software operating systems presentation

PROJECT �ON� OPERATING SYSETM

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MS. RICHA BANSAL

• Introduction to Operating Systems

What OS does

Structure of OS

• Evolution of OS
• Operating System Functions
• Main Functions of OS

Measuring System Performance

• Types of OS
• Some Popular OS

Introduction to Operating Systems�

• Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work.
• It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
• The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
• OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS etc.
• OS is a resource allocator
• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

An operating system performs basic tasks such as,

• Controlling and allocating memory
• Prioritizing system requests
• Controlling input and output devices
• Facilitating networking
• Managing file systems
• Computer system can be divided into four components
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games
• People, machines, other computers

Diagrammatic View of Structure of OS

The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:

Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,

• Software (Operating System

Software includes process management routines, memory management routines, I/O control routines, file management routines.

• System programs

This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc.

• Application programs

This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation system, Bank database management etc.,

Evolution of OS:

• The evolution of operating systems went through seven major phases.
• Six of them significantly changed the ways in which users accessed computers through the open shop, batch processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal computing, and distributed systems.
• In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent programming were developed and demonstrated in model operating systems.

Operating Systems functions:

• The main functions of operating systems are:
• Program creation
• Program execution
• Input/Output operations
• Error detection
• Resource allocation

Main Functions of OS�

• Process Management

A process is a program in execution. The operating system manages many kinds of activities ranging from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated in a process. A process includes the complete execution context (code, data, PC, registers, OS resources in use etc.). ��

• Memory Management

To execute a program, it must he loaded, together with the data, it accesses in the main memory (at least partially). To improve CPU utilization and to provide better response tine to its users, a computer System normally keeps several programs in main memory. The memory management module of an operating system takes care of the allocation de-allocation of memory space to the various programs in need of this resource. �

• File Management

A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Computer can store tiles on the disk (secondary storage), which provide long term storage. Some examples of storage media are magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk. Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and access methods. A file system normally organized into directories to ease their use. These directories may contain files and other directions. ��

• Device Management

A computer system normally consists of several I/O devices such as terminal, printer, disk, and tape. The device management module of an operating system takes care of controlling all the computer's I/O devices. It keeps track of I/O requests from processes, issues commands to the I/O devices, and ensures correct data transmission to/from an I/O ��

• Throughput :

Throughput is the amount of work that the system is able to do per unit time. it is �measured as the number of processes that are completed by the system per unit time. For example, �it ii processes are completed in an interval of t seconds, tie throughput is taken as n/t processes �per second during that interval. Throughput is normally measured in processes/hour. Here, it �is noteworthy that the value of throughput does not depend only on the capability of a system, �but also on the nature of jobs being processed by the system.

• Turnaround Time

From the point of view of an individual user, an important criterion is 'how �long it takes the system to complete a job submitted by him/her’. Turnaround time is the interval �from the time of submission of a job to the system for processing to the time of completion �of the job. Although higher throughput is desirable from the point of view of overall system �performance, but individual users are more interested in better turnaround time for their jobs. ���

• Response Time

Turnaround time is usually not a suitable measure for interactive systems, �because in an interactive system, a process can produce some output fairly early during its execution and can continue executing while previous results c11e being output to the user. Thus, another measure used in case of interactive systems is response time, which is the interval from the time of submission of a job to the system for processing to the time the first response for the job is produced by the system. ��

Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

• Single User Systems
• Multi User Systems

Single User Systems: �

• Provides a platform for only one user at a time.
• They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating system which run on standalone systems where no user accounts are required.
• Example: DOS

Multi-User Systems: �

• Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of known users.
• Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users.
• Another term for multi-user is time sharing .
• Ex: All mainframes and  are multi-user systems.
• Example: Unix

Some Popular Operating Systems

UNIX is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas Mcllroy, and Joe Ossanna. UNIX operating system was first developed in assembly language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its further development and porting to other hardware.

MS-DOS was an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually 3uperseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by Various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Windows 7 is all about delivering on the failures of Vista.

• Performance improvements
• Boot-up time is faster than with Windows Vista, and Windows 7 resumes from sleep and reconnects to wireless networks more quickly.
• Search has been optimized to return results faster.
• Services that aren't in use are turned off, and memory is used more efficiently than in Vista, increasing performance.
• USB devices are ready for use in less time after you plug them in.
• Power management
• Automatically dims the screen after a period of inactivity when on battery power
• Powers off unused ports
• Uses less power for DVD playback

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Top 10 Operating System PPT Templates with Examples and Samples

Prerna Leekha

Do you know what makes the computer understand and execute your commands? Well, it is the operating system. It is, in essence, a complete suit of software, that manages a computer’s hardware and software resources. It acts as the intermediary between you and the complex machinery that resides in the computer. The operating system is mandated to ensure that hardware components work to achieve the desired output.

Such is the importance of the operating system that it will not be an exaggeration to say that the modern computing is built around it. They ensure that all tasks, from web surfing to complicated program execution, go smoothly. Operating systems have evolved in accordance with technological breakthroughs, with each version introducing new features and capabilities.

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Chapter 2 Operating System Overview

Oct 29, 2019

1.79k likes | 2.56k Views

Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles. Chapter 2 Operating System Overview. Eighth Edition By William Stallings. Operating System. A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware. Operating System Services.

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• time sharing
• operating systems
• resident monitor
• processor time alternates
• compatible time sharing systems

Presentation Transcript

Operating Systems:Internals and Design Principles Chapter 2Operating System Overview Eighth Edition By William Stallings

Operating System A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware

Operating System Services Program development Program execution Access I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Error detection and response Accounting

Key Interfaces • Instruction set architecture (ISA) • Application binary interface (ABI) • Application programming interface (API)

The Role of an OS A computer is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data The OS is responsible for managing these resources

Operating System as Software Functions in the same way as ordinary computer software Program, or suite of programs, executed by the processor Frequently relinquishes control and must depend on the processor to allow it to regain control

Evolution of Operating Systems • A major OS will evolve over time for a number of reasons:

Evolution of Operating Systems • Stages include:

Serial Processing Earliest Computers: Problems: Scheduling: most installations used a hardcopy sign-up sheet to reserve computer time time allocations could run short or long, resulting in wasted computer time Setup time a considerable amount of time was spent just on setting up the program to run • No operating system • programmers interacted directly with the computer hardware • Computers ran from a console with display lights, toggle switches, some form of input device, and a printer • Users have access to the computer in “series”

Simple Batch Systems • Early computers were very expensive • important to maximize processor utilization • Monitor • user no longer has direct access to processor • job is submitted to computer operator who batches them together and places them on an input device • program branches back to the monitor when finished

Monitor Point of View Monitor controls the sequence of events Resident Monitor is software always in memory Monitor reads in job and gives control Job returns control to monitor

Processor Point of View • Processor executes instruction from the memory containing the monitor • Executes the instructions in the user program until it encounters an ending or error condition • “control is passed to a job” means processor is fetching and executing instructions in a user program • “control is returned to the monitor” means that the processor is fetching and executing instructions from the monitor program

Job Control Language (JCL)

Desirable Hardware Features

Modes of Operation

Simple Batch System Overhead • Processor time alternates between execution of user programs and execution of the monitor • Sacrifices: • some main memory is now given over to the monitor • some processor time is consumed by the monitor • Despite overhead, the simple batch system improves utilization of the computer

Multiprogrammed Batch Systems • Processor is often idle • even with automatic job sequencing • I/O devices are slow compared to processor

Uniprogramming The processor spends a certain amount of time executing, until it reaches an I/O instruction; it must then wait until that I/O instruction concludes before proceeding

Multiprogramming There must be enough memory to hold the OS (resident monitor) and one user program When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job, which is likely not waiting for I/O

Multiprogramming also known as multitasking memory is expanded to hold three, four, or more programs and switch among all of them Multiprogramming

Multiprogramming Example Table 2.1 Sample Program Execution Attributes

Effects on Resource Utilization Table 2.2 Effects of Multiprogramming on Resource Utilization

Time-Sharing Systems • Can be used to handle multiple interactive jobs • Processor time is shared among multiple users • Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals, with the OS interleaving the execution of each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation

Batch Multiprogramming vs. Time Sharing Table 2.3 Batch Multiprogramming versus Time Sharing

Compatible Time-Sharing Systems CTSS Time Slicing System clock generates interrupts at a rate of approximately one every 0.2 seconds At each interrupt OS regained control and could assign processor to another user At regular time intervals the current user would be preempted and another user loaded in Old user programs and data were written out to disk Old user program code and data were restored in main memory when that program was next given a turn • One of the first time-sharing operating systems • Developed at MIT by a group known as Project MAC • Ran on a computer with 32,000 36-bit words of main memory, with the resident monitor consuming 5000 of that • To simplify both the monitor and memory management a program was always loaded to start at the location of the 5000th word

Major Achievements • Operating Systems are among the most complex pieces of software ever developed

Process Fundamental to the structure of operating systems

Development of the Process • Three major lines of computer system development created • problems in timing and synchronization that contributed to • the development:

Causes of Errors • Nondeterminate program operation • program execution is interleaved by the processor when memory is shared • the order in which programs are scheduled may affect their outcome • Deadlocks • it is possible for two or more programs to be hung up waiting for each other • may depend on the chance timing of resource allocation and release • Improper synchronization • a program must wait until the data are available in a buffer • improper design of the signaling mechanism can result in loss or duplication • Failed mutual exclusion • more than one user or program attempts to make use of a shared resource at the same time • only one routine at a time allowed to perform an update against the file

Components of a Process • The execution context is essential: • it is the internal data by which the OS is able to supervise and control the process • includes the contents of the various process registers • includes information such as the priority of the process and whether the process is waiting for the completion of a particular I/O event • A process contains three components: • an executable program • the associated data needed by the program (variables, work space, buffers, etc.) • the execution context (or “process state”) of the program

Process Management The entire state of the process at any instant is contained in its context New features can be designed and incorporated into the OS by expanding the context to include any new information needed to support the feature

Memory Management • The OS has five principal storage management responsibilities:

Virtual Memory A facility that allows programs to address memory from a logical point of view, without regard to the amount of main memory physically available Conceived to meet the requirement of having multiple user jobs reside in main memory concurrently

Paging • Allows processes to be comprised of a number of fixed-size blocks, called pages • Program references a word by means of a virtual address • consists of a page number and an offset within the page • each page may be located anywhere in main memory • Provides for a dynamic mapping between the virtual address used in the program and a real (or physical) address in main memory

Information Protection and Security • The nature of the threat that concerns an organization will vary greatly depending on the circumstances • The problem involves controlling access to computer systems and the information stored in them

Scheduling andResource Management • Key responsibility of an OS is managing resources • Resource allocation policies must consider:

Different Architectural Approaches • Demands on operating systems require new ways of organizing the OS

Microkernel Architecture • Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel: • The approach:

Multithreading • Technique in which a process, executing an application, is divided into threads that can run concurrently

Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) • Term that refers to a computer hardware architecture and also to the OS behavior that exploits that architecture • Several processes can run in parallel • Multiple processors are transparent to the user • these processors share same main memory and I/O facilities • all processors can perform the same functions • The OS takes care of scheduling of threads or processes on individual processors and of synchronization among processors

SMP Advantages

OS Design Distributed Operating System Object-Oriented Design Used for adding modular extensions to a small kernel Enables programmers to customize an operating system without disrupting system integrity Eases the development of distributed tools and full-blown distributed operating systems • Provides the illusion of • a single main memory space • single secondary memory space • unified access facilities • State of the art for distributed operating systems lags that of uniprocessor and SMP operating systems

• More by User

Chapter 2: Operating System Overview

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Software and Operating Systems

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