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Good Housekeeping and Safe Working Practices for Vessels at Sea

Last updated on Dec 08, 2022 | Blog

Proper housekeeping and safe ship working practices ensure a comfortable working environment and are critical for staying safe on the open water. Establishing and following a set of health and safety guidelines can keep ships functioning at an optimal level.

In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about maintaining a clean, safe working environment on your cargo ship, including:

• Why a safety management system is important
• Housekeeping methods for an engine room
• Safety in the wheelhouse
• Maintaining safe galley and dining area conditions
• Tips for keeping living quarters clean
• How to secure gas canisters at sea
• Proper bilge area maintenance
• Recommendations for maritime vessels during a health crisis

Why a Safety Management System Is Important

In the 1980s, there were growing concerns over safety and management standards in the maritime shipping industry. In response to these concerns, a committee dedicated to promoting  safe working practices on board ships  worked to develop a set of guidelines and objectives known as the International Safety Management (ISM) Code.

The ISM requires all cargo ships to establish a safety management system (SMS), document it and keep a copy on board at all times. According to the ISM,  every cargo ship safety code and SMS  should have:

• A safety and environmental protection policy.
• Listed procedures for safe ship operations according to legislation and regulations.
• Defined levels of authority and communication lines between personnel.
• A process for reporting and analyzing accidents or areas of concern.

An effective SMS summarizes important information and procedures in one place to guide overall ship safety and compliance. You can further your safety knowledge by  taking a course through MITAGS  to equip you and your crew members to understand and prepare for safe cargo ship practices. If you have specific questions about how to implement a successful SMS strategy on your vessel,  the representatives at MITAGS can help.

Safety & Emergency Response Courses

Housekeeping Methods for an Engine Room

Your engine room is one of the most important parts of your ship — and often the most hazardous. With so much machinery, piping and fuel in a single space, it is critical that you practice smart engine room housekeeping methods, including:

• Preventing engine room fires:  Fire safety precautions on cargo ships include covering and protecting all points of exhaust and ductwork, repairing fuel leaks immediately, replacing any contaminated or damaged insulation, testing all thermometers and pressure gauges regularly and having clearly marked fire-rated exit doors. Never allow smoking in the engine room, and avoid leaving flammable materials in open containers. Install and regularly test a high-level fire detection system. In addition, practice emergency fire procedures so each person knows what to do and where to go in the event of a fire.
• Maintaining personnel safety:  To protect your ship’s crew and ensure your own personal safety on board a ship, there are a few actions you can take. Make sure there are no loose bottom plates in the engine room, as they are a tripping hazard. In addition, regularly clean your ladders and floor plates to remove oily residue that could cause slippage. Avoid touching steam pipes, especially with exposed skin. When in the engine room, all crew should wear safety-rated, dry clothing. No crew member should ever operate machinery outside of their expertise, and all machines should be used according to manufacturer guidelines.
• Preventing engine or machinery failures:  Scheduling cargo ship maintenance inspections can help prevent engine and machine failures and address concerns before they grow into larger issues. If concerns arise, have them addressed as soon as possible. Remember to replace important parts, including gauges, as they age.

Safety in the Wheelhouse

A clean and well-organized wheelhouse is essential for safe vessel operation. To avoid potentially hazardous situations, put the following tips into practice:

• Keep lines of vision clear:  While in the wheelhouse, check that all necessary areas are visible, including the surrounding water and the work deck. Eliminate any objects that may obstruct the view from the wheelhouse, including items on the deck. Avoid tinting wheelhouse windows — instead, use an anti-glare screen or removable visor. Have wheelhouse windows cleaned each time you are in port and have a plan to eliminate salt build-up while on the water if necessary. Always follow environmental regulations when cleaning windows.
• Inspect tools and equipment:  Implement a regular equipment inspection plan, including visual and performance inspections each time you prepare to leave port. Test that all whistles, horns and signals are fully operational and have any broken or malfunctioning tools repaired or replaced.
• Test fire equipment:  There should be at least one fire alarm signal and extinguishing system in or near the wheelhouse. Ensure these features work before leaving port. You should also perform regular inspections of the electrical cabling, so you know if any lines begin to fray or break.
• Practice good hygiene:  Hygiene is an essential component of wheelhouse safety. Create a wheelhouse cleaning schedule where the crew disinfects and sanitizes all knobs, handles, chairs, phones and equipment to prevent the spread of germs. Sweep or vacuum the floor regularly. Take proper precautions to  seal and rat-proof the wheelhouse  to prevent the spread of disease and keep sensitive cables safe.

Maintaining Safe Galley and Dining Area Conditions

Nourishing meals are the fuel to help you and the crew make it through a full day of operations. If food is prepared incorrectly, crew members can become seriously ill. If galley workers are not trained on proper galley safety, injuries can also occur. The galley, like all kitchens, requires a specific set of worker hygiene and attire standards.

Galley Hygiene Standards

All galley workers and crew members should uphold high hygiene standards while in the galley. Foodborne illness is a frequent cause of sickness aboard cargo ships. In severe cases, these illnesses  can be transported to land  and infect others or cause your entire crew to postpone operations until recovered.

Proper galley hygiene includes:

• Washing your hands when entering the galley or after using the restroom and drying them with disposable towels.
• Eliminating all spoiled or contaminated food promptly.
• Clearly labeling food products and storing them at the appropriate temperatures.
• Cleaning and disinfecting the galley and utensils each day.
• Removing jewelry, including rings and watches, before working with food.
• Treating and covering all open wounds.
• Wearing gloves when working with food and changing them as they become contaminated.
• Refraining from smoking in the galley.
• Using an approved grease trap to catch all grease before discharging or treating kitchen waste.

To promote these standards, implement regular galley inspections.

Galley Worker Attire

Galley workers should wear appropriate attire to prevent injuries like burns or cuts. This attire includes:

• Closed-toe, slip-resistant shoes
• Disposable gloves
• Hairnets and beard nets

Clothes should always be clean and laundered, including aprons. All hair, including facial hair, should be neatly groomed and secured away from the food.

The Dining Area

On many vessels, the mess area is where the crew spends much of their free time, whether they’re enjoying a meal or socializing. There are several steps you can take to keep this area as safe and clean as possible:

• Wash and disinfect tables before and after meals or social gatherings.
• Sweep and mop the mess area floor regularly.
• Use non-corrosive, sealed garbage cans for all non-food trash.
• Dispose of food waste properly and separately from other garbage or recycling.
• Consider using slip-resistant placemats on tables to minimize accidents.

Tips for Keeping Living Quarters Clean

Each member of the crew is responsible for keeping their living area clean and orderly. Dirty living quarters are unpleasant for other crew members, and they can be dangerous in the event of a fire.

In addition to cleaning up after oneself, maintaining clean living quarters includes:

• Eliminating or minimizing food consumed outside the galley and mess areas.
• Removing dirty clothes and shoes before entering living quarters.
• Regularly laundering all clothes and bed linens.
• Storing life jackets and gear in their corresponding areas.
• Providing easy access to sealed garbage cans and cleaning supplies.

To keep living quarters safe and free of potential fire hazards, make sure each crew member has access to a fire extinguishing system and that you test all nearby fire alarms for performance and strength of sound. Avoid smoking in living quarters and other confined spaces. If using an ashtray, it should have an attached lid to prevent spillage. Should a member of the crew become sick with a contagious illness, take extra sanitary precautions, and temporarily relocate that crew member if possible.

How to Secure Gas Canisters at Sea

Oxygen and acetylene gas are standard cargo ship fixtures and may be used for onboard welding and gas cutting. You must understand the safest ways to handle these gases, including how to secure them while on the water. If tanks are left unsecured, they can leak. These leaks can be toxic to crew members and may cause a fire or pressure explosion. Because these gases are highly flammable, smoking and open flames should never be permitted inside the storage area.

Best practices for storing gas canisters on board include the following:

• Ensure all tanks are clearly marked and stored by color — blue canisters for oxygen and maroon canisters for acetylene.
• Secure gas canisters in a well-ventilated, weather-safe and permanent area of the cargo ship. This area should be exclusively for gas canisters and not a place for additional storage.
• Install storage racks and grates to keep canisters in a stable, upright position while in transit.
• Give acetylene canisters at least thirty minutes to rest before opening, especially if they were stored horizontally.

Proper Bilge Management Area Maintenance

The bilge area of a ship collects excess water and oil in the engine room. This area serves an important role in keeping harmful waste from polluting the outside water. When water becomes polluted, it can harm ecosystems and sea life and lead to unsafe drinking water in bodies of fresh water. A dirty, unmaintained bilge area can also cause many problems for your ship, including failed inspections, sick personnel or hazardous working conditions.

To manage your bilge area and ensure cargo ship worker safety, follow these practices:

• Keep the bilge area as free of oil as possible. One way to do this is to ensure your engine room is free of leaks that could contaminate the bilge.
• Paint your bilge area a light color so you can see oil spills and other contamination easily.
• Use drip trays to catch leaks until they can be inspected and repaired.
• Avoid disposing chemicals in the bilge management area. This could include mop water, cleaning substances, soot or food waste.
• Regularly inspect all bilge lines for signs of damage or premature wear.
• Stay up-to-date on current standards for bilge area hygiene and pollution in case your cargo ship is inspected by port control.

Recommendations for Maritime Vessels During a Health Crisis

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released  recommendations and new regulations for all vessels  during the  coronavirus pandemic . Review these guidelines with crew members, so everyone can do their part to prevent the spread of a virus on the ship and be prepared to handle any future health crisis situations.

Take Preventive Action

It’s essential that all crew members are aware of  the symptoms of COVID-19 , as well as how to minimize their risk of contracting the virus. Vessels should deny boarding of any crew member experiencing one or more symptoms, as well as anyone who has come into contact with an infected person or recently traveled to a region with known exposure. Whenever possible, crew members should avoid working on a vessel if they are feeling any symptoms, even if they are not typical of a virus. The crew should also try to maintain safe distances from one another.

While on board, encourage all crew members to maintain good hygiene, including frequent and thorough hand-washing. If a crew member becomes ill or displays symptoms while at sea, the individual should self-isolate in a single-occupancy cabin with the door closed. Immediately alert any onboard medical professionals and  prepare an illness report, per CDC guidelines .

If a crew member is experiencing symptoms of a serious and contagious illness while at sea, make plans to reach land as soon as possible and advise all remaining crew members to:

• Social distance
• Wear personal protective equipment
• Closely monitor their own health
• Report any emerging symptoms

To help combat onboard illness, all vessels should have a suitable quantity of medical supplies, hand soap, hand sanitizer, disinfectant cleaner, personal protective equipment and durable, leak-proof containers.

Tips for Cleaning and Sterilizing Vessels

In addition to standard cleaning and housekeeping practices, vessels should take extra precautions during a health crisis, including:

• Cleaning commonly touched items — such as rails, countertops, door handles, tables and light switches — more frequently, or after each use.
• Disinfecting all areas of the ship promptly and safely if a crew member exhibits symptoms of an illness.
• Wearing disposable personal protective equipment when disinfecting ship areas and avoid touching your face.
• Eliminating all contaminated objects immediately by securing them in a tied trash bag and placing inside a spill-proof container.
• Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water for a minimum of 20 seconds after cleaning.

Contact MITAGS to Learn More About Maritime Safety

Effective ship housekeeping and safety may make the difference between successfully completing daily work and facing costly stalls in operation. Properly maintaining the engine room and bilge management area and promoting good hygiene practices in the ship galley, living quarters, dining areas and work areas play a key role in these procedures.

Once you implement these strategies on your ship, remember to track your progress. You can note which methods have led to improvement and identify strategies that still need fine-tuning. Encourage open communication between all members of the crew and ship management to promote accountability.

If you’re interested in learning more about maritime safety and safe working practice for ships, MITAGS can help. MITAGS is  a non-profit vocational training institution  for both novice and experienced maritime professionals. In addition to maritime safety education, we also offer  Mate to Master  and  Maritime Apprenticeship  programs for those looking to further their career. For more information,  contact a MITAGS representative  today.

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Safety leadership as a means for safe and sustainable shipping.

1. Introduction

2. leadership styles, 3. methodology, 5. discussion, 6. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Hasanspahić, N.; Frančić, V.; Vujičić, S.; Mandušić, M. Safety Leadership as a Means for Safe and Sustainable Shipping. Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 7841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147841

Hasanspahić N, Frančić V, Vujičić S, Mandušić M. Safety Leadership as a Means for Safe and Sustainable Shipping. Sustainability . 2021; 13(14):7841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147841

Hasanspahić, Nermin, Vlado Frančić, Srđan Vujičić, and Mario Mandušić. 2021. "Safety Leadership as a Means for Safe and Sustainable Shipping" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147841

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Safety and Emergency Procedures on Ships

Introduction to Maritime Safety

Marine safety is a critical aspect of the maritime industry, which encompasses all activities related to the navigation and operation of ships and other vessels. The importance of safety in this field cannot be overstated, as the marine environment presents unique challenges and risks that can lead to serious accidents, injuries, and even loss of life.

The maritime industry is vital for global trade, transportation, and economic growth. Ships and vessels carry a significant portion of the world’s goods, including essential commodities like food, fuel, and raw materials. However, the nature of maritime operations involves navigating through diverse and often hazardous conditions, such as rough seas, extreme weather, and busy shipping lanes. These factors increase the risk of accidents, making safety a top priority.

Maritime accidents can have devastating consequences, not only for the crew and passengers onboard but also for the environment. Incidents like collisions, groundings, and oil spills can result in significant environmental damage, affecting marine ecosystems and coastal communities. Therefore, maintaining high safety standards is crucial for protecting human lives and preserving the marine environment.

Overview of International Maritime Safety Regulations and Standards

To ensure safety in the maritime industry, various international regulations and standards have been established. These regulations provide a framework for safe operations, covering aspects such as vessel design, equipment, crew training, and emergency procedures.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping. The IMO develops and maintains a comprehensive regulatory framework for international shipping, addressing safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, and efficiency. Key IMO conventions relevant to marine safety include the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW).

In addition to IMO conventions, there are other important regulations and guidelines that contribute to marine safety. These include the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which provides an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships, and the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which addresses security-related matters.

Personal Safety and Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (ppe) for maritime environments.

In the maritime industry, the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential for ensuring the safety of individuals working in various shipboard and offshore environments. PPE is designed to protect workers from specific hazards that they may encounter during their duties at sea.

Types of PPE in Maritime Environments

• Helmets and Head Protection : To protect against head injuries from falling objects or collisions.
• Safety Goggles and Face Shields : For eye protection against splashes, debris, and intense light.
• Ear Protection : Essential in noisy environments, such as engine rooms, to prevent hearing damage.
• Life Jackets and Immersion Suits : For survival in case of falling overboard or abandoning ship.
• Protective Clothing : Including coveralls and specialized suits to protect against chemicals, fire, and extreme temperatures.
• Safety Gloves : To guard hands against cuts, burns, and exposure to harmful substances.
• Safety Footwear : Steel-toe boots or other durable shoes for foot protection and slip resistance.

It’s crucial for maritime personnel to be trained in the proper use, maintenance, and inspection of PPE. Regular checks ensure that equipment is in good condition and fit for use, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.

Personal safety onboard a ship involves more than just wearing the right equipment. It encompasses a range of practices and behaviors that contribute to a safe working environment.

Crew members must receive comprehensive safety training, including familiarization with the ship’s layout, safety procedures, and emergency protocols. Regular drills, such as fire and abandon ship drills, ensure preparedness for various emergencies.

Understanding and applying ergonomic principles can reduce the risk of strains and injuries. Safe work practices, such as proper lifting techniques and awareness of potential hazards, are vital for personal safety.

Shipboard Safety Procedures

Safety protocols for navigation and deck operations.

Safe navigation and deck operations are crucial for preventing accidents and ensuring the safety of the ship and its crew. Adhering to specific protocols can significantly reduce the risk of incidents.

Navigation Safety: Navigating a ship safely is a complex and critical task that requires adherence to specific rules and the use of various navigational aids. Navigation safety encompasses a range of practices and protocols aimed at ensuring the safe passage of vessels through diverse marine environments. This includes compliance with international regulations, effective use of navigational aids, and maintaining constant vigilance:

• Compliance with International Regulations : Following the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs).
• Use of Navigational Aids : Utilizing GPS, radar, charts, and other tools for accurate and safe navigation.
• Lookout and Vigilance : Maintaining a proper lookout and being vigilant for other vessels, obstacles, and changes in weather conditions.

Deck Safety: Safety on the deck of a ship is paramount, as this area is prone to various hazards that can lead to accidents and injuries. Deck safety involves a range of practices and protocols designed to protect crew members and ensure the secure handling and stowage of cargo. Key aspects include safe cargo handling, proper use and maintenance of deck equipment, and measures to prevent slips, trips, and falls:

• Safe Cargo Handling and Stowage : Ensuring that cargo is securely stowed and handled to prevent shifting or loss overboard.
• Use of Deck Equipment : Proper operation and maintenance of winches, cranes, and other deck machinery.
• Slip, Trip, and Fall Prevention : Keeping decks clear of hazards and ensuring good housekeeping.

Engine Room and Machinery Safety

The engine room and machinery spaces are areas with heightened risk due to the presence of moving parts, high temperatures, and potential exposure to hazardous materials.

Machinery Operation and Maintenance: The operation and maintenance of machinery onboard ships are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. This includes regular inspections, routine maintenance, and ensuring that crew members operating the machinery are well-trained and competent. Adherence to safety procedures, such as lockout/tagout protocols, is essential to prevent accidents and ensure the smooth functioning of all machinery:

• Regular Inspections and Maintenance : Conducting routine checks and maintenance to ensure machinery is functioning correctly and safely.
• Training and Competency : Ensuring crew members operating machinery are properly trained and competent.
• Lockout/Tagout Procedures : Implementing safety procedures for isolating and securing machinery during maintenance or repair to prevent accidental operation.

Safety in the Engine Room: The engine room, being the heart of a ship’s operations, presents specific safety challenges due to its environment, which includes moving parts, high temperatures, and potential exposure to hazardous materials. Ensuring safety in the engine room involves strict adherence to fire prevention measures, maintaining proper ventilation and air quality, and controlling noise and vibration levels. These practices are essential to protect crew members from health risks and to prevent accidents:

• Fire Prevention : Strict adherence to fire safety measures, given the high risk of fires in engine rooms.
• Ventilation and Air Quality : Maintaining proper ventilation to prevent the buildup of harmful gases or fumes.
• Noise and Vibration Control : Using protective equipment and implementing measures to reduce exposure to high noise levels and vibrations.

Emergency Procedures Overview

Types of marine emergencies.

Marine emergencies are diverse and complex, presenting significant risks to the safety and well-being of those onboard and the vessel itself. These emergencies range from fires and explosions to man overboard incidents, collisions, severe weather conditions, medical crises, and hazardous material spills. Understanding the various types of marine emergencies is crucial for preparing appropriate response strategies and ensuring effective management of these situations. Marine emergencies encompass a range of situations that pose serious risks to the safety of the vessel and its crew. Understanding these types is critical for effective response and management. Common types include:

• Fires and Explosions : Due to the presence of flammable materials and confined spaces, fires are a major threat on ships.
• Man Overboard : Instances where crew members or passengers fall overboard.
• Collisions and Groundings : Accidents involving another vessel or running aground.
• Severe Weather Conditions : Extreme weather can endanger the ship and its crew.
• Medical Emergencies : Health-related crises that require immediate attention.
• Hazardous Material Spills : Incidents involving the release of dangerous substances.

General Principles of Emergency Response

Responding effectively to marine emergencies requires adherence to a set of general principles that guide the actions and decisions of the crew. These principles include preparedness through regular drills and training, quick and accurate assessment of the emergency situation, clear and effective communication both within the ship and with external entities, coordinated efforts among the crew to utilize resources efficiently, and, when necessary, conducting orderly rescue and evacuation operations. These principles are fundamental to managing emergencies effectively and minimizing risks to life and property. A proper response to marine emergencies involves several key principles:

• Preparedness : Regular drills and training to ensure the crew is ready for various scenarios.
• Quick Assessment : Rapid evaluation of the situation to determine the best course of action.
• Effective Communication : Ensuring clear and prompt communication within the ship and with external entities.
• Coordinated Effort : A well-coordinated response utilizing the crew and resources efficiently.
• Rescue and Evacuation : When necessary, conducting orderly rescue and evacuation operations.

Fire Safety and Firefighting Techniques

Fire prevention strategies on ships.

Fire prevention on ships is a critical aspect of maritime safety, given the confined environment and limited escape routes. Implementing effective fire prevention strategies involves regular maintenance and inspections of electrical systems and machinery, safe handling and storage of flammable materials, and fostering a culture of safety through training and awareness. These measures are essential to significantly reduce the risk of fire outbreaks and ensure the safety of the vessel and its crew.

Regular Maintenance and Inspections

• Electrical Systems : Regular checks to prevent electrical fires due to short circuits or overheating.
• Machinery and Engine Room : Ensuring that machinery is properly maintained and free of oil leaks.
• Galley and Cooking Areas : Monitoring cooking equipment and enforcing safety practices in the kitchen.

Safe Handling and Storage of Flammable Materials

• Fuel and Chemicals : Storing fuels and chemicals in designated, secure areas away from ignition sources.
• Waste Management : Proper disposal of oily rags and combustible waste to prevent accidental fires.

Training and Awareness

• Fire Safety Drills : Regular drills to ensure crew familiarity with fire safety procedures.
• Education on Fire Risks : Informing the crew about common fire hazards and prevention techniques.

Basic Firefighting Equipment and Techniques

Equipping a ship with the right firefighting equipment and ensuring the crew is knowledgeable in basic firefighting techniques are key components of fire safety. This includes having various types of fire extinguishers, fire hoses, hydrants, and fixed fire suppression systems strategically placed around the ship. Additionally, crew members must be trained in identifying the type of fire, using extinguishers effectively, containment and control strategies, and coordinating firefighting efforts through teamwork and communication. These elements are vital for a prompt and efficient response to fires on ships.

Types of Firefighting Equipment

• Fire Extinguishers : Portable extinguishers suitable for different types of fires (e.g., water, foam, dry chemical, CO2).
• Fire Hoses and Hydrants : Strategically placed throughout the ship for quick deployment.
• Fixed Fire Suppression Systems : Automated systems in critical areas like the engine room and cargo holds.
• Breathing Apparatus : For entering smoke-filled spaces and protecting against smoke inhalation.

Firefighting Techniques

• Identifying the Type of Fire : Understanding the nature of the fire (e.g., electrical, oil, solid materials) to choose the appropriate extinguishing method.
• Using Extinguishers Effectively : Techniques for using different types of extinguishers.
• Containment and Control : Strategies for containing the fire and preventing its spread.
• Teamwork and Communication : Coordinating firefighting efforts among the crew for effective response.

Abandon Ship Procedures

Lifeboats and Liferafts: Types and Operations

In the event of an emergency where abandoning ship becomes necessary, understanding the types and operations of lifeboats and liferafts is critical for ensuring the safety and survival of the crew and passengers. This includes knowledge of conventional and free-fall lifeboats, as well as inflatable liferafts, their launching procedures, boarding and seating arrangements, and the importance of regular drills for crew familiarization with these life-saving appliances.

Types of Lifeboats

• Conventional Lifeboats : Typically enclosed, with motor propulsion, and equipped with supplies for survival.
• Free-fall Lifeboats : Designed for rapid deployment, allowing the crew to escape quickly by launching from a ramp.
• Inflatable Liferafts : Deployed automatically or manually, these rafts provide temporary shelter and are equipped with survival kits.
• Launching Procedures : Training on how to safely launch lifeboats and liferafts.
• Boarding and Seating Arrangements : Ensuring efficient boarding and optimal distribution of passengers.
• Drills and Familiarization : Regular drills to familiarize the crew with the operation and handling of life-saving appliances.

Survival Techniques in the Open Sea

Once in the open sea, survivors must employ specific techniques to maximize their chances of survival and rescue. This involves the effective use of survival equipment available in lifeboats and liferafts, such as emergency supplies, signalling devices, and strategies for protection against the elements. Additionally, group survival strategies like staying together, conserving energy and water, and signalling for rescue are essential in enhancing visibility and improving the likelihood of being rescued.

Use of Survival Equipment

• Emergency Supplies : Familiarity with the contents of survival kits, including water, food rations, first aid supplies, and signalling devices.
• Protection from the Elements : Strategies to protect against sun exposure, dehydration, and hypothermia.

Group Survival Strategies

• Staying Together : Maximizing visibility and moral support by staying in a group.
• Keeping Calm and Conserving Energy : Minimizing physical exertion to conserve energy and water supplies.
• Signalling for Rescue : Using flares, mirrors, lights, and other signalling devices to attract attention.

Man Overboard and Search and Rescue Operations

Man Overboard Procedures

A man-overboard situation is one of the most urgent emergencies on a ship, requiring swift and decisive action to ensure the rescue and safety of the individual overboard. The procedures include raising the alarm, performing specific manoeuvres to return to the person’s location, marking the location with life-saving equipment, and maintaining constant visual contact. Rescue operations involve the use of the ship’s equipment and providing immediate medical care after recovery.

Immediate Actions:

• Raise the Alarm : Alert the crew and bridge immediately upon noticing a person overboard.
• Man Overboard Maneuver : The ship should perform a manoeuvre, such as a Williamson turn, to return to the person overboard.
• Mark the Location : Deploy a lifebuoy or a smoke marker to mark the location of the person in the water.
• Assign a Spotter : Have a crew member maintain visual contact with the person overboard at all times.

Rescue Operations:

• Recovery Methods : Use the ship’s rescue equipment, such as a rescue boat or a life net, to retrieve the person.
• Medical Assessment and Care : Provide immediate medical attention upon recovery.

Coordination in Search and Rescue Missions

Effective coordination in Search and Rescue (SAR) missions is crucial for the timely and successful rescue of persons in distress at sea. This involves collaboration with Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCCs) which play a key role in coordinating SAR efforts across multiple vessels and aircraft. Effective communication, information sharing, and adherence to the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) are essential. Additionally, international cooperation and assistance from nearby vessels are fundamental under maritime law for the success of SAR operations.

Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCC):

• Role of MRCCs : Coordinate SAR operations within their designated regions, involving multiple vessels and aircraft.
• Communication and Information Sharing : MRCCs serve as the central point for communication and information exchange during SAR operations.

International Cooperation:

• Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) : A system that enables the rapid exchange of distress signals and coordination of rescue efforts.
• Cooperation with Other Vessels : Ships in the vicinity of a distress signal are required to assist in SAR operations under international maritime law.

Medical Emergency and First Aid

Basic first aid and medical care onboard.

The ability to provide immediate and effective medical care onboard is crucial, especially considering the remote nature of maritime operations and the potential delay in accessing professional medical assistance.

First Aid Training

• Crew Training : Ensuring that crew members are trained in basic first aid techniques, including CPR, wound care, and management of fractures.
• First Aid Kits : Maintaining well-stocked and easily accessible first aid kits throughout the ship.

Handling Common Medical Emergencies

• Injury Treatment : Techniques for treating cuts, burns, and other injuries.
• Illness Management : Recognizing and managing common illnesses such as seasickness, dehydration, or food poisoning.

Handling Medical Emergencies at Sea

In more severe medical situations, additional measures and coordination are required to ensure the patient’s well-being.

Assessment and Stabilization

• Initial Assessment : Quickly assess the severity of the medical condition.
• Stabilization : Providing immediate care to stabilize the patient, such as controlling bleeding, ensuring an open airway, and managing shock.

Medical Evacuation and External Assistance

• Decision to Evacuate : Determining when a medical evacuation is necessary based on the severity and nature of the emergency.
• Coordination with Shore-based Medical Facilities : Contact the nearest Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) or medical consultation service for advice and coordination of evacuation efforts.
• Use of Telemedicine : Utilizing telemedicine capabilities for remote medical advice and assistance.

Hazardous Materials Handling

Recognizing and Managing Hazardous Materials

The handling of hazardous materials (HazMat) on board ships is a critical task that requires specialized knowledge and strict adherence to safety procedures to prevent risks to health and environmental contamination. It involves the correct identification of hazardous substances through international labels and symbols, understanding the information provided in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and implementing safe handling and storage practices. Proper training in handling HazMat, along with the use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), is essential for the safety of the crew and the vessel.

Identification of Hazardous Materials

• Understanding HazMat Labels and Symbols : Familiarity with international symbols and labels that identify hazardous materials.
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) : Utilizing MSDS for information on the properties, handling precautions, and emergency procedures for hazardous substances.

Safe Handling and Storage

• Proper Segregation and Stowage : Following guidelines for segregating incompatible materials and securing them to prevent spills.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) : Using appropriate PPE, such as gloves, goggles, and respirators, when handling HazMat.
• Training and Procedures : Ensuring crew members are trained in safe handling practices and emergency response procedures for hazardous materials.

Emergency Procedures for Hazardous Spills

In the event of a hazardous material spill on a ship, immediate and effective response is crucial to minimize the risks to human health and the environment. This involves initial actions to contain and control the spill, such as using absorbent materials and containment booms, and promptly notifying the relevant authorities. Following containment, the focus shifts to the cleanup and safe disposal of contaminated materials, adhering to international and local regulations. Additionally, post-incident procedures include decontamination of affected areas and personnel, and a thorough incident review and reporting to prevent future occurrences.

1-Containment and Control:

• Initial Response : Quick action to contain the spill and prevent it from spreading, using absorbent materials, containment booms, or other methods.
• Notification and Reporting : Immediately notifying the ship’s captain and relevant authorities about the spill and its nature.

2-Cleanup and Disposal:

• Cleanup Procedures : Safely cleaning up the spill using appropriate methods and equipment.
• Waste Disposal : Proper disposal of contaminated materials and waste in accordance with international and local regulations.

3-Post-Incident Procedures

• Decontamination : Ensuring that affected areas and personnel are properly decontaminated.
• Incident Review and Reporting : Conducting a thorough review of the incident to identify causes and implement corrective measures. Completing required documentation and reporting to relevant authorities.

————————————————————————————————————————————————————-

To evaluate your knowledge about “Safety and Emergency Procedures on Ships,” please complete the following exercise and answer the questions below:

• What are some of the unique challenges and risks associated with the marine environment that emphasize the importance of maritime safety?
• Explain the role of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in regulating shipping and ensuring maritime safety.
• What are the key IMO conventions relevant to marine safety, and what aspects do they cover?
• Why is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) essential for individuals working in maritime environments, and what types of PPE are commonly used?
• Discuss the importance of regular safety drills and training for maritime crew members. What are some common types of drills conducted onboard?
• How does adherence to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) contribute to navigation safety?
• What are some key practices and protocols involved in ensuring deck safety on ships?
• Describe the procedures and safety measures that should be followed in the engine room and machinery spaces to prevent accidents.
• List and explain the common types of marine emergencies. Why is it important to understand these types for effective emergency response?
• What are the general principles of emergency response in maritime contexts, and why are they crucial for managing marine emergencies effectively?
• What fire prevention strategies should be implemented on ships to reduce the risk of fire outbreaks?
• Explain the importance of proper training and knowledge of firefighting equipment and techniques for the crew on ships.
• Describe the types and operations of lifeboats and liferafts, and explain why regular drills are essential for crew familiarization with these life-saving appliances.
• How should hazardous materials be managed on ships to ensure the safety of the crew and the vessel? What procedures should be followed in the event of a hazardous material spill?

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Five important safety measures you need to know onboard ship.

First of all, I will like to give the meaning or definition of the word SAFETY .  The word safety “is a condition of being protected safely from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury”. Here are Five important safety measures you need to know while onboard ship

Everybody who newly join the ship, always wish to work and earn safely, but in some cases, you will find such person, placing his or her self on high risk while working(probably no safety officer around or wish to be free). Always remember that everyone onboard the ship are trained safety officer ; meaning you need to act in a direction in which you and your crew members will be safe.

On this article, we are going to list five important ways in which ship crews most maintain safety onboard without waiting for any safety officer to correct or report you. But before I list them, I will like to give some live story of the newly joined 4th engine.

Related article   4 Things to know about watchkeeping onboard ship

” the first day this young man joined the vessel, he went to the captain to submit his documents has been done onboard by regulations, then what captain asked this young man was ‘ what is fire triangle ‘ he tried to answer the question but behold  after 3 days onboard, during sailing,there was an emergency in engine room where everyone was busy and  the 3rd engineer sent him and cadet to open lube oil filter of the generator that just shut down.

Since the engine was just stopped, the 4th engineer was expected to put all safety precautions(putting on required PPE)  in place before opening, but he tried to open a hot filter without hand gloves, checking for pressure build up, etc and even the cadet remained him to open drain to check for pressure, but he didn’t take the advice…. he opened and pressure was pushing out  very high in which hot oil started spreading to the exhaust of the other running generators, and in such condition, he left the cadet who was holding the cover ( trying to tight back) and ran to his cabin to change coverall ”  No safety, and placing other lives at risk.

what are the five ways to maintain safety onboard?

1)  Put on your personal protective equipment (PPE)

2) Always check line pressures before you open any close space

3) Vent any in close space before entering

4) Read instructions very carefully before using any equipment onboard

5)  Check for expiration dates before using any drugs, food, etc.

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Seafarers and the Maritime Sector: A Quest Towards Safety and Security

Wellbeing and proper working conditions need to be ensured for the more than 1.6 million seafarers that are operating at sea. Future Maritime Leaders essay competition winner, Stephanie Lolk Larsen, argues that both employers and the international community need to take responsibility in guaranteeing the safety of seafarers.

Being the acting people in the field, seafarers play a crucial role within the maritime sector. Whether it is the captain, engineers, technicians, or any other contracted personnel onboard a vessel, all serve to facilitate activities by sea. The importance of these activities is heightened further by the 90% of international trade that is being carried at sea. Yet, despite the idyllic journey across the blue plains, seafarers’ working conditions are hardly as serene. Between the rising environmental disasters and the continuous manmade impediments, seafarers face harsh realities on a daily basis. Most worryingly are the added threats caused by illicit activities that have come to represent serious challenges to these very people. As if terrible weather wasn’t enough, unlawful employment, violations of basic human rights, criminal groups and general malpractices are now part of seafarers’ prevailing concerns. Additionally, the complexity of seafarers’ workplace in itself, operating under various jurisdictions in a plethora of regions, means that much is hinged on adequate and fully implemented legal frameworks if the safeguard of seafarers is to be ensured. Two aspects have thus become quintessential to address in order to guarantee the sustainable safety and security of seafarers. One revolves around the inherent rights of seafarers while the other calls for a change of discourse within the international community.

Seafarers’ Human Rights in Focus

It should be acknowledged from the outset that seafarers’ human rights have been subjected to international regulations for decades, predominantly led by the International Maritime Organization and the International Labour Organization. Yet, while United Nations’ treaties provide general principles as to the humane treatment of seafarers, the remaining conventions and agreements lack specificity when it comes to regulating the rights and welfare of seafarers. This has resulted in much confusion for the seafarers themselves, as well as in countries’ reticence to respect these prerogatives.

In this regard, much of the international regulatory focus revolves more around the broader safety of shipping rather than the specific welfare of seafarers. This is embodied in most international conventions, from the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to the more recent International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, which came into force in 2004. And while some provisions do account for the protection of seafarers and their fair treatment, their inherent safety is seriously being neglected. With particular regard to issues of criminalisation, abandonment or shore leave, numerous cases occur around the world where the ill-treatment of seafarers is ever ongoing.

As such, there is an urgent need to revise the existing legal framework in order to incorporate regulatory norms on seafarers’ rights, welfare and well-being. Henceforth, this will also entail the necessity to push for the implementation of the international legal framework at the domestic level to guarantee its full effectiveness.

International Responsibility to Protect Seafarers

At this point, the discussion is less about the international efforts that are being taken to address maritime crimes and more about acknowledging the need to assert the protection of seafarers. Within the general discussion on maritime security, seafarers are often forgotten to the benefit of other priorities, whether those of the shipping companies, flag states, coastal states or other third parties. Rarely does the discourse revolve around the necessity to protect seafarers, although that is the essence of why efforts are being made in the first place. Shifting this narrative would not only ensure that seafarers remain the prime focal area, but it would also create a homogenised response, where less attention is given to each stakeholder’s interests and hence minimise mistrustful relations.

The epitome of this need for international responsibility to protect seafarers is exemplified by the numerous cases of piracy that occur on the high seas. Piracy, in itself, is defined as a crime taking place on the high seas, where the principle of universal jurisdiction applies. This means that any state can intervene in instances of piracy, and thus subjects the crime of piracy to the international community’s responsibility. Despite this globally accepted definition, the number of kidnapped seafarers is continuously on the rise, and most worryingly, has come to be an immediate threat in various place around the world, particularly in the Gulf of Guinea, located off the Western African coastline.

On recurrently named solution to the safeguard of seafarers is the embarkment of private maritime security companies (PMSCs). Yet, this has become a highly contentious matter between the shipping industry and coastal countries, where the latter deny the presence of PMSCs in their territorial waters, and rather see it as an infringement on their sovereignty. Again, the mistrust between maritime stakeholders is at the epicentre of this conundrum, and one strain of thought is that, if the discourse was centred, from all parties, on the safety and security of seafarers, viable solutions are more likely to be found.

Sum up: The Way Forward

With more than 1.6 million seafarers operating at sea, it is paramount that their wellbeing, working conditions and basic human rights are ensured to the fullest. This needs to be addressed from a holistic approach, where both employers and the general international community take responsibility in guaranteeing the unequivocal safety and security of seafarers, whether on the high seas, in territorial waters or in ports. As such, concrete measures to be taken within the foreseeable future include the following actions:

Acknowledge legal lacunae within international frameworks and revise them to specifically regulate the welfare of seafarers, including their basic human rights;

Implement said international frameworks within domestic legislation;

Shift the international narrative on maritime security to include a paramount focus on the safeguard of seafarers;

Homogenise the international response towards maritime security through the fostering of trustworthy and respectful relations.

Stephanie Lolk Larsen is 29 years old and works as a researcher at the Centre for Maritime Law and Security Africa.

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Measures Taken During Shipboard Operation for the Safety of Ship’s Crew, Cargo, and Marine Environment

In every shipboard operation, the three prime factors that should be focused on by the onboard personnel are – safety of the crew, safety of the ship and cargo, and protection of marine environment.

The ship’s crew should always remember that whatever they do, the bottom line in all circumstances must be – ‘Safety First’.

During cargo operation in a container ship , following points are to be remembered to ensure safety of the crew, cargo, and marine environment:

• When it comes to the crew, personal protective equipment must be worn during cargo operation which includes the safety shoes, safety helmet, overall, gloves, etc.

• While handling the ongoing cargo operation, be careful not to come in the way or stand under any heavy load.
• Safety of the cargo involves the correct lashings & securing of the cargo.
• Safety of the personnel involves correct lashing procedure to avoid back injuries and sprains.

• Onboard refrigerated cargo is to be monitored and should be maintained at their required temperatures.
• Dangerous goods of different categories have to be packaged and segregated as per the IMDG code .
• No source of ignition should be allowed into or near to a place where dangerous goods containers or IMDG containers are stowed.
• The lashing bridge and catwalks must be in a safe condition to work.
• All the lashing bars and lashing equipments must be in place and not left lying on the lashing bridge floor.
• One must never stand or walk under a working spreader. The consequences could be fatal if an accident occurs.
• Mooring ropes of the ship should be kept tight all the time.
• Safety signs should be posted at appropriate places. (For example ‘No Smoking’ signs).
• Security level to be displayed and ISPS duties to be performed properly.
• The deck and even the cargo holds should be free of oil or greasy material. If the deck is found in such a condition it must be cleaned up immediately.
• Cargo holds containing dangerous cargo or fumigated containers should be well ventilated. Entry into such a hold with inadequate ventilation must not be allowed.
• Dangerous cargoes must be stowed on deck or in the holds as per the Ship’s stowage plan for dangerous cargoes and should be well away from living quarters.
• Any kind of oil spill or leak must be prevented so as to avoid pollution of the seas.
• When an incident takes place involving the loss or likely loss overboard of packaged dangerous goods into the sea, the Master shall report the particulars of such an incident without delay to the nearest coastal State.
• The report shall be based on the Supplement to the IMDG-Code “Reporting Procedures”. When the ship is within or near an area for which a ship reporting system has been established, reports shall be transmitted to the designated shore station of that system.
• Emergency exits and escape routes must be clear of all obstructions at all time.

• All crew should be aware of the dangerous cargo spill contingency plan which is kept in the deck office
• First aid kit and defibrillator must always be present in the deck office.

You may also like to read- Dos and Don’ts to Avoid Fire in the Ship’s Accommodation Area

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Shipboard Safety - General Safety and Safe Working Practices

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Shipboard safety must be a priority for everything machine-related onboard. Machines do not understand human error or negligence during operations. Machines are set and will continue operations regardless of the danger they pose to life and property. This essentially holds for all machines on and around ship vessels, making it necessary to understand the safety measures adopted by marine stakeholders. A safety mindset is thus beneficial for all crew members and we analyze the relevant conceptual frameworks to ensure shipboard safety. We deliver a comprehensive understanding of general safety and provide essential practices for working safely on various boats and ships.

This course will help marine professionals discover the most hazardous areas on board ships and gain valuable safety knowledge to avoid possible hazards. We critically analyze case studies conducted by global maritime conventions. These include cases from the highly reputable International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and those conducted by U.S. maritime regulators. We outline some fundamental concepts surrounding novice crew and staff in the maritime sector and provide extensive information on a range of safety activities ship stakeholders undergo to maintain physical safety before, during and after ship voyages across the seas. We explore aspects relating to safety adoptions against fires, hot work and chemical hazards ever-present on board every type of watercraft.

How do you control shipboard dangers? What can you do if you get trapped in a confined space or tank? What are the chances of surviving stormy weather? We investigate these scenarios and enable you to protect yourself, those around you and the conveying ship or vessel from maritime hazards. These include those arising from improper usage of wires, fiber ropes, lifting gears and electrical equipment. The content in this course is crucial for students, logistic entrepreneurs, researchers, marine operations managers, ship crew, marine engineers and anyone seeking to learn about general shipboard safety. Register for this online course today and improve your understanding of general safety and safe working practices on board ships.

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CODE OF SAFE WORKING PRACTICES FOR MERCHANT SEAMEN

• Describes that the Code of Safe Working Practices or its equivalent is intended primarily for merchant seamen
• Describes that there should always be an sufficient number of copies to enable the Master, Safety Officer & any members of the Safety Committee to have their own, leaving at least one available for general reference
• Describes that this Code is communicated to everyone on the ship irrespective of rank or rating because the instructions can be beneficial only if they are understood by all & if all cooperate in their execution.
• Describes that the Code is organized in sections which deal with extensive areas of concern
• States that the presentation gives the regulatory system for health & safety on board ships & overall safety duties under that system.
• States that Section 1 is largely related with the safety management & the permitted duties underlying the advice in the remainder of the Code. All working on board are needed to be knowledge of these duties & of the principles controlling the instruction on the safe practice which they are required to follow
• Explains that the Section 2 begins with the chapter setting out the areas that should be included in introducing the new member to the safety methods on board. It goes on to explain what individuals can do to enhance their personal health & safety
• States that Section 3 is related with various working practices common to all ships
• States that Section 4 includes safety for the specialist ship operation
• Outlines & explains the contents of the COSWP for the merchant seaman

Describes safe working practices & personal shipboard safety including:

• working aloft
• working over the side
• working in enclosed spaces
• permit to work systems such as:
• hot work permit
• cold work permit
• entry in enclosed space pemit
• working aloft permit
• working overside permit
• electrical isolation permit
• line handling
• lifting techniques & methods of preventing back injury
• electrical safety
• mechanical safety
• chemical and biohazard safety
• personal safety equipment
• Describes the role of a safety officer
• Describes the topics covered in the safety committee meeting
• Explains the importance of personal health and hygiene on board

Describes the use of:

• portable O2 analyzers
• explosion meter
• multi gas detectors
• other portable gas measuring instruments

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Safety must be essential factor in all ship operations. Ship owners need to make a profit, but the best way to do that today is by operating safely. The senior management team on the ship needs to put the health, safety, and security of their crew above everything else. To achieve that, safety must be managed effectively.

The ISM Code makes safety management essential. But safety management makes good sense in both human and commercial terms. For all shipping companies, a history of shipping incidents and accidents damages their reputation and leads to the loss of business and further financial consequences.

It may seem that accidents happen at random, but the researches show that there appears to be a relationship between near misses and serious accidents. The more near misses, or hazardous occurrences that happen, the more minor or serious accidents occur. Proper evaluation of a near miss or hazardous occurrence reports and making appropriate changes in procedures will reduce accidents and contribute in managing safety on board.

There are many components to successful safety management and obvious one is good training and familiarization with the company’s safety management systems. Another one is proper maintenance, including making sure that all maintenance is correctly carried out and logged. Motivation and leadership is also vital. If safety matters to the senior officers, everyone on board will notice that; they will then make safety a high priority in their own activities.

Finally, there are the safety management procedures themselves – these shall be developed by the shore office in consultation with the shipboard management team based on their experience, risk assessment, and legal requirements. But the shore office’s responsibility does not end with creating good working procedures. They also have a responsibility to employ personnel of a suitable standard both at sea and ashore.

Most important of all, there shall be open communication and trust between the ship and the shore. The Designated Person Ashore under the ISM Code must ensure that everyone ashore and on board works together to manage safety. For safety management systems to be effective, they must be regularly reviewed to ensure continuous improvement.

Standards must be established and then implemented. The progress of this implementation must be followed and measured so compliance can be checked. The situation must be reviewed and changes made if the objectives have not been met.

The management team on board should never forget that they are part of a larger team that includes those ashore. However, the primary responsibility for day-to-day safety remains with the senior officers of the ship. They need o protect their crew from fatigue and stress – this can be done by carefully scheduling procedures, such as those when the ship is alongside.

Many procedures are subject to special safety considerations. These include entry into enclosed spaces , hot work and working over the side. There will be procedures for these but they still need to be managed for safety. Each step must be analyzed for hazard and steps taken to mitigate the risks. Once an operation is completed, the procedures need to be reviewed for any lessons that can be learned. It is essential that the safety management system promotes and takes account of the feedback from all the crew members involved.

Cargo operations are potentially the most hazardous activities on tankers; all these operations will be planned according to the company procedures. These will be based on the industry standards of best practice. Carrying out the pre-operation checks is essential for safety. The checks shall never be just a paper exercise. Good records must be kept of the cargo plans and the checking procedures.

Each operation must be schedules so that it does not conflict with another operation or its manpower requirements. Allowance must be made for crew rest time. It is often thought that it saves money to keep on working and finish early, but any accident will cost a great deal more than delaying a ship for six hours while crew gets good sleep.

Any change to the ship’s equipment, personnel, or operating procedures can increase the risk of an incident. The senior officers need to be aware of this possibility and will need to use the risk assessment techniques to evaluate any change to the procedure. Each part of the procedure needs to be analyzed for the risks and steps to reduce these risks discussed and decided. A formal assessment is prepared before the decision to go ahead with the task can be given.

If the hazards are serious and cannot be managed satisfactorily, then the Master may decide not to carry out the procedure. However, if the hazards are severe, but the risk can be mitigated, then it may be better to carry it out under different conditions. Perhaps, the shore office can provide extra resources. It may be possible to modify the task and reduce the risk by taking special precautions. Finally, if the hazards are minor and the risk is small, then the risk is manageable and the task can go ahead.

Before starting, a toolbox meeting is held where everyone agrees what is going to be done, who is going to do it, and safety is reviewed. The scheduling of the individual component tasks is governed by the permit to work system. Also, for all routine tasks the system of controlling work by permits to work remains the backbone of safe working practice on board.

The first line of defense against personnel injury is safety management procedure. PPE is your line of defense against injury. It is essential to always wear the appropriate PPE. An important tool in the management of safety on board and the development of safety culture is the safety committee that will include representatives from all the ship’s departments. All members of the committee should be encouraged to think for themselves and raise any topic related to safety.

The key part of the job will be administration of the safety management systems set up by the operator. Keeping these systems up to date is vital. Safety inspections will be a regular part of this job. The ship’s Flag State may require safety officer to carry out specific tasks and these must be complied with. The frequency of the inspections may be determined by the ship’s Flag State or possibly by the ship’s operator.

All areas of the ship accessible to the crew need to be inspected regularly. During an inspection, the safety officer should congratulate those he finds doing their job safely and wearing the appropriate PPE, and encourage others to improve their safety behavior. The Master and the safety committee must scrutinize the inspection reports. The results of these regular inspections must be logged, reported, and followed up.

The safety officer will also play an important part in organizing the safety drills. Regular drills will have a contingency plan based on risk assessment and this will provide the basis for planning them. All aspects of safety must be considered. The safety officer must ensure that the safety is the prime consideration in carrying out drills on board.

Another task which will always be part of the safety officer’s job is accident investigation. This will often be done together with the other members of senior management team. Accident investigation and reporting is an important part of the ISM Code. There are two separate parts of an investigation. First, securing the area and finding out what happened, answering the questions what, where, when, and who, as well as measurements, diagrams of the site shall be made. It is likely that the shore office will need to be informed early of any incident. There will probably be a need to interviewing the witnesses as soon as possible after the event.

The second part of the investigation is analyzing hat happened, answering t he questions why and how. The objective is to understand what went wrong and how the situation can be managed to prevent any further incidents. Accidents rarely have just a single cause. Both the immediate and underlying causes need to be identified and corrective action must be taken immediately. Longer term measures must be taken to ensure future prevention. The objective is to understand what went wrong and how the situation can be managed to prevent repetition of the incident.

Once the investigation is complete, that is only the start. The accident must be officially reported, always to the operator but often to the Flag State. The main purpose of the investigation is to prevent recurrence. So, the DPA may well inform other ships in the fleet of any investigation which will help them improve their safety management.

Once a major operation has been completed, it is always worthwhile to take the time to see whether the safety could have been better managed. Note that people who are in the best position to improve the safety or the procedure are those involved in carrying it out. A senior officer should chair the de-briefing meeting to ensure that all possible lessons can be learned. Everyone regardless of their rank shall be encouraged to stop any unsafe action they see taking place.

There are many ways to develop the safety culture. It depends on the wholehearted support of the top management both ashore and on the ship. It is vital that the shore office and the ship are both committed to the effective safety management of the ship. The successful development and implementation of the safety culture will depend on the senior managers on board. They must lead by example, communicate and listen to those around them, ensure that there are no barriers preventing the open reporting of the safety incidents and near missed, avoid blaming people but show that they are ready to address any causes of any incident.

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Unsafe Marine Work Practices

Atsb video as a result of several incident investigations.

The ATSB has investigated several incidents involving unsafe working practices in the maritime industry. These incidents resulted in serious injury or death following falls from height, crushing and equipment that exploded.

The most common problem associated with these incidents was the fact that the people involved in the task did not properly identify the risks involved before they started the task. Sometimes risk strategies were not implemented, and in some cases, individuals ignored established procedures. To some degree, these incidents involved the people being complacent about the task and this complacency was the direct cause of the injury or fatality.

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