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The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction

John Lauritz Larson is Professor of History at Purdue University, where he teaches the Revolution and Early Republic, American Business History, and American Environmental History. The author of Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (2001), and Bonds of Enterprise: John Murray Forbes and Western Development in America's Railway Age (1984, 2001), he also served as co-editor of the Journal of the Early Republic for ten years. He is currently working on a brief account of the market revolution in the antebellum United States and a (not so brief) study of the environment and the rise of a capitalist ethos in America, 1600 to 1900.

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John Lauritz Larson, The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction, OAH Magazine of History , Volume 19, Issue 3, May 2005, Pages 4–7, https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/19.3.4

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F or at least a dozen years now historians have talked about a “market revolution” that marked the history of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. Charles G. Sellers's book by that name (1991) suggests a particular, synthetic explanation of changes that reshaped American life during the so-called “Age of Jackson”; but other historians, before and since, have used the term a bit more loosely to refer to a host of developments that accompanied the spread of an expanding, ambitious, innovative, self-governing people across the early United States before the more dramatic advent of heavy industrialization in the post-Civil War era.

Without confining the term too precisely, any definition of “the market revolution” must center on the general displacement of traditional, cultural controls over production, distribution, and exchange—defining characteristics of so-called “early modern economies”—by market transactions governed almost exclusively by economic factors such as supply, demand, and price. To be sure, markets and exchange existed long before the nineteenth century and could be found, and still can be found, in societies that bear few marks of the modern capitalist system. Just as certainly, human behavior, even in the twenty-first century, never quite mirrors that exquisitely rational action predicted by freshman-level economics textbooks. But if we step back for perspective, it seems clear enough that sometime after the Revolution and before the Civil War Americans allowed market forces and market relations to banish all kinds of emotional attachments, customary rights, familial considerations, class and gender privileges that once had cushioned (or clouded?) their material interactions. Before the market revolution, who you were, where you were, and what you were still played a determining factor in how you bought, sold, and prospered. After the market revolution, money alone mobilized goods and people, no matter how grand or mean the owner of the purse.

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The Market Revolution: a Shift in American Economy and Society

This essay about the Market Revolution examines the transformative period in American history where the economy shifted from agrarian subsistence to a capitalist market system, primarily during the late 18th to early 19th centuries. It outlines the technological advancements, infrastructure developments, and the rise of factory systems that facilitated this change, emphasizing the significant role of inventions like the cotton gin and the construction of the Erie Canal. The essay also explores the profound societal impacts, including changes in labor practices, family structures, urbanization, and social norms. Highlighting the dual nature of progress, it reflects on how the Market Revolution spurred individualism and economic growth while also exacerbating social inequalities and altering the American landscape. Through this period, the foundational structures of the modern United States were laid, showcasing the intricate relationship between economic developments and societal transformation.

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The Epochal Transformation denotes a pivotal epoch in the annals of American history, heralding not merely an economic metamorphosis but a profound reconfiguration of societal structures. Spanning the twilight of the 18th century to the dawn of the 19th century, this epoch bore witness to a seismic transition from agrarian subsistence to an expansive capitalist market paradigm. However, the precise onset and defining attributes of this revolution remain subjects of scholarly contention. This exposition endeavors to scrutinize the temporal framework and essence of the Market Revolution, shedding light on its ramifications for the United States.

Scholars engage in perennial discourse concerning the precise chronology of the Market Revolution, yet there exists a broad consensus that its genesis lay in the aftermath of the American Revolution, gathering momentum throughout the nascent 19th century. The emergence of pioneering technologies, the proliferation of canal and railway infrastructure, and the institutionalization of factory systems played instrumental roles in effectuating this paradigm shift. These advancements engendered mass production and streamlined the conveyance of commodities across vast expanses, effectively amalgamating the disparate tapestry of the American terrain into a cohesive economic entity.

The Market Revolution was delineated by several salient developments. The advent of the cotton gin in 1793, attributed to Eli Whitney, precipitated a meteoric surge in cotton production, forging a symbiotic nexus between the agrarian South, northern manufacturing hubs, and global markets. Concurrently, the introduction of mechanization in textile mills revolutionized production methodologies in the North. The inauguration of the Erie Canal in 1825 and the burgeoning railway network mitigated transportation costs and durations, rendering the traversal of goods and populace across the nation feasible as never before.

This epoch transcended mere economic metamorphosis; it engendered a profound reconfiguration of American societal mores. The ascendancy of a market-driven economy precipitated seismic shifts in labor dynamics, as an increasing number of Americans relinquished agrarian pursuits to partake in factory labor under the aegis of wage remuneration. This metamorphosis wrought alterations in familial structures and gender roles, as women and juveniles found employment in burgeoning industrial enclaves, thereby subverting traditional paradigms of labor and efficacy. The burgeoning of the market also catalyzed urbanization, prompting mass migration to urban centers in pursuit of livelihoods, thereby metamorphosing the demographic visage of the nation.

Moreover, the Market Revolution bequeathed indelible imprints upon the social tapestry of the United States. It imbued society with a spirit of individualism and entrepreneurial zeal, promulgating the ethos that success was a corollary of personal endeavor in a fiercely competitive milieu. However, this epoch also bore witness to the exacerbation of socioeconomic disparities and the accentuation of schisms between disparate strata of society. While certain segments of the populace flourished within the newfound market economy, others, including numerous artisans and cultivators, grappled with the exigencies of adapting to evolving economic paradigms.

In denouement, the Market Revolution constituted a seminal epoch in American historiography, unfolding incrementally from the latter stages of the 18th century to the nascent 19th century. It was demarcated by technological innovations, infrastructural expansions, and the assimilation of a national market economy that irrevocably transfigured the economic and social contours of the nation. The Revolution catalyzed industrial proliferation, metamorphosed labor dynamics, and refashioned societal norms, laying the bedrock for the contemporary United States. A nuanced comprehension of this epoch furnishes insights into the labyrinthine trajectory of American development and the enduring ramifications of economic vicissitudes upon societal frameworks.

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Market Revolution Implications on American Cities Essay (Critical Writing)

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Topic Description

Preliminary thesis statement, study approach, literature review, concluding remarks.

Bibliography

The Market Revolution played a critical towards transforming the history of the United States. This revolution was concentrated in every urban region. The Market Revolution began in 1793. The revolution reshaped the country’s economic practices and immigration patterns. It also changed the manner in which the country consumed different forms of labor 1 . The country’s economic activities became obsolete especially after the invention of new communication and transportation techniques. Benjamin Carp also believes that the period paved way for the famous Industrial Revolution. The Market Revolution encouraged the people to embrace new methods of production. The revolution supported the needs of many cities in the north. This development made these cities powerful than ever before. The Market Revolution encouraged the American government to use better methods of transportation. This summary describes how the Market Revolution changed the history of the United States completely 2 . The proposed paper will examine the issues surrounding the Market Revolution. The paper will also analyze how the revolution affected the economy of every city in America. The paper discusses the impacts of the revolution on the lives of many urban residents throughout the 19 th century.

The Market Revolution of the early 19th century affected the lives of many urban residents while at the same time reshaping the economic positions of many cities across the United States. According to historians, the revolution changed the lives of many citizens in different cities. For instance, the country’s urban population began to grow at an unprecedented rate. Many people left their homes during the period. The people were searching for better opportunities. The country recorded a new wave of immigration. Many people were migrating from every corner of the globe. Every citizen in America was working hard in order to improve his or her lifestyle 3 . The increasing number of citizens in different American cities resulted in new economic activities. Many cities in the north were ready to embrace new methods of consumption and production 4 . This practice was critical towards changing the economic power of many American cities.

The proposed paper will be useful towards analyzing the issues associated with different American cities throughout the 19 th century. The study will use both primary and secondary sources in order to understand the Market Revolution much better. The sources will offer numerous ideas and historical facts for the paper. The paper will use two primary sources. These sources include “Cumberland Road Debates of March 1806” and “The First Telegraph Message, 24 May 1844” by John McDonough. The main objective of the final paper is to describe how the Market Revolution of the 19 th century played a significant role towards reshaping the history of different American cities. The paper will also focus on the experiences of many urban residents. The final paper will offer meaningful arguments in order to understand the history of different American cities.

The Market Revolution was in full force throughout the nineteenth century. The revolution encouraged more people to leave their societies. This development played a major role towards changing the economic patterns of many cities. For instance, new infrastructures and industries emerged. These industries absorbed many immigrants from different parts of the globe. The rich invented new methods of production 5 . The Industrial Revolution made it easier for the United States to produce new goods and services. This practice also discouraged the importation of goods from different European countries. The United States embraced the concept of Domestic Manufacturing (DM) in order to support its economy. New inventions were evident in different parts of the country.

On the other hand, the rich members of the society created new residences for themselves 6 . The rich began to hire house-cleaners and chauffeurs. They constructed new mansions and amenities. According to many historians, the rich benefited the most of the above revolution. Most of the immigrants were unable to have better living conditions. It was mandatory for these immigrants to offer cheap labor to the rich. This development created more problems thus forcing the people to fight for their rights and freedoms. The poor wanted to get new opportunities in the country. They also wanted to have better living conditions. This fact explains why the War of 1812 was inevitable.

As mentioned earlier, the Market Revolution was essential towards reshaping every American city. This development also led to the establishment of new social classes 7 . The practice was critical because it led to the creation of the middle class. The new middle class supported different economic practices in the country. New economic practices became evident between many businesspeople and farmers. Such practices were relevant towards supporting the economy of the United States 8 .

Historians have also identified the evils associated with these urban regions. For instance, new adversities such as poverty, inequality, and crime became part of these cities. Many people began to practice crime in an attempt to support themselves. The people produced more wastes thus contaminating their surrounding environments. New diseases and infections emerged in different cities. Such infections claimed the lives of many citizens 9 . The above problems forced the people to fight for their rights. During the same period, the gap between the affluent members of the society and the poor widened. The society expected the poor to work hard in order to join the middle class.

Many cities in the south resisted most of the ideas associated with the Market Revolution. Many people in these southern cities believed strongly in their traditional institutions. Most of cities in the north embraced better methods of production. This strategy was critical towards supporting the economic position of every city 10 . It is agreeable that the Market Revolution made the United States a leading player in the global economy. The efforts of many settlers and economists were critical towards increasing the United States’ power and wealth 11 .

The final paper will use quality primary and secondary sources to support the suggested topic. The paper will also outline the implications of the Market Revolution on the lives of many Americans. The essay will also identify the benefits and disadvantages of the Market Revolution. The discussion will explain how different individuals managed to achieve their goals. The paper will also outline the major evils associated with different urban settlements across the country. The identified sources will be critical towards supporting the arguments in the paper. The final paper will be a useful source of historical information.

Anbinder, Tyler. “From Famine to Five Points: Lord Lansdowne’s Irish Tenants Encounter North America’s Most Notorious Slum.” American Historical Review 107 (2002): 351-387.

Carp, Benjamin. Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Chudacoff , Howard P., and Smith, Judith. The Evolution of American Urban Society . Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2005.

Hunter, Tera. “Reconstruction and the Meanings of Freedom.” In To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War, edited by Tera Hunter , 22-43. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Stansell, Christine. “Female Work and Poverty.” In City of Women: Sex and Class in New York: 1789-1860, edited by Christine Stansell, 3-18. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.

1 Benjamin Carp, Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 76.

2 Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society (Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2005), 12.

3 Tera Hunter, “Reconstruction and the Meanings of Freedom,” in To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War, edited by Tera Hunter (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 31.

4 Benjamin Carp, Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 76.

5 Tera Hunter, “Reconstruction and the Meanings of Freedom,” in To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War, edited by Tera Hunter (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 31.

6 Hunter, “Meanings of Freedom,” 35.

7 Christine Stansell, “Female Work and Poverty,” in City of Women: Sex and Class in New York: 1789-1860, edited by Christine Stansell (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), 12.

8 Stansell, “Female Work,” 13.

9 Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society (Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2005), 13.

10 Tyler Anbinder, “From Famine to Five Points: Lord Lansdowne’s Irish Tenants Encounter North America’s Most Notorious Slum,” American Historical Review 107 (2002): 367.

11 Anbinder, “From Famine to Five Points,” 371.

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IvyPanda. (2020, May 14). Market Revolution Implications on American Cities. https://ivypanda.com/essays/market-revolution-implications-on-american-cities/

"Market Revolution Implications on American Cities." IvyPanda , 14 May 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/market-revolution-implications-on-american-cities/.

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IvyPanda . 2020. "Market Revolution Implications on American Cities." May 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/market-revolution-implications-on-american-cities/.

1. IvyPanda . "Market Revolution Implications on American Cities." May 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/market-revolution-implications-on-american-cities/.

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  • How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

  • Start with a question
  • Write your initial answer
  • Develop your answer
  • Refine your thesis statement

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What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

  • Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
  • Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
  • Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

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thesis statement for market revolution

Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

  • Why you hold this position
  • What they’ll learn from your essay
  • The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

  • In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
  • In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

  • It gives your writing direction and focus.
  • It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

  • Ask a question about your topic .
  • Write your initial answer.
  • Develop your answer by including reasons.
  • Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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    The market revolution for example brought about change in the labor systems as technology was employed in most activities of the economy making work easier. Get a custom essay on Market Revolution. It is also an aspect of industrialization and therefore brought change in the commerce sector through employment of advanced technology and ...

  2. Market Revolution: Women's Lives in the United States Essay

    Moreover, the working conditions sometimes were harmful to health, it severely affected the demographics and led female workers to organize strikes. For example, in 1836, the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association protested the twelve-hour workday and established the Factory Girls Association's Constitution. The Market Revolution still left ...

  3. APush Chapter 10 Essay quiz 11/3 Prep ESSAY 1 Flashcards

    Analyze the impact of the market revolution (1815-1860) on the economies of two of the following regions: Northeast, Midwest, South What is the thesis statement? The market revolution led to a diverse and successful economy in the Midwest as well as a separated and strained economy in the south, and despite being profitable, these economies ...

  4. The Market Revolution

    The Market Revolution transformed American society in the 19th century. It introduced factory labor, shifted the economy from barter to wages, and connected the U.S. to global markets. This period also saw the Second Great Awakening, a religious revival possibly triggered by these societal changes. Questions.

  5. PDF AP United States History

    • "The effects of the market revolution led to reform activity in the United States between 1800 and 1840." (Minimally acceptable thesis/claim) Additional Notes: • The thesis or claim must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or the conclusion (which may not be limited to the first

  6. PDF The Market Revolution in America Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of

    history through thesis-driven, concise volumes designed for survey and upper-division undergraduate history courses. The books contain an introduction that acquaints readers with the historical event and reveals the book's thesis; narrative chapters that cover the chronology of the event or problem; and a concluding summary that provides the

  7. 8: The Market Revolution

    9385. American YAWP. Stanford Stanford University Press. Between the Revolution and the Civil War, an old subsistence world died and a new more-commercial nation was born. Americans integrated the technologies of the Industrial Revolution into a new commercial economy. Steam power, the technology that moved steamboats and railroads, fueled the ...

  8. The Market Revolution Effects

    The Market Revolution was a major event that reshaped the country's economic, socio-political, and cultural patterns. New ideas and economic activities emerged in the country during the period. A new wave of immigration became evident in the country. This movement produced new methods of production and consumption.

  9. The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction

    The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction. F or at least a dozen years now historians have talked about a "market revolution" that marked the history of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. Charles G. Sellers's book by that name (1991) suggests a particular, synthetic explanation of changes that ...

  10. Market Revolution Essay

    The Market Revolution, or the Era of Good Feelings occurred during the first half of the 19th century and shaped ways of life and employment. First, during The Market Revolution, transportation continued to evolve and become more efficient through canals, steamboats, roads, and railroads. For example, during the time span of 1800 to 1837, over ...

  11. 8.5: Changes in Gender Roles and Family

    The market revolution therefore not only transformed the economy, it changed the nature of the American family. As the market revolution thrust workers into new systems of production, it redefined gender roles. The market integrated families into a new cash economy. As Americans purchased more goods in stores and produced fewer at home, the ...

  12. The Market Revolution: a Shift in American Economy and Society

    Thesis Statement Generator . Generate thesis statement for me . Home / Essay Examples / Science / Economics / Market / The Market Revolution: ... The Market Revolution was delineated by several salient developments. The advent of the cotton gin in 1793, attributed to Eli Whitney, precipitated a meteoric surge in cotton production, forging a ...

  13. Exploring the Market Revolution in 19th Century America

    Thesis Statement: The Market Revolution between the early 19th century and the Civil War in the United States transformed the nation's economy, society, and geography through the expansion of internal transportation networks, the shift from subsistence to commercial agriculture, and the rise of industrialization and urbanization. Reflection on Thesis Statement: For my research paper, I decided ...

  14. The Impact of the Market Revolution: New Economy, Employment

    This argument for my thesis is strengthened by the fact that I discussed the economic effects of the market revolution. Thesis: • • Answers the question • • Arguable • • Use supporting point categories to allude to the evidence • • Focuses on comparison, causation, or continuity and change The Market Revolution had a significant ...

  15. Essay on The Market Revolution (400 Words)

    Download. The Market Revolution Many factors contributed to the Market Revolution beginning in 1815 and ending in 1860. These included economic, technological, and social aspects. Better transportation helped move people, materials, and manufactured goods from coast to coast. New inventions quickened the development of crops and manufacturing ...

  16. Market Revolution Implications on American Cities

    Preliminary Thesis Statement. The Market Revolution of the early 19th century affected the lives of many urban residents while at the same time reshaping the economic positions of many cities across the United States. According to historians, the revolution changed the lives of many citizens in different cities.

  17. How to Write a Thesis Statement

    Placement of the thesis statement. Step 1: Start with a question. Step 2: Write your initial answer. Step 3: Develop your answer. Step 4: Refine your thesis statement. Types of thesis statements. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

  18. 03.03 the market revolution

    03.03 Assessment Template Thesis: Answers the question Arguable Alludes to the evidence The Market Revolution created many effects on the nation between 1800 and 1860. Some of the most significant effects were a brand new economy, the market society, and the second great awakening. Supporting Point 1: (Include a brief statement explaining how this point supports your thesis.)

  19. The Significance of the Market Revolution: Inventions

    Include a brief statement explaining how this point supports your thesis1 spark the Market Revolution as it created a faster way to harvest crops, which created a faster market for both merchants and buyers.. Identify the Evidence for Point 1: of List each given document (at least two, need at least six overall) that supports this point. Provide a summary and relevant HAP-P information.

  20. Importance Of The Market Revolution

    The Market Revolution is a clear turning point in the history of America. This can be seen through vast changes in communication, where goods would be produced, and gender roles. The Market Revolution would mark a turning point in communication technology. Before the Market Revolution the best way of communicating with someone who lived far ...

  21. The Market Revolution's Impact on America's Structures: Analysis

    7 Negative Political Warning Native of foreign influence Thesis statement to the prompt: AP Thesis Guide The Market Revolution had a positive effect on America's political, social, and economic structure. However, the Market Revolution led to social inequalities. The Market Revolution transformed the United States' structure,

  22. Understanding the Market Revolution: Effects & Significance

    Supporting Point 1 Include a brief statement explaining how this point supports your thesis. Transportation of goods and materials changed significantly throughout the market revolution. Identify the Evidence for Point 1: • • List each given document (at least two, need at least six overall) that supports this point. document 2 shows the first commercial steamboat making its trip from New ...

  23. Exploring the Market Revolution: Effects & Transformations

    Supporting Point 3 Include a brief statement explaining how this point supports your thesis. Due to the market revolution occurring, the different regions were able to produce more resources to export. Identify the Evidence for Point 3: • • List each given document (at least two, need at least six overall) that supports this point. Provide a summary and relevant HAP-P information.