essay resources

How to Write Your College Essay: The Ultimate Step-by-Step Guide

Getting ready to start your college essay? Your essay is very important to your application — especially if you’re applying to selective colleges.

Become a stronger writer by reviewing your peers’ essays and get your essay reviewed as well for free.

We have regular livestreams during which we walk you through how to write your college essay and review essays live.

College Essay Basics

Just getting started on college essays? This section will guide you through how you should think about your college essays before you start.

• Why do essays matter in the college application process?
• What is a college application theme and how do you come up with one?
• How to format and structure your college essay

Before you move to the next section, make sure you understand:

How a college essay fits into your application

What a strong essay does for your chances

How to create an application theme

Learn the Types of College Essays

Next, let’s make sure you understand the different types of college essays. You’ll most likely be writing a Common App or Coalition App essay, and you can also be asked to write supplemental essays for each school. Each essay has a prompt asking a specific question. Each of these prompts falls into one of a few different types. Understanding the types will help you better answer the prompt and structure your essay.

• How to Write a Personal Statement That Wows Colleges
• Personal Statement Essay Examples
• How to Write a Stellar Extracurricular Activity Essay
• Extracurricular Essay Examples
• Tips for Writing a Diversity College Essay
• Diversity Essay Examples
• Tips for Writing a Standout Community Service Essay
• How to Write the “Why This Major” Essay
• How to Write a “Why This Major” Essay if You’re Undecided
• How to write the “Why This College” Essay
• How to Research a College to Write the “Why This College” Essay
• Why This College Essay Examples
• How to Write The Overcoming Challenges Essay
• Overcoming Challenges Essay Examples

Identify how each prompt fits into an essay type

What each type of essay is really asking of you

How to write each essay effectively

The Common App essay

Almost every student will write a Common App essay, which is why it’s important you get this right.

• How to Write the Common App Essay
• Successful Common App Essay Examples
• 5 Awesome College Essay Topics + Sample Essays
• 11 Cliché College Essay Topics + How to Fix Them

How to choose which Common App prompts to answer

How to write a successful Common App essay

What to avoid to stand out to admissions officers

Supplemental Essay Guides

Many schools, especially competitive ones, will ask you to write one or more supplemental essays. This allows a school to learn more about you and how you might fit into their culture.

These essays are extremely important in standing out. We’ve written guides for all the top schools. Follow the link below to find your school and read last year’s essay guides to give you a sense of the essay prompts. We’ll update these in August when schools release their prompts.

See last year’s supplemental essay guides to get a sense of the prompts for your schools.

Essay brainstorming and composition

Now that you’re starting to write your essay, let’s dive into the writing process. Below you’ll find our top articles on the craft of writing an amazing college essay.

• Where to Begin? 3 Personal Essay Brainstorming Exercises
• Creating the First Draft of Your College Application Essay
• How to Get the Perfect Hook for Your College Essay
• What If I Don’t Have Anything Interesting To Write About In My College Essay?
• 8 Do’s and Don’t for Crafting Your College Essay
• Stuck on Your College Essay? 8 Tips for Overcoming Writer’s Block

Understand how to write a great hook for your essay

Complete the first drafts of your essay

Editing and polishing your essay

Have a first draft ready? See our top editing tips below. Also, you may want to submit your essay to our free Essay Peer Review to get quick feedback and join a community of other students working on their essays.

• 11 Tips for Proofreading and Editing Your College Essay
• Getting Help with Your College Essay
• 5 DIY Tips for Editing Your College Essay
• How Long Should Your College Essay Be?
• Essential Grammar Rules for Your College Apps
• College Essay Checklist: Are You Ready to Submit?

Proofread and edited your essay.

Had someone else look through your essay — we recommend submitting it for a peer review.

Make sure your essay meets all requirements — consider signing up for a free account to view our per-prompt checklists to help you understand when you’re really ready to submit.

Advanced College Essay Techniques

Let’s take it one step further and see how we can make your college essay really stand out! We recommend reading through these posts when you have a draft to work with.

• 10 Guidelines for Highly Readable College Essays
• How to Use Literary Devices to Enhance Your Essay
• How to Develop a Personalized Metaphor for Your College Applications

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Smart Classroom Technologies

15 Online Resources That Help Improve Essay-Writing Skills

• By Julie Petersen

Throughout the journey from kindergarten to 12th grade, students are supposed to gain appropriate vocabulary and grammar skills that need to be successfully implemented into essay writing. Here are some effective online tools that can help you make the art of essay writing more attractive for your students.

1.  ReadWriteThink – Student Interactives

This page is a great source of interactive tools that help students accomplish various goals, from organizing their thoughts to learning about different aspects of the English language. Some of the most popular tools for grades K-12 include Story Map, Persuasion Map, Word Family Sort, Acrostic Poems, Trading Card Generator and Comic Creator. You can choose different tools based on the grade level, capabilities, student interactive type, theme, and learning objective. 

2.  Interactive Sites for Education

This website serves as a resourceful guide to English language arts topics. You can find educational, interactive games and simulations for grades K-5 in the categories of grammar, compound words, capitalization, phonemes and words, punctuation, poetry, reading and sight words, parts of speech, writing and rhyming. These activities work well with an interactive whiteboard. However, you can also recommend them for individual learning at home. 

3.  Graphic Organizers

Young students can hardly manage all the ideas they get if you leave them in front of a piece of paper and saying they should write an essay right away. The process requires pre-writing stages, where these graphic organizers will be of great help. Your students can use them as a way of putting their ideas and notes in order. Then, the actual writing stage will be much more focused. 

4.  Teach the Children Well – Language Arts

This website may not be that appealing in terms of design, but it’s a great base of resources that will help you become a better teacher. This is actually a collection of awesome articles related to writing. Every educator should spend time examining these resources as they progress through different teaching methods.

5.  Free Writing Resources

Time4Writing.com is mostly known for the eight-week online writing courses it offers. However, the website is also a great source of free resources in seven categories: teaching writing, writing skills, writing sentences, writing paragraphs, writing mechanics, writing essays and standardized-test writing.

6.  Guide to Grammar and Writing

This website offers comprehensive lessons on all aspects of English grammar and writing. You will easily locate all materials you need in the Index, which includes links to all resources of the Guide to Grammar and Writing, as well as Principles of Composition. This online source is like the grammar textbook you always wished to have. Now you can use it to make the lectures more accessible for your students.

7.  [Resource Removed by Editor]

This was a writing resource but has since morphed into an essay purchasing service, which THE Journal does not support or advocate.

8.  Essay Punch

Essay Punch is an interactive, online, essay-writing tutorial that takes students through all stages of the academic writing process. The guidance it offers is based on pre-set writing prompts and interactive exercises for the pre-writing, organizing, writing, editing and publishing stages.

9.  Teen Ink

This well-established magazine publishes high-quality essays and other written forms created by students. The categories at the website include nonfiction, poetry and fiction. There is no need to subscribe to the monthly print magazine; all you need to do is recommend the website as a source of inspiration. You can select some of the featured essays and read them in class in order to show great samples of academic content.

Your students will love this tool! Since they are always struggling to come up with a believable thesis statement, you can recommend the Thesis Builder, an automatic engine that launches a statement based upon the topic, opinions and supporting arguments the users provide in the form. Once they get the thesis, your students can proceed with the creation of an outline without looking for another online tool.

12.  Hemingway Editor

There is a rule about long, complex sentences: You can only use them if you know how. K-12 students rarely manage to handle complex sentence structure, but they still want to impress you with big words and endless arguments. When you want to emphasize the importance of clarity, use Hemingway as an example. This tool will highlight the common errors and long sentences that need corrections.

This tool tests the readability of a piece of writing according to a set of commonly used indicators. You can recommend it to your students as an editing aid that will help them improve the readability of their work before they submit it to you.

When you assign a specific word count for a piece of writing, you want your students to respect it. This tool will help them achieve that goal. It will not only provide them with a correct number of words in their essays, but will also enable them to locate repetitive words and phrases.

Referencing is certainly not the most exciting part of any writing assignment. Nevertheless, you cannot simply neglect all those details and citation rules. This tool provides instant citations in Chicago, Turabian, APA and MLA styles. Upon entering the appropriate parameters, the students get a properly formatted reference without any fuss.

About the Author

Julie Petersen is a tutor and a blogger who features the latest career and educational trends in her articles. She is working on her first e-book dedicated to online learning.

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• Tips for Reading an Assignment Prompt
• Asking Analytical Questions
• Introductions
• What Do Introductions Across the Disciplines Have in Common?
• Anatomy of a Body Paragraph
• Transitions
• Tips for Organizing Your Essay
• Counterargument
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• Strategies for Essay Writing: Downloadable PDFs
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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Essay Writing

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This resource begins with a general description of essay writing and moves to a discussion of common essay genres students may encounter across the curriculum. The four genres of essays (description, narration, exposition, and argumentation) are common paper assignments you may encounter in your writing classes. Although these genres, also known as the modes of discourse, have been criticized by some composition scholars, the Purdue OWL recognizes the wide spread use of these genres and students’ need to understand and produce these types of essays. We hope these resources will help.

The essay is a commonly assigned form of writing that every student will encounter while in academia. Therefore, it is wise for the student to become capable and comfortable with this type of writing early on in her training.

Essays can be a rewarding and challenging type of writing and are often assigned either to be done in class, which requires previous planning and practice (and a bit of creativity) on the part of the student, or as homework, which likewise demands a certain amount of preparation. Many poorly crafted essays have been produced on account of a lack of preparation and confidence. However, students can avoid the discomfort often associated with essay writing by understanding some common genres.

Before delving into its various genres, let’s begin with a basic definition of the essay.

What is an essay?

Though the word essay has come to be understood as a type of writing in Modern English, its origins provide us with some useful insights. The word comes into the English language through the French influence on Middle English; tracing it back further, we find that the French form of the word comes from the Latin verb exigere , which means "to examine, test, or (literally) to drive out." Through the excavation of this ancient word, we are able to unearth the essence of the academic essay: to encourage students to test or examine their ideas concerning a particular topic.

Essays are shorter pieces of writing that often require the student to hone a number of skills such as close reading, analysis, comparison and contrast, persuasion, conciseness, clarity, and exposition. As is evidenced by this list of attributes, there is much to be gained by the student who strives to succeed at essay writing.

The purpose of an essay is to encourage students to develop ideas and concepts in their writing with the direction of little more than their own thoughts (it may be helpful to view the essay as the converse of a research paper). Therefore, essays are (by nature) concise and require clarity in purpose and direction. This means that there is no room for the student’s thoughts to wander or stray from his or her purpose; the writing must be deliberate and interesting.

This handout should help students become familiar and comfortable with the process of essay composition through the introduction of some common essay genres.

This handout includes a brief introduction to the following genres of essay writing:

• Expository essays
• Descriptive essays
• Narrative essays
• Argumentative (Persuasive) essays

Productivity , Self-education

21 online tools and resources for academic essay writing.

Everyone could use a little help now and then and, for students, when the mountain of work becomes impossible to climb, it’s probably time to seek out some assistance. Fortunately for them, students have so many resources to turn to online, from offering them help with grammar to organization and even complete essay writing services.

There are so many out there, that it can be overwhelming to try to sift through all such options. So, here’s a list of the best online resources around – keep this handy throughout the school year, for whenever you need help in any form.

You may want to get all your essays written on time, but sometimes it’s just not going to happen. Real life gets in the way, and you can’t commit to doing several assignments at once. This writing service can step in and help you out. Send them your assignments and they’ll write you an essay you can be proud of. They can do it, no matter how tight you deadlines are.

Thesis Builder

Need a good writing tool for writing your essays? Originally designed for schools to encourage writing in hypertext, this tool could be the right one for you.

RefMe: Admission Essay Writing Resources

Feel like your essay skills aren’t up to the task, but your teachers don’t have the time to help you? This tool can step in. Use its online tutorials to build up your skills and start writing brilliant essays.

Building your bibliographies and reference lists can be a real hassle. This online tool makes it a whole lot easier. When you use a book or source, use this tool to keep track of it. When you’re done, download an automatically generated list in your choice of referencing style. It’s as easy as that.

The Yellow: Dissertation Writing Help and Tips

This guide is perfect for anyone worrying about their dissertation this year. Use its advice to get started and get that dissertation written.

Lifehack: Write My Essay Tips

If you struggle with getting started, the advice in this article can help you. It talks about using brainstorming to get all your ideas down first, and not worrying too much about your structure during your first draft.

It’s easy to find great ideas online. However, it’s much harder to find those ideas again when you need them for an essay. This tool lets you collect them all in one place, making it much easier to reference them when needed.

Thesis Generator

HuffingtonPost: Write My Essay Business Model Review

With an increasing number of students turning to writing services to help them get their essays done, it’s interesting to see things from a different perspective – from that of the professional essay writer.

Hemingway Editor

This tool is great for improving your proofreading and grammar skills. Paste your written work in and it will highlight any errors it finds. These can include too long sentences, too many adverbs, or words that have better alternatives. It even highlights different errors in different colours, making it even easier to see where you need to improve.

Back to School: Tips and Tools 

Starting your new life as a college student is both exciting and terrifying, all at the same time. This guide helps you get prepared to head out and begin your first year of college, providing you with lots of practical tips, as well as lots of writing tools for you to try out.

Guide to Writing a Basic Essay

This is the ultimate essay writing guide. Look through their database to find help on everything from outlining to proofreading your essay.

HuffingtonPost: 8 MBA Writing Mistakes You Should Be Aware Of

Applying for an MBA can be stressful, but this guide makes it easier. Follow their rules for writing admissions, essays, and you’ll get that MBA seat easily.

Times of Israel: Essay Writing Resources for College Admissions

This guide collects together resources that you can use if you’re writing your college admissions essay. If you’re stuck, this is the best place to go.

Essay Writing Checklist

Do you never know how to proofread? This tool is for you. It walks you through the process, making sure you don’t miss anything.

Paper Writing Help: Essential Editing Tips for Students

Proofreading is a process, but it doesn’t have to be a lengthy one. This guide tells you exactly how to proofread effectively, saving time when you’re close to the deadline.

Readability Score

You may have a lot of ideas that you want to get down on paper, but if no one can understand them then what’s the point? This tool will tell you just how easy it is to follow your writing. Paste it in, and it will score your writing against several grading scales. When it’s done, you’ll have the average reading age needed to understand your work.

RatedWriting

6 Editing and Proofreading Tools for Essay Writer

Try these tools out this term, and see just how much your essay writing will improve. Online tools are great for helping students write great essays, so take advantage of them. You’ll be glad you did when you start getting those improved grades.

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How the Time Flow System Works

Essay Papers Writing Online

A comprehensive guide to essay writing.

Essay writing is a crucial skill that students need to master in order to succeed academically. Whether you’re a high school student working on a history paper or a college student tackling a critical analysis essay, having a solid understanding of the essay writing process is essential.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the essential tips and tricks that will help you improve your essay writing skills. From generating ideas and organizing your thoughts to crafting a strong thesis statement and polishing your final draft, we’ve got you covered.

Not only that, but we’ll also provide you with useful templates that you can use as a framework for your essays. These templates will help you structure your writing, stay focused on your main argument, and ensure that your essay flows smoothly from one point to the next.

The Ultimate Essay Writing Guides

Essay writing can be a challenging task for many students, but with the right guidance and tips, you can improve your writing skills and produce high-quality essays. In this ultimate guide, we will provide you with valuable advice, tricks, and templates to help you excel in your essay writing endeavors.

1. Understand the Prompt: Before you start writing your essay, make sure you fully understand the prompt or question. Analyze the requirements and key points that need to be addressed in your essay.

2. Create an Outline: Organize your ideas and thoughts by creating a detailed outline for your essay. This will help you structure your arguments and ensure a logical flow of information.

3. Research Thoroughly: Conduct extensive research on your topic to gather relevant information and evidence to support your arguments. Use credible sources and cite them properly in your essay.

4. Write Clearly and Concisely: Avoid using jargon or complex language in your essay. Write in a clear and concise manner to convey your ideas effectively to the reader.

5. Proofread and Edit: Before submitting your essay, make sure to proofread and edit it carefully. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and ensure that your essay flows cohesively.

By following these ultimate essay writing guides, you can enhance your writing skills and produce outstanding essays that will impress your instructors and peers. Practice regularly and seek feedback to continuously improve your writing abilities.

Tips for Crafting an A+ Essay

1. Understand the Assignment: Before you start writing, make sure you fully understand the assignment guidelines and requirements. If you have any doubts, clarify them with your instructor.

2. Conduct Thorough Research: Gather relevant sources and information to support your arguments. Make sure to cite your sources properly and use credible sources.

3. Create a Strong Thesis Statement: Your thesis statement should clearly outline the main point of your essay and guide your readers on what to expect.

4. Organize Your Ideas: Create an outline to organize your thoughts and ensure a logical flow of ideas in your essay.

5. Write Clearly and Concisely: Use clear, concise language and avoid unnecessary jargon or complex sentences. Be direct and to the point.

6. Revise and Edit: Always proofread your essay for grammar and spelling errors. Revise your work to ensure coherence and clarity.

7. Seek Feedback: Ask a peer or instructor to review your essay and provide constructive feedback for improvement.

8. Use Proper Formatting: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your instructor, such as font size, margins, and citation style.

9. Stay Focused: Keep your essay focused on the main topic and avoid going off on tangents. Stick to your thesis statement.

10. Practice, Practice, Practice: The more you practice writing essays, the better you will get at it. Keep practicing and refining your writing skills.

Tricks to Improve Your Writing Skills

Improving your writing skills can be a challenging but rewarding process. Here are some tricks to help you become a better writer:

1. Read widely: Reading a variety of genres and styles can help you develop your own voice and writing style.

2. Practice regularly: The more you write, the better you will become. Set aside time each day to practice writing.

3. Get feedback: Share your writing with others and ask for constructive criticism. Feedback can help you identify areas for improvement.

4. Study grammar and punctuation: Good writing requires a solid understanding of grammar and punctuation rules. Take the time to study and practice these essential skills.

5. Edit and revise: Writing is a process, and editing is an important part of that process. Take the time to edit and revise your work to improve clarity and coherence.

6. Experiment with different writing techniques: Try experimenting with different writing techniques, such as using metaphors, similes, or descriptive language, to enhance your writing.

7. Stay inspired: Find inspiration in the world around you. Whether it’s nature, art, or literature, draw inspiration from your surroundings to fuel your writing.

By following these tricks and practicing regularly, you can improve your writing skills and become a more confident and effective writer.

Step-by-Step Essay Writing Templates

When it comes to writing an essay, having a clear and structured template can be incredibly helpful. Here are some step-by-step essay writing templates that you can use to guide you through the process:

• Introduction: Start your essay with a hook to grab the reader’s attention. Provide some background information on the topic and end with a thesis statement that outlines the main argument of your essay.
• Body Paragraphs: Each body paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your thesis. Start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph, provide evidence to support your point, and then analyze the evidence to show how it relates back to your thesis.
• Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis in a new way. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion and instead focus on tying together all the points you have made throughout the essay.

Expert Advice for Writing Top-Notch Essays

When it comes to writing a top-notch essay, it’s essential to follow expert advice to ensure your work stands out. Here are some key tips to help you elevate your writing:

1. Start with a strong thesis statement that clearly outlines your main argument.

2. Conduct thorough research to support your points with credible sources.

3. Organize your thoughts logically and ensure your essay flows smoothly from one point to the next.

4. Use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to keep your writing engaging.

5. Proofread and edit your essay carefully to eliminate errors and refine your arguments.

By following these expert tips, you can take your essay writing skills to the next level and produce work that is both informative and compelling.

Resources to Enhance Your Essay Writing Process

When it comes to improving your essay writing skills, there are a variety of resources available to help you enhance your process. Here are some valuable resources that can aid you in becoming a more effective and efficient writer:

• Writing Guides: There are countless writing guides and books that offer tips, tricks, and strategies for improving your writing skills. Whether you’re looking to enhance your grammar, structure, or argumentation, these guides can provide valuable insights.
• Online Writing Communities: Joining online writing communities can be a great way to connect with other writers, receive feedback on your work, and engage in writing challenges and prompts. Websites like Writing.com and Wattpad are popular platforms for writers to share their work and receive critiques.
• Writing Workshops and Courses: Participating in writing workshops and courses can help you hone your craft and develop your writing skills. Whether you prefer in-person workshops or online courses, there are many options available to suit your needs and schedule.
• Writing Apps and Tools: Utilizing writing apps and tools can streamline your writing process and help you stay organized. Tools like Grammarly can assist with grammar and spelling checks, while apps like Scrivener can help you organize your research and ideas.
• Libraries and Writing Centers: Visiting your local library or university writing center can provide access to valuable resources, such as writing guides, research materials, and writing tutors who can offer personalized feedback and support.

By taking advantage of these resources, you can enhance your essay writing process and become a more skilled and confident writer.

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Jekyll and Hyde: A* Grade / L9 vs A Grade / L7 Example Essays + Feedback

Subject: English

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

8 September 2024

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A MEGA REVISION 'JEKYLL AND HYDE' BUNDLE! (Digital + Printable PDFs, PPTs and worksheets!)

This bundle contains everything you need to teach or study Stevenson's novella 'The Strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' in the form of digital and printable PDF documents. It’s perfect for students aged 14+. **This bundle is currently available at a 50% discount! ** Preview this document for free, to check whether the whole bundle is right for you [Jekyll and Hyde: Character Breakdown / Analysis](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110830) With this bundle, students will be able to: * Understand the structural elements and key moments of the plot * Deepen their knowledge of characters, including understanding the deeper messages behind each one * Integrate the significance of the setting into their analyses and interpretations of the play as a whole * Memorise a range of carefully chosen key quotations for use in essays and analysis * Develop their language, structure and form analysis skills, with guided support and examples * Identify and analyse the thematic and contextual details * Learn approaches to a range of essay question types: discursive, argumentative, close reading * Become confident with extract interpretation and analysis * Develop their knowledge of tragic conventions and apply them to the novella * Expand their critical aptitude via exposure to key critical frameworks and critics’ quotations (for higher-level students) * Write their essays on Jekyll and Hyde, after support with planning help and example A* / top grade model answers Reasons to love this bundle: * Downloadable PDF documents, graphically designed to a high level, PowerPoints (ppts) and worksheets * Visual aids (photographs and drawings) to support learning * Organised categories that simplify the text for students * Print and digital versions - perfect for any learning environment * The unit has everything you need to start teaching or learning - starting with the basic story summary, going right up to deep contextual and critical wider readings * Lots of tasks and opportunities to practice literary analysis skills - students will be guided through writing a literary analysis response to the novella -This is what you’ll get with this bundle: (each document includes digital + printable revision guide + PowerPoint + worksheet)- THE COMPLETE JEKYLL AND HYDE COURSE: 1. [Character Analysis / Breakdown](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110830) 2. [Plot Summary / Breakdown](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110836) 3. [Context Analysis](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110842) 4. [Genre](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110856) 5. [Key Quotations](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110868) 6. [Narrative Voice](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110978) 7. [Setting](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110874) 8. [Themes](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110893) 9. [Critical Interpretation / Critics' Quotations](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110848) 10. [Essay Help](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110934) 11. [Essay Planning](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110950) 12. [PEE Paragraph Practise](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110997) 13. [Essay Practise (Gothic Atmosphere)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110962) 14. [L9 / A* Grade vs L7 / A Grade Example Essays + Feedback (Frightening Outsider)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110990) 15. [L9 / A* Grade Essay Example (Tension and Mystery)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110904) 16. [L8 / A Grade Essay Example + Feedback (Unnatural and Threatening)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110972) 17. [L6 / B Grade Essay Example + Feedback (Suspicious Atmosphere)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110984) 18. [L4 / C Grade Essay Example (Secrecy and Reputation)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110923) 19. [Study Questions / Exercises](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13110884) 20. [Essay Questions + Passage-based Questions](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-13111001) Please review our content! We always value feedback and are looking for ways to improve our resources, so all reviews are more than welcome. Check out our [shop](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Scrbbly) here.

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Photo Essay: Building the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan

The Downtown Lower Manhattan Association records include rarely-viewed photographs, drawings, maps, brochures, and other papers that document the design and construction of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, built between 1966 and 1975. This photo essay unveils the creation of the iconic Twin Towers as told through these records, showing the aspirations for the landmark site which, since September 11, 2001, has taken on tragic new significance.

The Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association

The Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA) is a not-for-profit association founded in 1958 to rehabilitate, redevelop, and reinvigorate Lower Manhattan. The DLMA’s “First Report,” published on October 14, 1958, presented an assessment of the conditions in Lower Manhattan and offered a series of recommendations toward the revitalization of the area.

One of these recommendations was the creation of a new World Trade complex to bring together the many activities related to the financing of the imports and exports running through the Port of New York.

David Rockefeller was the DLMA’s first chairman. In a speech to the World Trade Week Luncheon in 1960, Rockefeller cited a Regional Plan Association study that predicted New York City’s waterborne foreign trade would increase in the following 25 years, and that New York would continue to dominate as a port.

This would prove an inaccurate prediction, however. The Port of New York in fact declined during the 1960s and 1970s . See also Marc Levinson, “Container Shipping and the Decline of New York, 1955-1975.” The Business History Review, Vol. 80, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp.49-80.

An aerial view of Lower Manhattan circa 1950 shows its robust shipping activity. Notice the piers spreading out like porcupine quills into the Hudson and East Rivers.

Discussions about a possible World Trade Center site first focused on the East Side of Manhattan.

Early plans drawn up by architectural firm Skidmore Owings & Merrill, above, involved moving the Stock Exchange from the West Side to the East Side of Lower Manhattan, and creating an esplanade along the East River.

Plans Shift from East to West – and Bring an End to Radio Row

Robert Meyner, Governor of New Jersey, wanted the World Trade Center to be built on Manhattan’s West Side to make an easy commute for New Jersey residents. Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor of New York (and brother of David Rockefeller) struck a deal to move the World Trade Center from its planned East Side location to the West Side on the condition that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey would take over the bankrupt railways (Hudson & Manhattan Railroads) and build the PATH system . The Port Authority subsequently tore down piers on the West Side and built ports in Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey.

Developers planned to use eminent domain to clear Radio Row, a West Side neighborhood that housed businesses specializing in the sales of radio and electronic equipment. Concerned Radio Row shop owners created the Downtown West Businessman’s Association to try to block the Port Authority’s plans. The shop owners tried to fight the destruction of the area through the courts, but ultimately did not succeed.

In 1969, Edmund Wagner, President of the DLMA (above, far right), presented a proposal to David Rockefeller (far left), and John Lindsay, Mayor of New York City.

Design of the World Trade Center

After the final decision on location of the site landed on the West Side, architect Minoru Yamasaki was chosen to design the World Trade Center itself.

Construction Begins

Construction on the seven-building complex began on August 4, 1966. During peak construction, 3500 people worked on the site.

The Twin Towers would eventually house almost 10 million square feet of office space. For more information, see World Trade Center Facts and Figures .

The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) Transit system would connect the World Trade Center site to the cities of Newark, Harrison, Jersey City, and Hoboken, New Jersey.

Marketing the World Trade Center

Once complete, the World Trade Center was marketed as a center for ideas, global learning, international law, and international exchange, not only trade. Striking graphics in the print materials of the time played off of the site’s architectural design.

The World Trade Institute exists to this day, offering programs of study in international law, economics, and political science. The 1975 brochure above advertised its seminar program and its Language School.

Entertainment was also a key component of World Trade Center activities. The Club at the Top of the World Trade Center offered dining and live performances.

The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey reported on the progress of the site’s promotional activities in 1976.

Changing the Face of Lower Manhattan Forever

The 1980 model below depicts what New York City’s Lower Manhattan was anticipated to look like by the 1990s. Standing behind it on the left is David Rockefeller, Chairman of the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association, and on the right, Edmund F. Wagner, DLMA President. The model was made from 9,000 pieces individually cut to scale and shape of buildings. It represented 420 city blocks.

The World Trade Center’s first office space was occupied on December 15, 1970 in the North Tower. Offices became available for move-in while the entire complex was still under construction. Tenants began to move into the South Tower in January 1972.

The World Trade Center was dedicated on August 4, 1973 and destroyed by terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. From 2006-2012, the site was rebuilt and includes One World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower.

Research This Topic in the Archives

Explore this topic by viewing records, many of which are digitized, through our online archival discovery system.

• “ World Trade Center, ” 1967-1969; Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association, Inc. records; DLMA, Inc., Series 2; Projects, Subseries 2.3; Rockefeller Archive Center;
• Downtown Lower Manhattan Association photographs , 1937-1995. Downtown Lower Manhattan Association photographs; Series 1081; Rockefeller Archive Center.
• Architecture
• David Rockefeller
• Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association, Inc.
• Rockefeller Family
• United States
• Urban Renewal

Explore Further

New Research: Iran Rural Health, Philanthropic Timeliness, Graciela Olivarez, and Chilean Agriculture

In this round-up, researchers report their findings from RAC holdings including the Rockefeller Foundation records, the personal papers of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. and his advisor, Frederick T. Gates, and those of David Lelewer, advisor to John D. Rockefeller, 3rd.

New Research: Modern Medicine in Seoul, Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller and Asian Art, Burma Magazine Supplement, Agricultural Missionary Work

This edition features reports exploring the records of the China Medical Board, the Asian Cultural Council, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, and several individuals.

New Research: Universal Symbols, Poland and Democracy, Science in Colonial India, and Thomas Whittemore

In this edition of the series, the authors have used the records of the Ford Foundation, the General Education Board, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, as well as archival materials from the Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller.

Initiative on Catholic Social Thought and Public Life

Resources for faith and the faithful and the 2024 presidential election: political realities and catholic social teaching.

September 11, 2024

These resources come from the Public Dialogue Faith and the Faithful and the 2024 Presidential Election: Political Realities and Catholic Social Teaching .

• ​Do We Change Our Minds in Public Life? On Christianity and the Possibility of Political Conversion (Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics)
• Donald Trump’s identity crisis: How the former president’s campaign abandoned its populist roots.  ( The New Statesman )
• Harris can win the debate by making it about who’s hopeful — and normal  ( Washington Post )
• Harris is beating Trump by transcending him ( Washington Post )
• How do we build trust in elections? ( Brookings Institution )
• How Kamala Harris Can Win ( New York Times )
• Kamala’s Lukewarm Agenda  ( Compact )
• Pseudo-Scholars and the Rise of the Barbarian Right  ( The Free Press )
• The Election Is in 10 Weeks. These 3 Things About the Polls Keep Me Up at Night.  ( New York Times )
• The life of Sohrab Ahmari, a post-liberal thinker in search of the common good ( La Croix International )
• The Post-liberal Catholics Find Their Man ( The Atlantic )
• What Polls Say About a Key Group: Begrudging Trump Voters ( New York Times )
• What the Polls Say About Harris Erasing Trump’s Lead on the Economy  ( New York Times )
• When the K.K.K. came to town, Catholics prayed. Now what?  ( America )
• Code Red: How Progressives and Moderates Can Unite to Save Our Country (2020)
• ​The Aesthetics of Solidarity: Our Lady of Guadalupe and American Democracy (2021)
• The Selfie Vote: Where Millennials Are Leading America (And How Republicans Can Keep Up)   (2015)
• The Unbroken Thread: Discovering the Wisdom of Tradition in an Age of Chaos  (2021)

Tyranny, Inc.: How Private Power Crushed American Liberty — and What To Do About It   (2023)

• Journeying in Faith Amid Polarization ( C21 Resources magazine, Boston College)
• Register to vote

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