people affected respectively.

ACAPS Briefing Note - India: Conflict in Manipur state

India: assam floods dref operation no. mdrin027 - final report, ministry of home affairs disaster management division (national emergency response centre) situation report regarding flood/ heavy rainfall in the country as on 25/11/2022 at 1800 hrs, ministry of home affairs disaster management division (national emergency response centre) situation report regarding flood/ heavy rainfall in the country as on 24/11/2022 at 1800 hrs.

Essay on Assam

Students are often asked to write an essay on Assam in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Assam

Introduction.

Assam, a state in northeast India, is known for its wildlife, archaeological sites, and tea plantations. It’s a region of rich biodiversity and vibrant culture.

Assam is surrounded by seven Indian states and shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra River flows through it, providing fertile land.

Assam’s culture is a blend of various communities like Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, and more. Bihu is the most significant festival celebrated here.

Assam’s economy is based on agriculture, oil, tea, and tourism. The state is the largest tea producer in India.

Assam is home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, including Kaziranga and Manas, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Also check:

250 Words Essay on Assam

Assam, a jewel in the crown of Northeast India, is a diverse and culturally rich state. Its geographical location, unique biodiversity, and varied culture make it a fascinating study.

Geographical Significance

Assam is nestled in the lap of the eastern Himalayas, bounded by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Nagaland and Manipur to the east, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram to the south, and Bangladesh and West Bengal to the west. The state is enriched by the mighty Brahmaputra river, contributing significantly to its fertile plains.

Biodiversity and Environment

Assam is renowned for its rich biodiversity. It houses two of India’s biodiversity hotspots, Kaziranga and Manas National Parks, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The state is also home to the one-horned rhinoceros, a species endemic to the region, symbolizing Assam’s biodiversity richness.

Cultural Diversity

Assam’s cultural landscape is as diverse as its geographical and biological features. It is a melting pot of various ethnic groups, each with its distinct traditions, languages, and cuisines. The Assamese New Year, Bihu, manifests this cultural diversity through music, dance, and food.

Assam’s economy is primarily agrarian, with tea and silk being significant contributors. Assam produces over half of India’s tea, making it a key player in the global tea industry. The state is also famous for its Assam Silk, particularly Muga, known for its durability and golden hue.

In essence, Assam is a microcosm of India’s diversity and cultural richness. Its geographical uniqueness, biodiversity, cultural vibrancy, and economic potential make it a compelling area of study, offering profound insights into India’s Northeastern frontier.

500 Words Essay on Assam

Assam, a northeastern state of India, is renowned for its rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and historical significance. It is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Nagaland and Manipur to the east, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, and Bangladesh to the south, and West Bengal to the west.

Geographical Features

Assam is characterized by the majestic Brahmaputra River, which is the lifeline of the state, providing both water resources and fertile soil for agriculture. The state’s topography is defined by the Barail hill range and the North Cachar Hills. Assam is also home to the world’s largest river island, Majuli, and Asia’s smallest inhabited riverine island, Umananda.

Biodiversity

Cultural heritage.

Assam’s cultural heritage is a blend of various ethnic groups and tribes, each with its unique traditions, rituals, and festivals. The state is famous for its Bihu dance, a folk dance performed during the Bihu festival. Assam’s music, predominantly Borgeet, and Ankia Naat (a form of one-act play), created by the 15th-century scholar, saint, and cultural icon Srimanta Sankardeva, are significant cultural contributions.

Assam’s economy primarily depends on agriculture, with tea and silk being the most significant contributors. Assam produces more than half of India’s tea and is also known for its unique Muga silk. Additionally, the state has substantial petroleum resources and is home to India’s oldest oil refinery in Digboi.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its rich resources, Assam faces numerous challenges. Frequent floods, caused by the Brahmaputra river, lead to significant loss of life and property every year. Similarly, ethnic conflicts and political instability have hindered the state’s development. However, with proper management and strategic planning, these challenges can be turned into opportunities. For instance, the floods can be managed better to recharge groundwater, improve soil fertility, and support fisheries. Similarly, harnessing the state’s rich cultural heritage and biodiversity can boost tourism, creating jobs and supporting the economy.

Assam is a state of immense potential, with its rich natural resources, diverse cultural heritage, and strategic location. However, to fully realize this potential, it is essential to address the challenges it faces and invest in sustainable development. With the right approach, Assam can truly become a jewel in India’s crown.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

Happy studying!

thank you so much it is helpful for me for my project

Why residents of Assam capital are not buying the chief minister’s claim of ‘flood jihad’

Experts and residents blamed the construction of flyovers, and the encroachment of wetlands for the floods in guwahati..

On August 5, Guwahati experienced one of the worst urban floods in its living memory. A two-hour downpour left shops and homes inundated.

The largest city in the North East came to a standstill. Thousands of residents were stuck on the roads and newly-built flyovers for more than six or seven hours.

In the face of mounting criticism, Assam chief minister Himanta Biswa Sarma blamed a private university located in neighbouring state of Meghalaya for the flood. Indeed, he went a step ahead and accused the University of Science and Technology Meghalaya of “flood jihad”.

The USTM’s campus, Sarma alleged, was built by cutting trees and destroying hills in the Ri Bhoi district, triggering floods in Guwahati.

The university, set up in 2008, is owned by Mahbubul Hoque, a Muslim of Bengali origin from Assam’s Karimganj district. “We talk about land jihad, he has started a flood jihad against Assam,” Sarma claimed. “Otherwise, no one can cut hills in such a ruthless way. It is a deliberate [act].”

In accusing the USTM of a sinister plot, Sarma was echoing social media accounts that claimed in 2022 that miscreants had destroyed a river embankment in Assam’s Silchar as part of a “ flood jihad ” against Hindu residents of the town.

Last year, the Assam chief minister had accused Bengal-origin Muslim vegetable growers of the state of “fertiliser jihad”, a term he had coined to blame the farmers for conspiring to damage their Hindu buyers’ health by overdosing their crop with chemicals. It was an echo of the Hindutva conspiracy theory of “love jihad”, which claims that Muslim men seduce Hindu women in order to convert them to Islam, and effect demographic change in the country.

But as the city’s residents continue to grapple with the after-effects of the flood and more instances of rain bringing the city to a halt, few seemed impressed by Sarma’s extraordinary claim.

“The chief minister is not taking responsibility. These days, his speech [only] revolves around Hindu-Muslim politics,” said Mukunda Saikia, a lyricist and research scholar, whose rented one-room house was flooded on August 5. The water damaged his papers, paintings, his guitar, books and clothes, among other effects.

Another resident of the city, Hemchandra Chamua, pointed out: “Even if we agree that water from the university entered the Khanapara side, what about areas like Maligaon, Nabin Nagar, Zoo Road, Chandmari, among others? Will the USTM water go that far?”

Chamua added: “His [CM] statement is disappointing.”

Several residents in the heart of the city told Scroll that the construction of a nearby flyover, an incomplete and faulty drainage system, and inefficient city administrators have exacerbated floods in Guwahati.

Experts pointed out there are structural problems behind the flooding in the city that cannot be blamed on a university coming up on the hills overlooking Guwahati.

“This is what polarisation does,” said Shillong-based editor Patricia Mukhim. “He knows he has failed in civic management of Guwahati city, where wetlands are being reclaimed by builders. So best to divert people’s attention to a Muslim-owned institution.”

Fifteen days after the August 5 flood, several parts of Guwahati were again flooded after overnight rain, with massive traffic snarls across the city. Soon after, Sarma doubled down on his attack on USTM, claiming that his government may consider barring graduates from the university from state government jobs.

The downpour and deluge

On August 5, Guwahati received heavy rainfall – 7 cm-11 cm, as per the India Meteorological Department data.

“Once the rain stopped, water gushed into my shop and house,” said Chamua, the 45-year-old owner of a computer repair shop in Rukminigaon. A guard wall in front of his shop built to prevent the water from entering did not help that day. “The water level was too high.”

A week after the deluge, when Scroll visited Rukminigaon, a residential neighbourhood about 2 km from the Assam secretariat, a large machine was pumping water from the road into the city’s main water channel, Bharalu-Bahini, which drains into the Brahmaputra.

Several areas continued to be under three feet of water.

Chamua had to stay away for three nights, after which he waded through black waist-deep water to reach his shop. “Meghalaya water did not come here,” he said.

Instead, several residents in the neighbourhood connected the floods to a spate of construction activity.

“We have been getting intense floods since the flyover was constructed three four years ago,” Shaswati Boro, a 45-year-old woman who runs a small rice hotel in Rukminigaon said, pointing to the flyover at Dispur-Supermarket, built by Himanta Biswa Sarma government at a cost of Rs 127 crore.

“There was a channel or stream beneath the flyover before it was constructed,” Boro said. “It is blocked with waste and construction debris from the flyover,” Boro said.

Rukminigaon sits at the bottom of the flyover, and is flooded by the run-off from it, residents said.

Guwahati has over 18 flyovers, most of them have been built in the last five years by the BJP government. Two more, including Assam’s longest flyover, ar coming up.

A blame game

Civil society groups sharply reacted to the comments made by the chief minister, which are seen as a desperate attempt to deflect attention from his government's failure to control the devastating floods in Guwahati.

“By targeting a university and its promoter, a Muslim individual, he sought to communalise the issue and shift the blame,” said a statement issued by Minority Watch, a group of North-East based civil society group members from different communities.

The USTM strongly refuted accusations made by the chief minister, and said that its campus “may contribute a minuscule portion” of the total water that flows to downstream areas through drains in areas like Jorabat. “The campus infrastructure expansions have all requisite permission from the Meghalaya government,” it said.

Almost 6,000 students study at the university which employs 1,500 faculty and employees from across northeastern, including Assam.

Before Sarma’s statement, another minister Ashok Singhal had blamed the unprecedented urban flooding to water from neighbouring Meghalaya.

Systemic issue

Shaped like a trough, Guwahati is surrounded by a total of 15 hills, from which sediments and water come down during the rains.

In 2016, the Assam State Disaster Management Authority entrusted professor Arup Kumar Sarma of the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, to evaluate water and sediment runoff from the nearby hills.

The high level of flood risks stem from the “undulating topography of the city”, which makes it flood-prone and the “encroachment of natural drain channels and wetlands,” the ASDMA report said .

“We have shown in our study that sediment yield and high runoff generation from the hilly terrain of Guwahati city is the main culprit for urban flooding of Guwahati city,” Sarma, who was the principal consultant of the study, told Scroll . He said it was not possible to blame one university for the flood.

“If the vegetation in the hills is extinct, the probability of sediment and water coming down from the hills increases significantly,” he explained. “The sediment tends to block drains, and low-lying areas are often flooded.”

The drainage system of Guwahati city depends on the existing natural water channels like Bharalu-Bahini and wetlands like the Silsako Beel and the Deepar Beel, among others.

“The Bahini, which was once a river, has turned into a dormant clogged drain,” said Shaswati Boro. “So, the water that flows into it comes back to the city.”

Mirza Zulfiqur Rahman, a Guwahati-based independent researcher, who has worked on the issue of transboundary water-sharing, agreed. “The situation that we see today is a result of cumulative encroachment of wetlands such as Deepor Beel and devastation of hills surrounding the city of Guwahati, not alone that of Meghalaya, but also within Assam.”

Experts like Rahman also blame the floods on large-scale infrastructure interventions done without proper assessments and stakeholder consultations.

Rahman said as the concretisation of Guwahati increases through buildings and flyovers, the urban landscape’s capacity to absorb excess water diminishes.

“The surface runoff from the concrete spaces in Guwahati is higher, and percolation to the earth is getting lower,” he said. “Successive governments have been instrumental in totally destroying the wetlands around Guwahati, which are natural flood sinks.”

He argued that urban planners must be made accountable “for not anticipating such disasters, and not coordinating with neighbouring states.”

Guwahati floods
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অসমৰ বানপানী | Flood in Assam Essay in Assamese

অসমৰ বানপানী

অসমৰ বানপানী | Flood in Assam

আৰম্ভণি: পানীৰ অস্বাভাৱিক বাঢ়নিয়েই বানপানী। ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অসমেই হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি বানপানী আসক্ত প্ৰদেশ। বৰ্ণনাতীত কালৰে পৰা অসমৰ সামাজিক, ৰাজনৈতিক, অৰ্থনৈতিক জন-জীৱন বানপানীৰ দ্বাৰা সকৰুণভাবে প্ৰভাৱিত হৈ আহিছে। ই হ’ল অসমৰ এক স্বতঃস্ফূর্ত প্ৰাকৃতিক বিপৰ্যয়।

বানপানীৰ কাৰণ : অসমৰ বানপানী ৰ বাবে বহুতো উৎস দায়ী, যথা:

প্ৰথমতে, গ্ৰীষ্ম কালত অসমত যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে বৰষুণ হয়, যাৰ ফলত অসমৰ বাট-পথ, গাওঁ-ভূই প্লাৱিত হৈ বাপানীৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।

দ্বিতীয়তে, অসম হৈছে পাহৰ আৰু পবর্ত, নদী আৰু উপনদী, জান আৰু জুৰিৰ দেশ। ইয়াৰ ওচৰে-পাঁজৰে থকা পাহাৰ আৰু পর্বত (বিশেষকৈ হিমালয় পৰ্বত ) সমূহত জমা হৈ থকা বৰফবোৰ গ্ৰীষ্ম ঋতুত সূৰ্যৰ তাপত গলি অসমৰ ব্রহ্মপুত্ৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ উপনৈসমূহ প্লাৱিত কৰি বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।

তৃতীয়তে, চৰকাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা নলী-নৰ্দমা, দলং, কালভাৰ্ট, নদীৰ মাথাউৰি আদিত বহুতো আসোঁৱাহ থকাৰ বাবে বাৰিষা কালত পানীৰ হেচাঁত ভাঙি-চিঙি নদী উপ-নদীৰ পানী গাওঁ-ভূই, শস্য পথাৰ আদিত সোমাই বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।

বানপানীৰ প্রভাব: বানপানীৰ প্ৰভাৱ অসমবাসীৰ কাৰণে সুদূৰ-প্ৰসাৰী। ই মানুহৰ খেতি-বাতি, পথাৰ, পুখুৰী আদি নষ্ট কৰাৰ উপৰিও হাজাৰ হাজাৰ ঘৰবাৰী, ভিটা-মাটি উচ্ছন্ন কৰে। বহু পৰিয়ালক গৃহহীন কৰে। বহু মানুহক জীৱন্তে উঠাই লৈ গৈ সলিল সমাধি ঘটায়। ই ৰাস্তা-ঘাট, সাঁকো, দলং, আদিৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰি যোগাযোগ বিচ্ছিন্ন কৰে।

তাৰোপৰি বানপানীৰ পিছতো গেলা-পচা বস্তু আৰু মৰা-শৰ গোন্ধই পৰিৱেশ দূষিত কৰি অনাহাৰ -অনিদ্ৰাত ভূগি থকা মানুহক বেমাৰত পেলায়। কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা মহামাৰীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰি বহুত লোকৰ প্ৰাণ নাশ কৰে। ফলত সামাজিক, আৰ্থিক, আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক দিশত অৱনমন ঘটে। মুঠতে বানপানীয়ে অসমবাসীৰ কাৰণে চৰম অভিশাপ হৈ জন- জীৱন সকৰুণভাৱে বিধবস্ত কৰে।

বানপানী ৰোধৰ উপায় : প্ৰতিটো সমস্যাৰ সমাধান থকাৰ দৰে বানপানী নামৰ দৈত্যটোক ৰোধ কৰাৰো উপায় নিশ্চয় আছে। ইয়াক ৰোধৰ বাবে আমি তলত দিয়া উপায়বোৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰো:

প্ৰথমতে, মহাবাহু ব্রহ্মপুত্ৰক বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বা দুয়ো পাৰে শক্তিশালী মাথাউৰি বান্ধি ইয়াৰ জলশক্তিক অন্য কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰিলে বানপানীৰ প্ৰাৱল্যৰ পৰা নিশ্চয় অসমবাসী সকাহ পাব।

দ্বিতীয়তে, ব্রহ্মপুত্ৰ নদীৰ সকলো উপনদীসমূহকো সুপৰিকল্পিতভাবে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি স্থায়ীভাৱে মাথাউৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ বিভিন্ন আঁচনি গ্ৰহণ কৰিব লাগে।

তৃতীয়তে, প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অধিক গছ-গছনি ৰুব লাগে আৰু যধে-মধে গছ-গছনি কটা ৰোধ কৰিব লাগে।

চতুৰ্থতে, সুপৰিকল্পিতভাৱে আলিবাট, কালভাৰ্ট, দলং আদি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিব লাগে যাতে অতিৰিক্ত পানীৰ প্ৰাৱল্য প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰিব পাৰে।

পঞ্চমতে, হ্রস্বম্যাদী আঁচনিবোৰৰ ভিতৰত বানপানীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা দুৰ্যোগ চম্বালিবলৈ চকৰকাৰী অনুদান, বৰঙণি, সাহাৰ্য আদি বৃদ্ধি কৰিব লাগে আৰু কোনো ধৰণৰ ৰঙা-ফিটাৰ মেৰপাক সোমাব নিদিয়াকৈ ৰাইজক যোগান ধৰিব লাগে।

সামৰণি: অসমৰ বানপানী যদি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব পৰা যায়, তেন্তে অসম তথা ভাৰতৰ অৰ্থনীতি নিশ্চয় টনকীয়াল হ’ব আৰু অসম ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এক লেখতলবলগীয়া ৰাজ্যত পৰিণত হ’ব। 0 0 0 .

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Essay of flood in assam in 150 word
Essay on Flood in Assam
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Flood In Assam Essay

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Flood in Assam Essay
500 Words Essay On Flood In Assam. Assam, situated in the northeastern part of India, is a state with an extensive network of rivers. However, this very feature makes it vulnerable to frequent floods, which occur during the monsoon season. The overflowing rivers lead to destruction of crops and livestock, resulting in the displacement of people ...
Flood in Assam Essay: A Student and Children's Essay on Flood
Flood Problem In Assam Essay for Students. Rainfall in Assam begins with the arrival of the wet monsoon in May and June and lasts for two to three months. During this time of year, which is also the rainy season in this area, the main paddy crop is planted in the Assamese plains. As a result, rain is desperately needed right now.
Assam: India floods destroy millions of homes and dreams
Authorities in Assam say that 32 of its 35 districts have been affected, killing at least 45 people and displacing more than 4.7 million over the last week. Millions displaced in India and ...
Essay on Flood in Assam
500 Words Essay on Flood in Assam Introduction. Assam, a state in North-East India, is renowned for its rich biodiversity and vibrant culture. However, it also bears the brunt of an annual menace - floods. The flood in Assam is a recurring disaster that wreaks havoc on the socioeconomic fabric of the state. The Geographical Context
Essay on Flood In Assam
Flood In Assam Essay Writing Tips. 1. Introduction: Start your essay by introducing the topic of floods in Assam. Mention that Assam is prone to annual flooding due to its geographical location and the Brahmaputra River. 2. Background information: Provide some background information on the causes of floods in Assam.
Floods in Assam: The Case for Rethinking Adaptation
That has resulted in one of the worst floods ever recorded in Assam. As of 3 July, flood has affected 1,835,551 people in 26 out of the state's 35 districts and it submerged 471.98 square kilometers (47,198.87 hectares) of cropland. [1] About 200 people have died so far. Earlier on 22 June the floods had affected 5,457,601 people in 32 ...
2020 Assam floods
2020 Assam floods refers to the significant flood event of the Brahmaputra River in the Indian north-eastern state of Assam and coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic.Initial flooding started in May 2020 due to heavy rainfall affecting 30,000 and destroying crops across 5 districts. [1] [2] As of October 2020 the floods affected over five million people, claiming the lives of 123 people, with an ...
Flood in Assam essay
Flood in Assam essay : Amidst the serene landscapes and rich cultural tapestry of India's northeastern state, Assam, lies a recurring tragedy that has tested the resilience of its people for decades - the annual floods. Beyond the vibrant festivals and picturesque vistas, these floods bring a wave of devastation that leaves communities ...
'He never returned': Widespread misery in India's flooded Assam
The Assam State Disaster Management Authority's (ASDMA) bulletin on Wednesday said nearly 600,000 people in the state's 15 districts continue to be affected by the floods and more than 72,000 ...
Unprecedented flood cripples Assam, massive loss of life and property
Unprecedented flood cripples Assam, massive loss of life and property reported. Assam faced two severe waves of flood this year, the first one in May and then again in June, which crippled cities and rural areas. Silchar, the second largest city of Assam faced its worst flood in living memory with more than 80% of the city being inundated.
Assam floods 2024: Unprecedented timing and fury grips state
In the last 50 years, major floods have occurred in Assam in 1972, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2004, and 2012, according to the ASDMA. Since then, there have been quick flash floods every year and long-term inundations in some years such as 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, and now in 2024. "There was a predictability to the ...
Assam floods affected more than 2 million people
Reasons for flood vulnerability of North East India. River instability: The Brahmaputra and the Barak rivers are braided and unstable in their reaches due to high sediment charges, steep slopes and transverse gradients. Geology: The entire area is part of a seismic zone and periodic severe earthquakes are also a factor of river instability.
Assam Flood: All You Need to Know (APSC Mains Assam Notes)
As per Oxfam India, 2017 flood of Assam have resulted in a loss of over Rs 2939 crores. The aftermath of deluge brings the threat of malnutrition, diarrhoea, water-borne diseases like cholera and dysentery, psychological stress and human trafficking. Drinking water and sanitation also remain a challenge.
PDF A Study on Flood Disaster in Assam: Threats and Measures
(Akew, 1999). Some of the recent flood effects in Assam are-a) Biggest flood reported after 1998 in Assam was in the year 2012 where 21 out of 27 districts of the state was affect-ed, b) 2013 flood of Assam triggered by heavy rainfall affected 12 districts in which 396 villages were affected and 7000 hectares of agriculture land was destroyed.
Assam Floods
What are the Causes of Regular Floods in Assam? Large Number of Rivers: Assam has more than 120 rivers, several of which originate from the hills and mountains of extreme rainfall hotspots in Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya as well as in China and Bhutan.; The Brahmaputra river, flowing through Assam, accumulates significant sediment as it reaches the lower elevation of Assam, slowing down and ...
Short Essay on Flood in Assam
Short Essay on Flood in Assam. The flood in Assam is such a regular feature that today hardly anyone takes a serious note of it. The state of Assam is frequently ravaged by the fury of mighty Brahmaputra and its tributaries causing untold human misery and devastation of indescribable nature. The issue calls for a permanent solution to this ...
Flood Exposure and Social Vulnerability during 2020 Assam Floods
Assam is a state in the northeastern part of India. It is located between 89° 42 E to 96° E longitude and 24° 8 N to 28° 2 N latitude and has an. area of 78,438 km. The physiography coupled ...
(PDF) Flood Disaster Management in Assam
now in Assam only short term and immediate measures . are implemented ... The 2022 Assam flood encompassed approximately 24,507.27 km2 of vegetation loss and 33,902.49 km2 of flood inundation out ...
Situation Report 1: Flood and Landslide in Assam (17 May ...
Situation Report 1: Flood and Landslide in Assam (17 May, 2022 18:00) SITUATION UPDATE AND RESPONSE. Situation. Nearly 2 lakh people from 20 districts have been affected due to the flood situation ...
100 Words Essay on Assam
Assam's cultural heritage is a blend of various ethnic groups and tribes, each with its unique traditions, rituals, and festivals. The state is famous for its Bihu dance, a folk dance performed during the Bihu festival. Assam's music, predominantly Borgeet, and Ankia Naat (a form of one-act play), created by the 15th-century scholar, saint ...
Why residents of Assam capital are not buying Himanta Biswa Sarma's
On August 5, Guwahati experienced one of the worst urban floods in its living memory. A two-hour downpour left shops and homes inundated. The largest city in the North East came to a standstill.
অসমৰ বানপানী
অসমৰ বানপানী | Flood in Assam Essay in Assamese আৰম্ভণি: পানীৰ অস্বাভাৱিক বাঢ়নিয়েই বানপানী। ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অসমেই হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি বানপানী আসক্ত প্ৰদেশ