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View Current Issue: AJPS 68:2 – April 2024 Blogs:

• Author Summaries

Three Policy Updates at AJPS

As we begin the final two years of our editorship, we want to share three policy updates that go into effect immediately:

1. Verification: In an attempt to simplify the verification process for accepted manuscripts, we relayed to the Odum Institute a new, streamlined set of requirements.

• When authors receive notification that we have accepted their article, they will no longer be required to submit the raw data or provide citations or information to Odum on how to access the raw data.
• Authors will be required to share with Odum, and upload to Dataverse, the complete dataset they used in the analysis. In the paper and/or appendix, authors will be responsible for explaining where the data come from and how they compiled the analysis dataset.
• Authors can opt to make the code used to construct the analysis dataset available, but the only requirements for verification will be to submit the analysis dataset and the code for all analyses conducted in the manuscript.
• For more information, go to https://ajps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ajps_verification-guidelines-NEW.pdf

We arrived at this change in response to surveys we conducted with published authors and the user community, as well as our experience verifying manuscripts throughout the last four years.

2. IRB and Human Subjects: To ensure that human subjects work follows important ethical considerations, we began our term with a policy requiring IRB approval for all work that involves human subjects. In light of a small number of cases in which submitting authors work in countries or at institutions that don’t have a formal IRB review process, we have instituted the following changes:

• During the submission process, authors whose work involves human subjects must provide information regarding whether they obtained IRB approval. We define “human subjects” research using the current federal definition: i.e., living individuals from whom data were obtained by intervention or interaction with the individual or from whom identifiable private information was obtained.
• If  any  author on a manuscript has access to an institutional IRB, then the research on which the submission is based must have received IRB approval or exemption, as appropriate. The corresponding author will submit documentation of IRB approval or exemption along with the manuscript.
• If no author  on a submission has access to an institutional IRB, the manuscript must include an appendix that addresses a series of questions about the conduct of the research.
• For more information, go to https://ajps.org/guidelines-for-manuscripts/submit-manuscript/

This change is the result of the recommendations arrived at by a committee of editorial board members charged to consider possible updates to the IRB policy.

3. References: References in the bibliography no longer count as part of the 10,000-word limit on submissions (although parenthetical references in the text and footnotes still do). We join a growing number of journals adopting this approach so that authors may cite as widely as is appropriate for their work.

AJPS Virtual Issue of 2022 Top Cited Papers

We are very pleased to announce the publication of the latest virtual issue of most cited American Journal of Political Science articles in 2021-2022. These top cited papers are open access and free to read. Please click here to view the issue and share widely with your colleagues.

Best, Kathy and Jen

Kathleen Dolan and Jennifer L. Lawless Co-Editors-in-Chief, American Journal of Political Science

AJPS Editors Announce Updates to Open Access

October 17, 2022

From Kathleen Dolan and Jennifer Lawless, Co-Editors of AJPS : We are very pleased to announce that, beginning with the October 2022 issue, all articles in AJPS will be open-access for the first month after publication. This is a permanent feature of the journal’s publishing and will go a long way to provide equity and access to scholars around the globe. We are delighted to work with our editors at Wiley to bring this innovation to the journal.

MPSA Announces Term Extension of the American Journal of Political Science Editorial Team

October 4, 2022 – The Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA) is pleased to announce the two-year term extension of the co-Editors of its flagship journal, the American Journal of Political Science ( AJPS ).

The MPSA Council in its September meeting expressed overwhelming support for the recommendation of the MPSA Executive Committee to extend the term of Kathleen Dolan (University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee) and Jennifer L. Lawless (University of Virginia) as AJPS Editors for an additional two years.

Kathleen Dolan is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee and Co-Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Political Science . She earned a Ph.D. in Government and Politics from the University of Maryland. Dolan’s research focuses on gender politics, public opinion, elections, and voting behavior, with a specific focus on how the public evaluates women candidates. Dolan is the author of two books, When Does Gender Matter? Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections (Oxford University Press, 2014) and Voting for Women: How the Public Evaluates Women Candidates (Westview Press, 2004). Her work has also appeared in numerous peer-reviewed journals. She has served as co-editor of the journal Politics & Gender and as a member of the board of the American National Election Studies.

Jennifer L. Lawless is the Leone Reaves and George W. Spicer Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia, where she’s also the Department Chair. Lawless’ research focuses on political ambition, campaigns and elections, and media and politics. She is the author or co-author of seven books, including Women on the Run: Gender, Media, and Political Campaigns in a Polarized Era (with Danny Hayes) and It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office (with Richard L. Fox). Her research, which has been supported by the National Science Foundation, has appeared in numerous academic journals, and is regularly cited in the popular press. She has served as editor of Politics & Gender and as a member of the board of the American National Election Studies. She graduated from Union College with a B.A. in political science, and Stanford University with an M.A. and Ph.D. in political science.

Also extending their terms are Associate Editors Frederick J. Boehmke of The University of Iowa, Elizabeth Cohen of Syracuse University, Dan Reiter of Emory University, and Graeme Robertson of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

The MPSA Council and executive leadership express their support for the work of the editors and look forward to their continued contributions to the AJPS and the discipline.

About the American Journal of Political Science ( AJPS ) The American Journal of Political Science ( AJPS ) is committed to significant advances in knowledge and understanding of citizenship, governance, and politics, and to the public value of political science research. The AJPS is the flagship journal of the Midwest Political Science Association and is published by Wiley.

The Journal has been published since May 1957 and is published in January, April, July, and October of each year.

About the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA)

The Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA) was founded in 1939 and is dedicated to the advancement of scholarship in all areas of political science.

The purposes of the MPSA are to promote the professional study and teaching of political science, to facilitate communications between those engaged in such study, and to develop standards for and encourage research in theoretical and practical political problems.

As such, MPSA is a nonpartisan association. It does not support political parties or candidates. Learn more at www.MPSAnet.org .

It Takes a Submission: Gendered Patterns in the Pages of AJPS

Covid-19 Update:

Covid-19 has thrown everything off kilter, even academic journals.  Here at AJPS, we have seen two patterns in the past two or three weeks – a 27 percent increase in manuscript submissions AND a 54 percent decline in review invitations accepted – over the same period last year.  While AJPS reviewers have terrific turnaround time, we realize that people may be delayed in returning reviews this semester. So these figures suggest that manuscript processing might take a bit longer from start to finish for this “Covid-19 cohort.” As a result, we call on authors to exercise patience and gratitude for the colleagues doing this work. ********************

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Current Issue – April 2024

AJPS Virtual Issue of Recently Top Cited Papers

The American Journal of Political Science ( AJPS ) is the flagship journal of the Midwest Political Science Association and is published by Wiley.

Lead Editors

• Kathleen Dolan, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee
• Jennifer L. Lawless, University of Virginia

Associate Editors

• Frederick J. Boehmke,  University of Iowa
• Elizabeth Cohen,  Boston University
• Dan Reiter,  Emory University
• Graeme Robertson,  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• David Siegel,  Duke University

Questions about submissions, reviews, replication process, and publication issues: Managing Editor Julia Salvatore [email protected]

View the Full Editorial Board

Journal Citation Reports Ranking (Clarivate, 2022): 20/187 (Political Science) Online ISSN: 1540-5907

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The American Journal of Political Science (AJPS) is the flagship journal of the Midwest Political Science Association and is published by Wiley .

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High Impact Political Science and International Relations Research

Oxford University Press publishes a portfolio of leading Political Science and IR journals. To keep up to date with the latest research your peers are reading and citing, browse our selection of high impact articles on a diverse breadth of topics below.  

All articles are freely available to read, download, and enjoy until May 2023.

• African Affairs
• Foreign Policy Analysis
• Global Studies Quarterly
• International Affairs
• International Political Sociology
• International Relations of the Asia-Pacific
• International Studies Perspectives
• International Studies Quarterly
• International Studies Review
• Journal of Global Security Studies
• Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

Parliamentary Affairs  

Policy and society.

• Perspectives on Public Management and Governance
• Publius: The Journal of Federalism
• Social Politics
• The Chinese Journal of International Politics

African Affairs  

Respecting and circumventing presidential term limits in sub-Saharan Africa: A comparative survey Filip Reyntjens African Affairs , Volume 119, Issue 475, April 2020, Pages 275–295, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz029

‘Africa+1’ summit diplomacy and the ‘new scramble’ narrative: Recentering African agency Folashadé Soulé African Affairs , Volume 119, Issue 477, October 2020, Pages 633–646, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa015

Party campaign strategies in Ghana: Rallies, canvassing and handouts Sarah Brierley, Eric Kramon African Affairs , Volume 119, Issue 477, October 2020, Pages 587–603, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa024

The political economy of Biafra separatism and post-war Igbo nationalism in Nigeria Chikodiri Nwangwu, Freedom C. Onuoha, Bernard U. Nwosu, Christian Ezeibe African Affairs , Volume 119, Issue 477, October 2020, Pages 526–551, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa025

Devolution and the politics of communal tenure reform in Kenya Gargule A. Achiba, Monica N. Lengoiboni African Affairs , Volume 119, Issue 476, July 2020, Pages 338–369, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa010

Foreign Policy Analysis  

The Party Politics of Foreign and Security Policy Tapio Raunio, Wolfgang Wagner Foreign Policy Analysis , Volume 16, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 515–531, https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa018

Gendering Foreign Policy: A Comparative Framework for Analysis Karin Aggestam, Jacqui True Foreign Policy Analysis , Volume 16, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 143–162, https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz026

Party Politics or (Supra-)National Interest? External Relations Votes in the European Parliament Tapio Raunio, Wolfgang Wagner Foreign Policy Analysis , Volume 16, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 547–564, https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa010

Swedish Feminist Foreign Policy and “Gender Cosmopolitanism” Annika Bergman Rosamond Foreign Policy Analysis , Volume 16, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 217–235, https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz025

Patterns of Political Ideology and Security Policy Tim Haesebrouck, Patrick A Mello Foreign Policy Analysis , Volume 16, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 565–586, https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa006

Global Studies Quarterly  

Taking the Research Experience Seriously: A Framework for Reflexive Applied Research in Development Roxani Krystalli, Elizabeth Hoffecker, Kendra Leith, Kim Wilson Global Studies Quarterly , Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2021, ksab022, https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab022

Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives Alexandra Homolar, Georg Löfflmann Global Studies Quarterly , Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2021, ksab002, https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab002

The Politics of Exceptionalism: Securitization and COVID-19 Jessica Kirk, Matt McDonald Global Studies Quarterly , Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2021, ksab024, https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab024

Role Theory, Foreign Policy, and the Social Construction of Sovereignty: Brexit Stage Right Ryan K. Beasley, Juliet Kaarbo, Kai Oppermann Global Studies Quarterly , Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2021, ksab001, https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab001

The Synthetic Situation in Diplomacy: Scopic Media and the Digital Mediation of Estrangement Kristin Anabel Eggeling, Rebecca Adler-Nissen Global Studies Quarterly , Volume 1, Issue 2, June 2021, ksab005, https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab005

International Affairs  

The Belt and Road Initiative: geo-economics and Indo-Pacific security competition Mingjiang Li International Affairs , Volume 96, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 169–187, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz240

Why the COVID-19 response needs International Relations Sara E. Davies, Clare Wenham International Affairs , Volume 96, Issue 5, September 2020, Pages 1227–1251, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa135

Evasive balancing: India's unviable Indo-Pacific strategy Rajesh Rajagopalan International Affairs , Volume 96, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 75–93, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz224 Immature leadership: Donald Trump and the American presidency Daniel W Drezner International Affairs , Volume 96, Issue 2, March 2020, Pages 383–400, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa009

The recalibration of Chinese assertiveness: China's responses to the Indo-Pacific challenge Feng Liu International Affairs , Volume 96, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 9–27, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz226

International Political Sociology  

Confronting the International Political Sociology of the New Right Rita Abrahamsen, Jean-François Drolet, Alexandra Gheciu, Karin Narita, Srdjan Vucetic, Michael Williams International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 94–107, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa001

Collective Discussion: Toward Critical Approaches to Intelligence as a Social Phenomenon Hager Ben Jaffel, Alvina Hoffmann, Oliver Kearns, Sebastian Larsson International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 323–344, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa015

The Cruel Optimism of Militarism: Feminist Curiosity, Affect, and Global Security Amanda Chisholm, Hanna Ketola International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 270–285, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa005

Feminist Commodity Activism: The New Political Economy of Feminist Protest Jemima Repo International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 215–232, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olz033

Affect and the Response to Terror: Commemoration and Communities of Sense Angharad Closs Stephens, Martin Coward, Samuel Merrill, Shanti Sumartojo International Political Sociology , Volume 15, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 22–40, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa020

International Relations of the Asia-Pacific  

Conceptualizing equidistant diplomacy in international relations: the case of Singapore Ang Guan Teo, Kei Koga International Relations of the Asia-Pacific , lcab011, https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcab011

Hedging and grand strategy in Southeast Asian foreign policy David Martin Jones, Nicole Jenne International Relations of the Asia-Pacific , lcab003, https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcab003

Strategizing Femininity between the Global and the Taiwanese Local: Implications for International Relations Chih-Yu Shih International Relations of the Asia-Pacific , lcab014, https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcab014

China’s motives, influence and prospects in Pacific Island countries: views of Chinese scholars Denghua Zhang International Relations of the Asia-Pacific , lcab019, https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcab019

Seeking support beyond alliance? Rethinking great power partner politics after the Cold War Lu Ding, Xuefeng Sun International Relations of the Asia-Pacific , Volume 21, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 431–464, https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcaa005

International Studies Perspectives  

Differing about Difference: Relational IR from around the World Tamara A Trownsell, Arlene B Tickner, Amaya Querejazu, Jarrad Reddekop, Giorgio Shani, Kosuke Shimizu, Navnita Chadha Behera, Anahita Arian International Studies Perspectives , Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2021, Pages 25–64, https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekaa008

What's Feminist about Feminist Foreign Policy? Sweden's and Canada's Foreign Policy Agendas Jennifer Thomson International Studies Perspectives , Volume 21, Issue 4, November 2020, Pages 424–437, https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz032

Scattered and Unsystematic: The Taught Discipline in the Intellectual Life of International Relations Aaron Ettinger International Studies Perspectives , Volume 21, Issue 3, August 2020, Pages 338–361, https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz028

Global Monetary Order and the Liberal Order Debate Carla Norrlof, Paul Poast, Benjamin J Cohen, Sabreena Croteau, Aashna Khanna, Daniel McDowell, Hongying Wang, W Kindred Winecoff International Studies Perspectives , Volume 21, Issue 2, May 2020, Pages 109–153, https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekaa001

The Politics of Teaching International Relations in the Arab World: Reading Walt in Beirut, Wendt in Doha, and Abul-Fadl in Cairo May Darwich, Morten Valbjørn, Bassel F Salloukh, Waleed Hazbun, Amira Abu Samra, Said Saddiki, Adham Saouli, Hamad H Albloshi, Karim Makdisi International Studies Perspectives , Volume 22, Issue 4, November 2021, Pages 407–438, https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekaa020

International Studies Quarterly  

Illiberal Norm Diffusion: How Do Governments Learn to Restrict Nongovernmental Organizations? Marlies Glasius, Jelmer Schalk, Meta De Lange International Studies Quarterly , Volume 64, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 453–468, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa019

Emotional Labor and the Power of International Bureaucrats Deepak Nair International Studies Quarterly , Volume 64, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 573–587, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa030

Promises under Pressure: Statements of Reassurance in US Alliances Brian Blankenship International Studies Quarterly , Volume 64, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 1017–1030, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa071

Leadership Selection in United Nations Peacekeeping Kseniya Oksamytna, Vincenzo Bove, Magnus Lundgren International Studies Quarterly , Volume 65, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 16–28, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa023

Demanding Truth: The Global Transitional Justice Network and the Creation of Truth Commissions Kelebogile Zvobgo International Studies Quarterly , Volume 64, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 609–625, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa044

International Studies Review  

Who Publishes Where? Exploring the Geographic Diversity of Global IR Journals Mathis Lohaus, Wiebke Wemheuer-Vogelaar International Studies Review , Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 645–669, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa062

Forum: Coding in Tongues: Developing Non-English Coding Schemes for Leadership Profiling Klaus Brummer, Michael D Young, Özgur Özdamar, Sercan Canbolat, Consuelo Thiers, Christian Rabini, Katharina Dimmroth, Mischa Hansel, Ameneh Mehvar International Studies Review , Volume 22, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 1039–1067, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa001

Friends, Fellows, and Foes: A New Framework for Studying Relational Peace Johanna Söderström, Malin Åkebo, Anna K Jarstad International Studies Review , Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 484–508, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa033

The Visual International Relations Project Michael R. Pfonner, Patrick James International Studies Review , Volume 22, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 192–213, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa014

Where We At? New Directions for Research on Popular Culture and World Politics Rhys Crilley International Studies Review , Volume 23, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 164–180, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa027

Journal of Global Security Studies  

The Microfoundations of State Cybersecurity: Cyber Risk Perceptions and the Mass Public Nadiya Kostyuk, Carly Wayne Journal of Global Security Studies , Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021, ogz077, https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz077

Secessionist Strategy and Tactical Variation in the Pursuit of Independence Ryan D. Griffiths Journal of Global Security Studies , Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021, ogz082, https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz082

A Motion of No Confidence: Leadership and Rebel Fragmentation Austin C. Doctor Journal of Global Security Studies , Volume 5, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 598–616, https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz060

Visions of Peace Amidst a Human Rights Crisis: War on Drugs in Colombia and the Philippines Salvador Santino F Regilme, Jr Journal of Global Security Studies , Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021, ogaa022, https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaa022

The Islamic State's Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices Mara Redlich Revkin, Elisabeth Jean Wood Journal of Global Security Studies , Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021, ogaa038, https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaa038

Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory  

Who Is in Charge? The Provision of Informal Personal Resources at the Street Level Einat Lavee Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , Volume 31, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 4–20, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa025

Administrative Capital and Citizens’ Responses to Administrative Burden Ayesha Masood, Muhammad Azfar Nisar Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , Volume 31, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 56–72, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa031

What is Public about Public Leadership? Exploring Implicit Public Leadership Theories Rick Vogel, Laura Werkmeister Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , Volume 31, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 166–183, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa024

The Psychological Costs of Citizen Coproduction Mette Kjærgaard Thomsen, Martin Baekgaard, Ulrich Thy Jensen Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 656–673, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa001

“It Takes a While to Get Used to”: The Costs of Redeeming Public Benefits Carolyn Y. Barnes Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , Volume 31, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 295–310, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa042

Democracy and the Politics of Coronavirus: Trust, Blame and Understanding Matthew Flinders Parliamentary Affairs , Volume 74, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 483–502, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa013

Not a Brexit Election? Pessimism, Promises and Populism 'UK-Style' Matthew Flinders Parliamentary Affairs , Volume 73, Issue Supplement_1, September 2020, Pages 225–242, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa030

Brexit and Parliament: The Anatomy of a Perfect Storm Meg Russell Parliamentary Affairs , Volume 74, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 443–463, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa011

Gender Politics and Legislative Networks in Taiwan: An Analysis of Women-Bill Co-Sponsorship and Bill Success Jaemin Shim Parliamentary Affairs , Volume 74, Issue 3, July 2021, Pages 639–661, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsz050

Dynamics of Intra-Party Organisation in the Digital Age: A Grassroots Analysis of Digital Adoption Katharine Dommett, Luke Temple, Patrick Seyd Parliamentary Affairs , Volume 74, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 378–397, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa007

Mobilizing Policy (In)Capacity to Fight COVID-19: Understanding Variations in State Responses   Giliberto Capano, Michael Howlett, Darryl S. L. Jarvis, M. Ramesh, Nihit Goyal Policy and Society , Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 285–308, https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1787628 Policymaking in a low-trust state: legitimacy, state capacity, and responses to COVID-19 in Hong Kong   Kris Hartley, Darryl S. L. Jarvis Policy and Society , Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 403–423, https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1783791 Nudges against pandemics: Sweden’s COVID-19 containment strategy in perspective   Jon Pierre Policy and Society , Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 478–493, https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1783787 Policy design and state capacity in the COVID-19 emergency in Italy: if you are not prepared for the (un)expected, you can be only what you already are   Giliberto Capano Policy and Society , Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 326–344, https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1783790 Policy style, consistency and the effectiveness of the policy mix in China’s fight against COVID-19    Ciqi Mei Policy and Society , Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 309–325, https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1787627

Perspectives on Public Management and Governance  

Cooperation in the Face of Transboundary Crisis: A Framework for Analysis Donald Blondin, Arjen Boin Perspectives on Public Management and Governance , Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 197–209, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz031

Conceptual Bases of Employee Accountability: A Psychological Approach Yousueng Han, James L. Perry Perspectives on Public Management and Governance , Volume 3, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 288–304, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz030

Democratic Backsliding, Populism, and Public Administration Michael W. Bauer, Stefan Becker Perspectives on Public Management and Governance , Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 19–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz026

Learning from Our Mistakes: Public Management Reform and the Hope of Open Government Alex Ingrams, Suzanne Piotrowski, Daniel Berliner Perspectives on Public Management and Governance , Volume 3, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 257–272, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvaa001

The Ecology of Emergency Management Work in the Digital Age Shalini Misra, Patrick Roberts, Matthew Rhodes Perspectives on Public Management and Governance , Volume 3, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 305–322, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvaa007

Publius: The Journal of Federalism  

Climate Change Policymaking in the States: A View at 2020 Rebecca Bromley-Trujillo, Mirya R Holman Publius: The Journal of Federalism , Volume 50, Issue 3, Summer 2020, Pages 446–472, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa008

The State of American Federalism 2019–2020: Polarized and Punitive Intergovernmental Relations Greg Goelzhauser, David M. Konisky Publius: The Journal of Federalism , Volume 50, Issue 3, Summer 2020, Pages 311–343, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa021

Partisan Federalism and Subnational Governments' International Engagements: Insights from India Chanchal Kumar Sharma, Sandra Destradi, Johannes Plagemann Publius: The Journal of Federalism , Volume 50, Issue 4, Fall 2020, Pages 566–592, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa017

Policy and Political Learning: The Development of Medical Marijuana Policies in the States Daniel J Mallinson, A Lee Hannah Publius: The Journal of Federalism , Volume 50, Issue 3, Summer 2020, Pages 344–369, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa006

Staying in Place: Federalism and the Political Economy of Place Attachment Nicholas F. Jacobs, B. K. Munis Publius: The Journal of Federalism , Volume 50, Issue 4, Fall 2020, Pages 544–565, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa024

Social Politics  

Varieties of Gender Regimes Sylvia Walby Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 3, Fall 2020, Pages 414–431, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa018

The Origins and Transformations of Conservative Gender Regimes in Germany and Japan Karen A. Shire, Kumiko Nemoto Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 3, Fall 2020, Pages 432–448, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa017

Counteracting Challenges to Gender Equality in the Era of Anti-Gender Campaigns: Competing Gender Knowledges and Affective Solidarity Elżbieta Korolczuk Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 4, Winter 2020, Pages 694–717, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa021

Gender, Violence, and Political Institutions: Struggles over Sexual Harassment in the European Parliament Valentine Berthet, Johanna Kantola Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 28, Issue 1, Spring 2021, Pages 143–167, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa015

Gender Regime Change in Decentralized States: The Case of Spain Emanuela Lombardo, Alba Alonso Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 3, Fall 2020, Pages 449–466, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa016

The Chinese Journal of International Politics  

Bipolar Rivalry in the Early Digital Age Yan Xuetong The Chinese Journal of International Politics , Volume 13, Issue 3, Autumn 2020, Pages 313–341, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa007 China's Rise and Balance of Power Politics Zhen Han, T. V. Paul The Chinese Journal of International Politics , Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 2020, Pages 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poz018

Narrating the China Threat: Securitising Chinese Economic Presence in Europe Igor Rogelja, Konstantinos Tsimonis The Chinese Journal of International Politics , Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 2020, Pages 103–133, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poz019

Fears of Falling Short versus Anxieties of Decline: Explaining Russia and China’s Approach to Status-Seeking Andrej Krickovic, Chang Zhang The Chinese Journal of International Politics , Volume 13, Issue 2, Summer 2020, Pages 219–251, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa006

Preventing the China-U.S. Cold War from Turning Hot Christopher Layne The Chinese Journal of International Politics , Volume 13, Issue 3, Autumn 2020, Pages 343–385, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa012

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Articles on Political science

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• Published: 03 May 2024

A dataset for measuring the impact of research data and their curation

• Libby Hemphill   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-7281 1 , 2 ,
• Andrea Thomer 3 ,
• Sara Lafia 1 ,
• Lizhou Fan 2 ,
• David Bleckley   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7715-4348 1 &
• Elizabeth Moss 1  

Scientific Data volume  11 , Article number:  442 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Research data
• Social sciences

Science funders, publishers, and data archives make decisions about how to responsibly allocate resources to maximize the reuse potential of research data. This paper introduces a dataset developed to measure the impact of archival and data curation decisions on data reuse. The dataset describes 10,605 social science research datasets, their curation histories, and reuse contexts in 94,755 publications that cover 59 years from 1963 to 2022. The dataset was constructed from study-level metadata, citing publications, and curation records available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan. The dataset includes information about study-level attributes (e.g., PIs, funders, subject terms); usage statistics (e.g., downloads, citations); archiving decisions (e.g., curation activities, data transformations); and bibliometric attributes (e.g., journals, authors) for citing publications. This dataset provides information on factors that contribute to long-term data reuse, which can inform the design of effective evidence-based recommendations to support high-impact research data curation decisions.

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Background & summary.

Recent policy changes in funding agencies and academic journals have increased data sharing among researchers and between researchers and the public. Data sharing advances science and provides the transparency necessary for evaluating, replicating, and verifying results. However, many data-sharing policies do not explain what constitutes an appropriate dataset for archiving or how to determine the value of datasets to secondary users 1 , 2 , 3 . Questions about how to allocate data-sharing resources efficiently and responsibly have gone unanswered 4 , 5 , 6 . For instance, data-sharing policies recognize that not all data should be curated and preserved, but they do not articulate metrics or guidelines for determining what data are most worthy of investment.

Despite the potential for innovation and advancement that data sharing holds, the best strategies to prioritize datasets for preparation and archiving are often unclear. Some datasets are likely to have more downstream potential than others, and data curation policies and workflows should prioritize high-value data instead of being one-size-fits-all. Though prior research in library and information science has shown that the “analytic potential” of a dataset is key to its reuse value 7 , work is needed to implement conceptual data reuse frameworks 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 . In addition, publishers and data archives need guidance to develop metrics and evaluation strategies to assess the impact of datasets.

Several existing resources have been compiled to study the relationship between the reuse of scholarly products, such as datasets (Table  1 ); however, none of these resources include explicit information on how curation processes are applied to data to increase their value, maximize their accessibility, and ensure their long-term preservation. The CCex (Curation Costs Exchange) provides models of curation services along with cost-related datasets shared by contributors but does not make explicit connections between them or include reuse information 15 . Analyses on platforms such as DataCite 16 have focused on metadata completeness and record usage, but have not included related curation-level information. Analyses of GenBank 17 and FigShare 18 , 19 citation networks do not include curation information. Related studies of Github repository reuse 20 and Softcite software citation 21 reveal significant factors that impact the reuse of secondary research products but do not focus on research data. RD-Switchboard 22 and DSKG 23 are scholarly knowledge graphs linking research data to articles, patents, and grants, but largely omit social science research data and do not include curation-level factors. To our knowledge, other studies of curation work in organizations similar to ICPSR – such as GESIS 24 , Dataverse 25 , and DANS 26 – have not made their underlying data available for analysis.

This paper describes a dataset 27 compiled for the MICA project (Measuring the Impact of Curation Actions) led by investigators at ICPSR, a large social science data archive at the University of Michigan. The dataset was originally developed to study the impacts of data curation and archiving on data reuse. The MICA dataset has supported several previous publications investigating the intensity of data curation actions 28 , the relationship between data curation actions and data reuse 29 , and the structures of research communities in a data citation network 30 . Collectively, these studies help explain the return on various types of curatorial investments. The dataset that we introduce in this paper, which we refer to as the MICA dataset, has the potential to address research questions in the areas of science (e.g., knowledge production), library and information science (e.g., scholarly communication), and data archiving (e.g., reproducible workflows).

We constructed the MICA dataset 27 using records available at ICPSR, a large social science data archive at the University of Michigan. Data set creation involved: collecting and enriching metadata for articles indexed in the ICPSR Bibliography of Data-related Literature against the Dimensions AI bibliometric database; gathering usage statistics for studies from ICPSR’s administrative database; processing data curation work logs from ICPSR’s project tracking platform, Jira; and linking data in social science studies and series to citing analysis papers (Fig.  1 ).

Steps to prepare MICA dataset for analysis - external sources are red, primary internal sources are blue, and internal linked sources are green.

Enrich paper metadata

The ICPSR Bibliography of Data-related Literature is a growing database of literature in which data from ICPSR studies have been used. Its creation was funded by the National Science Foundation (Award 9977984), and for the past 20 years it has been supported by ICPSR membership and multiple US federally-funded and foundation-funded topical archives at ICPSR. The Bibliography was originally launched in the year 2000 to aid in data discovery by providing a searchable database linking publications to the study data used in them. The Bibliography collects the universe of output based on the data shared in each study through, which is made available through each ICPSR study’s webpage. The Bibliography contains both peer-reviewed and grey literature, which provides evidence for measuring the impact of research data. For an item to be included in the ICPSR Bibliography, it must contain an analysis of data archived by ICPSR or contain a discussion or critique of the data collection process, study design, or methodology 31 . The Bibliography is manually curated by a team of librarians and information specialists at ICPSR who enter and validate entries. Some publications are supplied to the Bibliography by data depositors, and some citations are submitted to the Bibliography by authors who abide by ICPSR’s terms of use requiring them to submit citations to works in which they analyzed data retrieved from ICPSR. Most of the Bibliography is populated by Bibliography team members, who create custom queries for ICPSR studies performed across numerous sources, including Google Scholar, ProQuest, SSRN, and others. Each record in the Bibliography is one publication that has used one or more ICPSR studies. The version we used was captured on 2021-11-16 and included 94,755 publications.

To expand the coverage of the ICPSR Bibliography, we searched exhaustively for all ICPSR study names, unique numbers assigned to ICPSR studies, and DOIs 32 using a full-text index available through the Dimensions AI database 33 . We accessed Dimensions through a license agreement with the University of Michigan. ICPSR Bibliography librarians and information specialists manually reviewed and validated new entries that matched one or more search criteria. We then used Dimensions to gather enriched metadata and full-text links for items in the Bibliography with DOIs. We matched 43% of the items in the Bibliography to enriched Dimensions metadata including abstracts, field of research codes, concepts, and authors’ institutional information; we also obtained links to full text for 16% of Bibliography items. Based on licensing agreements, we included Dimensions identifiers and links to full text so that users with valid publisher and database access can construct an enriched publication dataset.

Gather study usage data

ICPSR maintains a relational administrative database, DBInfo, that organizes study-level metadata and information on data reuse across separate tables. Studies at ICPSR consist of one or more files collected at a single time or for a single purpose; studies in which the same variables are observed over time are grouped into series. Each study at ICPSR is assigned a DOI, and its metadata are stored in DBInfo. Study metadata follows the Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) Codebook 2.5 standard. DDI elements included in our dataset are title, ICPSR study identification number, DOI, authoring entities, description (abstract), funding agencies, subject terms assigned to the study during curation, and geographic coverage. We also created variables based on DDI elements: total variable count, the presence of survey question text in the metadata, the number of author entities, and whether an author entity was an institution. We gathered metadata for ICPSR’s 10,605 unrestricted public-use studies available as of 2021-11-16 ( https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/membership/or/metadata/oai.html ).

To link study usage data with study-level metadata records, we joined study metadata from DBinfo on study usage information, which included total study downloads (data and documentation), individual data file downloads, and cumulative citations from the ICPSR Bibliography. We also gathered descriptive metadata for each study and its variables, which allowed us to summarize and append recoded fields onto the study-level metadata such as curation level, number and type of principle investigators, total variable count, and binary variables indicating whether the study data were made available for online analysis, whether survey question text was made searchable online, and whether the study variables were indexed for search. These characteristics describe aspects of the discoverability of the data to compare with other characteristics of the study. We used the study and series numbers included in the ICPSR Bibliography as unique identifiers to link papers to metadata and analyze the community structure of dataset co-citations in the ICPSR Bibliography 32 .

Process curation work logs

Researchers deposit data at ICPSR for curation and long-term preservation. Between 2016 and 2020, more than 3,000 research studies were deposited with ICPSR. Since 2017, ICPSR has organized curation work into a central unit that provides varied levels of curation that vary in the intensity and complexity of data enhancement that they provide. While the levels of curation are standardized as to effort (level one = less effort, level three = most effort), the specific curatorial actions undertaken for each dataset vary. The specific curation actions are captured in Jira, a work tracking program, which data curators at ICPSR use to collaborate and communicate their progress through tickets. We obtained access to a corpus of 669 completed Jira tickets corresponding to the curation of 566 unique studies between February 2017 and December 2019 28 .

To process the tickets, we focused only on their work log portions, which contained free text descriptions of work that data curators had performed on a deposited study, along with the curators’ identifiers, and timestamps. To protect the confidentiality of the data curators and the processing steps they performed, we collaborated with ICPSR’s curation unit to propose a classification scheme, which we used to train a Naive Bayes classifier and label curation actions in each work log sentence. The eight curation action labels we proposed 28 were: (1) initial review and planning, (2) data transformation, (3) metadata, (4) documentation, (5) quality checks, (6) communication, (7) other, and (8) non-curation work. We note that these categories of curation work are very specific to the curatorial processes and types of data stored at ICPSR, and may not match the curation activities at other repositories. After applying the classifier to the work log sentences, we obtained summary-level curation actions for a subset of all ICPSR studies (5%), along with the total number of hours spent on data curation for each study, and the proportion of time associated with each action during curation.

Data Records

The MICA dataset 27 connects records for each of ICPSR’s archived research studies to the research publications that use them and related curation activities available for a subset of studies (Fig.  2 ). Each of the three tables published in the dataset is available as a study archived at ICPSR. The data tables are distributed as statistical files available for use in SAS, SPSS, Stata, and R as well as delimited and ASCII text files. The dataset is organized around studies and papers as primary entities. The studies table lists ICPSR studies, their metadata attributes, and usage information; the papers table was constructed using the ICPSR Bibliography and Dimensions database; and the curation logs table summarizes the data curation steps performed on a subset of ICPSR studies.

Studies (“ICPSR_STUDIES”): 10,605 social science research datasets available through ICPSR up to 2021-11-16 with variables for ICPSR study number, digital object identifier, study name, series number, series title, authoring entities, full-text description, release date, funding agency, geographic coverage, subject terms, topical archive, curation level, single principal investigator (PI), institutional PI, the total number of PIs, total variables in data files, question text availability, study variable indexing, level of restriction, total unique users downloading study data files and codebooks, total unique users downloading data only, and total unique papers citing data through November 2021. Studies map to the papers and curation logs table through ICPSR study numbers as “STUDY”. However, not every study in this table will have records in the papers and curation logs tables.

Papers (“ICPSR_PAPERS”): 94,755 publications collected from 2000-08-11 to 2021-11-16 in the ICPSR Bibliography and enriched with metadata from the Dimensions database with variables for paper number, identifier, title, authors, publication venue, item type, publication date, input date, ICPSR series numbers used in the paper, ICPSR study numbers used in the paper, the Dimension identifier, and the Dimensions link to the publication’s full text. Papers map to the studies table through ICPSR study numbers in the “STUDY_NUMS” field. Each record represents a single publication, and because a researcher can use multiple datasets when creating a publication, each record may list multiple studies or series.

Curation logs (“ICPSR_CURATION_LOGS”): 649 curation logs for 563 ICPSR studies (although most studies in the subset had one curation log, some studies were associated with multiple logs, with a maximum of 10) curated between February 2017 and December 2019 with variables for study number, action labels assigned to work description sentences using a classifier trained on ICPSR curation logs, hours of work associated with a single log entry, and total hours of work logged for the curation ticket. Curation logs map to the study and paper tables through ICPSR study numbers as “STUDY”. Each record represents a single logged action, and future users may wish to aggregate actions to the study level before joining tables.

Entity-relation diagram.

Technical Validation

We report on the reliability of the dataset’s metadata in the following subsections. To support future reuse of the dataset, curation services provided through ICPSR improved data quality by checking for missing values, adding variable labels, and creating a codebook.

All 10,605 studies available through ICPSR have a DOI and a full-text description summarizing what the study is about, the purpose of the study, the main topics covered, and the questions the PIs attempted to answer when they conducted the study. Personal names (i.e., principal investigators) and organizational names (i.e., funding agencies) are standardized against an authority list maintained by ICPSR; geographic names and subject terms are also standardized and hierarchically indexed in the ICPSR Thesaurus 34 . Many of ICPSR’s studies (63%) are in a series and are distributed through the ICPSR General Archive (56%), a non-topical archive that accepts any social or behavioral science data. While study data have been available through ICPSR since 1962, the earliest digital release date recorded for a study was 1984-03-18, when ICPSR’s database was first employed, and the most recent date is 2021-10-28 when the dataset was collected.

Curation level information was recorded starting in 2017 and is available for 1,125 studies (11%); approximately 80% of studies with assigned curation levels received curation services, equally distributed between Levels 1 (least intensive), 2 (moderately intensive), and 3 (most intensive) (Fig.  3 ). Detailed descriptions of ICPSR’s curation levels are available online 35 . Additional metadata are available for a subset of 421 studies (4%), including information about whether the study has a single PI, an institutional PI, the total number of PIs involved, total variables recorded is available for online analysis, has searchable question text, has variables that are indexed for search, contains one or more restricted files, and whether the study is completely restricted. We provided additional metadata for this subset of ICPSR studies because they were released within the past five years and detailed curation and usage information were available for them. Usage statistics including total downloads and data file downloads are available for this subset of studies as well; citation statistics are available for 8,030 studies (76%). Most ICPSR studies have fewer than 500 users, as indicated by total downloads, or citations (Fig.  4 ).

ICPSR study curation levels.

ICPSR study usage.

A subset of 43,102 publications (45%) available in the ICPSR Bibliography had a DOI. Author metadata were entered as free text, meaning that variations may exist and require additional normalization and pre-processing prior to analysis. While author information is standardized for each publication, individual names may appear in different sort orders (e.g., “Earls, Felton J.” and “Stephen W. Raudenbush”). Most of the items in the ICPSR Bibliography as of 2021-11-16 were journal articles (59%), reports (14%), conference presentations (9%), or theses (8%) (Fig.  5 ). The number of publications collected in the Bibliography has increased each decade since the inception of ICPSR in 1962 (Fig.  6 ). Most ICPSR studies (76%) have one or more citations in a publication.

ICPSR Bibliography citation types.

ICPSR citations by decade.

Usage Notes

The dataset consists of three tables that can be joined using the “STUDY” key as shown in Fig.  2 . The “ICPSR_PAPERS” table contains one row per paper with one or more cited studies in the “STUDY_NUMS” column. We manipulated and analyzed the tables as CSV files with the Pandas library 36 in Python and the Tidyverse packages 37 in R.

The present MICA dataset can be used independently to study the relationship between curation decisions and data reuse. Evidence of reuse for specific studies is available in several forms: usage information, including downloads and citation counts; and citation contexts within papers that cite data. Analysis may also be performed on the citation network formed between datasets and papers that use them. Finally, curation actions can be associated with properties of studies and usage histories.

This dataset has several limitations of which users should be aware. First, Jira tickets can only be used to represent the intensiveness of curation for activities undertaken since 2017, when ICPSR started using both Curation Levels and Jira. Studies published before 2017 were all curated, but documentation of the extent of that curation was not standardized and therefore could not be included in these analyses. Second, the measure of publications relies upon the authors’ clarity of data citation and the ICPSR Bibliography staff’s ability to discover citations with varying formality and clarity. Thus, there is always a chance that some secondary-data-citing publications have been left out of the bibliography. Finally, there may be some cases in which a paper in the ICSPSR bibliography did not actually obtain data from ICPSR. For example, PIs have often written about or even distributed their data prior to their archival in ICSPR. Therefore, those publications would not have cited ICPSR but they are still collected in the Bibliography as being directly related to the data that were eventually deposited at ICPSR.

In summary, the MICA dataset contains relationships between two main types of entities – papers and studies – which can be mined. The tables in the MICA dataset have supported network analysis (community structure and clique detection) 30 ; natural language processing (NER for dataset reference detection) 32 ; visualizing citation networks (to search for datasets) 38 ; and regression analysis (on curation decisions and data downloads) 29 . The data are currently being used to develop research metrics and recommendation systems for research data. Given that DOIs are provided for ICPSR studies and articles in the ICPSR Bibliography, the MICA dataset can also be used with other bibliometric databases, including DataCite, Crossref, OpenAlex, and related indexes. Subscription-based services, such as Dimensions AI, are also compatible with the MICA dataset. In some cases, these services provide abstracts or full text for papers from which data citation contexts can be extracted for semantic content analysis.

Code availability

The code 27 used to produce the MICA project dataset is available on GitHub at https://github.com/ICPSR/mica-data-descriptor and through Zenodo with the identifier https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8432666 . Data manipulation and pre-processing were performed in Python. Data curation for distribution was performed in SPSS.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the ICPSR Bibliography staff, the ICPSR Data Curation Unit, and the ICPSR Data Stewardship Committee for their support of this research. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant 1930645. This project was made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services LG-37-19-0134-19.

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L.H. and A.T. conceptualized the study design, D.B., E.M., and S.L. prepared the data, S.L., L.F., and L.H. analyzed the data, and D.B. validated the data. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.

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Writing in Political Science

This guide provides a brief introduction to writing in   political science   for prospective and current students. It includes:

• A statement about the fields of political science
• A statement of threshold concepts in political science
• A description of writing characteristics valued in political science
• Expectations for how writing happens in political science

A Statement About the Fields of Political Science

Political science includes a number of subfields, including public administration, international relations, comparative politics, American politics, and political theory. These subfields differ in terms of both substance and analytical methods but are all rooted in  the systematic study of institutionalized power and critical analysis of power dynamics . Regardless of major (i.e., political science, public administration, diplomacy and global politics), students in political science can expect to engage in disciplinary conversations about sources, manifestations, and implications of power and authority.

Threshold Concepts in Political Science

“Political science is the study of governments, public policies and political processes, systems, and political behavior.” - American Political Science Association

Political science (like all fields of study) is at once a body of knowledge, the development of that body of knowledge, and the practice of applying that knowledge to problems of the human experience. The fields of political science are built on certain core concepts (the building blocks of understanding). These include the concepts of authority, power, rationality, and the state, and are taught in the introductory sequence (e.g., American Political System, World Politics, Public Administration).

Fluency in core concepts is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for an education in political science. Training in political science—i.e., engaging and contributing to the body of knowledge and its practice—requires students to gain proficiency in its threshold concepts: the connective tissue of a field that, once understood, produces a shift in the learner’s depth of understanding of the phenomena of interest (Meyer & Land, 2003). Threshold concepts can only be understood through dedicated and repeated practice and create a fundamentally different view of the subject matter that is essential for masterful application.

While each subfield has its own set of threshold concepts, all political science students should expect to grapple with the following throughout their coursework:

Threshold Concept 1: Critical analysis of power, institutions, and argumentation

• Quantitative and qualitative evidence
• Multiple levels of abstraction
• Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning
• Quantitative (e.g., regression analysis), qualitative (e.g., content analysis), and computational (e.g., network analysis) methods

Where and how we teach this threshold concept:  We teach this threshold concept through a scaffolded curriculum that leads students through critical reading, writing, speaking, and data analysis to produce an integrated understanding of collective action that acknowledges, reflects on, and critiques multiple positions, compositions, and dynamics of power.

Threshold Concept 2: Institutions are both material and discursive structures

“so you’re taking a political science course”: a description of writing characteristics valued in political science.

Political scientists use behavioral, institutional, and cultural models to conduct critical analyses of power. We value systematic (rather than partisan) argumentation, and this value is reflected in what and how we write.

We tend to write in  genres such as policy analyses, research articles, response memos, and monographs . We rarely write genres such as ethnography or laboratory reports. The writing genres of political science tend to require both substantive knowledge of a collective action problem and application of a rigorous design and analytic method. Students can expect to be exposed to these general forms, as well as more specific genres and expectations within their major (i.e., political science, public administration, diplomacy and global politics).

Professional writers in our field are understood to be  credible  when they  situate their arguments within existing literature and provide evidence for their claims . We understand evidence to include  administrative data, field research, case studies, and coded datasets . We generally do not expect or accept opinion, anecdote, or personal experience as evidence. Effective writing is grounded in methodical use of evidence, minimizes jargon, and advances a logically sound argument.

We tend to use APSA, APA, or Chicago citation styles in our formal writing. These citation practices reflect our values; as a field, we prioritize honoring scholarly lineages and contributions, while also positioning ourselves within a conversation with those scholars. Political scientists rarely quote directly or at length. Instead, we tend to paraphrase ideas and contributions with attributions to the original authors. We do this because we value synthesis and novel use of existing ideas as features of scholarship.

Expectations for Writing in Political Science Courses

Not every student in our classes needs to be able to write the way professional writers in political science do, nor will all students make it through the uncomfortable process of mastering threshold concepts. However, all students learning to write in our field will benefit from practice, feedback, and revision. Depending on why you are taking our courses, you should expect writing that focuses on different objectives.

• Undergraduates taking Miami Plan or introductory courses in political science  should learn to recognize the argumentative style of our writing and practice systematic, evidence (not just value) -based persuasion. Evidence-based persuasion is relevant to multiple fields and occupations and is thus a useful practice to develop among all students in our courses.
• Undergraduates majoring in political science  (as well as PA and DGP) should recognize the centrality of the connection between theory and method in our writing and practice critical, systematic inquiry across all political science genres (e.g., policy memos, research papers). Over time they will need to become skilled at a range of both qualitative and quantitative methods (e.g., comparative case studies, regression analysis) and theoretical frameworks (e.g., political economy, organizational theory) in order to meet different objectives and speak to different audiences both inside and outside the discipline.
• Graduate students in political science , in addition to mastering the skills required of undergraduate majors, should recognize the need to situate their arguments in scholarly debates about our writing. By graduation, they need to be able to contribute to an existing scholarly debate by providing new insights through argumentation and evidence because one demonstrates mastery through participation in knowledge production.

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What Can You Do with a Political Science Degree?

In today’s political climate, it is nearly impossible to go a day without reading the news and considering how politics impact our present and future. If this piques your interest, political science programs can provide a deeper understanding of how leaders obtain and maintain power, how social movements originate and gain momentum and how governments and other institutions can operate efficiently and transparently.

These programs also help to explain why voters may prefer one political candidate over another and empower students to make informed predictions about the outcomes of democratic elections. But what can you do with a political science degree in your career?

A degree in political science can open up many career paths. It can help you start a career in politics, policy-making, nonprofit organizations, business, media or education. Political science is also a popular choice for undergraduate students who plan to go to law school. Keep reading to learn more about the degree and potential career paths.

What is political science?

What can you do with a political science degree.

• Specializations in political science

Make an impact with your political science degree

Politics and international affairs major at furman.

Political science studies politics, government, and people’s behavior in the political arena. Students majoring in political science study political theory, exploring fundamental concepts behind political systems and comparative politics, examining different political systems and their institutions. They study international relations, covering global politics and diplomacy, as well as American politics, to understand the workings of the US government. 

Earning a degree in political science often involves learning highly marketable quantitative skills related to data analysis and statistics. This field covers ethics, justice and democracy, examines government systems and political behavior and applies theory to current events, including critical political issues for college-aged students like student loan forgiveness, racial equity and climate change. 

Students can also study public policy, political behavior and research methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the political world and its complexities as political science is increasingly becoming more data-driven. 

Politics plays a significant role in almost every aspect of our lives, such as education, housing, healthcare and international relations. Studying political science can provide a comprehensive understanding of the process of creating laws, including the differences in government structures across various nations. You will also gain insights into the development of public policies and how they impact the social and economic conditions of individuals. 

A major in political science can help you gain skills in research, communication and data analysis can be applied in various fields, both in the public and private sectors.

Politics and International Affairs Major

You can study the equivalent of political science at Furman to become knowledgeable global citizens through our Politics & International Affairs degree. By learning about political systems and cultures, we sharpen our communication, critical thinking and analysis skills. This helps us tackle political, social and economic problems.

Political science majors have many job opportunities in public, private and nonprofit sectors. Some work directly in politics and policy, while others use their skills in various careers. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, jobs for political scientists are expected to grow by 7% between 2022 and 2032 , which is faster than average. Here are a few different fields to consider:

Government and public administration

• Public policy analyst. When studying the process of generating public policy, political science majors must have strong skills in critical thinking, writing and research to craft clear statements about the nature and impact of proposals for public policy. Policy analysts create a strong thesis and develop persuasive arguments for or against a particular policy initiative. Analysts use their knowledge of the political and legislative process to enlist the support of individuals who can help advance initiatives.
• Government official. Political science graduates can start their journey to becoming government officials at the local level, such as city council, and then advance to state or federal government positions, including becoming a senator. These roles involve public service, legislation and representing constituents. Political science graduates know how to navigate government complexities to create change in their communities. Internships, campaigns and civil service experience are essential stepping stones to impactful political roles.

International relations

• Diplomat. Diplomats promote their nation’s goals and maintain peaceful relations with other countries. Political science graduates with a strong foundation in international relations can excel in diplomacy. They start as foreign service officers and may become ambassadors, working on complex diplomatic issues to contribute to peaceful international relations. As ambassadors, they serve as key liaisons between their home country and the international community. 
• International non-governmental organization (NGO) worker. NGOs cover various causes such as human rights, environment, health and education. Political science graduates can work for NGOs to advocate for change, manage programs and mobilize resources to tackle global challenges. It is an opportunity to influence policy and collaborate with stakeholders while championing their causes.

Law and legal field

• Lawyer. Political science students can become constitutional lawyers by completing law school. Lawyers interpret and apply principles outlined in a country’s constitution to work on cases involving constitutional issues, civil rights and public policy. These lawyers ensure laws and government actions adhere to the constitution, protecting individual liberties and upholding the foundations of our society.
• Legal consultant. Legal consultants guide clients through complex legal matters and ensure compliance with regulations. Political science graduates provide strategic legal solutions, manage risk and contribute to client success and integrity within corporations or government agencies.

Media and journalism

• Political journalist. Political science graduates have a deep understanding of politics and government structures. They can work in journalism, delivering news and analysis that helps the public understand and engage with political issues. Political journalists are crucial in informing and educating the public, holding those in power accountable and shaping public discourse on important societal matters.
• Political analyst. Political analysts are experts in political systems, research and data analysis. They offer insightful commentary on complex issues, appearing on news programs, writing op-eds or participating in panel discussions. Their role is crucial in helping the public and policymakers make sense of current events, enriching public debates and decision-making.

Did you know?

Furman University has a rich history of producing graduates who excel in fields such as law, public policy, nonprofits and government. The Riley Institute , named after Richard W. Riley, former Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton, was founded in 1999 at Furman University. Riley himself graduated from Furman in 1954 with a bachelor’s degree in political science. Additionally, the Trone Student Center is named after David Trone ’77, serving in the U.S. House of Representatives. If you want to learn more about Furman, we invite you to fill out the form below or schedule a visit today.

Further specializations in political science

What else can you do with your political science degree? Political campaign strategy, public relations and lobbying share the goal of influencing public opinion and decision-making. They involve persuasion, communication and advocacy in politics. These professions rely on well-crafted messages, targeted outreach and relationships with key stakeholders to achieve their objectives. These career paths are interconnected in shaping the political landscape.

• Campaign manager. Campaign managers plan and execute political campaigns, coordinate teams, set objectives, craft messaging strategies, manage resources and oversee operations. Political science graduates have a deep understanding of political dynamics, communication and data analysis, making them well-equipped to navigate the complex world of campaign management and ensure success.
• Political consultant. Political consultants advise candidates on campaign strategies, public relations, messaging and voter outreach. With a strong foundation in political theory and analysis, political science students can become trusted advisors to political figures, helping them navigate the complexities of the political landscape.
• Public relations specialist. Political science students can become public relations specialists by leveraging their expertise in politics, government and communication. Public relations specialists shape the public image of politicians, organizations or campaigns, crafting compelling narratives, managing media relations and developing strategies to maintain a positive reputation. Political science graduates understand political dynamics and policy issues and are well-suited to manage crises and build solid and influential relationships with the public and media.
• Lobbyists. Lobbyists influence government decisions by building relationships, researching legislation and advocating for their clients. Lobbyists excel at communication and strategy, playing a crucial role in shaping public policies and ensuring diverse perspectives are heard in government.

In today’s world, characterized by complex political challenges and global interdependence, the study of political science plays a vital role in shaping policies and institutions that influence societies on a local, national and international scale. It offers many diverse and socially significant career opportunities, allowing graduates to pursue roles in government, diplomacy, policy analysis, advocacy and international relations. 

Studying political science offers numerous benefits. Not only will you have the opportunity to think critically about important and complex topics, but this degree program is versatile and offers a range of job opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students. From consulting to business, finance to journalism, advocacy law, non-profits to government and international affairs to academic research, the possibilities are endless. 

If you’re passionate about uncovering the inner workings of government, policy and law, then political science is the perfect major for you.

The Furman Politics and International Affairs department provides students with the opportunity to explore the realms of local, national, and international politics in both theory and practice. The courses, led by experienced faculty members, cover a range of subjects, including public law, Congress, political philosophy and the politics of China.

The small class size allows for better debates, hands-on learning and opportunities to connect with others through Furman’s award-winning Mock Trial program. Additionally, students can participate in national and international internships through faculty-led programs.

The perspectives and thoughts shared in the Furman Blog belong solely to the author and may not align with the official stance or policies of Furman University. All referenced sources were accurate as of the date of publication.

How To Do In-Text Citations with Multiple Authors in APA Format

How to do in-text citations in mla format: a quick guide for students, how to become a therapist.