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Formulating a Research Problem for University Students

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Identification and formulation of research problem

A presentation by

Dr. Rajendra Kumbhar

Dept. of Library & Information Science

University of Pune, Pune

Current status of LIS Research: some observations

• Inadequate education, training
• Lack of sufficient guidance from practitioners
• Increased expectations and compulsions for research
• LIS professionals need to be both producers and consumers of research
• Increased availability of research funding
• It’s time to research and rule the world of librarianship

What is a research problem?�

• First step in research
• A question that need to be answered
• A concept the researcher wants to understand
• A crisis that need to resolved
• A situation that need to be changed
• A reason of dissatisfaction

Sources for identification of Research Problem-1

• Reading different types of documents
• Research articles: limitations, hypotheses, suggestions for further research
• Review articles, books
• Titles of books Titles of books and articles
• Library association’s websites
• Publisher’s websites
• Blogs of experts and libraries
• Discussion forums

Sources for identification of Research Problem-2

• Observations- in and around the library
• Issues related with
• Staff: job satisfaction, retention,
• Users: Needs of different types of users [students, children, senior citizens, writers, social workers]

Sources for identification of Research Problem-3

• Reading material:
• New formats (e-journals, e-books, collaborative,

Q&A, social media)

• Impact on users, staff, budget
• Collection development
• Problems in selection
• Quality v/s discount
• Study of supplier’s attitudes, performance

Sources for identification of Research Problem-4

• Usability testing
• Testing use pattern of DDC, OPAC, Library software, library portal, database
• Testing Performance :
• Time taken to use …
• Number of steps taken…
• Testing Accuracy :
• Number of mistake made
• How did they rectify the mistake
• Emotional response:
• User’s feelings about the use, usability – confident, stressed?
• Would he recommend it to others?

Sources for identification of Research Problem-5

• Innovations, evaluation, modification
• OPAC, Classification systems, Software, FRBR

Sources for identification of Research Problem-6

• Current social issues and trends:
• Reading ability/skills of children? Can libraries help?
• More books are published and sold? Any correlation?
• Political issues:
• Banned books, banning books, impact?
• Publishing world:
• What and why publishers publish?
• Changes in the publishing world: normal book size 170 pages- reasons and impact on reading, librarianship?
• Open access initiative- rationality, impact on libraries

Sources for identification of Research Problem-7

• Ideological issues:
• Internet, repositories, digital libraries- Competitors or facilities?
• Study of theories/principles/laws
• Bradford’s /Lotka’s law – are they still valid?
• Methodological issues: adapt methods
• Scope for experimentation
• Comparative / Benchmarking studies
• Exploratory studies
• Imagination
• Reading consultancy for parents/children
• Reading research in the other related subjects

Sources for identification of Research Problem-8

• Critical thinking:
• Ask questions
• Challenge ideas and claims in research papers
• A stem from present research
• Seminars/workshops/ refresher courses
• Personal interest: your favourite area
• Mentorship: working with experts

Check list for a researchable problem-1

• Advancement of knowledge, solving problem
• Development of innovative tools/services
• Considers people not studied so far
• Availability of data

Check list for a researchable problem-2

• Interesting
• Subject of researcher’s knowledge

� Formulation of research problem-1

Formulation of research problem-2

Formulation of research problem-3

Formulation of research problem-4

To formulate research problem one must-

• Know all aspects of the subject
• Understand relationship between variables
• Must have theoretical background

This can be done by-

• Literature review
• Discussions with experts having positive and negative views
• Concept mapping, brainstorming
• Identification of broad subject
• Read literature on the broad subject
• Identify few sub-themes
• Read thoroughly on the sub-themes
• Identify single topic for research

Simplified version of the problem identification process

�Examples of research problems-1

• Role of library in developing lifelong learning skills
• Reflection of institutions mission in library operations and services
• Impact of new communication methods on libraries
• Is organizational structure of libraries changing if so what are the forces and impacts?
• What is impact of growing distance education

Examples of research problems-2

• Retention: a new issue in personnel management
• Staff formula for libraries
• Criteria for evaluation of libraries
• Do we need college/university libraries?
• Negotiation skills for librarians
• What are the implications of –
• Barcode, RFID, CCTV
• Role of libraries in epidemics
• Criteria for evaluation of library professionals

Your experiences, please

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LECTURE FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

Lecture notes on the formulation of a research problem when you want to conduct a research

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6 Ways to Fix the “PowerPoint Found a Problem With the Content” Error

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• Review Security Settings
• Repair the Presentation
• Restore an Older Version
• Download or Move the File Location
• Open and Export From Another Program
• Update Microsoft 365

Key Takeaways

• When facing a PowerPoint content error, adjust your security settings to ensure the program's file access.
• Content errors can also be caused by corrupt files, which can be repaired on Windows and Mac.
• Restoring previous versions or changing the file's location may be other solutions if the error persists.

Have you encountered the “PowerPoint found a problem with the content” error when opening a .ppt or .pptx file? If restarting your device didn't work, try these tips to help you get back to work in no time.

1 Review Security Settings

If you're using Windows, a feature known as Protected Views may have mischaracterized your content as a potential security threat, prompting the content error. If you are uncertain about the file's risk level, first scan the file with Microsoft Defender . If there’s nothing wrong with the file, you can temporarily turn off protected views.

• Open PowerPoint.
• On the application's home screen, select Options from the left-hand panel.
• Select Trust Center > Trust Center Settings .
• Click on Protected View .
• Uncheck the Enable Protected View for files originating from the Internet and Enable Protected View for files located in potentially unsafe locations options.
• Click OK to save the new changes and try to open the .ppt file.

There is always some degree of risk when disabling features like Protected View. Once you've fixed your issue, always re-enable those security settings.

Alternatively, Windows users can add the .ppt file to PowerPoint’s Trusted Locations. Again, this method should be reserved for .ppt files coming from a reliable source. From Trust Center Settings :

• Click on Trusted Locations in the left pane.
• Click Add new location > Browse and select the .ppt file’s location.
• Click Add > Save .

If you are on a Mac operating system, you won't find PowerPoint features like Trusted Locations or Protected View. Instead, you can manage PowerPoint's file access in your Mac's Privacy & Security settings:

• Open Settings > Privacy & Security > Full Disk Access .
• Select the + icon . Because this is a security setting, you may be prompted to enter your password.
• Select Microsoft PowerPoint from your applications and click Open .
• A dialogue will prompt you to Quit & Reopen the application in order to give it full disk access.

Lastly, make sure the PowerPoint file isn't locked. Right-click on the file in Finder and select Get Info . Under General, review the Locked checkbox.

2 Repair the Presentation

You can also assess whether a corrupt file is causing the content error by trying to open the PowerPoint presentation from another device. If you still face the same issue, you can attempt to repair the file.

Windows users can do this using PowerPoint's built-in tools. Just launch PowerPoint and click Open . There, browse to the presentation location, extend the Open menu, and select Open and repair .

If you're on a Mac, you can potentially repair a corrupt file if you know how to use Disk Utility . Find this tool in your Applications > Utilities > Disk Utility, and run the First Aid function on the disk where your file is located. The utility will flag if any disk errors might have caused your file to become corrupt, and offer solutions to repair the file system.

When running disk repair functions, we recommend backing up your disk first.

3 Restore an Older Version

If PowerPoint or Disk Utility tools weren’t able to fix the corrupted file, you can look for a previous version of the presentation. Even if you didn't explicitly save an older version, Windows and Mac devices might have an automatic backup on file for you.

Windows' backup tool is fittingly called File History. There are many ways to access the File History feature on Windows 11 . From File History , simply locate your file and restore a previous version.

To use File History, you need to have it enabled beforehand. Otherwise, you won't be able to restore an older version of the PowerPoint file. However, now's a good time to enable File History to prevent future mishaps.

Alternatively, locate the troublesome presentation directly from your File Explorer window. Right-click the file and select Show more options > Restore previous versions . If there is an older version listed, go ahead and restore it.

The Time Machine feature can be your best friend if you're using a Mac. Apple's support page recommends first opening the folder containing the file you'd like to restore in Finder. Then you can use Launchpad to open Time Machine and select the presentation. If there is a backup, there will be an option to Restore it.

4 Download or Move the File Location

A PowerPoint presentation stored in a synchronized, cloud-based folder or a temporary file system could also cause content errors. If you received the presentation by email, for instance, try to download the file again. Ensure it's in your local Downloads folder, on your Desktop, or in a specified folder related to your project.

If you work with a synchronized folder system like Google's Drive for Desktop , you can try copying the .ppt or .pptx file from that cloud folder to your local drive. Then, try opening the presentation again.

5 Open and Export From Another Program

Sometimes, if a .ppt or .pptx file does not open in PowerPoint, it will open in another similar program. Because apps like Keynote and Google Slides are equipped to import PowerPoint files, try to open your finicky presentation in one of those programs.

Here is how to open a PowerPoint file in Google Slides , a browser platform available on any operating system:

• Log in to Google Drive and select New > Google Slides .
• Select File > Open and navigate to the Upload tab.
• Browse to or drag in your PowerPoint file, and Google will convert and open it as a Google Slides presentation.
• From here, feel free to continue your work in Google Slides. Otherwise, re-export it for use in PowerPoint by selecting File > Download > Microsoft PowerPoint (.pptx) .

If you use a Mac, you can also use the Keynote app to open a PowerPoint file, and the steps are very similar.

6 Update Microsoft 365

Lastly, Microsoft 365 apps don’t always work properly if you haven’t updated them in a while. In this case, you should update Microsoft 365 to the latest version available. Depending on your operating system, there are a couple of different ways to do this.

On Windows, launch any Microsoft 365 app and select Account from the left-side panel. There, click on Microsoft 365 and Office Updates menu and select Update now .

If something goes wrong during the update process, see how to fix Microsoft 365 error code 30015-26 .

On Mac, it's just as easy. Again, open a Microsoft 365 app and click on Help > Check for Updates . This will launch an update if there is one available. To save time later, you may also choose to check the box to Automatically keep Microsoft apps up to date .

Hopefully, the solutions above helped you fix the “PowerPoint found a problem with the content” error. Most of the time, you have to move the file out of a synchronized folder or fix a corrupted file. Now, the hard work begins in making an engaging PowerPoint presentation for your peers!

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Research Problem.

Published by Dorothy Harmon Modified over 9 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Research Problem."— Presentation transcript:

CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS RESEARCH?.

Exploring Marketing Research William G. Zikmund

Business Research Methods

Introduction to Research Methodology

Chapter 1 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Chapter 1 Nature and Purpose of Research.

Types of Research Design and Exploratory Research Chapter 4.

Sabine Mendes Lima Moura Issues in Research Methodology PUC – November 2014.

Chapter Three Research Design.

Business Research Methods Problem Definition. Problem discovery Problem definition (statement of research objectives) Secondary (historical) data Experience.

Chapter Three Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Problem Definition and the Research Process Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter Three.

Validity Lecture Overview Overview of the concept Different types of validity Threats to validity and strategies for handling them Examples of validity.

Formulating the research design

The Proposal. The Final Product Introduction –Including your Management Question Literature Review Your Model –Research Questions –Hypotheses you plan.

Exploring Marketing Research William G. Zikmund Chapter 5: Problem Definition and the Research Proposal.

The Research Design.

RESEARCH DESIGN.

Chapter 1 Psychology as a Science

Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund

Magister of Electrical Engineering Udayana University September 2011

Selecting a Research Design. Research Design Refers to the outline, plan, or strategy specifying the procedure to be used in answering research questions.

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RESEARCH PROBLEM

Dec 21, 2019

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RESEARCH PROBLEM. Moazzam Ali. Research Problem.

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Presentation Transcript

RESEARCH PROBLEM Moazzam Ali

Research Problem • A research problem is a statement or a set of statements about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.

Selecting a Research Problem • There are a number of considerations to keep in mind which will ensure the success of your research work. • Interest • Expertise in the Area • Researchable Concepts • Scope of the Study & Relevance • Research Needs • Adequate Resources • Ethical Considerations

Formulating a Research Problem A research problem may be formulated in the following two ways: • Problem Statement • Research Questions Moreover, sometimes problem statement can be further explained in the form of more specific research questions

The Purpose of a Problem Statement & a Research Question • Formulating a problem statement/research question is the central element of both quantitative and qualitative research • It makes the theoretical assumptions in the framework more explicit, indicating what the researcher wants to know the most.

Formulating a Research Problem: Problem Statement A problem statement is a brief piece of writing that usually comes at the beginning of a report or proposal to explain the problem or issue the document is addressing to the reader. In general, a problem statement will outline the basic facts of the problem, explain why the problem matters, and pinpoint a possible solution as quickly and directly as possible.

Characteristics of a Problem Statement A good Research Problem Statement should include: • A clear statement of the problem that exists • Evidence that supports the existence of the problem • Evidence of an existing trend that has led to the problem • Definitions/Explanation of major concepts and terms • A clear description of the settings • Probable causes related to the problem • A specific and feasible statement

Example of a Problem Statement If you ask a random group of teenagers and adults, they will most likely say that the planet is more polluted than it was 25 years ago: the oceans and rivers are dirtier, the soil contaminated by chemicals, the air less healthy. In fact, because of legal reform and increased awareness, the earth's water and soil and air are actually cleaner. By refusing to see the state of the planet for what it is, we live in a state of fear and pessimism that really isn't necessary. We have been led to believe that the environment is in danger as part of a left-wing conspiracy to fund environmental groups that thrive on an imaginary crisis.

Formulating a Research Problem: Research Question • A research problem leads to research hypothesis and/or research question (RQ). • A Research Question is a question that identifies the phenomenon to be studied • It is one of the first methodological steps the investigator has to take when undertaking a research

Characteristics of a Research Question • The research question should: • be evocative and interesting • address the contemporary social or theoretical concerns • Take a distinctive approach (new methodology, sample, design, etc.) • be relevant and researchable • be lucid and clear • have measureable concepts or variables

Examples: Research Question • What is the relationship between paradigmatic choices of address terms and Tenor dimensions? • What aspects of sociocultural milieu contribute to the growth of Ideal and Ought-to L2 Selves in the rural setting? • How does Chengez vacillate between the blasé and non-blasé attitudes in The Reluctant Fundamentalist?

Things to Remember • To develop a strong research question/problem statement, the researcher should ask him/herself the following: • Do I know the field and its literature well? • What are the important issues in my field? • What areasneed further exploration? • Could my study fill a gap? Lead to greater understanding? • Has a great deal of research already been done in this topic area? • Has this study been done before? If so, is there room for improvement? • Is the timing right for this question to be answered? Is it a hot topic, or is it becoming obsolete? • What type of information do I need to answer/address the research question/problem statement? • Most importantly, will my study have a significant impact on the field?

DEVELOPING A RESEARCH QUESTIONIs it Researchable? 1. Does McDonald's or Burger King make a better burger? Answer: This question is not researchable as it is worded, since it has no concrete meaning. What does "better" mean? Better in terms of nutrition? Better tasting? Better value? Fewer calories? Better for making your kids happy? This question could become researchable only if you define its terms 2. Is Prozac a good way to treat clinical depression in certain cases? Answer: This question is researchable. Researcher would have to sift through a lot of information, both pro and con, valid and invalid, in order to choose the best information to answer the research question and support his/her own point of view, but the point is that there is at least enough information to sift through

DEVELOPING A RESEARCH QUESTION 1. Do children sent to day care or preschool start kindergarten with more developed skills? Answer: This question is too broad since it focuses on all skills (e.g., language, social, small motor skills, large motor skills, etc). One would have to gather too much diverse information to answer question 1. 2. Do children sent to day care or preschool start kindergarten with larger vocabularies? Answer: There may or may not be enough information to answer this question. The researcher would need to find more than just one or two studies. If he/she feels that there are enough sources dealing with vocabulary only, then he/she could choose to pursue question 2. 3. Is there a link between hours of television viewing and violent behavior in children aged 8-14? Answer: This question is also researchable. The researcher would have to sift through a lot of information, both pro and con, valid and invalid, in order to choose the best information to answer the research question.

Activity: Problem StatementsIdentify the Topic & R. Questions • Stephen King writes that people naturally crave horror movies as a way of expressing their inner violent emotions. There's only one problem with this theory: many people hate horror movies. Once we see the real attraction to scary films, we'll be able to understand American culture better. People who watch horror movies are not driven by natural instincts, but by the violence of the world around them.

Activity: Problem StatementsIdentify the Topic & R. Questions • In a competitive food marketplace, food companies must satisfy stockholders by encouraging more people to eat more of their products. They seek new audiences among children, among members of minority groups, or internationally. They expand sales to existing as well as new audiences through advertising but also by developing new products designed to respond to consumer “demands.” In recent years, they have embraced a new strategy: increasing the sizes of food portions. Advertising, new products, and larger portions all contribute to a food environment that promotes eating more, not less.

Activity: Formulate Research Questions from the given Topics • Gender Differences in the use of Politeness Strategies for Making Requests among Punjabi/Urdu and English Bilinguals at UoG. (Ansa Ahsan) • Exploring The Patterns of Language Learning Strategies Among Pakistani Students At Higher Secondary Level (Rana Rashid Rafique)

Negotiating Gendered Identities: A Feminist Reading of A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini (Safoora Batool Syed) • The Cognitive Analysis of the Metaphors used in the Selected Children Literature by Iqbal: an SFL Perspective. (Mahnoor) • Exploring the Effects of Language Identity on English Language Learning among Bilinguals at UoG. (Shumaila)

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