smoking essay pdf

Essay on Smoking

500 words essay on smoking.

One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress , personal issues and more. In fact, some even begin showing it off. When someone smokes a cigarette, they not only hurt themselves but everyone around them. It has many ill-effects on the human body which we will go through in the essay on smoking.

Ill-Effects of Smoking

Tobacco can have a disastrous impact on our health. Nonetheless, people consume it daily for a long period of time till it’s too late. Nearly one billion people in the whole world smoke. It is a shocking figure as that 1 billion puts millions of people at risk along with themselves.

Cigarettes have a major impact on the lungs. Around a third of all cancer cases happen due to smoking. For instance, it can affect breathing and causes shortness of breath and coughing. Further, it also increases the risk of respiratory tract infection which ultimately reduces the quality of life.

In addition to these serious health consequences, smoking impacts the well-being of a person as well. It alters the sense of smell and taste. Further, it also reduces the ability to perform physical exercises.

It also hampers your physical appearances like giving yellow teeth and aged skin. You also get a greater risk of depression or anxiety . Smoking also affects our relationship with our family, friends and colleagues.

Most importantly, it is also an expensive habit. In other words, it entails heavy financial costs. Even though some people don’t have money to get by, they waste it on cigarettes because of their addiction.

How to Quit Smoking?

There are many ways through which one can quit smoking. The first one is preparing for the day when you will quit. It is not easy to quit a habit abruptly, so set a date to give yourself time to prepare mentally.

Further, you can also use NRTs for your nicotine dependence. They can reduce your craving and withdrawal symptoms. NRTs like skin patches, chewing gums, lozenges, nasal spray and inhalers can help greatly.

Moreover, you can also consider non-nicotine medications. They require a prescription so it is essential to talk to your doctor to get access to it. Most importantly, seek behavioural support. To tackle your dependence on nicotine, it is essential to get counselling services, self-materials or more to get through this phase.

One can also try alternative therapies if they want to try them. There is no harm in trying as long as you are determined to quit smoking. For instance, filters, smoking deterrents, e-cigarettes, acupuncture, cold laser therapy, yoga and more can work for some people.

Always remember that you cannot quit smoking instantly as it will be bad for you as well. Try cutting down on it and then slowly and steadily give it up altogether.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on Smoking

Thus, if anyone is a slave to cigarettes, it is essential for them to understand that it is never too late to stop smoking. With the help and a good action plan, anyone can quit it for good. Moreover, the benefits will be evident within a few days of quitting.

FAQ of Essay on Smoking

Question 1: What are the effects of smoking?

Answer 1: Smoking has major effects like cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and more. It also increases the risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems with the immune system .

Question 2: Why should we avoid smoking?

Answer 2: We must avoid smoking as it can lengthen your life expectancy. Moreover, by not smoking, you decrease your risk of disease which includes lung cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and more.

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235 Smoking Essay Topics & Examples

Looking for smoking essay topics? Being one of the most serious psychological and social issues, smoking is definitely worth writing about.

🏆 Best Smoking Essay Examples & Topic Ideas

🥇 good titles for smoking essay, 👍 best titles for research paper about smoking, ⭐ simple & easy health essay titles, 💡 interesting topics to write about health, ❓ essay questions about smoking.

In your essay about smoking, you might want to focus on its causes and effects or discuss why smoking is a dangerous habit. Other options are to talk about smoking prevention or to concentrate on the reasons why it is so difficult to stop smoking. Here we’ve gathered a range of catchy titles for research papers about smoking together with smoking essay examples. Get inspired with us!

Smoking is a well-known source of harm yet popular regardless, and so smoking essays should cover various aspects of the topic to identify the reasons behind the trend.

You will want to discuss the causes and effects of smoking and how they contributed to the persistent refusal of large parts of the population to abandon the habit, even if they are aware of the dangers of cigarettes. You should provide examples of how one may become addicted to tobacco and give the rationales for smokers.

You should also discuss the various consequences of cigarette use, such as lung cancer, and identify their relationship with the habit. By discussing both sides of the issue, you will be able to write an excellent essay.

Reasons why one may begin smoking, are among the most prominent smoking essay topics. It is not easy to begin to enjoy the habit, as the act of smoke inhalation can be difficult to control due to a lack of experience and unfamiliarity with the concept.

As such, people have to be convinced that the habit deserves consideration by various ideas or influences. The notion that “smoking is cool” among teenagers can contribute to the adoption of the trait, as can peer pressure.

If you can find polls and statistics on the primary factors that lead people to tweet, they will be helpful to your point. Factual data will identify the importance of each cause clearly, although you should be careful about bias.

The harmful effects of tobacco have been researched considerably more, with a large body of medical studies investigating the issue available to anyone.

Lung cancer is the foremost issue in the public mind because of the general worry associated with the condition and its often incurable nature, but smoking can lead to other severe illnesses.

Heart conditions remain a prominent consideration due to their lethal effects, and strokes or asthma deserve significant consideration, as well. Overall, smoking has few to no beneficial health effects but puts the user at risk of a variety of concerns.

As such, people should eventually quit once their health declines, but their refusal to do so deserves a separate investigation and can provide many interesting smoking essay titles.

One of the most prominent reasons why a person would continue smoking despite all the evidence of its dangers and the informational campaigns carried out to inform consumers is nicotine addiction.

The substance is capable of causing dependency, a trait that has led to numerous discussions of the lawfulness of the current state of cigarettes.

It is also among the most dangerous aspects of smoking, a fact you should mention.

Lastly, you can discuss the topics of alternatives to smoking in your smoking essay bodies, such as e-cigarettes, hookahs, and vapes, all of which still contain nicotine and can, therefore, lead to considerable harm. You may also want to discuss safe cigarette avoidance options and their issues.

Here are some additional tips for your essay:

Dependency is not the sole factor in cigarette consumption, and many make the choice that you should respect consciously.
Cite the latest medical research titles, as some past claims have been debunked and are no longer valid.
Mortality is not the sole indicator of the issues associated with smoking, and you should take chronic conditions into consideration.

Find smoking essay samples and other useful paper samples on IvyPanda, where we have a collection of professionally written materials!

Conclusion of Smoking Should Be Banned on College Campuses Essay However, it is hard to impose such a ban in some colleges because of the mixed reactions that are held by different stakeholders about the issue of smoking, and the existing campus policies which give […]
Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Places? Besides, smoking is an environmental hazard as much of the content in the cigarette contains chemicals and hydrocarbons that are considered to be dangerous to both life and environment.
Smoking: Problems and Solutions To solve the problem, I would impose laws that restrict adults from smoking in the presence of children. In recognition of the problems that tobacco causes in the country, The Canadian government has taken steps […]
How Smoking Is Harmful to Your Health The primary purpose of the present speech is to inform the audience about the detrimental effects of smoking. The first system of the human body that suffers from cigarettes is the cardiovascular system.
Smoking Cigarette Should Be Banned Ban on tobacco smoking has resulted to a decline in the number of smokers as the world is sensitized on the consequences incurred on 31st May.
Causes and Effects of Smoking Some people continue smoking as a result of the psychological addiction that is associated with nicotine that is present in cigarettes.
Smoking: Effects, Reasons and Solutions This presentation provides harmful health effects of smoking, reasons for smoking, and solutions to smoking. Combination therapy that engages the drug Zyban, the concurrent using of NRT and counseling of smokers under smoking cessation program […]
Advertisements on the Effect of Smoking Do not Smoke” the campaign was meant to discourage the act of smoking among the youngsters, and to encourage them to think beyond and see the repercussions of smoking.
On Why One Should Stop Smoking Thesis and preview: today I am privileged to have your audience and I intend to talk to you about the effects of smoking, and also I propose to give a talk on how to solve […]
Smoking and Its Negative Effects on Human Beings Therefore, people need to be made aware of dental and other health problems they are likely to experience as a result of smoking.
“Thank You For Smoking” by Jason Reitman Film Analysis Despite the fact that by the end of the film the character changes his job, his nature remains the same: he believes himself to be born to talk and convince people.
Summary of “Smokers Get a Raw Deal” by Stanley Scott Lafayette explains that people who make laws and influence other people to exercise these laws are obviously at the top of the ladder and should be able to understand the difference between the harm sugar […]
Smoking Cessation Programs Through the Wheel of Community Organizing The first step of the wheel is to listen to the community’s members and trying to understand their needs. After the organizer and the person receiving treatment make the connection, they need to understand how […]
Teenage Smoking and Solution to This Problem Overall, the attempts made by anti-smoking campaigners hardly yield any results, because they mostly focus on harmfulness of tobacco smoking and the publics’ awareness of the problem, itself, but they do not eradicate the underlying […]
Hookah Smoking and Its Risks The third component of a hookah is the hose. This is located at the bottom of the hookah and acts as a base.
Introducing Smoking Cessation Program: 5 A’s Intervention Plan The second problem arises in an attempt to solve the issue of the lack of counseling in the unit by referring patients to the outpatient counseling center post-hospital discharge to continue the cessation program.
Tobacco Debates in “Thank You for Smoking” The advantage of Nick’s strategy is that it offers the consumer a role model to follow: if smoking is considered to be ‘cool’, more people, especially young ones, will try to become ‘cool’ using cigarettes.
Causes and Effects of Smoking in Public The research has further indicated that the carcinogens are in higher concentrations in the second hand smoke rather than in the mainstream smoke which makes it more harmful for people to smoke publicly.
Aspects of Anti-Smoking Advertising Thus, it is safe to say that the authors’ main and intended audience is the creators of anti-smoking public health advertisements.
Smoking Qualitative Research: Critical Analysis Qualitative research allows researchers to explore a wide array of dimensions of the social world, including the texture and weave of everyday life, the understandings, experiences and imaginings of our research participants, the way that […]
Smoking Among Teenagers as Highlighted in Articles The use of tobacco through smoking is a trend among adolescents and teenagers with the number of young people who involve themselves in smoking is growing each day.
The Change of my Smoking Behavior With the above understanding of my social class and peer friends, I was able to create a plan to avoid them in the instances that they were smoking.
Ban Smoking in Cars Out of this need, several regulations have been put in place to ensure children’s safety in vehicles is guaranteed; thus, protection from second-hand smoke is an obvious measure that is directed towards the overall safety […]
Smoking and Its Effect on the Brain Since the output of the brain is behavior and thoughts, dysfunction of the brain may result in highly complex behavioral symptoms. The work of neurons is to transmit information and coordinate messengers in the brain […]
Smoking Cessation and Health Promotion Plan Patients addicted to tobacco are one of the major concerns of up-to-date medicine as constant nicotine intake leads to various disorders and worsens the health state and life quality of the users.
Smoking Culture in Society Smoking culture refers to the practice of smoking tobacco by people in the society for the sheer satisfaction and delight it offers.
Health Promotion for Smokers The purpose of this paper is to show the negative health complications that stem from tobacco use, more specifically coronary heart disease, and how the health belief model can help healthcare professionals emphasize the importance […]
Gender-Based Assessment of Cigarette Smoking Harm Thus, the following hypothesis is tested: Women are more likely than men to believe that smoking is more harmful to health.
Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation Prabhat Jha is the author of the article “The Hazards of Smoking and the Benefits of Cessation,” published in a not-for-profit scientific journal, eLife, in 2020.
The Impact of Warning Labels on Cigarette Smoking The regulations requiring tobacco companies to include warning labels are founded on the need to reduce nicotine intake, limit cigarette dependence, and mitigate the adverse effects associated with addiction to smoking.
Psilocybin as a Smoking Addiction Remedy Additionally, the biotech company hopes to seek approval from FDA for psilocybin-based therapy treatment as a cigarette smoking addiction long-term remedy.
Tobacco Smoking: The Health Outcomes Tobacco smoke passing through the upper respiratory tract irritates the membrane of the nasopharynx, and other organism parts, generating copious separation of mucus and saliva.
Investing Savings from Quitting Smoking: A Financial Analysis The progression of interest is approximately $50 per year, and if we assume n equal to 45 using the formula of the first n-terms of the arithmetic progression, then it comes out to about 105 […]
Smoking as a Community Issue: The Influence of Smoking A review of the literature shows the use of tobacco declined between 1980 and 2012, but the number of people using tobacco in the world is increasing because of the rise in the global population.
Smoking Public Education Campaign Assessment The major influence of the real cost campaign was to prevent the initiation of smoking among the youth and prevent the prevalence of lifelong smokers.
Smoking Cessation Therapy: Effectiveness of Electronic Cigarettes Based on the practical experiments, the changes in the patients’ vascular health using nicotine and electronic cigarettes are improved within one-month time period. The usage only of electronic cigarettes is efficient compared to when people […]
Quitting Smoking and Related Health Benefits The regeneration of the lungs will begin: the process will touch the cells called acini, from which the mucous membrane is built. Therefore, quitting the habit of smoking a person can radically change his life […]
Smoking and Stress Among Veterans The topic is significant to explore because of the misconception that smoking can alleviate the emotional burden of stress and anxiety when in reality, it has an exacerbating effect on emotional stress.
Smoking as a Predictor of Underachievement By comparing two groups smoking and non-smoking adolescents through a parametric t-test, it is possible to examine this assumption and draw conclusions based on the resulting p-value.
Smoking and the Pandemic in West Virginia In this case, the use of the income variable is an additional facet of the hypothesis described, allowing us to evaluate whether there is any divergence in trends between the rich and the poor.
Anti-Smoking Policy in Australia and the US The anti-smoking policy is to discourage people from smoking through various means and promotion of a healthy lifestyle, as well as to prevent the spread of the desire to smoke.
Smoking Prevalence in Bankstown, Australia The secondary objective of the project was to gather and analyze a sufficient amount of auxiliary scholarly sources on smoking cessation initiatives and smoking prevalence in Australia.
Drug Addiction in Teenagers: Smoking and Other Lifestyles In the first part of this assignment, the health problem of drug addiction was considered among teens and the most vulnerable group was established.
Anti-Smoking Communication Campaign’s Analysis Defining the target audience for an anti-smoking campaign is complicated by the different layers of adherence to the issue of the general audience of young adults.
Smoking as a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most frequent types of the condition, and with the low recovery rates. If the problem is detected early and the malignant cells are contained to a small region, surgery […]
Smoking Cessation Project Implementation In addition, the review will include the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence presented in the literature while identifying gaps and limitations.
Maternal and Infant Health: Smoking Prevention Strategies It is known that many women know the dangers of smoking when pregnant and they always try to quit smoking to protect the lives of themselves and the child.
A Peer Intervention Program to Reduce Smoking Rates Among LGBTQ Therefore, the presumed results of the project are its introduction into the health care system, which will promote a healthy lifestyle and diminish the level of smoking among LGBTQ people in the SESLHD.
Tackling Teenage Smoking in Community The study of the problem should be comprehensive and should not be limited by the medical aspect of the issue. The study of the psychological factor is aimed at identifying the behavioral characteristics of smoking […]
Peer Pressure and Smoking Influence on Teenagers The study results indicate that teenagers understand the health and social implications of smoking, but peer pressure contributes to the activity’s uptake.
Smoking: Benefits or Harms? Hundreds of smokers every day are looking for a way to get rid of the noose, which is a yoke around the neck, a cigarette.
The Culture of Smoking Changed in Poland In the 1980-90s, Poland faced the challenge of being a country with the highest rates of smoking, associated lung cancer, and premature mortality in the world.
The Stop Smoking Movement Analysis The paper discusses the ideology, objective, characteristics, context, special techniques, organization culture, target audience, media strategies, audience reaction, counter-propaganda and the effectiveness of the “Stop Smoking” Movement.”The Stop Smoking” campaign is a prevalent example of […]
Health Promotion Plan: Smokers in Mississippi The main strategies of the training session are to reduce the number of smokers in Mississippi, conduct a training program on the dangers of smoking and work with tobacco producers.
Smoking Health Problem Assessment The effects of smoking correlate starkly with the symptoms and diseases in the nursing practice, working as evidence of the smoking’s impact on human health.
Integration of Smoking Cessation Into Daily Nursing Practice Generally, smoking cessation refers to a process structured to help a person to discontinue inhaling smoked substances. It can also be referred to as quitting smoking.
E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation Many people argue that e-cigarettes do not produce secondhand smoke. They believe that the e-fluids contained in such cigarettes produce vapor and not smoke.
Outdoor Smoking Ban in Public Areas of the Community These statistics have contributed to the widespread efforts to educate the public regarding the need to quit smoking. However, most of the chronic smokers ignore the ramifications of the habit despite the deterioration of their […]
Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Adult Smokers With a Psychiatric Disorder The qualitative research methodology underlines the issue of the lack of relevant findings in the field of nicotine replacement therapy in people and the necessity of treatment, especially in the early stages of implementation.
Smoking and Drinking: Age Factor in the US As smoking and drinking behavior were both strongly related to age, it could be the case that the observed relationship is due to the fact that older pupils were more likely to smoke and drink […]
Poland’s Smoking Culture From Nursing Perspective Per Kinder, the nation’s status as one of Europe’s largest tobacco producers and the overall increase in smoking across the developing nations of Central and Eastern Europe caused its massive tobacco consumption issues.
Smoking Cessation Clinic Analysis The main aim of this project is to establish a smoking cessation clinic that will guide smoker through the process of quitting smoking.
Cigarette Smoking Among Teenagers in the Baltimore Community, Maryland The paper uses the Baltimore community in Maryland as the area to focus the event of creating awareness of cigarette smoking among the teens of this community.
Advocating for Smoking Cessation: Health Professional Role Health professionals can contribute significantly to tobacco control in Australia and the health of the community by providing opportunities for smoking patients to quit smoking.
Lifestyle Management While Quitting Smoking Realistically, not all of the set goals can be achieved; this is due to laxity in implementing them and the associated difficulty in letting go of the past lifestyle.
Smoking in the Actuality The current use of aggressive marketing and advertising strategies has continued to support the smoking of e-cigarettes. The study has also indicated that “the use of such e-cigarettes may contribute to the normalization of smoking”.
Analysis of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act The law ensures that the FDA has the power to tackle issues of interest to the public such as the use of tobacco by minors.
“50-Year Trends in Smoking-Related Mortality in the United States” by Thun et al. Thun is affiliated with the American Cancer Society, but his research interests cover several areas. Carter is affiliated with the American Cancer Society, Epidemiology Research Program.
Pulmonology: Emphysema Caused by Smoking The further development of emphysema in CH can lead to such complications caused by described pathological processes as pneumothorax that is associated with the air surrounding the lungs.
Smoking and Lung Cancer Among African Americans Primarily, the research paper provides insight on the significance of the issue to the African Americans and the community health nurses.
Health Promotion and Smoking Cessation I will also complete a wide range of activities in an attempt to support the agency’s goals. As well, new studies will be conducted in order to support the proposed programs.
Maternal Mental Health and Prenatal Smoking It was important to determine the variables that may lead to postpartum relapse or a relapse during the period of pregnancy. It is important to note that the findings are also consistent with the popular […]
Nursing Interventions for Smoking Cessation For instance, the authors are able to recognize the need to classify the level of intensity in respect to the intervention that is employed by nurses towards smoking cessation.
Smoking and Cancer in the United States In this research study, data on tobacco smoking and cancer prevalence in the United States was used to determine whether cancer in the United States is related to tobacco smoking tobacco.
Marketing Plan: Creating a Smoking Cessation Program for Newton Healthcare Center The fourth objective is to integrate a smoking cessation program that covers the diagnosis of smoking, counseling of smokers, and patient care system to help the smokers quit their smoking habits. The comprehensive healthcare needs […]
Smoking Among the Youth Population Between 12-25 Years I will use the theory to strengthen the group’s beliefs and ideas about smoking. I will inform the group about the relationship between smoking and human health.
Risks of Smoking Cigarettes Among Preteens Despite the good news that the number of preteen smokers has been significantly reducing since the 1990s, there is still much to be done as the effects of smoking are increasingly building an unhealthy population […]
Public Health Education: Anti-smoking Project The workshop initiative aimed to achieve the following objectives: To assess the issues related to smoking and tobacco use. To enhance the health advantages of clean air spaces.
Healthy People Program: Smoking Issue in Wisconsin That is why to respond to the program’s effective realization, it is important to discuss the particular features of the target population in the definite community of Wisconsin; to focus on the community-based response to […]
Health Campaign: Smoking in the USA and How to Reduce It That is why, the government is oriented to complete such objectives associated with the tobacco use within the nation as the reduction of tobacco use by adults and adolescents, reduction of initiation of tobacco use […]
Smoking Differentials Across Social Classes The author inferred her affirmations from the participant’s words and therefore came to the right conclusion; that low income workers had the least justification for smoking and therefore took on a passive approach to their […]
Cigarette Smoking Side Effects Nicotine is a highly venomous and addictive substance absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth as well as alveoli in the lungs.
Long-Term Effects of Smoking The difference between passive smoking and active smoking lies in the fact that, the former involves the exposure of people to environmental tobacco smoke while the latter involves people who smoke directly.
Smoking Cessation Program Evaluation in Dubai The most important program of this campaign is the Quit and Win campaign, which is a unique idea, launched by the DHCC and is in the form of an open contest.
Preterm Birth and Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy The major finding of the discussed research is that both preterm birth and maternal smoking during pregnancy contribute, although independently, to the aortic narrowing of adolescents.
Enforcement of Michigan’s Non-Smoking Law This paper is aimed at identifying a plan and strategy for the enforcement of the Michigan non-smoking law that has recently been signed by the governor of this state.
Smoking Cessation for Patients With Cardio Disorders It highlights the key role of nurses in the success of such programs and the importance of their awareness and initiative in determining prognosis.
Legalizing Electronic Vaping as the Means of Curbing the Rates of Smoking However, due to significantly less harmful effects that vaping produces on health and physical development, I can be considered a legitimate solution to reducing the levels of smoking, which is why it needs to be […]
Drinking, Smoking, and Violence in Queer Community Consequently, the inequality and discrimination against LGBTQ + students in high school harm their mental, emotional, and physical health due to the high level of stress and abuse of various substances that it causes.
Self-Efficacy and Smoking Urges in Homeless Individuals Pinsker et al.point out that the levels of self-efficacy and the severity of smoking urges change significantly during the smoking cessation treatment.
“Cigarette Smoking: An Overview” by Ellen Bailey and Nancy Sprague The authors of the article mentioned above have presented a fair argument about the effects of cigarette smoking and debate on banning the production and use of tobacco in America.
“The Smoking Plant” Project: Artist Statement It is the case when the art is used to pass the important message to the observer. The live cigarette may symbolize the smokers while the plant is used to denote those who do not […]
Dangers of Smoking While Pregnant In this respect, T-test results show that mean birthweight of baby of the non-smoking mother is 3647 grams, while the birthweight of smoking mother is 3373 grams. Results show that gestation value and smoking habit […]
The Cultural Differences of the Tobacco Smoking The Middle East culture is connected to the hookah, the Native American cultures use pipes, and the Canadian culture is linked to cigarettes.
Ban on Smoking in Enclosed Public Places in Scotland The theory of externality explains the benefit or cost incurred by a third party who was not a party to the reasoning behind the benefit or cost. This will also lead to offer of a […]
How Smoking Cigarettes Effects Your Health Cigarette smoking largely aggravates the condition of the heart and the lung. In addition, the presence of nicotine makes the blood to be sticky and thick leading to damage to the lining of the blood […]
Alcohol and Smoking Abuse: Negative Physical and Mental Effects The following is a range of effects of heavy alcohol intake as shown by Lacoste, they include: Neuropsychiatric or neurological impairment, cardiovascular, disease, liver disease, and neoplasm that is malevolent.
Smoking Prohibition: Local Issues, Personal Views This is due to the weakening of blood vessels in the penis. For example, death rate due to smoking is higher in Kentucky than in other parts of the country.
Smoking During Pregnancy Issues Three things to be learned from the research are the impact of smoking on a woman, possible dangers and complications and the importance of smoking cessation interventions.
The Smoking Problem: Mortality, Control, and Prevention The article presents smoking as one of the central problems for many countries throughout the world; the most shocking are the figures related to smoking rate among students. Summary: The article is dedicated to the […]
Tobacco Smoking: Bootleggers and Baptists Legislation or Regulation The issue is based on the fact that tobacco smoking also reduces the quality of life and ruins the body in numerous ways.
Smoking: Causes and Effects Considering the peculiarities of a habit and of a disease, smoking can be considered as a habit rather than a disease.
Smoking Behavior Under Clinical Observation The physiological aspect that influences smokers and is perceived as the immediate effect of smoking can be summarized as follows: Within ten seconds of the first inhalation, nicotine, a potent alkaloid, passes into the bloodstream, […]
Smoking Causes and Plausible Arguments In writing on the cause and effect of smoking we will examine the issue from the point of view of temporal precedence, covariation of the cause and effect and the explanations in regard to no […]
Smoking and Its Effects on Human Body The investigators explain the effects of smoking on the breath as follows: the rapid pulse rate of smokers decreases the stroke volume during rest since the venous return is not affected and the ventricles lose […]
Post Smoking Cessation Weight Gain The aim of this paper is to present, in brief, the correlation between smoking cessation and weigh gain from biological and psychological viewpoints.
Marketing a Smoking Cessation Program In the case of the smoking cessation program, the target group is made up of smokers who can be further subdivided into segments such as heavy, medium, and light smokers.
Smoking Cessation for Ages 15-30 The Encyclopedia of Surgery defines the term “Smoking Cessation” as an effort to “quit smoking” or “withdrawal from smoking”. I aim to discuss the importance of the issue by highlighting the most recent statistics as […]
Motivational Interviewing as a Smoking Cessation Intervention for Patients With Cancer The dependent variable is the cessation of smoking in 3 months of the interventions. The study is based on the author’s belief that cessation of smoking influences cancer-treated patients by improving the efficacy of treatment.
Factors Affecting the Success in Quitting Smoking of Smokers in West Perth, WA Australia Causing a wide array of diseases, health smoking is the second cause of death in the world. In Australia, the problem of smoking is extremely burning due to the high rates of diseases and deaths […]
Media Effects on Teen Smoking But that is not how an adult human brain works, let alone the young and impressionable minds of teenagers, usually the ads targeted at the youth always play upon elements that are familiar and appealing […]
“Passive Smoking Greater Health Hazard: Nimhans” by Stephen David The article focuses on analyzing the findings of the study and compares them to the reactions to the ban on public smoking.
Partnership in Working About Smoking and Tobacco Use The study related to smoking and tobacco use, which is one of the problematic areas in terms of the health of the population.
Cigar Smoking and Relation to Disease The article “Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer in Men” by Iribarren et al.is a longitudinal study of cigar smokers and the impact of cigar […]
Quitting Smoking: Motivation and Brain As these are some of the observed motivations for smoking, quitting smoking is actually very easy in the sense that you just have to set your mind on quitting smoking.
Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking in Hispanic Men The Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking can be attributed to active tobacco smoking rather than inhalation of tobacco smoke from environment and passive smoking.
Smoking in Adolescents: A New Threat to the Society Of the newer concerns about the risks of smoking and the increase in its prevalence, the most disturbing is the increase in the incidences of smoking among the adolescents around the world.
The Importance of Nurses in Smoking-Cessation Programs When a patient is admitted to the hospital, the nursing staff has the best opportunity to assist them in quitting in part because of the inability to smoke in the hospital combined with the educational […]
Smoking and Youth Culture in Germany The report also assailed the Federal Government for siding the interest of the cigarette industry instead of the health of the citizens.
New Jersey Legislation on Smoking The advantages and disadvantages of the legislation were discussed in this case because of the complexity of the topic at hand as well as the potential effects of the solution on the sphere of public […]
Environmental Health: Tabaco Smoking and an Increased Concentration of Carbon Monoxide The small size of the town, which is around 225000 people, is one of the reasons for high statistics in diseases of heart rate.
Advanced Pharmacology: Birth Control for Smokers The rationale for IUD is the possibility to control birth without the partner’s participation and the necessity to visit a doctor just once for the device to be implanted.
Legislation Reform of Public Smoking Therefore, the benefit of the bill is that the health hazard will be decreased using banning smoking in public parks and beaches.
Female Smokers Study: Inferential Statistics Article The article “Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers” deepens the behavioral mechanisms that correlate urge to smoke, body image, and physical activity among […]
Smoking Bans: Protecting the Public and the Children of Smokers The purpose of the article is to show why smoking bans aim at protecting the public and the children of smokers.
Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking Smoking is a practice that should be avoided or controlled rigorously since it is a risk factor for diseases such as cancer, affects the health outcomes of direct and passive cigarette users, children, and pregnant […]
Public Health and Smoking Prevention Smoking among adults over 18 years old is a public health issue that requires intervention due to statistical evidence of its effects over the past decades.
Smoking in the US: Statistics and Healthcare Costs According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death in the US.
Smoking Should Be Banned Internationally The questions refer to the knowledge concerning the consequences of smoking and the opinions on smoking bans. 80 % of respondents agree that smoking is among the leading causes of death and 63, 3 % […]
Microeconomics: Cigarette Taxes and Public Smoking Ban The problem of passive smoking will be minimized when the number of smokers decreases. It is agreeable that the meager incomes of such families will be used to purchase cigarettes.
Alcohol and Smoking Impact on Cancer Risk The research question is to determine the quantity of the impact that different levels of alcohol ingestion combined with smoking behavioral patterns make on men and women in terms of the risks of cancer.
Teenagers Motivated to Smoking While the rest of the factors also matter much in the process of shaping the habit of smoking, it is the necessity to mimic the company members, the leader, or any other authority that defines […]
Indoor Smoking Restriction Effects at the Workplace Regrettably, they have neglected research on the effect of the legislation on the employees and employers. In this research, the target population will be the employees and employers of various companies.
Hypnotherapy Session for Smoking Cessation When I reached the age of sixty, I realized that I no longer wanted to be a smoker who was unable to take control of one’s lifestyle.
Stopping Tobacco Smoking: Lifestyle Management Plan In addition, to set objective goals, I have learned that undertaking my plan with reference to the modifying behaviour is essential for the achievement of the intended goals. The main intention of the plan is […]
Smoking Epidemiology Among High School Students In this way, with the help of a cross-sectional study, professionals can minimalize the risk of students being afraid to reveal the fact that they smoke. In this way, the number of students who smoke […]
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The Realm of reality: Smoking
Ethical Problem of Smoking
The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases.
Studying the Government’s Anti-Smoking Measures
Smoking Should Be Banned In the United States
Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Theory on Smoking Cessation
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Wayco Company’s Non-smoking Policy
Adverse Aspects of Smoking
Negative Impacts of Smoking on Individuals and Society
Dealing With the Increase in the Number of Smokers Between Ages 17 and 45
Cannabis Smoking in Canada
Smoking Ban in the United States of America
Dangers of Smoking Campaign
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Smoking and Adolescents
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Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking

Smoking and death, smoking and increased health risks, smoking and cardiovascular disease, smoking and respiratory disease, smoking and cancer, smoking and other health risks, quitting and reduced risks.

Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. 1,2

Quitting smoking lowers your risk for smoking-related diseases and can add years to your life. 1,2

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. 1

Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is nearly one in five deaths. 1,2,3
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Illegal drug use
Alcohol use
Motor vehicle injuries
Firearm-related incidents
More than 10 times as many U.S. citizens have died prematurely from cigarette smoking than have died in all the wars fought by the United States. 1
Smoking causes about 90% (or 9 out of 10) of all lung cancer deaths. 1,2 More women die from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer. 5
Smoking causes about 80% (or 8 out of 10) of all deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 1
Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women. 1
The risk of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over the last 50 years in the U.S. 1

Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer. 1

For coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times 1,6
For stroke by 2 to 4 times 1
Of men developing lung cancer by 25 times 1
Of women developing lung cancer by 25.7 times 1
Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and increased health care utilization and cost. 1

Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease). 1,2

Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes of death in the United States. 1,3
Even people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of cardiovascular disease. 1
Smoking damages blood vessels and can make them thicken and grow narrower. This makes your heart beat faster and your blood pressure go up. Clots can also form. 1,2
A clot blocks the blood flow to part of your brain;
A blood vessel in or around your brain bursts. 1,2
Blockages caused by smoking can also reduce blood flow to your legs and skin. 1,2

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. 1,2

Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. 1,2
Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer. 1,2
If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse. 1,2
Smokers are 12 to 13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers. 1

Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body: 1,2

Blood (acute myeloid leukemia)
Colon and rectum (colorectal)
Kidney and ureter
Oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils)
Trachea, bronchus, and lung

Smoking also increases the risk of dying from cancer and other diseases in cancer patients and survivors. 1

If nobody smoked, one of every three cancer deaths in the United States would not happen. 1,2

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects a person’s overall health. 1,2

Preterm (early) delivery
Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth)
Low birth weight
Sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death)
Ectopic pregnancy
Orofacial clefts in infants
Smoking can also affect men’s sperm, which can reduce fertility and also increase risks for birth defects and miscarriage. 2
Women past childbearing years who smoke have weaker bones than women who never smoked. They are also at greater risk for broken bones.
Smoking affects the health of your teeth and gums and can cause tooth loss. 1
Smoking can increase your risk for cataracts (clouding of the eye’s lens that makes it hard for you to see). It can also cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is damage to a small spot near the center of the retina, the part of the eye needed for central vision. 1
Smoking is a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and can make it harder to control. The risk of developing diabetes is 30–40% higher for active smokers than nonsmokers. 1,2
Smoking causes general adverse effects on the body, including inflammation and decreased immune function. 1
Smoking is a cause of rheumatoid arthritis. 1
Quitting smoking is one of the most important actions people can take to improve their health. This is true regardless of their age or how long they have been smoking. Visit the Benefits of Quitting page for more information about how quitting smoking can improve your health.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General . Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means to You . Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. QuickStats: Number of Deaths from 10 Leading Causes—National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2010 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2013:62(08);155. [accessed 2017 Apr 20].
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual Causes of Death in the United States . JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 2004;291(10):1238–45 [cited 2017 Apr 20].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General . Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2001 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General . Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1989 [accessed 2017 Apr 20].

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J Public Health Res
v.9(2); 2020 Jul 3

Application of the Health Belief Model on the intention to stop smoking behavior among young adult women

Eko teguh pribadi.

1 Doctoral Program of Public Health

Shrimarti Rukmini Devy

2 Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Contributions: The authors contribute equally.

Background: The smoking behavior among young adult women causes health issues and has effects on ethical norms, especially femininity and gender. A woman smoker usually has an intention to quit and several factors have been perceived to be related to this action according to the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Design and Methods: This study was conducted cross-sectionally to analyze the correlation between young adult women’s intention to stop smoking with perceived factors in the construction of HBM. A sample of 58 young adult women smokers and aged between 15-30 years were selected through the use of a purposive sampling technique in 2018.

Results: The results showed the intention to stop smoking has a significant correlation with perceived susceptibility (P=0.036), perceived severity (P=0.028), perceived benefits (P=0.011), perceived barriers (P=0.003), and perceived self-efficacy (P=0.005). This means there was a significant correlation between the intention of young adult smokers to quit smoking and the perceived factors of HBM.

Conclusions: The intention of stop smoking behavior among women smokers has a significant correlation with the perceived factors of the Health Belief Model construct, which includes perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy.

Significance for public health

Women smokers have a high tendency of wanting to quit based on self-encouragement as well as the pressure from the surrounding social environment. The encouragement can be in the form of awareness of illnesses and diseases caused by smoking or other reasons relating to gender. This paper describes the correlation of these factors and their influence on the desire of young adult women smokers to quit smoking were analyzed through the construction of the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Introduction

Women smokers are one of the problems several countries in the world are facing and this is mainly due to the health consequences of smoking and its effect in relation to ethical norms, especially concerning femininity and gender in communities with high reference for eastern tradition. In Indonesia, although smoking behavior is generally found among men, nowadays this behavior is often found in women. Perkins 1 suggested that women’s smoking behavior is less motivated by nicotine seeking and more driven by environmental cues. Cultural shifts, and changes in social values as a direct result of modernization, will be followed by changes in the women’s roles in society. These changes also included the repositioning of women within the framework of social and health behavior, including smoking behavior. Based on the Global Adults Tobacco Survey (GATS), in 2011 Indonesia had the highest number of active smokers, with the prevalence among: 67% or 57.6 million man against 2.7% or 2.3 million women. In 2015, male smokers aged ≥15 were recorded to be 67% while their female counterparts were 4%. Another survey by The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in 2014 found that 20.3% of schoolchildren aged 13-16 years smoke with the men covering 36%, while women were 4.3%. 2 , 3 , 4 Indonesia Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2018 noted the proportion of women smokers aged ≥15 years has been fluctuating over the years: in 2007 it was 5.2%, reduced to 4.1% in 2010, increased to 6.7% in 2013, dropped to 2.5% in 2016, and increased again to 4.8% in 2018. Smokers spanned through different social classes, status, gender, and age. The major causes of smoking behavior are due to the availability of cigarettes everywhere in the country. Despite the enactment of regional regulations on No-Smoking Areas (KTR) and Limited Smoking Areas (KTM), the prevalence of smokers in the country has not reduced. Furthermore, the number of smokers aged ≥15 years including young adult women in the city of Surabaya was reported to be statistic at 27% or approximately 776.169 from a total population of 2.874.699. 5 Several studies have reported women smokers are at higher risk of diseases associated with smoking in comparison to their men counterparts. Although smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease for both genders, women who smoke tend to have a 25% greater increased risk of coronary heart disease. Moreover, in addition to general problems such as heart disease, lung cancer, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), women smokers are more susceptible to breast cancer compared to women who never smoke. A prospective cohort study among postmenopausal women in the USA reported about 9% and 16% increased risk of breast cancer among former smokers and current smokers compared with non-smokers. Furthermore, experts believed women that actively smoke tobacco have more risk of premature ovarian failure, indicated by the fact that women smokers enter menopause on average 1.5-2 years earlier than nonsmokers. Smoking has a more transient toxic effect on fertility. Current smokers women but not past smokers had a markedly reduced pregnancy rate compared with non-smokers women. 6-10

The factors influencing smoking behavior among young adult women include the desire to be accepted and become part of a group of peers, parents or family members currently smoking, strong desire to try cigarettes, glamorous media advertisements on cigarettes, and the belief that smoking is not harmful to the health. 11 Other studies reported smoking behavior is influenced by three main factors including social, psychological, and environmental factors. 12 However, women smokers have a high tendency of wanting to quit based on self-encouragement. The encouragement can be in the form of awareness of illnesses and diseases caused by smoking or other reasons relating to gender and social environment. Therefore, the formation of these factors and their influence on the desire of women smokers to quit were analyzed through the construction of the Health Belief Model.

Design and Methods

This study used a cross-sectional design to analyze the correlation between the factors influencing the intention to stop smoking behavior among young adult women in the city of Surabaya with the factors on the construction of the Health Belief Model through the use of five perceived individual beliefs acting as variables. 13 Perceived Susceptibility involves the perception on both health and social impact vulnerabilities associated with their smoking behavior, Perceived Severity involves the seriousness of the negative impacts on health, Perceived Benefits is concerned with the benefits of quitting from a health or social perspective, Perceived Barriers is the perception of potential obstacles stopping while Perceived Self-Efficacy is the measure of the self-ability to stop smoking. Respondents were 58 young active smokers adult women aged between 15-30 years and willing to sign Informed Consent form selected through the use of a purposive sampling technique conducted in the city of Surabaya in 2018. Data were collected using a closed questionnaire to measure the five independent variables, and subsequently their correlation was tested with the dependent variable, that is, the intention to stop smoking, through the use of Spearman Rank Correlation.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows the distribution of respondent’s characteristics, smoking patterns, and also the distribution of perceived factors and intention. The majority of respondents were between 24-25 years with the average educational level of education was bachelor’s degree. On average, they have been smoking at 9 sticks of cigarettes each day for 3-4 years. Most of them have smokers family members, especially fathers, and also smokers friends. Furthermore, the results of the Spearman’s Rank Test conducted at α=0.05 (5%) on the correlation between each variable of the perceived factors and the variable of the intention to stop smoking behavior are shown in Table 2 below.

As it can be seen in Table 2 , the variable of Perceived Susceptibility, Severity, Benefits, and Self-Efficacy all have a weak positive correlation to the intention to stop smoking behavior with Sig. (2-Tailed) value of 0.036, 0.028, 0.011, and 0.005 < 0.05 respectively, while the Perceived Barriers variable has a weak negative correlation with Sig. (2-Tailed) value 0.003 < 0.05.

The results showed the Perceived Susceptibility based on the health and social impacts of smoking has a significant correlation with the desire to quit the behavior. However, even though the respondents agree they are vulnerable to certain health and social consequences due to their status as women smokers, they do not fully believe their actions have the ability to trigger several diseases or social consequences, and these led to the low desire to stop smoking. This might have happened because the level of Perceived Susceptibility was not strong enough to make respondents stop smoking. In line with the study of Strencher et al. , 14 showed that only a high level of Perceived Susceptibility along with high self-efficacy would be more likely to cause smokers to reduce smoking.

Mean, Standard Deviation of variables.

Correlation between perceived variables and stop smoking intention.

The same result was observed for Perceived Severity: respondents do not fully believe their habits could have a serious impact on their health and this also led to the low desire to quit. These finding differs from the results of the studies conducted by Mohammadi et al ., 15 that showed there was not a significant correlation between smoking behavior and awareness of its harms. A greater feeling of risk is more likely to make an individual engage in the actions required to reduce such risk. However, on the contrary, the belief of a person in the seriousness and vulnerability to a disease does not guarantee the implementation of preventive measures.

The lower perception of respondents on the potential benefits of quit smoking has a significant correlation with the low desire of respondents to perform stop smoking behavior and vice versa. The adoption of healthy behaviors such as stop smoking has a beneficial impact on lifestyle and also encourages sharing positive testimonies to ensure others engage in similar behavior. 16 The Perceived Benefit of a particular action towards reducing the risks of illness and disease influences the attitudes and behavior of an individual towards implementing such actions. 17

Perceived Barriers, involving the obstacles expected during the process of quitting, was found to have a significant and inverse correlation with the desire to stop smoking behavior. This means that higher Perceived Barriers reduce the intention to quit. Perceived Barriers to smoking cessation were strongly associated with low confidence in the ability to quit smoking. According to Milcarz et al ., 18 the most common barriers to stop smoking were related to difficulties in quitting, such as lack of willingness, habit, stress and mood swings. A higher proportion of such barriers was found among heavy smokers compared to light smokers. There is a significant relationship between the perceptions of barriers to stop smoking and the motivation to quit. However, this factor is related to the potential negative aspects of implementing healthy actions and their physical and psychological costs.

The Perceived Belief of respondents on their ability to stop smoking was also discovered to have a significant correlation with the desire to quit. In this case, they were found not to have strong self-efficacy and this led to the low desire to engage in actions required to quit the behavior. Other studies by Poggiolini 19 mentioned that the weak relation between self-efficacy and the intention to quit smoking, finding two contradicting self-efficacy effects: self-efficacy is needed to form the intention to quit, but self-efficacy might also bolster people’s underestimation of their own health-related risk, thus weakening the intention to quit. Selfefficacy was reported to be a gradual process starting from an individual with the support of the surrounding environment. Bandura 20 defined four important factors help in shaping self-efficacy and they include the experience of success, modeling, verbal persuasion, and emotional state. Therefore, the low self-efficacy observed in this study was possibly due to the incomplete formation of these factors.

Conclusions

The intention of stop smoking behavior among young adult women smokers in Surabaya has a significant correlation with the perceived factors of the Health Belief Model construct, which includes Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, and Perceived Self-Efficacy. However, all perceived variables to the intention to stop smoking show a weak positive correlation, except for Perceived Barriers variable which has a weak negative correlation. Further research is needed to support and strengthen the results of this study.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks to the Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Funding Statement

Funding: This study was financially supported by Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya, Indonesia.