presentation on natural gas

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Natural gas.

Encyclopedic entry. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals. Other fossil fuels include oil and coal.

Earth Science, Geology, Engineering, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography

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Natural gas is a fossil fuel . Like other fossil fuels such as coal and oil , natural gas forms from the plants, animals, and microorganisms that lived millions of years ago. There are several different theories to explain how fossil fuels are formed. The most prevalent theory is that they form underground, under intense conditions. As plants, animals, and microorganisms decompose , they are gradually covered by layers of soil, sediment , and sometimes rock. Over millions of years, the organic matter is compressed . As the organic matter moves deeper into Earth’s crust , it encounters higher and higher temperatures. The combination of compression and high temperature causes the carbon bonds in the organic matter to break down. This molecular breakdown produces thermogenic methane —natural gas. Methane, probably the most abundant organic compound on Earth, is made of carbon and hydrogen (CH4). Natural gas deposits are often found near oil deposits. Deposits of natural gas close to Earth’s surface are usually dwarfed by nearby oil deposits. Deeper deposits—formed at higher temperatures and under more pressure—have more natural gas than oil. The deepest deposits can be made up of pure natural gas. Natural gas does not have to be formed deep underground, however. It can also be formed by tiny microorganisms called methanogens . Methanogens live in the intestines of animals (including humans) and in low-oxygen areas near the surface of Earth. Landfills , for example, are full of decomposing matter that methanogens break down into a type of methane called biogenic methane. The process of methanogens creating natural gas (methane) is called methanogenesis . Although most biogenic methane escapes into the atmosphere , there are new technologies being created to contain and harvest this potential energy source. Thermogenic methane—the natural gas formed deep beneath Earth’s surface—can also escape into the atmosphere. Some of the gas is able to rise through permeable matter, such as porous rock, and eventually dissipate into the atmosphere. However, most thermogenic methane that rises toward the surface encounters geological formations that are too impermeable for it to escape. These rock formations are called sedimentary basins . Sedimentary basins trap huge reservoirs of natural gas. In order to gain access to these natural gas reservoirs, a hole (sometimes called a well) must be drilled through the rock to allow the gas to escape and be harvested. Sedimentary basins rich in natural gas are found all over the world. The deserts of Saudi Arabia, the humid tropics of Venezuela, and the freezing Arctic of the U.S. state of Alaska are all sources of natural gas. Outside Alaska, U.S. basins are primarily around the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico, including Texas and Louisiana. Recently, the northern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana have developed significant drilling facilities in sedimentary basins. Types of Natural Gas Natural gas that is economical to extract and easily accessible is considered “conventional.” Conventional gas is trapped in permeable material beneath impermeable rock. Natural gas found in other geological settings is not always so easy or practical to extract. This gas is called “unconventional.” New technologies and processes are always being developed to make this unconventional gas more accessible and economically viable . Over time, gas that was considered “unconventional” can become conventional. Biogas is a type of gas that is produced when organic matter decomposes without oxygen being present. This process is called anaerobic decomposition , and it takes place in landfills or where organic material such as animal waste, sewage , or industrial byproducts are decomposing. Biogas is biological matter that comes from plants or animals, which can be living or not-living. This material, such as forest residues, can be combusted to create a renewable energy source. Biogas contains less methane than natural gas, but can be refined and used as an energy source. Deep Natural Gas Deep natural gas is an unconventional gas. While most conventional gas can be found just a few thousand meters deep, deep natural gas is located in deposits at least 4,500 meters (15,000 feet) below the surface of Earth. Drilling for deep natural gas is not always economically practical, although techniques to extract it have been developed and improved. Shale Shale gas is another type of unconventional deposit. Shale is a fine-grained, sedimentary rock that does not disintegrate in water. Some scientists say shale is so impermeable that marble is considered “spongy” in comparison. Thick sheets of this impermeable rock can “sandwich” a layer of natural gas between them. Shale gas is considered an unconventional source because of the difficult processes necessary to access it: hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking ) and horizontal drilling. Fracking is a procedure that splits open rock with a high-pressure stream of water, and then “props” it open with tiny grains of sand, glass, or silica . This allows gas to flow more freely out of the well. Horizontal drilling is a process of drilling straight down into the ground, then drilling sideways, or parallel, to Earth’s surface. Tight Gas Tight gas is an unconventional natural gas trapped underground in an impermeable rock formation that makes it extremely difficult to extract. Extracting gas from “tight” rock formations usually requires expensive and difficult methods, such as fracking and acidizing . Acidizing is similar to fracking. An acid (usually hydrochloric acid ) is injected into the natural gas well. The acid dissolves the tight rock that is blocking the flow of gas. Coalbed Methane Coalbed methane is another type of unconventional natural gas. As its name implies, coalbed methane is commonly found along seams of coal that run underground. Historically, when coal was mined, the natural gas was intentionally vented out of the mine and into the atmosphere as a waste product. Today, coalbed methane is collected and is a popular energy source. Gas in Geopressurized Zones Another source of unconventional natural gas is geopressurized zones. Geopressurized zones form 3,000-7,600 meters (10,000-25,000 feet) below Earth’s surface. These zones form when layers of clay rapidly accumulate and compact on top of material that is more porous, such as sand or silt . Because the natural gas is forced out of the compressed clay, it is deposited under very high pressure into the sand, silt, or other absorbent material below. Geopressurized zones are very difficult to mine, but they may contain a very high amount of natural gas. In the United States, most geopressurized zones have been found in the Gulf Coast region. Methane Hydrates Methane hydrates are another type of unconventional natural gas. Methane hydrates were discovered only recently in ocean sediments and permafrost areas of the Arctic. Methane hydrates form at low temperatures (around 0°C, or 32°F) and under high pressure. When environmental conditions change, methane hydrates are released into the atmosphere. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) estimates that methane hydrates could contain twice the amount of carbon than all of the coal, oil, and conventional natural gas in the world, combined. In ocean sediments, methane hydrates form on the continental slope as bacteria and other microorganisms sink to the ocean floor and decompose in the silt. Methane, trapped within the sediments, has the ability to “cement” the loose sediments into place and keep the continental shelf stable. However, if the water becomes warmer, the methane hydrates break down. This causes causes underwater landslides , and releases natural gas. In permafrost ecosystems , methane hydrates form as bodies of water freeze and water molecules create individual “cages” around each methane molecule. The gas, trapped in a frozen lattice of water, is contained at a much higher density than it would be in its gaseous state. As the ice cages thaw, the methane escapes. Global warming , the current period of climate change , influences the release of methane hydrates from both permafrost and ocean sediment layers. There is a vast amount of potential energy stored in methane hydrates. However, because they are such fragile geological formations—capable of breaking down and disrupting the environmental conditions around them—methods for extracting them are developed with extreme caution. Drilling and Transportation Natural gas is measured in normal cubic meters or standard cubic feet. In 2009, the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated that the world’s proven natural gas reserves are around 6,289 trillion cubic feet (tcf). Most of the reserves are in the Middle East , with 2,686 tcf in 2011, or 40 percent of total world reserves. Russia has the second-highest amount of proven reserves, with 1,680 tcf in 2011. The United States contains just over four percent of the world’s natural gas reserves. According to the EIA, total world consumption of dry natural gas in 2010 was 112,920 billion cubic feet (bcf). That year, the United States consumed a little more than 24,000 bcf, the most of any nation. Natural gas is most commonly extracted by drilling vertically from Earth’s surface. From a single vertical drill, the well is limited to the gas reserves it encounters. Hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling, and acidizing are processes to expand the amount of gas that a well can access, and thus increase its productivity. However, these practices can have negative environmental consequences. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process that splits open rock formations with high-pressure streams of water, chemicals, and sand. The sand props open the rocks, which allows gas to escape and be stored or transported. However, fracking requires huge quantities of water, which can radically reduce an area’s water table and negatively impact aquatic habitats. The process produces highly toxic and frequently radioactive wastewater that, if mismanaged, can leak and contaminate underground water sources used for drinking, hygiene , and industrial and agricultural use. In addition, fracking can cause micro earthquakes . Most of these temblors are far too tiny to be felt on the surface, but some geologists and environmentalists warn that the quakes may cause structural damage to buildings or underground networks of pipes and cables. Due to these negative environmental effects, fracking has been criticized and banned in some areas. In other areas, fracking is a lucrative economic opportunity and providing a reliable source of energy. Horizontal drilling is a way of increasing the area of a well without creating multiple expensive and environmentally sensitive drilling sites. After drilling straight down from Earth’s surface, drilling can be directed to go sideways—horizontally. This broadens the well’s productivity without requiring multiple drilling sites on the surface. Acidizing is a process of dissolving acidic components and inserting them into the natural gas well, which dissolves rock that may be blocking the flow of gas. After natural gas is extracted, it is most frequently transported through pipelines that can be from two to 60 inches in diameter. The continental United States has more than 210 pipeline systems that are made up of 490,850 kilometers (305,000 miles) of transmission pipelines that transfer gas to all 48 states. This system requires more than 1,400 compressor stations to ensure that the gas continues on its path, 400 underground storage facilities, 11,000 locations to deliver the gas, and 5,000 locations to receive the gas. Natural gas can also be cooled to about -162°C (-260°F) and converted into liquified natural gas, or LNG . In liquid form, natural gas takes up only 1/600 of the volume of its gaseous state. It can easily be stored and transported places that do not have pipelines. LNG is transported by a specialized insulated tanker, which keeps the LNG at its boiling point. If any of the LNG vaporizes, it is vented out of the storage area and used to power the transport vessel. The United States imports LNG from other countries, including Trinidad and Tobago and Qatar. However, the U.S. is currently increasing its domestic LNG production. Consuming Natural Gas Although natural gas takes millions of years to develop, its energy has only been harnessed during the past few thousand years. Around 500 B.C.E., Chinese engineers made use of natural gas seeping out of the earth by building bamboo pipelines. These pipes transported gas to heat water. In the late 1700s, British companies provided natural gas to light streetlamps and homes. Today, natural gas is used in countless ways for industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation purposes. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that natural gas can be up to 68 percent less expensive than electricity . In residential homes, the most popular use for natural gas is heating and cooking. It is used to power home appliances such as stoves, air conditioners, space heaters, outdoor lights, garage heaters, and clothes dryers. Natural gas is also used on a larger scale. In commercial settings, such as restaurants and shopping malls, it is an extremely efficient and economical way to power water heaters, space heaters, dryers, and stoves. Natural gas is used to heat, cool, and cook in industrial settings, as well. However, it is also used in a variety of processes such as waste treatment, food processing, and refining metals, stone, clay, and petroleum. Natural gas can also be used as an alternative fuel for cars, buses, trucks, and other vehicles. Currently, there are more than five million natural gas vehicles (NGV) worldwide, and more than 150,000 in the United States. Although NGVs initially cost more than gas-powered vehicles, they are cheaper to refuel and are the cleanest-running vehicles in the world. Gasoline- and diesel -powered vehicles emit harmful and toxic substances including arsenic , nickel, and nitrogen oxides. In contrast, NGVs may emit minute amounts of propane or butane , but release 70 percent less carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Using the new technology of fuel cells , the energy from natural gas is also used to generate electricity. Instead of burning natural gas for energy, fuel cells generate electricity with electrochemical reactions. These reactions produce water, heat, and electricity without any other byproducts or emissions. Scientists are still researching this method of producing electricity in order to affordably apply it to electric products. Natural Gas and the Environment Natural gas usually needs to be processed before it can be used. When it is extracted, natural gas can contain a variety of elements and compounds other than methane. Water, ethane, butane, propane, pentanes, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and occasionally helium and nitrogen may be present in a natural gas well. In order to be used for energy, the methane is processed and separated from the other components. The gas that is used for energy in our homes is almost pure methane. Like other fossil fuels, natural gas can be burned for energy. In fact, it is the cleanest-burning fuel, meaning it releases very few byproducts. When fossil fuels are burned, they can release (or emit) different elements, compounds, and solid particles. Coal and oil are fossil fuels with very complex molecular formations, and contain a high amount of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. When they are burned, they release high amounts of harmful emissions, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particles that drift into the atmosphere and contribute to air pollution. In contrast, the methane in natural gas has a simple molecular makeup: CH4. When it is burned, it emits only carbon dioxide and water vapor. Humans exhale the same two components when we breathe. Carbon dioxide and water vapor, along with other gases such as ozone and nitrous oxide, are known as greenhouse gases . The increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are linked to global warming and could have disastrous environmental consequences. Although burning natural gas still emits greenhouse gases, it emits almost 30 percent less CO2 than oil, and 45 percent less CO2 than coal. Safety As with any extractive activity, drilling for natural gas can lead to leaks. If the drill hits an unexpected high-pressure pocket of natural gas, or the well is damaged or ruptures, the leak can be immediately hazardous. Because natural gas dissipates so quickly into the air, it does not always cause an explosion or burn. However, the leaks are an environmental hazard that also leak mud and oil into the surrounding areas. If hydraulic fracturing was used to expand a well, the chemicals from that process can contaminate local aquatic habitats and drinking water with highly radioactive materials. The uncontained methane released in the air can also force people to temporary evacuate the area. Leaks can also occur slowly over time. Until the 1950s, cast iron was a popular choice for distribution pipelines, but it allows a high amount of natural gas to escape. The cast iron pipes become leaky after years of freeze-thaw cycles, heavy overhead traffic, and strains from the naturally shifting soil. Methane leaks from these distribution pipelines make up more than 30 percent of the methane emmissions in the U.S. natural gas distribution sector. Today, pipelines are made out of a variety of metals and plastics to reduce leakage.

Natural Gas Consumers In 2010, the latest date for which the U.S. Energy Information Administration supplies information , these nations consumed the most natural gas. 1. United States 2. Russia 3. Iran 4. China 5. Japan

Oracular Seeps Natural gas seeps, where the gas flows naturally to the surface, were revered as supernatural or spiritual sites by many ancient civilizations. One of the most famous of these seeps sits atop Mount Parnassus, near the town of Delphi, Greece. Around 1000 B.C.E., religious and spiritual leaders established a temple with a priestess who could tell the future. Millions of people, from ordinary citizens to political and military leaders, consulted the "Oracle of Delphi" for hundreds of years.

Piping Up The United states has 490,850 kilometers (305,000 miles) of interstate and intrastate pipelines to deliver natural gas all over the country.

Proven Reserves According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, in 2011-2012, these nations had the biggest proven reserves of natural gas in the world. Data from some nations, including the United States, was not calculated . 1. Russia 2. Iran 3. Qatar 4. Saudi Arabia 5. Turkmenistan

What's That Smell? Raw natural gas is odorless. Companies that supply natural gas add an artificial smell to it, so people will know if there is a potentially dangerous leak. Most people recognize this as the "rotten egg" smell that comes from a gas stove or oven.

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October 19, 2023

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Natural Gas

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Fast Facts View our summary of key facts and information. ( Printable PDF, 159KB )

Before You Watch Our Lecture Maximize your learning experience by reviewing these carefully curated videos and readings we assign to our students.

Our Lecture Watch the Stanford course lecture.

Additional Resources Find out where to explore further beyond our site.

Fast Facts About Natural Gas

Principal Energy Uses: Electricity, Heat Form of Energy: Chemical

Natural gas (NG) is the most versatile and fastest-growing fossil fuel —used in all areas of the economy (industrial, residential, commercial, and transportation). It is a depletable, non-renewable resource composed primarily of methane gas (CH 4 ), with smaller amounts of natural gas liquids, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and water vapor. While natural gas is the cleanest-burning fossil fuel, it still produces CO 2 when combusted . And because natural gas is primarily methane, it is itself a very potent greenhouse gas when it is emitted to the atmosphere uncombusted.

Natural gas can escape or leak to the atmosphere as methane during the production, processing, storage, transmission, distribution, and use of natural gas, and the production, refinement, transportation, and storage of crude oil. Methane leakage poses a significant challenge for the natural gas energy system and for climate change. Much of this leakage can be avoided with good policy and oversight. Recent advances in satellites, flyovers, drones, and sensors are allowing better accountability and information.

Note: The data in these Fast Facts are for commercial natural gas. Landfill natural gas and biogas (methane from biological sources) are addressed on the Biomass page.

Significance

23% of world 🌎 (#3 resource) 35% of US 🇺🇸 (#2 resource)

Electricity Generation

23% of world 🌎 (#2 resource) 40% of US 🇺🇸 (#1 resource)

Global NG Uses

Electricity: 40% Heat (industrial): 25%* Heat (buildings): 21%** Oil and Natural Gas Production: 10% Transportation: 4%***

Change in Global Consumption

Increase: ⬆ 8% (2017-2022)

*Includes chemical feedstock application (fertilizer, methanol) **For example, space and water heating, cooking ***Mostly natural gas used in pipelines to move natural gas

GHG Emissions

Natural gas systems are a significant contributor to ghg emissions.

20% of world 🌎 35% of US 🇺🇸 GHG emissions from energy (includes methane leakage)

Pie chart showing US methane emissions by source *Livestock category includes enteric fermentation and manure management **Flooded land category example: decomposition of organic matter in natural wetlands

The Challenge of Natural Gas (Methane) Leakage

Global warming potential of methane.

80x more powerful than CO 2 over 20 years

27-30x over 100 years

Methane only lasts about 12 years in the atmosphere but is very potent.

Methane Leakage from Natural Gas and Petroleum Systems

4% of US GHG emissions

% of Natural Gas that is Leaked

The EPA cites US leakage at ~1.5% (could be higher) . In key production regions (Permian) it may be as high as 9% .

Recent studies have shown that as little as 0.2% to 3% leakage puts natural gas on par with coal for climate change impact.

Controlling methane leakage is key for reducing GHG emissions. It is also beneficial to the oil and gas industry, because it increases their supply of natural gas to sell.

Largest Proved Reserves

Russia 20% 🇷🇺 of global proved reserves

Largest Producer

US 24% 🇺🇸 of global production

Largest Consumer

US 22% 🇺🇸 of global consumption

Texas 24% of US proved reserves

Texas 25% of US production

Texas 15% of US consumption

Global Trade

Amount traded.

24% of global production

56% as LNG*, 44% by pipeline

Largest Exporter

US 19% 🇺🇸 of global exports

Largest LNG* Exporters

Australia 21% 🇦🇺, Qatar 21% 🇶🇦, US 19% 🇺🇸

Largest Importer

Europe 33% of global imports

Largest LNG* Importers

Japan 18% 🇯🇵, China 17% 🇨🇳

*LNG (liquified natural gas) – natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of storage and transport

• Abundant and growing availability: ongoing innovation in extraction drives down costs and increases available resources
• Versatile: many uses, including many forms of heat (for buildings and industrial processes) and electricity generation
• Feasible to transport via pipeline or LNG tankers
• Relatively low private costs compared to other fossil fuels (but note that social and environmental costs are not factored into the price)
• Flexible/dispatchable for electricity generation: easy to ramp up and down based on needs of the electricity grid; critical for scaling renewables
• Potential “blue bridge to green future.” No solid waste, lower CO 2 , SO 2 and NO X than coal; cleanest burning fossil fuel
• Methane and CO 2 monitoring solutions and reduction technologies emerging rapidly
• Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas; venting, leaking, and flaring need to be addressed or the future of natural gas is problematic
• Resource not evenly distributed around the world, raising concerns around geopolitics of supply and demand, energy security
• Lower energy density requires transportation infrastructure. Pipeline and LNG gasification siting can be controversial
• Natural gas infrastructure requires reclamation and remediation at end of life

Climate Impact: Medium to High

• Lower CO 2 emissions intensity than coal or oil when combusted
• Leakage of methane during extraction and transportation contributes to global warming, as methane is a potent greenhouse gas

Environmental Impact: Medium

• Extraction and transport by pipeline pose a risk to natural habitat, nearby human communities, and water quality
• Has very low emissions other than leakage, and it is enabling renewables and replacing coal

Updated April 2024

Before You Watch Our Lecture on Natural Gas

We assign videos and readings to our Stanford students as pre-work for each lecture to help contextualize the lecture content. We strongly encourage you to review the Essential videos and readings before watching our lecture on  Natural Gas . Include selections from the Optional and Useful list based on your interests and available time.

• Natural Gas 101 . Student Energy. June 30, 2015. (3 min) An overview of how natural gas is formed, drilled, transported, stored, and used.
• Why Natural Gas Has a Role in the Energy Transition . CNN Business. January 7, 2020. (2 min) The role natural gas plays in the energy mix as countries transition toward increased reliance on renewable energy sources.
• The Power of Natural Gas: Complementing Renewables for a Sustainable Energy Future . GE Power. January 24, 2020. (3 min) An explanation of how natural gas power plants complement output from renewable energy sources to offset fluctuations in energy supply and demand.
• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 101 . Student Energy. May 21, 2015. (2 min) The basics of how natural gas can be liquified for storage and transport.
• Methane: The Other Important Greenhouse Gas. Environmental Defense Fund . March 2, 2014. (2 min) A video building awareness that methane emissions significantly damage the atmosphere, but that there are actions that can be taken to reduce leaks of this greenhouse gas.
• Ilissa Ocko: The Fastest Way to Slow Climate Change Now . TED Countdown. January 15, 2022. (10 min) A look at ways to contain methane emissions, presenting opportunity to immediately reduce the rate of climate change.
• MethaneSAT: This New Satellite Will Fight Climate Change From Space . The Salata Institute at Harvard University. March 5, 2024. (3 min) An overview of the purpose and significance of MethaneSat, the methane detection satellite launched in March 2024.
• Methane Emissions from US Oil and Gas Operations Cost the Nation $10 Billion per Year.   Stanford News. March 13, 2024.  A highlight of Stanford-led research that shows methane emissions from a large share of US oil and gas facilities are larger than previous estimates.
• This Climate Gas is Scarier Than CO2 . DW Planet A. March 25, 2022. (14 min) Methane emission detection in the natural gas supply chain.
• Why Germany Is Hooked on Russian Gas . Vox. May 18, 2022. (8 min) History of Russian natural gas supply to Germany. Puts into context Ukraine's importance for Russias's natural gas supply to Europe.

Optional and Useful

• Where Our Natural Gas Comes From . EIA. October 3, 2022. (1 page) An introduction to natural gas production and consumption in the United States, with focus on reports of current statistical activity.
• The Business of Natural Gas . Southern Gas Association. April 22, 2013. (4 min) An overview of the commercial industry and fiscal aspects of natural gas exploration, drilling, production, treatment, shipping, and commercial consumption.

Our Lecture on Natural Gas

This is our Stanford University Understand Energy course lecture on natural gas. We strongly encourage you to watch the full lecture to understand natural gas as an energy system and to be able to put this complex topic into context. For a complete learning experience, we also encourage you to watch / read the Essential videos and readings we assign to our students before watching the lecture.

Presented by: Jane Woodward , Adjunct Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University; Founder and Managing Partner, WovenEarth Ventures; Founding Partner, MAP Energy Recorded on: October 6, 2023    Duration: 60 minutes

Table of Contents

(Clicking on a timestamp will take you to YouTube.) 00:00 Introduction  03:44 Significance and History  24:30 What is Natural Gas?  26:19 Where is the Natural Gas?  29:05 How Does the Natural Gas System Work?  43:30 How Does Natural Gas Impact the Environment?  54:19 What Are the Economics of Natural Gas?  56:29 Where Are Things Going in the Future?  59:35 Summary/Wrap-Up

Lecture slides available upon request .

Additional Resources About Natural Gas

Stanford university.

• Natural Gas Initiative
• Energy Modeling Forum - See Projects section for natural gas market analyses
• Mark Jacobson - Solutions to climate change and impacts of fossil fuels
• Adam Brandt - Unconventional oil & gas, natural gas
• Rob Jackson - Hydraulic fracturing and drinking water quality; map natural gas leaks; unconventional oil & gas, natural gas
• Mark Zoback (Emeritus) - Reservoir geomechanics: tight shale tight oil and gas production, unconventional oil & gas, natural gas
• Frank Wolak - Energy markets, energy and behavior
• Mark Thurber - Geopolitics of gas, energy markets

Government and International Organizations

• International Energy Agency (IEA)  Natural Gas , Data & Statistics: Natural Gas
• US Energy Information Administration (EIA) Natural Gas , Natural Gas Weekly Update
• US Energy Information Administration (EIA) Today in Energy  Natural Gas
• US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Natural Gas
• US Office of Fossil Fuels and Carbon Management (FECM)

Industry Organizations

• Natural Gas Council
• Natural Gas Supply Association (NGSA)
• American Gas Association (AGA)
• American Gas Foundation (AGF)
• State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Regulations (STRONGER)

Other Resources

• Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy  Natural Gas Chapter (great resource for natural gas production and consumption data)
• National Energy Education Development (NEED)  Natural Gas
• NaturalGas.org
• Natural Gas Intelligence
• Natural Gas World
• LNG Industry
• LNG Journal

Next Topic: Coal Other Energy Topics to Explore

Fast Facts Sources

• Energy Mix (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Energy Mix (US 2022): US Energy Information Agency (EIA). Total Energy: Energy Overview, Table 1.3 . January 2024.
• Electricity Mix (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Electricity Mix (US 2022): US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Electric Power Monthly . 2024.
• Global Natural Gas Uses (World 2019): International Energy Agency (IEA). Global natural gas demand per sector, 2005-2025 . 2021.
• Change in Global Consumption (2017-2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• GHG Emissions (World 2021): International Energy Agency (IEA). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy . 2023.
• GHG Emissions (US 2022): International Energy Agency (IEA). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy . 2023.
• Sources of Methane Emissions (US 2021): US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Methane Emissions by Source . 2024.
• Global Warming Potential of Methane (World 2023): US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Understanding Global Warming Potentials . 2024.
• Methane Emissions and Leakage (US 2019): US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Natural Gas and the Environment . 2022.
• Percent of Natural Gas Leaked (US 2018): Public Broadcasting System (PBS). The US Natural Gas Industry is Leaking Way More Methane Than Originally Thought . 2018; (US 2022) Stanford University. Stanford-Led Study: Methane Leaks Are Far Worse Than Estimates, At Least in New Mexico, But There’s Hope . 2022. 
• Environmental Science & Technology. Chen et al, ​​Quantifying Regional Methane Emissions in the New Mexico Permian Basin with a Comprehensive Aerial Survey. 2022.
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Xiao et al., Observation-derived 2010-2019 trends in methane emissions and intensities from US oil and gas fields tied to activity metrics. 2022.
• Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). Coal vs. Natural Gas . 2023.
• Environmental Research Letters. Gordon et al., Evaluating net life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensities from gas and coal at varying methane leakage rates . 2023.
• Largest Proved Reserves (World 2020): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Largest Producer (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Largest Consumer (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Largest Proved Reserves (US 2021): US Energy Information Administration (EIA). US Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2021 . 2022
• Largest Producer (US 2022): US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Which states consume and produce the most natural gas? . 2024.
• Largest Consumer (US 2022): US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Which states consume and produce the most natural gas? . 2023.
• Global Trade (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Largest Exporter (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Largest  Importer (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.

More details available on request . Back to Fast Facts

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Natural Gas 101

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Natural gas is no more “natural” than any other fossil fuel, and it’s not clear how that moniker became associated with fossil gas. When the English-speaking world started burning the stuff for light in the 1790s, people just called it gas . (When someone lies so insistently that you feel like you’re losing your mind, you are being “gaslighted” not “natural gaslighted.”) The phrase natural gas entered the language in 1825 , in a minor magazine, and it didn’t become common until the late 19th century.

Public polling shows that the phrase natural gas gives people the false impression that it’s safe for humans and the environment. This raises the question: Did the gas industry work to make this the accepted phrase? There is little evidence either way, but don’t put it past them—gas producers have historically engaged in semantic influence. An employee of the American Gas Association popularized the phrase “cooking with gas” in the 1930s, when gas was vying with electricity to become America’s stove fuel of choice. The association worked to get comedian Bob Hope to use it, and it became so common that even Daffy Duck was accidentally endorsing gas by the 1940s. These campaigns have by no means ceased. During the Trump administration, efforts were made to rechristen liquefied natural gas (LNG) as “ freedom gas .” It has even been revealed that social media influencers are being paid to convince millennials and Generation X that gas stoves are cool. (#CookingWithGas)

Natural gas may be a triumph of marketing, but the fact is that gas is a major contributor to air pollution, water pollution, and climate change.

What is natural gas?

Natural gas extraction, problems with natural gas, natural gas pipelines, other natural gas transportation methods, natural gas disasters, alternatives to natural gas.

Natural gas (also known as fossil gas, fracked gas, and simply, gas) is a fossil fuel: ancient plant material deposited in an oxygen-poor environment and cooked over millions of years by heat from the earth. The type of plant and the extent of the cooking determines whether the end product is coal, oil, or gas.

When it’s first extracted from the ground, natural gas contains several components. The main ingredient—what energy companies are after—is methane (CH4). There is also carbon dioxide and water vapor. Some combination of ethane, butane, pentane, and propane are present in liquid form, which is why the stuff that comes directly out of the ground is called wet natural gas .

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), in the United States, gas is most commonly used for electricity generation, as fuel and raw material in industrial processes like plastic production , and in commercial and residential buildings for space and water heating , cooking fuel, and to dry clothes.

Natural gas is found buried beneath millions of years of silt, sand, and rock. The deposits vary in size, and the technique of extraction varies accordingly. Natural gas deposits are sorted into two major categories, conventional and unconventional.

Conventional gas is trapped within large, rock-bound chambers. Engineers locate these chambers with seismic surveys—broadcasting deafeningly loud sound waves into the earth and listening for differences in how the waves bounce back. Those differences provide a map of the density of the surveyed area. This noisy process can be carried out with explosives or thumper trucks (which don’t look nearly as adorable as their name suggests).

Extracting conventional gas is similar to extracting oil. A hole is drilled into the rock, giving the gas an escape route to the surface. When it arrives there, the gas is directed into pipelines and pushed to processing plants, where the methane is separated from the other chemicals.

Tight gas , like conventional gas, is also sequestered in rock formations, typically sandstone. Unlike the large chambers in which conventional gas hangs out, tight gas is bound up in lots of teeny, tiny spaces in the rock, called pores . The pores are only a few nanometers across. Similarly, shale gas is trapped between layers of shale formations with low permeability.

There’s no such thing as a nano drill equipped with a nano drill bit, so how does one extract these types of unconventional gas from such small spaces? This is where hydraulic fracturing, or fracking , comes in. Energy companies pump a cocktail of water, sand, and chemicals into the rock under pressure. (We don’t know exactly which chemicals are involved—there are no federal disclosure rules and most states allow companies to keep at least some portion of their special sauce secret.) The liquid breaks up the rock formation, allowing the gas to flow out of the pores and into wells that funnel the gas to the surface.

Fossil fuel producers have used fracking to extract natural gas since the mid-20th century, but the process became more efficient between the late 1980s and early 2000s thanks to billions of dollars in federal funding and a number of substantial regulatory waivers obtained by the industry. This enabled companies to access gas deposits that weren’t profitable to extract in the past. At that point, fracking spread rapidly. In fact, the United States surpassed Russia as the leading gas producer in the world, and has maintained that position since 2012—mostly due to the rise of fracking. According to the EIA, the United States produced 26.3 trillion cubic feet of shale gas in 2020, with fracking now representing more than three-quarters of all U.S. gas production.

A fracking rig, with pipeline construction in the background, in Malaga, Ohio, in May 2017

Ted Auch/FracTracker, CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0

Climate change

While some claim that natural gas emits less climate-warming pollution than coal or oil, the truth is more complicated. Gas doesn’t yield as much greenhouse gas as coal or oil does when burned but that’s not the only way greenhouse gases escape into the atmosphere. Before it’s burned, gas leaks at every part of its journey: from the well, during transportation along pipelines, at power plants, and in the homes and businesses where it's burned. That means that at every step, copious amounts of methane—the second most significant climate pollutant —are released into the air, as producers either deliberately vent methane or accidentally allow it to escape from active or abandoned wells or other infrastructure. An accurate accounting of the latter issue, gas infrastructure leakage , is needed to fully grasp the impact of gas on our climate and air quality.

Methane is among the most powerful greenhouse gases known to science, with 80 times the heat-trapping potential of carbon dioxide over the first 20 years after it is emitted into the atmosphere. Indeed, the Sixth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) noted that methane has caused about two-thirds as much of our current warming as carbon dioxide. Energy production (fracking and associated activities) and energy use are by far the leading sources of methane emissions, easily outpacing agriculture and landfills, as a large amount of methane escapes into the atmosphere at the wellhead and from pipes. Reducing these massive methane emissions from the fossil fuel industry—and moving away from gas —is a critical step in the fight against climate change.

“To be clear, it’s not just the greenhouse gasses released from the production and transmission of gas that make it bad for our planet,” says Amanda Levin , an NRDC policy analyst. “The combustion of gas for energy has a high carbon footprint as well.” According to the EIA, in 2020, the total carbon footprint of gas represented almost twice that of coal in the United States (1,647 million metric tons of CO2 from gas consumption versus 875 million metric tons from coal), accounting for more than 36 percent of energy-related CO2 released in the country. Total carbon pollution from gas power plants has more than doubled in the last 15 years. “Gas is the largest source of carbon pollution in the industrial sector,” adds Levin.

Air pollution

The gas industry also emits nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. All of these chemicals facilitate the creation of ground-level ozone, which contributes to several lung diseases and increases susceptibility to respiratory infection.

People who live near oil and gas wells experience elevated rates of poor pregnancy outcomes (birth defects, preterm birth, and fetal death), cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and asthma exacerbation. For this reason, public health advocates are urging cities and states to ban drilling close to communities, and the city of Los Angeles is moving toward outlawing drilling within city limits.

Researchers at UCLA found that gas appliances in our homes —including stovetops, heaters, and clothes dryers—are worsening indoor and outdoor air quality with pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and fine particulate matter.

Gas-powered home appliances, such as stovetops, can worsen indoor air quality.

Lisa Redfern

Water pollution

To frack a single well, energy companies can use million gallons of freshwater. In most cases, the water (along with added chemicals) is pumped deep underground, removing it from the earth’s background water cycle and reducing the availability of drinking water. “When the water is recovered from the fracking process, it is too contaminated to be treated and returned to the water cycle, never mind safe to drink,” says Kimberly Ong , a senior attorney at NRDC. “Also, since energy companies can’t fully control where the dirty water used for fracking flows, the process threatens nearby sources of drinking water.”

Fracking wastewater can be radioactive, corrosive, and toxic to humans and wildlife. While companies do not need to disclose their full list of ingredients, the pollutants in the wastewater can include salts, organic hydrocarbons (oil and grease), inorganic and organic additives, and naturally occurring radioactive material. As found in NRDC’s report “ In Fracking’s Wake ,” at least 29 chemical additives in fracking water have been identified as of particular concern for human health—and more than a dozen are probable or known human carcinogens. “Some additives can also interact with disinfectants at drinking water plants to form cancer-causing chemicals,” notes Ong.

In many communities, it has become clear that federal and state regulations have not kept up with the dramatic rise in fracking—and the nature of investigating groundwater pollution makes it even more difficult to track its impacts, like in the case of Pavillion, Wyoming . Many of the pollutants in fracking wastewater are not commonly tested for in commercial labs.

Community impacts

All of these harms have disproportionate impacts on poor communities and communities of color. Overwhelming data prove that people of color inhale polluted air at inordinately high rates. And, as recent drinking water crises have proven, low-income communities are the first to suffer when drinking water monitoring becomes lax. Natural gas infrastructure itself also poses a threat to the most vulnerable communities: The industry typically builds its high-polluting processing plants near homes for low-income people and people of color.

Umatilla tribal leader Cathy Sampson Kruse (left) and her daughter Mariah Sampson leading a prayer together at a 'No LNG' rally in Salem, Oregon on May 26, 2015

Alex Milan Tracy/AP Photo

“Industry has been quite deliberate in its willingness to leverage its political, economic, and regulatory clout to choose to drill where it wants,” says Bobby McEnaney , director of NRDC’s Dirty Energy Project. “In the case of fracking, this has meant that rural, Indigenous, and BIPOC communities have suffered the most. The indiscriminate use of eminent domain to force landowners, such as farmers, to allow drilling and pipelines on their land is a standard business model for frackers. Add in the federal and state exemptions from environmental laws that have been deliberately written for fracking operations, and this results in many communities finding themselves even more marginalized in being able to assert their rights to a clean environment.”

For all of these reasons, coalitions including NRDC have been pushing, state by state, for fracking bans. California and New York have already responded, and a fracking ban in the Delaware River Basin covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Feeding plastic pollution

When producers drill for methane, they also extract ethane from the ground. Ethane is a primary component in plastics production.

The U.S. fracking boom has flooded the world with ethane, and is helping to fuel the incredible increase in global plastics production. Even with gas prices sagging at times in recent years, the sale of ethane to plastics makers propped up several gas producers. “You can think of plastic as a kind of subsidy for fracking,” Steven Feit, an attorney at the Center for International Environmental Law, told Yale Environment 360 .

You could also think of gas as a kind of subsidy for plastics. As long as ethane is a cheap by-product of methane production, there will be very little cost to manufacture the plastics that are plaguing the world’s waterways, clogging landfills, and harming our health.

Earthquakes

The deposition of wastewater deep underground during natural gas production pressures rock formations, causing them to shift suddenly. The incidence of magnitude three or greater earthquakes increased 40-fold between the late 20th century and the last several years in the central United States. In Oklahoma, where fracking has surged since 2009 and the rate of magnitude three or greater earthquakes outpaced even California from 2014 to 2017, Stanford University geophysicists found that fracking for oil and gas is the prime suspect for causing such an increase. According to the USGS, the largest-known fracking-induced earthquake in the United States was a magnitude four quake that occurred in Texas in 2018. Some of these man-made earthquakes have been large enough to cause property damage and injuries.

Pipelines are easily the most common method of transporting natural gas domestically. The United States currently has more than 300,000 miles of pipelines dedicated to carrying natural gas. Along the way are compressor stations, which maintain the pressure that pushes the gas through the lines.

There are three types of gas pipeline. Narrow gathering pipelines collect gas from the hundreds of thousands of wellheads spread across the country. The gathering pipelines deliver the gas to either a processing facility or a large-diameter transmission pipeline , which itself connects to a processing facility. The gas then continues to narrow pipes again, called distribution pipelines , to be delivered to consumers. You can think of the gas delivery system like a tree (narrow roots, thick trunk, narrow branches), only much, much dirtier.

Construction of the Rocky Express Pipeline in Lancaster, Ohio in 2009. The gas pipeline system stretches 1,679 miles from Rio Blanco County, Colorado, to Monroe County, Ohio.

Ty Wright/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Pipeline regulation

Any new pipeline project that intends to cross state lines must be reviewed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) , an independent agency that has the authority to issue a “certificate of public convenience and necessity” for the construction and operation of gas pipelines under the Natural Gas Act. In the past, environmental and community groups have criticized FERC for rubber-stamping every project that has applied for a certificate. Partially thanks to increased criticism from the courts, the agency has begun to include climate change considerations in determining whether a pipeline gets the green light. FERC is also auditing the policies that guide its pipeline reviews—a process it began in 2018.

“This audit includes possible changes to how FERC considers a pipeline’s greenhouse gas emissions, whether a pipeline is needed to serve the public interest, and how a pipeline affects landowners and environmental justice communities,” explains Gillian Giannetti , an NRDC attorney. “This is important,” she adds. “Because pipelines can last for 50 years or more, the construction of pipelines today could lock in our reliance on fossil fuels decades into the future.”

While FERC is conducting this audit, it also created an Office of Public Participation to better bridge the gap between the agency and the public, soliciting feedback on how it should improve. “Some important suggestions include facilitating more public participation into the process and hosting site visits where concerned citizens can see how a proposed pipeline will affect their communities—as well as ensuring that the needs of historically exploited communities, including both state and federally recognized Indigenous tribes, are considered,” adds Giannetti.

FERC approval is not the only requirement before a gas pipeline is built. For example, pipeline developers generally also need permits from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the Army Corps of Engineers, and/or the USDA Forest Service. When pipelines cross federal land, developers must also get approvals from the Bureau of Land Management.

States also have authority over the construction and operation of gas pipelines. “Under the Clean Water Act, for instance, states can block pipelines that have not demonstrated that they will comply with state water quality standards and requirements,” says Morgan Johnson , an NRDC attorney. “The Clean Air Act also allows states to block gas compressor stations by denying certain air permits.”

Failure to obtain one of these permits has led to the cancellation of several high-profile pipelines, including the PennEast Pipeline and the Williams Pipeline . “These additional permits also offer opportunities to raise concerns with a particular project to forums other than FERC,” explains Johnson. For example, before the controversial Atlantic Coast Pipeline met its demise in 2020 , environmental and community advocates drew attention to its direct path through the Appalachian Trail, which required National Park Service and Forest Service reviews. It also required the state of Virginia to assess the air emissions connected to the project owners’ plan to put a compressor station in Union Hill, Virginia , a historic site home to many descendants of freed enslaved people.

There are several more pipelines already under construction facing similar pushback from the public. The Biden administration could easily halt these projects, like the Mountain Valley Pipeline across Appalachia, by reversing their approvals.

While domestic transportation of gas relies overwhelmingly on pipelines, gas is also moved by truck, rail, and ship. Before being shipped over land or sea, it is typically converted into a liquid form, known as liquefied natural gas , which is compressed and/or cooled to the unbelievably low temperature of -259 degrees Fahrenheit, or -161 degrees Celsius.

There are a couple of major problems associated with these transportation methods. “First, the energy required to cool gas into its liquid state, plus the energy required for overland or oversea transport, and finally converting the liquid gas back into a gaseous state, is immense” says Levin. “This process erases whatever climate advantage gas might have had over other forms of fossil fuels.”

Burnt oil tankers damaged in a fire following a train derailment in Mosier, Oregon, on June 3, 2016. US safety officials say they've seen slow progress in efforts to upgrade or replace tens of thousands of rupture-prone rail cars used to transport oil and gas, despite a string of fiery derailments.

Brent Foster/AP

Second, a truck or train densely packed with fossil fuel is essentially a bomb. The liquefied natural gas from just one rail tank car could be enough to destroy a city . Just 22 tank cars would have enough energy to match that of the Hiroshima bomb. “In many cases, these bombs are driven through populated communities to get from processing facilities to export terminals or consumers,” says Ong. The proposed Gibbstown Logistics Center , a liquefied natural gas facility to be built on the Delaware River, is a good example. “The project would entail driving fracked gas more than 200 miles through residential neighborhoods near and through Philadelphia .”

If that doesn’t worry you, take a look at the history of natural gas infrastructure—this stuff has a troubling tendency to blow up. In the United States alone, gas compressor stations, processing facilities, and pipelines are responsible for explosions in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2019. In many cases, workers were killed or severely injured.

The 2015 Aliso Canyon gas leak near Los Angeles released over 95,000 tons of methane into the atmosphere, placing more than 35,000 people at risk in one of the single-worst climate-related disasters in human history. (Leaks persist to this day.) Not long after, a pipeline in Alaska ruptured, leaking 210,000 to 310,000 cubic feet of gas a day at some points. Those leaks will affect the global climate for decades.

A gas gathering plant at the Southern California Gas Company's Aliso Canyon storage facility near the Porter Ranch neighborhood of Los Angeles in January 2017

Jae C. Hong/AP Photo

In 2021, a blaze fed by a leaking gas pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico created the unimaginable image of an ocean on fire. Nicknamed “the eye of fire,” the disaster was only a short distance from an oil platform.

Gas proponents have touted it as a “bridge fuel,” an immediately deployable energy source that is cleaner than coal and can power the world’s economy until renewables are ready to take over. But here’s the problem: “The bridge fuel argument dates to the early 1970s and no longer holds water,” says Sheryl Carter , who leads NRDC’s work on the power sector. “Renewables are now cheaper than gas almost everywhere in the United States—and energy efficiency measures were always cheaper.”

“Nearly five decades of industry rhetoric about gas being a bridge fuel doesn’t make it any cleaner or more viable,” says McEnaney. “We need pathways, not bridges. On cost alone, we have seen that renewables and efficiency measures have gas beat. There are even several gas drilling operations that have perversely built their own wind and solar facilities to power drilling operations, since it is cheaper than using gas.”

Indeed, utility-scale wind and solar energy are now cheaper than energy from gas or coal. The trend lines should terrify gas producers: Over the last decade, the cost of energy from wind has dropped 70 percent, and the cost of solar power has dropped 89 percent. “If things continue this way, there will be few arguments left in favor of gas—or any fossil fuel,” says Carter. “Renewables are ready to take over.”

This NRDC.org story is available for online republication by news media outlets or nonprofits under these conditions: The writer(s) must be credited with a byline; you must note prominently that the story was originally published by NRDC.org and link to the original; the story cannot be edited (beyond simple things such as grammar); you can’t resell the story in any form or grant republishing rights to other outlets; you can’t republish our material wholesale or automatically—you need to select stories individually; you can’t republish the photos or graphics on our site without specific permission; you should drop us a note to let us know when you’ve used one of our stories.

The U.S. is the world’s largest exporter of dangerous liquefied natural gas.

Tell the Biden administration you support its pause on LNG exports—and that you’re counting on it to phase out all dirty fuels and to fight the climate crisis.

Help protect communities from dangerous liquefied natural gas!

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a dangerous substance composed primarily of methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The Biden administration has paused LNG exports—and now we must urge it to phase out all climate-wrecking fuels.

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Outlook for Natural Gas

Long-term outlook for natural gas.

The long-term view of natural gas that it will be an essential partner to the clean energy future because of its environmental qualities, reliability and economic impact and because of its vast abundance in the United States.

The U.S. Energy Information’s forecast to 2050 proves out this view.  You can read EIA’s latest Annual Energy Outlook here .

Winter and Summer Outlooks for Natural Gas

For a more short-term forecast, NGSA works with outside experts to produce seasonal forecasts and assessments of the short-term prospects for natural gas over the upcoming winter heating season or summer cooling season.

NGSA’s forecasts rely on outside experts to analyze five factors:  weather, economic growth, demand from residential, industrial, commercial, export and electric power customers, storage and production to predict whether pressure on prices will be upward, downward or neutral.

Information from our latest Summer and Winter Outlook forecasts is available below.

For all your Winter market questions, check our our helpful Q&A , executive summary and videos.

Latest NGSA Summer Outlook for Natural Gas

NGSA 2024 Summer Outlook PowerPoint presentation

• Press Release: NGSA Summer Outlook: Consumers to Benefit from Strong Storage and Production During Summer of Record Demand  (May 9, 2024)
• NGSA 2024 Summer Outlook Executive Summary

Visit our “Resources” pages for older NGSA Outlooks.

Latest NGSA Winter Outlook for Natural Gas

• NGSA 2023-2024 Winter Outlook PowerPoint presentation
• Press Release: NGSA Winter Natural Gas Outlook Projects Record Demand and Production Combining to Put Slight Downward Market Pressure on Natural Gas This Winter (October 5, 2023)
• NGSA 2023-2024 Winter Outlook Executive Summary
• Background Information:  Historical Winter Natural Gas Price Information

NGSA Summer Outlook: Consumers to Benefit from Strong Storage and Production During Summer of Record Demand

May 9, 2024

Summer 2024 Natural Gas Market Outlook Executive Summary

Chart: u.s. recoverable natural gas resources almost doubled in last decade.

July 21, 2020

Core Sector: Gas

The nation's natural gas infrastructure transports gas to homes, buildings, industrial customers, and utilities for use in heating and electric power. Public utility commissions are responsible for assuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the natural gas distribution network.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and NARUC established a Natural Gas Infrastructure Modernization Partnership (NGIMP) as a cooperative effort to understand emerging technologies and regulatory options for improving commission oversight of natural gas utilities. The NGIMP convened state regulators, federal agencies, and other natural gas stakeholders to learn more about emerging technologies pertaining to critically important issues around enhancing infrastructure and pipeline safety. A particular focus is on natural gas pipeline leak detection and measurement tools, and learning about new technologies and cost-effective practices for enhancing pipeline safety, reliability, efficiency, and deliverability.

As of July 1, 2020, NARUC and the DOE launched a new Natural Gas Partnership (NGP) to replace the NGIMP. The NGP continues the NGIMP's work on leak detection and infrastructure modernization and broadens NARUC's focus to a broad range of issues relating to natural gas regulation. NGP activities are closely coordinated with the NARUC Committee on Gas . 

NARUC staff experts who support these activities include Kiera Zitelman .

• Resolutions
• Certified Natural Gas: Primer, Regulatory Landscape, and Contributions Toward a Low-Carbon Future , February 2024 This report seeks to provide basic information about CNG, thus preparing PUCs to make sound decisions regarding CNG offerings impacting utility customers. It t cites examples from a growing body of state regulatory decisions on utility CNG proposals and aims to help PUCs build familiarity with CNG offerings to assist with their future decision-making.
• Essential Guide to NARUC Natural Gas Resources , February 2024 NARUC members are increasingly seeking more information about natural gas infrastructure needs, impacts, and the role of Public Utility Commissions (PUCs). This guide connects commissioners and commission staff to essential natural gas resources that NARUC has developed.
• Task Force on Natural Gas Resource Planning , July 2023
• Potential State Regulatory Pathways to Facilitate Low-Carbon Fuels , December 2022 This report provides informational context for state utility regulators to understand the impacts and challenges of broader integration of low-carbon fuels such as hydrogen and renewable natural gas (RNG). Included are illustrative examples of state regulatory actions taken to date to facilitate the development of low-carbon fuels, including voluntary customer tariffs, supplier tariffs, procurement targets and investigatory proceedings. Increasingly, policymakers are considering the role of hydrogen and RNG in helping to achieve state and national decarbonization goals, as they may be able to reduce emissions from processes currently dependent on geologic natural gas by displacing emissions of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Although these alternatives currently cost more than geologic natural gas and face technical barriers to broader deployment, they can be explored as tools to decarbonize sectors that are difficult to electrify or transition away from natural gas entirely.
• Artificial Intelligence for Natural Gas Utilities: A Primer , October 2020 Artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive analytics, and other applications of data analysis and statistical methods show great potential for improving the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the nation's natural gas infrastructure. In this resource, NARUC defines relevant terminology in this area and summarizes relevant applications and case studies for natural gas distribution utilities.
• Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure Replacement and Modernization: A Review of State Programs , January 2020 Natural gas is an essential fuel for the U.S. economy, providing fuel for heating, electricity, and other services to customers. However, natural gas delivery infrastructure is aging, and technologies that were novel at the time of installation may no longer hold that position. Commissions and state legislatures have instituted a number of policies and regulations setting forth objectives and methods to remove and replace aging infrastructure. This report summarizes infrastructure replacement statutes and regulations in 41 states and the District of Columbia, with the goal of enhancing coordination across states and sharing best practices. While there is no perfect model program, state regulators can benefit from an understanding of the regulatory and infrastructure context in their states and how other states have implemented infrastructure replacement programs.
• Sampling of Methane Emissions Detection Technologies and Practices for Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure: An Educational Handbook for State Energy Regulators , July 2019 This handbook summarizes methane leaks in the context of the natural gas distribution network. It identifies existing and emerging technologies and practices and outlines partnerships to further the development of novel tools. As a product of NGIMP, this research is primarily meant to expand state energy regulators’ understanding of state-of-the-art methane leak detection tools, thereby enhancing their ability to appropriately regulate the safety and efficiency of the nation’s natural gas infrastructure. However, multiple stakeholders including federal regulators, natural gas producers and utilities, consumer and environmental advocates, and others may also benefit from increased awareness of this market and its regulatory environment.
• LNG: A Local Market – A Global Market - An Introductory Handbook for State Public Utility Commissioners , November 2018 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) continues to play a significant and important role not only in the United States market, but also globally. LNG is viewed by many market participants as a viable asset to help expand the use of natural gas and support environmental policies striving to reduce the volume of CO2 and other pollutants that are emitted in the atmosphere by human activity. In its over 50-year-history of being traded, LNG has fostered alliances and become a vital source of revenue to producing regions. LNG has helped consumers in many regions reduce their carbon footprint and enjoy an energy source not bound by agreements entered into by a handful of producers. Technological advances have propelled LNG from a fuel used under extreme conditions, such as a cold spell, to a fuel that can be produced, transported, stored, and delivered safely to consumers for a broad range of applications, ranging from vehicular fuel to power generation. This handbook is intended to serve as an introductory tool for regulators and other interested readers to understand the basics behind the LNG market today and facilitate a thoughtful discourse between producers, regulators, and consumers for further appropriate and responsible engagement and communication on the path forward.
• Electricity Committee Monthly Meeting , May 10, 2:00 pm ET The Electricity Committee invites Gas Committee members to join its monthly meeting to hear a presentation on the Natural Gas Supply Association's summer 2024 natural gas outlook. Please contact NARUC staff for meeting details. This meeting is open to Electricity and Gas Committee and Staff Subcommittee members.
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting , May 6, 1:00 pm ET At this meeting, members will discuss plans for the upcoming NARUC Summer Policy Summit. Please contact NARUC staff for meeting details. Meetings are open to Gas Committee and Staff Subcommittee members.
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: GTI Energy Meta NZ , April 8 Dr. Derek Wissmiller, Director of Strategic Analysis, GTI Energy provided an overview of a recent study, Designs for Net-Zero Energy Systems: Meta-Analysis of U.S. Economy-Wide Decarbonization Studies , followed by a presentation from Ryan Kerr, Director of GTI Energy’s Emerging Technology Program, on specific technologies and approaches that can be used to help decarbonize buildings. View presentation
• DOE-NARUC Gas Site Visit to Denver, CO , March 25 - 27, 2024 A summary report is available for the NARUC Natural Gas Partnership site visit to Denver, Colorado on March 25-27, 2024. This site visit provided NARUC members with the opportunity to learn about continuous methane monitoring equipment and independent certification of natural gas, observe current methane emissions quantification technologies, and connect with fellow commissioners and experts.
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Natural Gas Hedging Strategies , March 11 Sarah Mead, Director Gas Supply, WEC Energy Group and Paul Corby, Senior Vice President, Energy, Planalytics presented to committee members on natural gas hedging practices. View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Update on NARUC Task Force on Natural Gas Resource Planning and Task Force on Gas-Electric Alignment for Reliability , January 22 Attendees received an update on the NARUC Task Force on Natural Gas Resource Planning and Task Force on Gas-Electric Alignment for Reliability (GEAR). During this update, Committee members learned more about upcoming plans for both task forces and asked questions of members of the task forces’ leadership. View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: NERC 2023-2024 Winter Reliability Assessment , December 11, 2023 Speakers: John Moura, Director of Reliability Assessments and Performance Analysis, NERC and Mark Olson, Manager of Reliability Assessments, NERC View presentation

Speakers: Hon. James Ellison, NM PRC; Hon. Kim David, OCC; and Hon. Dan Scripps, MI PSC View presentation

• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: TSA Briefing on Recent Update to Security Directive for oil and gas pipeline cybersecurity , September 11, 2023 Speaker: Sonya Proctor, Assistant Administrator for Surface Operations, TSA View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: NAESB Gas-Electric Harmonization Forum Final Report , August 14, 2023 Speakers: Bob Gee, Sue Tierney, and Pat Wood, Chairs, NAESB Gas-Electric Harmonization Forum View presentation
• NARUC Natural Gas Distribution Technology Showcase, July 18 in Austin, TX Commissioners, commission staff, and federal staff participated in a Natural Gas Distribution Technology Showcase on July 18th from 9:30 to 10:45 am CT during the NARUC Summer Policy Summit in Austin, Texas. The Natural Gas Distribution Technology Showcase gave state public utility commissioners and staff an opportunity to learn more about nascent natural gas distribution system and/or customer-facing technologies that might appear in upcoming rate cases and provided a chance for commissioners and staff to ask questions and engage in a dialogue about emerging technologies in a small group setting. The showcase was made possible by the U.S. Department of Energy-NARUC Natural Gas Partnership.
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Pipeline Safety: Gas Pipeline Leak Detection and Repair NPRM , June 12, 2023 Speakers: Kathleen Maitland and Conor Walsh, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration View presentation
• DOE-NARUC Natural Gas Partnership Site Visit to Savannah, Georgia , May 8 - 10, 2023 NARUC members toured Kinder Morgan's Elba Island liquefied natural gas export facility, the Port of Savannah and Port Fuel Center compressed natural gas fueling infrastructure, and Atlanta Gas Light's local distribution infrastructure. This activity was supported by the DOE-NARUC Natural Gas Partnership. View trip summary
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Interdependencies between Natural Gas and the Agricultural Sector , May 15, 2023, 1:00 - 2:00 pm ET Speakers: Dan Lapato and Richard Meyer, American Gas Association View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Natural Gas Prices, Energy Bills, and Assistance Programs , April 10, 2023, 1:00 - 2:00 pm ET Speakers: Mark Wolfe, National Energy Assistance Directors Association and Karen Lusson, National Consumer Law Center View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: FERC State of the Markets Report , March 27, 2023, 2:00 - 3:00 pm ET Speaker: FERC staff View report
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Gas Turbine Association Overview and Discussion , February 6, 2023, 1:00 - 2:00 pm ET Speaker: S.A. DellaVilla Jr., Gas Turbine Association View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: NERC Long-Term Reliability Assessment , January 23, 2023 Speakers: Fritz Hirst and Mark Olson, NERC Open to members of the Committees and Staff Subcommittees on Gas, Electricity, and Critical Infrastructure View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Methane Remote Sensing and Leak Detection , December 12, 2022 Speaker: Riley Duren, Carbon Mapper View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Biogas and Renewable Natural Gas Use in Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Pipelines , November 7, 2022 Speaker: Alex Kirschling, P.E., Wisconsin Public Service Commission View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Natural Gas Regulatory Program , October 24, 2022 Speaker: Amy Sweeney, U.S. Department of Energy View presentation
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: TSA Cybersecurity Requirements for Pipelines (Joint with Critical Infrastructure Committee , September 19, 2022 Speaker: Kimberly Denbow, American Gas Association Read TSA announcement
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Gas Supply Issues and Solutions Following Winter Storm Uri , July 11, 2022 Speaker: Terri Eaton, Xcel Energy
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Gas Climate Planning Tool Overview , June 13, 2022 Speakers: Erin Murphy, EDF, Luke Hellgren and Brian Jones, ERM Learn more about the tool here
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: NGSA Briefing on the Summer Outlook for Natural Gas , May 16, 2022 Speakers: David Attwood, ExxonMobil and Dena Wiggins, Natural Gas Supply Association
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Natural Gas Markets in an Evolving Energy Landscape , April 18, 2022 Speakers: Juan Alvarado and Richard Meyer, American Gas Association Download slides
• Gas Committee Monthly Meeting: Overview of FERC's New Policy Statements and Impacts on Natural Gas Infrastructure , March 14, 2022 Speaker: Colette D. Honorable, Reed Smith
• Net-Zero Emissions Opportunities for Gas Utilities , February 7, 2022 Speakers: Karen Harbert, President and CEO, and Juan Alvarado, Director of Energy Analysis, American Gas Association Download study
• European Gas and Electricity Market Volatility , January 24, 2022 Speakers: Will Polen, Senior Director, U.S. Energy Association and Lynne Fowler, Senior Vice President, Gee Strategies Group View presentation
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation winter reliability assessment , December 13, 2021 Speaker: Mark Olson, Manager, Reliability Assessments, NERC View presentation
• SoCal Gas: Role of Clean Fuels and Business Transformation Workstream , November 15, 2021 Speakers: N. Jonathan Peress and Despina Niehaus, SoCal Gas View presentation
• Joint with Committee on Energy Resources and Environment: Gas Utility Regulation for a Time of Transition , June 21, 2021 Speakers: Mark LeBel, Associate, Regulatory Assistance Project and Erin M. Blanton, Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy View presentation
• NERC 2021 Summer Reliability Assessment , June 14, 2021 Speakers: Jim Robb, President and CEO and Mark Olson, Manager, Reliability Assessment, North American Electric Reliability Corporation View presentation
• Investing in Natural Gas Pipeline Infrastructure to Support Net-Zero Targets , May 24, 2021 Speakers: Erin M. Blanton, Melissa C. Lott, and Kirsten Nicole Smith, Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy View presentation
• The Effects of Winter Storm Uri on Natural Gas Utilities , April 16, 2021 Speakers: John Gunnells, Manager, State Affairs and Juan Alvarado, Director, Energy Analysis, American Gas Association View presentation
• Elemental Sulfur and Di-Thiazine Formation in Natural Gas Pipelines , March 19, 2021 Speaker: Matt Smith, Illinois Commerce Commission View presentation
• U.S.-Europe Methane Strategy , January 15, 2021 Facilitated by Commissioner Diane X. Burman, New York and Commissioner D. Ethan Kimbrel, Illinois Speaker: Shawn Bennett, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oil and Natural Gas, U.S. Department of Energy View recording View presentation
• Benefits of U.S. Oil and Natural Gas , December 18, 2020 Opening remarks by Commissioner Diane X. Burman, New York Speaker: Shawn Bennett, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oil and Natural Gas, U.S. Department of Energy View recording View presentation
• Commissioner Jay Balasbas, Washington
• Kevin Speicher, Chief, Natural Gas and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety, New York State Department of Public Service
• Marc Huestis, Senior Vice President, Gas Operations, Consolidated Edison of New York
• Melissa Corniel, Project Manager, Project Management & Customer Programs, Consolidated Edison of New York
• Jonathan Diaz, Engineer, Gas Distribution Integrity Management, Consolidated Edison of New York
• Commissioner Julie Fedorchak, North Dakota
• Commissioner D. Ethan Kimbrel, Illinois
• Dr. Jack Lewnard, Program Director, ARPA-E
• Dr. Todd Danko, Principal Roboticist, GE Global Research
• Dr. Farah Singer, Associate Project Manager, ULC Robotics
• Dr. Gerald Wilson, President & CEO, Autonomic Materials
• Amy Shank, Williams Companies
• Shawn Bennett, U.S. DOE
• Paul McNutt, ConocoPhillips
• Brooke Harris, ExxonMobil
• Mark Gebbia, Williams Companies
• Jay Churchill, Phillips 66
• Doug Sauer, Phillips 66
• Natural Gas Policy Institute, August 27 - 28, 2019, Chicago, IL NARUC members spoke on three panels covering gas-electric interdependencies, resilience and reliability of natural gas infrastructure, and methane leak detection technologies during an educational event hosted by the National Conference of State Legislatures. Regulators built valuable links to state legislators and improved their understanding of the role of public utility commissions and legislatures in enhancing pipeline reliability and efficiency.
• Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Workshop , July 23, 2019, Indianapolis, IN State regulators led an informational workshop at NARUC’s 2019 Summer Policy Summit exploring renewable natural gas (RNG) from production to processing, transmission and distribution, and end uses. Expert panelists representing a wide range of stakeholders provided an orientation on RNG, overview of benefits and barriers, and summary of infrastructure issues associated with interconnecting higher levels of RNG in existing pipelines. The workshop concluded with a discussion of options available to state regulators and policymakers to advance the RNG market to deliver benefits to ratepayers and the environment. NARUC staff produced a summary of the presentations and discussions.
• 2019 Cove Point LNG Tour , February 12, 2019, Lusby, MD NARUC staff worked with Dominion Energy, NARUC members, and DOE to schedule a tour of the Cove Point LNG export facility in Lusby, Maryland, in conjunction with the NARUC 2019 Winter Policy Summit on February 12, 2019. Commissioners toured the facility and discussed regulatory oversight of LNG export.
• 2018 Methane Leak Detection Technologies Site Visit and Technical Workshop , September 18 - 19, 2018, Boston, MA On September 18 and 19, 2018, NARUC commissioners visited Physical Sciences, Inc. (PSI) and Heath Consultants in Andover, MA, to tour a project funded by the DOE Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Methane Observation Networks with Innovative Technology to Obtain Reductions (MONITOR) program. The PSI/Heath project team was researching drone-based methane leak detection and exhibited this technology for commission attendees during an in-person visit on September 18, 2018. Attendees also participated in a technical workshop on September 19, 2018 at the Massachusetts DPU in Boston highlighting a full suite of commercially available technologies for leak detection.

NARUC is grateful to the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Office of Oil and Natural Gas for funding the Natural Gas Infrastructure Modernization Partnership (NGIMP), which enables the resources and activities described on this webpage.

Key Members of the Natural Gas Infrastructure Modernization Partnership:

• Commissioner Diane X. Burman, Chair of NGIMP, New York State Public Service Commission
• Andreas Thanos, Staff Chair of NGIMP, Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities
• Commissioner D. Ethan Kimbrel, Illinois Commerce Commission
• Commissioner Jay Balasbas, Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission

February 16, 2022

• Resolution Encouraging State and Federal Policymakers to Seek Guidance from State Utility Regulators to Design Markets that Will Achieve Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Least Cost

Publications

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Committee on Gas

Tammy Cordova Chair Public Utilities Commission of Nevada

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Natural Gas Producer Company Profile

Natural gas producer company profile presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

Energy companies are very important because they supply what society needs to function, like electricity or, in this case, natural gas. Do you work for a natural gas producer? Detail your company profile in this template and let everyone know how you operate and how they can make deals with you. You'll notice that the design is quite surprising: it has lots of colorful stickers on top of dark backgrounds. It's like everything is more "casual" than formal. Well, if you want to distance yourself from those "too-serious-almost-evil-looking" big companies, here's a good way of doing so!

Features of this template

• 100% editable and easy to modify
• 27 different slides to impress your audience
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• Includes 500+ icons and Flaticon’s extension for customizing your slides
• Designed to be used in Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint
• 16:9 widescreen format suitable for all types of screens
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Streamlined Life Cycle Assessments of Natural Gas Systems Can Inform Near-Term Energy Transition

New open-source sling-ghg model provides greater understanding of natural gas supply chain.

The natural gas industry is one of the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters in the United States, and significant amounts of natural gas are used for electricity, heating, and industrial and chemical processes. Strategies like electrification of process equipment could cut GHG emissions in natural gas systems and accelerate transitioning today's energy system to 100% clean electricity by 2035 .

"You need to understand the incumbent energy system when you're talking about an energy transition, especially in terms of greenhouse gas emissions benefits," said National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) analyst Garvin Heath. "You have to understand the current system that you're transitioning away from in order to evolve."

Heath is among the authors on a new report, Charting the Course: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the U.S. Natural Gas Supply Chain , conducted by the National Petroleum Council in response to a request from the secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

The report provides recommendations on how to reduce methane emissions based on a new open-source life cycle assessment model that examines natural gas and liquefied natural gas: the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas – Greenhouse Gases (SLiNG-GHG).

Streamlined Data for Natural Gas Life Cycle Assessments

To get the full picture of potential environmental impacts a technology or service may have over every stage of its lifetime, researchers use what is called life cycle assessment (LCA).

"One of the things that life cycle assessments do really well is to build up knowledge of every single step of a process and calculate the environmental costs each step could have versus the benefits it could have," Heath said.

LCAs of the natural gas supply chain examine the carbon footprint of acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, product use, and disposal. This analysis requires massive amounts of information from hundreds of inputs.

The SLiNG-GHG model distills that information into just a few dozen parameters, giving users the ability to generate their own preliminary estimates about GHG emissions from natural gas and liquefied natural gas life cycles. Heath and researchers at McGill University (Montreal, Canada) co-led a small team of LCA experts from the National Petroleum Council study to develop the streamlined model through a meta-analysis, or harmonization , of LCA studies from the last decade, making it customizable for anyone to use.

"The idea is that the model can make tailored estimates for the particular supply chain, for a particular company, or in a particular region, because it varies quite considerably," Heath said.

As an open-source model, SLiNG-GHG is accessible to anyone and can help stakeholders at all points along the natural gas supply chain understand their greenhouse gas emissions. SLiNG-GHG can be valuable to government officials, investors, natural gas and liquefied natural gas producers and purchasers, and regulators outside of the federal government, to name a few.

Because the streamlined LCA data is available for every stage of the natural gas supply chain, stakeholders can prioritize the areas on which they would like to focus decarbonization efforts more easily.

"You can understand where to focus your efforts once you've looked across the whole system in detail," Heath said. "You can examine them all and say, 'This is the biggest one we want to put our decarbonization effort toward,' or, 'We have a great technology to decarbonize this section.'"

Informed Decision-Making: Next Steps

Ultimately, the goal of the SLiNG-GHG model is to encourage stakeholders at all levels of the supply chain to more frequently incorporate natural gas LCA data in planning and policy.

To that end, the National Petroleum Council study laid out several recommendations for planning and policy based on the findings, many of which are directly tied to the team's work and the chapter with which Heath was involved.

"Several recommendations revolve around the potential future and expanded uses of the SLiNG-GHG model, which could be very beneficial to not only the policymakers and DOE but also any user in the natural gas supply chain when it comes to determining the potential impacts of greenhouse gases in the future," Heath said.

The recommendations include the following:

• Stakeholders should use LCA models like SLiNG-GHG to determine the impact and potential opportunities to mitigate GHGs at all points in the supply chain.
• Stakeholders should adopt wider use of the SLiNG-GHG model for initial screening tests for natural gas carbon footprint estimates.
• DOE should support models such as SLiNG-GHG in its Measuring, Monitoring, Reporting, and Verifying efforts.
• Users should review the harmonization process when evaluating LCA data from other studies, and DOE should create best practice guidelines for natural gas LCAs.
• DOE should sponsor research and development of LCA tools designed to test the intensities of GHG emissions in various supply chains and pathways.
• DOE should sponsor the creation of an expert stakeholder advisory group to create further recommendations on the integration of GHG emissions measurement data.
• DOE should sponsor development of LCA models consistent with existing frameworks supporting GHG impact analysis of future natural gas use compared to other energy sources.

Read more about natural gas life cycle assessments , and learn more about NREL's energy analysis research .

US natgas prices up 3% to 14-week high on rising demand for LNG feedgas

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The U.S. auto safety regulator on Friday opened a preliminary probe into 6,813 Ocean SUVs made by Fisker in 2023 after complaints that the automatic emergency braking system used in the electric vehicles had activated inadvertently.

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Natural Gas - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Natural Gas

Natural gas location of world s natural gas fields the process of creating natural gas the process is the same as the process to create oil, with one important ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• The process is the same as the process to create oil, with one important difference.
• Instead of being buried between 7500 and 15000 feet, the natural gas is buried at greater depths.
• Natural gas is more widely distributed than oil.
• In almost all oil fields, there are natural gas fields.
• In addition, there are many fields in areas without oil.
• 1) Natural Gas (NG) is still cheap.
• 2) There is an abundance of NG globally, at least a centurys worth at current use.
• 3) There is an still plenty of NG in the North America, although not that much in the US.  
• 1) Like petroleum, burning natural gas generates a lot of air pollution.
• 2) Burning natural gas worsens global warming.
• 3) The pumping and transportation of natural gas generates a lot of methane.
• Methane is about 17 worse than carbon dioxide for the problem of global warming.
• 4) To expand the production of NG, we will need to spend hundreds of billions to liquefy NG and transport it in liquid form.
• 5) Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) is very hazardous to transport and store.  
• A ship the size of the Exxon Valdez would explode with the power of a small nuclear bomb.
• 6) The US will need to drastically increase its imports of NG if it wants to substitute NG for coal or petroleum.
• Where do we put the refineries and pipelines?

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