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CSS Essay “Impacts of Media” with Outline | By Aqsa Imtiaz (CSS/PMS 2020 Qualified)

Table of Contents

“Impacts of Media”

Essay outline:, 1) introduction.

According to Montesquieu theory of separation of powers there are three pillars / organs of the state i.e. executive, legislature and judiciary. However, media has emerged as the fourth pillar of state…..…

2) Positive aspect Or Impacts of Media

a) Social impacts…….

entertainment;
connectivity;
awareness of rights;

b) Political impacts…..

canvassing;
political shenanigans;

c) Economic impacts…..

success of business;
shaping minds;

d) Religious impacts…….

access to religious cities;
interfaith harmony;

e) Educational impacts……..

access to learning worldwide;

f) Healthcare impacts……

health tips;
health chart;
diet plans;

g) Media as a watchdog

3) Negative Aspects Or Impact of Media

a) Social……

Wastage of time;
Disinformation;

b) Political…….

a tool of political victimization;
a tool for dictator;

c) Economic…..

advertisement of substandard good;

d) Religions…….

e) Educational…….

Good for nothing tutors are brandished as….

f) Healthcare…….

Health’s privatization;
Branding new diseases;

4) Suggestions for improvement

Active role of PEMRA;
Professional Journalism;
Training spells of media persons;

5) Conclusion

“impacts of media” complete essay.

“According to Montesquieu theory of separation of powers, there are three organs of state i.e. executive, legislature and judiciary”. However, media has emerged as the fourth pillar of state due to its importance in the modern world. A free and independent media is the pre-requisite for socio-economic development, cultural and religious harmony and for strong state institutions.

The constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens freedom of press and freedom of information are among them. The universal declaration of human rights, 1948 also speaks about free access of information to all and sundry.

Media is of various types i.e. print media, electronic media and (as its offshoot) advertising media. It has its positive and negative aspects (advantages and disadvantages) and impacts on social, economic, political, religious, educational and medical spheres which call for various remedial measures which we discuss one by one in the following paragraphs such as:

The positive social aspect of media is that it is a source of entertainment. Movies, drama serial, sports all are found there on social media. It is the fastest source of access to latest information even in the twinkling of an eye. While being there online, one many have access around the globe. It is the best source of inter-district, inter-provinces and interstate connectivity giving rise to peace and harmony. It has been the best source of opinion building of the masses. It makes them aware of their fundamental and other rights of social nature.

The positive political aspect of media is that it becomes instrumental in the canvassing of any political party for its desired candidate. Whether it is the print or electronic media, both modes are adopted by the political big-wings for the publication of their agenda and manifesto. The treasury and the opposition both find it equally efficacious. It is proved to be the champion of democracy. It is only because of media that the democracy of Pakistan has got rid of the clutches of dictatorship. In this age of globalization, the masses can better understand the shenanigans of political parties who try to axe their own grind.

The positive economic aspect of media is that it has become a symbol of success for any sole proprietorship, partnership firm, private and public company, etc. Advertisements play a vital role in shaping the minds of consumers regarding any newly launched product of any kind. With a single click or vision, consumers can have access to a wide range of products of the same specie but with different brand tags. They can opt any of the brand after their own heart. They need not visit the spot in person. They can purchase it while being there at home through e-commerce. Even goods are sold, purchased, returned, and exchanged through e-commerce. Payment of these items is not a big deal now. All this has become possible only with the able assistance of media.

The positive aspect of media is that all and sundry can have easy and equal access to religious sites and channels like Q-TV, Quran Reader, etc. Media has made this impossible possible. Now, one can learn and recite the Holy Quran by heart easily. It is also the big source of interfaith harmony. Faiths found in various parts of world can easily be harmonized. It is proved to be an anti-dote to clash of civilization. Terrorism and extremism can be rooted out with the help of media in a befitting manner.

The positive educational aspect of media is that it improves learning skills. One may have access to the institutions of stupendous repute worldwide while being at home. All academic activities and extra-curricular activities have become dependent upon media. Academic, cultural, regional, national, international, commercial, and conventional education cannot be received conveniently without media. It updates in fact. Media has attained the position of ground reality in every sphere of academics.

Media has also great deal of importance in health sector. Media provides us health tips which are helpful in maintaining good health. Health charts, diet plans and plans for taking proper exercise are available on social media which are in easy access to all on daily basis. The best panel of doctors, physicians, surgeons and pharmacists are found their easily. Pharmaceutical companies advertise their newly launched products through media which fact has become helpful in making the people aware of the cures of the epidemics like Tuberculosis(TB), AIDS, Hepatitis A, B, C, etc. The government makes the masses aware of their projects about healthcare through social media whereby the latter become able to get medical aid in the hours of need.

Media acts as a watchdog in the working and smooth performance of functioning of various departments in the three organs of state i.e. executive, legislature and judiciary whereby they try their level best to perform their duties well in order to receive appreciation and avoid criticism.

Besides the above mentioned positive aspects, media also has some negative aspects which call for some remedial measures. These negative aspects can be explained as under.

The negative social impact of media is that it has paved the way for isolation. Individuals stick to their television, laptop, i-phones, tablets or LED‟s in their bedrooms, houses, offices even at public places without taking notice of the presence of any other person present there in the company of fellows. It becomes the cause of wastage of time when we have a lot of channels or groups to visit resulting in the polarization of mind. Sometimes it also happens that we find unauthentic and manipulated information which is found quite otherwise than the propriety of the information demands. This way it misleads the masses. Cybercrimes on media have given rise to the practice of blackmailing. Yellow journalism and sensationalism have also made the pathetic situation more worsen. Polluted culture is also the outcome of social media‟s negative impact. When the masses found the opportunity of having knowhow about multi-cultures they mix their own culture with it willy-nilly.

The negative political impact of media is that it is used as a tool for political victimization by the arch rivals. The treasury is usually in a better position to malign the opposition through the weapon of media. Similarly, the opposition leaves no stone unturned in making a mountain out of a mole hill. Dictators also use media in order to shape the minds of populace in their favor against the democratic governments at the cost of democratic norms.

The negative economic impact and aspect of media is that substandard goods, products and services are sold like a hot cake. It is said that a good wine needs no bush. Newly launched products are advertised on media in the way that its drawbacks, if any, are suppressed under the pomp and show of the advertisement which are dawned upon the consumers like a snake in the grass.

The negative religious impact of media is that it fans sectarianism, terrorism and extremism. It has been found most oftenly that the proscribed organizations under the garb of “Service to humanity” or with a different hash-tag prop-up their own agenda of hatred, terrorism, extremism and sectarianism. Besides that, our religious mindset has been affected badly owing to the access of western culture. A lot of unwanted improvements in our religion have been manufactured which have badly affected the spirit of the teachings of our religion Islam. The unfiltered, un-scrutinized and unauthentic material available on social media has placed the masses between the devil and the deep-sea.

The negative educational impact of media is that good for nothing tutors are brandished as senior and mature mentors. They are dubbed as professionals. As a result they fail to provide quality education consequent upon which the youth are unable to serve the nation despite having degrees rather professional degree. It would not be wrong if one say that private sector is the illegitimate child of social media. It represents the private educational sector in a way that even educated first generation is trapped. The luxurious facilities like fully air conditioned environment, indoor and outdoor games and the display of score cards of the pupils on social media is not less than a double edged weapon in the hands of private education system.

In healthcare sector, media has also casted a havoc. Private hospitals use social media as a tool for introducing new brands of diseases with the extensive degree of stress which they do not require. The purpose behind it is either to launch a new product of medicine or to make the masses realize that that sort of particular disease is found curable only in their medical facility. Such products are found famous in the market and later on are discarded by the health officials terming them as “injurious to health”. It is only because of this dark side of media.

The above said negative aspects / impacts of media call for some suggestions / remedial measures which are as under.

There must be effective policies of check and balance over media. These policies should also be implemented in letter and spirit. For this purpose, Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) should play an active role in the light of provisions enshrined in the ordinance.

There must be professional journalists. They must handle everything professionally. For this purpose, they should take utmost care before disseminating any information or news on social media- unauthentic or dis-informative news must be filtered out.

There should be training spells of the media person. For this purpose, the government in collaboration with PEMRA should devise a clear-cut strategy. The media persons should be given handsome pay packages.

In a nutshell, media have gained currency as the fourth pillar of state and it has become an undeniable reality which plays a pivotal role in shaping the minds of masses. The negative aspects of media are through visible yet with proper implementation of positive impacts / aspects through the best policies its dark side may be countered and positive side may be made more practicable and workable.

Prepared by Miss Aqsa Imtiaz (CSS & PMS 2020 qualified) Contact No. 0300-4469650

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Beyond CSS Media Queries

17 min read
CSS , Techniques , Responsive Design
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About The Author

Juan Diego Rodríguez (also known as Monknow ) is a front-end developer from Venezuela who loves making beautiful websites with modern technologies but also … More about Juan Diego ↬

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Media queries have been around almost as long as CSS itself — and with no flex, no grid, no responsive units, and no math functions, media queries were the most pragmatic choice available to make a somewhat responsive website.

In the early 2010s, with the proliferation of mobile devices and the timely publication of Ethan Marcotte’s classic article “Responsive Web Design” , media queries became much needed for crafting layouts that could morph across screens and devices. Even when the CSS Flexbox and Grid specifications rolled out, media queries for resizing never left.

While data on the actual usage of media queries is elusive , the fact that they have grown over time with additional features that go well beyond the viewport and into things like user preferences continues to make them a bellwether ingredient for responsive design .

Today, there are more options and tools in CSS for establishing layouts that allow page elements to adapt to many different conditions besides the size of the viewport. Some are more widely used — Flexbox and Grid for certain — but also things like responsive length units and, most notably, container queries , a concept we will come back to in a bit.

But media queries are still often the de facto tool that developers reach for. Maybe it’s muscle memory, inconsistent browser support, or that we’re stuck in our ways, but adoption of the modern approaches we have for responsive interfaces seems slow to take off.

To be clear, I am all for media queries . They play a significant role in the work we do above and beyond watching the viewport size to make better and more accessible user experiences based on a user’s OS preferences, the type of input device they’re using, and more.

But should media queries continue to be the gold standard for responsive layouts? As always, it depends, but

It is undeniable that media queries have evolved toward accessibility solutions, making space for other CSS features to take responsibility for responsiveness. “

The Problem With Media Queries

Media queries seemed like a great solution for most responsive-related problems, but as the web has grown towards bigger and more complex layouts, the limits of media queries are more prevalent than ever .

Problem #1: They Are Viewport-Focused

When writing media query breakpoints where we want the layout to adapt, we only have access to the viewport’s properties, like width or orientation . Sometimes, all we need is to tweak a font size, and the viewport is our best bud for that, but most times, context is important .

Components on a page share space with others and are positioned relative to each other according to normal document flow. If all we have access to is the viewport width, knowing exactly where to establish a particular breakpoint becomes a task of compromises where some components will respond well to the adapted layout while others will need additional adjustments at that specific breakpoint.

So, there we are, resizing our browser and looking for the correct breakpoint where our content becomes too squished.

The following example probably has the worst CSS you will see in a while, but it helps to understand one of the problems with media queries.

See the Pen [Old Media Queries [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/xxNwbob) by Monknow .

It’s a pretty embarrassing example, but why exactly is it bad?

If we try to convert the CSS verbatim, it would say, When the page width is smaller than 600px , these elements will grow and collapse. This statement is completely agnostic to the element’s contents or its siblings. What happens if there are more siblings or just one? Or what happens if the element is inside a smaller container? The media query simply lacks the information we need to account for these things, which leads us to a second problem with media queries.

Problem #2: They Are Difficult To Manage

Nowadays everything is a component. Like nomads, components wander from place to place, sharing space with other components and bringing along their ever-changing content. Again, media queries are completely unaware of the context surrounding a component, and the burden lies on the developer to find that sweet spot for each and every case.

This is cumbersome work because the ideal breakpoint in a media query is kind of a hardcoded _magic number that we find by resizing our page, and also because it will differ depending on the context surrounding each component, necessitating multiple media queries. If we want to change an element’s content or container, then the media query needs to change, too.

And where do you manage media queries in your stylesheet? Some developers will plop them in at the end, while others may manage them in partial files and rely on a preprocessor to compile them.

The recent CSS Nesting feature makes things cleaner now that we can attach a media query to a component in the same style rule, but now we have to do that for each and every component in the system, which makes for more and more instances to account for when editing styles. This leads to the next problem with media queries as a responsive silver bullet.

Problem #3: They Aren’t That Responsive

Most times, we want an element to resize itself fluidly with the screen, but writing a new media query each time a component “breaks” at a specific breakpoint is a lot to manage. If a component becomes too tall on a narrow screen when the viewport is between 960px and 970px , do we really need to write a new set of styles that we now have to look after?

I wouldn’t exactly call that responsive design but rather some form of adaptive design based on hard numbers for a super-specific situation. There’s no fluidity in that.

You Don’t Need Media Queries (For Resizing)

Fortunately, we’re no longer living in 2012, and there are far better options than media queries, most of them largely adopted and widely supported, led by the likes of Flexbox and Grid , responsive units and math functions , while others like container queries are on the cusp, but still in relatively early days.

I am not going to act like I discovered hot water by pointing out that these modern CSS features exist and are now commonplace tools used by nearly every CSS developer. However, media queries still find their way into CSS for resizing, particularly in situations where a clamp() function or a bit of creative thinking with responsive units would not only accomplish the task but do it better than a media query because they are designed for this purpose.

So rather than me trying to teach all these not-entirely-new CSS features (you are awesome, and I am confident you are already aware of them), my focus is on swapping your existing media queries for modern responsive techniques.

Flexbox and media queries are often paired together so that Flexbox establishes a layout in a certain direction, and media queries are used to change direction at certain viewport widths.

See the Pen [Using Media Queries with Flex Items [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/MWdaYNx) by Monknow .

This very simple — but common — pattern runs into each of the three problems we discussed earlier:

It’s viewport-focused. We are only considering the viewport width when choosing where the container changes direction. I found the magic breakpoint number is 700px after testing, so that is where we would need to establish a new media query.
It’s hard to reuse and manage. Since we are only considering the viewport width, the element can’t be used inside a smaller container or may look awkward if the element has different content within it or around it.
It isn’t that responsive. We have a breakpoint at 700px , so devices with narrow screens beyond the threshold may squish the content too much while others get the optimal experience.

If we try to fix it by adding more media queries, we’ll be back at Problem #2.

The best solution for this case is to avoid media queries altogether. I would replace them with the flex shorthand property that allows the <article> elements to grow and shrink based on the available space up to a certain point that’s set to 400px .

If we translated the CSS, the former example with the media query says, When the viewport is smaller than 700px , I will make the elements wrap. Why? I don’t really know. Again, the query is aloof to an article’s context. If we translate the updated example, it says something along the lines of, No matter where the element is, I will try my best to make it 400px but will adjust it if the available space changes.

Resize the following demo. See how much nicer the articles flow as the screen changes size?

See the Pen [Flex Items without Media Queries [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/jOobPNe) by Monknow .

And we pulled it off with less code and zero magic numbers.

The last example is nice, but you may notice that the last flexible item is able to take all the available space in the last row instead of remaining the same size as its siblings. If you want all flexible items to be the same size, you would have to mess with their width and maybe again with media queries. In most cases where you find yourself slapping a width on a flexible item, it’s a sign that you are better off switching to Grid instead , as we can establish specific tracks for columns and rows.

Fortunately, we can make it happen with just two lines of CSS:

To briefly break down what happened:

auto-fit fits as many columns as it can and also expands them if there is any leftover space.
minmax specifies a minimum width for the columns, 500px in this case.

See the Pen [Grid without Media Queries [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/RwmWPwV) by Monknow .

Note : Sara Soueidan has what may be the best explanation of this approach , and it is definitely worth a read. It may just be your new favorite CSS snippet.

Math Functions & Responsive Units

Math functions and responsive units cover most problems related to resizing elements. They set responsive limits without having to painstakingly define specific breakpoints. They are fully supported in modern browsers and already in widespread use, so we’ll simply summarize the what and why of what’s available.

Using the min() function , we can make elements resize depending on a responsive unit like viewport width ( vw ) or a relative unit like a percentage to establish an upper limit so they don’t grow too much. This element will try to cover its parent full width but won’t grow past 300px :

We can make the height resize along the width using the aspect-ratio property:

Using the max() function , we can apply a lower limit. The following CSS allows the element to increase its size to cover up to half of its parent element but won’t ever shrink below 300px ;

It’s a bit of a mind-bender, right? We use min() to establish a maximum width and max() to establish a minimum.

Then there is the very popular clamp() function that establishes both maximum and minimum limits — but with the added bonus of setting an “ideal” size as the middle argument. We’re “clamping” values with a range it adheres to while attempting to hit that ideal target.

The element in the following demo tries to cover the full available width of its parent element but will not go above 300px or below 200px .

See the Pen [math functions [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/wvbKaBj) by Monknow .

It Is A Combination

Making a website that looks great no matter the device relies on more than responsive units or math functions alone. We need the combination of all techniques to create a seamless responsive experience. You can sort of think of it like the Performance API in JavaScript that is a group of standards that work together for performance-related work.

What we have is a group of CSS specifications built around responsive design. They aren’t necessarily replacing CSS media queries but are additive and designed to work together for the best possible coverage.

For example, we may want a font-size value to increase or decrease depending on the width of the viewport. Easy enough with media queries, but now we have additional ways to approach this that could be more efficient or maintainable depending on your project.

We certainly could use media queries to update the font-size value at specific browser widths. We’d likely need to write more than one to get the right size at each breakpoint, but it is possible and valid.

See the Pen [Resizing text using media queries [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/oNRjXXz) by Monknow .

Instead of updating the font-size with fixed pixels at multiple breakpoints, we can reach for responsive length units instead. For example, the vw unit is relative to the viewport width, where each unit represents 1% of the current browser width.

But we can go further than that because viewport units alone will not save us from font sizes that are far too small and large for their contexts. Let’s combine them with the clamp() function to establish minimum and maximum limits with our ideal size defined.

See the Pen [Resizing text individually using clamp() and vw [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/yLWYNNw) by Monknow .

But wait! We can improve this even more by declaring this directly on the <html> element’s font-size , making all other fonts resize by the same factor. Then, using the rem unit, we can write how big or small each element font-size should be or opt out and use clamp(), or even fixed pixel units in specific elements.

It’s worth noting that the difference between rem and em units is that the former is relative to the “root” element, i.e., <html> , while the latter is relative to the selector’s parent element.

See the Pen [Resizing text by the same factor [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/YzbyXyZ) by Monknow .

So, yes, none of this is meant to be used in isolation or as a one-to-one replacement for media queries. Building responsive interfaces takes a village , so to speak, and we have a knapsack of hammers, wrenches, nails, and screws we can use to put it all together.

Hello, Container Queries

Media queries are adept at modifying layouts on a page-wide basis. Take, for example, a shopping cart. When the viewport width is wide enough to accommodate it, we can display the included products in a wide <table> where they can breathe comfortably.

That same layout in mobile simply does not work. Tables have their own set of responsive challenges as it is, and while there is no shortage of solutions , we may be able to consider another layout using modern techniques that are way less engineered.

We are doing much more than simply changing the width or height of elements! Border colors, element visibility, and flex directions need to be changed, and it can only be done through a media query, right? Well, even in cases where we have to completely switch a layout depending on the viewport size, we can better achieve it with container queries .

Again, Problem #1 of media queries is that they only consider the viewport size when making decisions and are completely ignorant of an element’s surrounding context. “

That may not be a big concern if all we’re talking about is a series of elements that are allowed to take up the full page width because the full page width is very much related to the viewport size, making media queries a perfectly fine choice for making adjustments.

See the Pen [Responsive Cards Using Media Queries [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/ExzVjPj) by Monknow .

But say we want to display those same elements as part of a multi-column layout where they are included in a narrow column as an <aside> next to a larger column containing a <main> element. Now we’re in trouble.

A more traditional solution is to write a series of media queries depending on where the element is used and where its content breaks. But media queries completely miss the relationship between the <main> and <aside> elements, which is a big deal since the size of one influences the size of the other according to normal document flow.

See the Pen [Responsive Cards Using Media Queries Inside Container [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/gOJapPo) by Monknow .

The .cards element is in the context of the <aside> element and is squished as a result of being in a narrow column. What would be great is to change the layout of each .card component when the .cards element that contains them reaches a certain size rather than when the viewport is a certain size.

That’s where container queries come into play, allowing us to conditionally apply styles based on an element’s size. We register an element as a “container,” which, in our current example, is the unordered list containing the series of .card components. We’re essentially giving the parent selector a great deal of power to influence the current layout.

Container queries monitor an element by its size, and we need to tell the browser exactly how to interpret that size by giving .cards a container-type , which can be the container’s size (i.e., in the block and inline directions) or its inline-size (i.e., the total length in the inline direction). There’s a normal value that removes sizing considerations but allows the element to be queried by its styles.

We can simplify things down a bit using the container shorthand property.

Now, we can adjust the layout of the .card components when the .cards container is a certain inline size. Container queries use the same syntax as media queries but use the @container at-rule instead of @media .

Now, each .card is a flexible container that flows in the column direction when the width of the .cards container is less than 700px . Any wider than that, we have the same to lay them out in a row direction instead.

See the Pen [Responsive Cards Using Container Queries [forked]](https://codepen.io/smashingmag/pen/VwOvLap) by Monknow .

Style queries are a cousin to container queries in the sense that we can query the container’s styles and conditionally apply style changes to its children, say changing a child element’s color to white when the container’s background-color is set to a dark color. We’re still in the early days, and support for style queries and browser support is still evolving .

I hope this gives you a sense of how amazing it is that we have this context-aware way of establishing responsive layouts . Containers are a completely new idea in CSS (although we’ve used the term synonymously with “parent element” for ages) that is novel and elegant.

So, Are Media Queries Useless?

NO! While media queries have been the go-to solution for responsive design, their limitations are glaringly obvious now that we have more robust tools in CSS that are designed to solve those limits.

That doesn’t make media queries obsolete — merely a different tool that’s part of a larger toolset for building responsive interfaces. Besides, media queries still address vital accessibility concerns thanks to their ability to recognize a user’s visual and motion preferences — among other settings — at the operating system level.

So, yes, keep using media queries! But maybe reach for them sparingly since CSS has a lot more to offer us.

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Digital Democracy: Social Media and Political Participation Essay

I. introduction.

Digital democracy refers to the use of digital technologies and platforms to enhance democratic participation and representation. It contains various practices such as online voting , e-petitions , and political deliberation on social media. Social media has become an integral part of political participation in recent years. It has revolutionized the way citizens access information, engage in political discussion and mobilize for social and political causes. The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact of social media on political participation. It will highlight both the benefits and challenges of digital democracy. It will also explore the role of social media in shaping public opinion and the need for further research and regulation in this area.

II. The Impact of Social Media on Political Participation

A. increased access to information and political discussion:.

Social media has greatly increased access to information and political discussion for citizens. Platforms such as Twitter and Facebook provide a space for individuals to share news, express their views, and participate in political discussions. This allows citizens to stay informed about current events and access different perspectives on political issues.

For example , during the 2016 US Presidential elections , Twitter became a major platform for political discussion. Both candidates used it to communicate with their supporters and the general public.

Also Read: Political Instability Leads to Economic Downfall Essay

B. Increased Citizen Engagement and Mobilization:

Social media has also been used as a tool for mobilization during political campaigns and social movements. The Arab Spring , which began in 2010 , saw widespread protests organized and coordinated through social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.

Similarly, the Black Lives Matter movement , which began in 2013 , saw widespread mobilization through social media. It saw individuals using platforms such as Instagram and Twitter to share information, organize protests, and raise awareness about racial inequality. This demonstrates the potential of social media to mobilize citizens and bring about political change.

C. Increased Political Polarization and Echo Chambers:

However, social media can also contribute to increased political polarization. The formation of “ echo chambers ” are also created by it. Echo chambers are where individuals are only exposed to information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs. This can lead to a lack of diversity in opinions and a lack of exposure to differing perspectives. Social media algorithms, which are designed to personalize content, can contribute to this phenomenon by only showing users information that aligns with their beliefs and interests.

For example , in India’s recent general elections in 2019 , social media platforms played a significant role in shaping public opinion and political participation. The ruling party, Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ), effectively used social media platforms to mobilize support, spread their message, and influence public opinion. They used platforms like WhatsApp to spread false and misleading information. This helped them to secure a landslide victory.

D. Facilitation of Direct Democracy:

Social media platforms have also enabled direct democracy by allowing citizens to participate in online voting, e-petitions, and other forms of direct engagement with government and political representatives.

For example , some countries have implemented online voting systems for elections. This allowed citizens to cast their ballots from their computers or mobile devices. Estonia is one of those countries. Here, online voting has been implemented for all national and local elections since 2005 . E-petitions also have become a popular way for citizens to express their views and demand change on specific issues.

Similarly, in Canada , online voting has been introduced in some municipalities, including the City of Markham in Ontario. It used online voting in the 2018 municipal elections. Additionally, the government of Canada provides the MyVoice platform . Here, citizens can voice their opinions on issues, join online discussions and participate in online polls.

E. Influencing Public Opinion:

Social media also plays a significant role in shaping public opinion. Through social media, individuals and organizations can disseminate information. They also can express their views and shape public discourse. This has the potential to influence political decision-making and public policy. Additionally, social media platforms can be used to target specific audiences and demographics, which can impact public opinion and the outcome of elections.

Its examples were seen during the 2011 Arab Spring uprising, the 2016 US general elections, and the Black Lives Matter Movement.

F. Amplification of Marginalized Voices:

Social media platforms can also amplify the voices of marginalized communities and individuals, giving them a platform to share their perspectives and experiences. This can contribute to increased diversity in political discourse and representation. However, it also highlights the need for further research and regulation in this area to ensure that social media is inclusive, transparent, and fair for all voices.

The #MeToo movement is a specific example of how social media platforms can amplify the voices of marginalized communities and individuals. It gave them a platform to share their perspectives and experiences. The movement, which began in 2017 , aimed to raise awareness about sexual harassment and assault and to support survivors. The hashtag #MeToo was used extensively on social media platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook. Many women shared stories and experiences of sexual harassment and assault.

Also read: The Debate Over Renewable Energy: Is it the Solution to Climate Change?

III. The Challenges of Digital Democracy and Social Media

While social media and digital platforms have the potential to enable greater political participation and amplify marginalized voices, there are also several challenges that need to be addressed. Some of these challenges include:

Misinformation and fake news : Social media platforms have been used to spread misinformation and fake news, which can undermine the democratic process and manipulate public opinion.
Privacy and security : Social media platforms collect and store vast amounts of personal data, which can be vulnerable to breaches and misuse. This can compromise the privacy and security of individuals and threaten the integrity of the democratic process.
Digital divide : Not all citizens have access to digital technologies and platforms, which can lead to a digital divide and exclude certain groups from participating in the democratic process.
Lack of regulation : Social media platforms are currently not subject to the same regulations as traditional media, leading to a lack of accountability and oversight.
Lack of diversity : Social media platforms can be dominated by certain groups or individuals, which can limit the diversity of voices and perspectives in political discourse.
Cyberbullying and hate speech : Social media platforms have been used to spread hate speech and cyberbullying, which can undermine the democratic process and harm marginalized communities.

IV. Conclusion

In conclusion, social media and digital platforms have the potential to enable greater political participation and amplify marginalized voices. However, there are also several challenges that need to be addressed, including misinformation and fake news, privacy and security, digital divide, polarization and echo chambers, lack of regulation, lack of diversity, and cyberbullying and hate speech.

Addressing these challenges will require further research and regulation of social media and digital platforms, as well as efforts to increase access to digital technologies and platforms for all citizens. It’s also important to note that addressing these challenges will require the collaboration of government, the private sector, civil society, and citizens. Ultimately, a healthy digital democracy requires a balance between the benefits and challenges of social media and digital platforms, and the need to ensure that they are inclusive, transparent, and fair for all voices.

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Essay on “Media, the King Maker” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations

January 9, 2022
Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

This is an essay on “Media, the King Maker” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations. Today, the Media is playing an important role in our society. For a long time, media has been one of the methods of controlling, people and leisure. The media, both print, and broadcast are expected to inform the mass audience, educate them to entertain the people and mobilize them towards the desired goal. In Pakistan sometimes media is used to gain some particular purpose. So here is the complete essay on “Media, the King Maker” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations.

Media Ethics

Fairness and right of reply
Acceptance of favors and bribes
Discrimination
Disclosure of sources
Social responsibility
Respect for human dignity
Independence

Role of media in society

As the fourth pillar of the state
The news function
the opinion function
The entertainment function
Media a.s a watchdog
Media as kingmaker

Problems of media in Pakistan

Sensationalism (Yellow Journalism)
Media bias or propaganda
Media violence
Commercialism
A state within a state

Suggestions for improvement

Media code of ethics
Media laws in Pakistan

Essay on “Media, the King Maker” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations

Pakistan came into existence on 14th august 1947. Quaid-e- Azam, the first Governor-General of Pakistan, had a clear concept of press freedom. He said, “I expect you, journalists) to be completely fearless. If I go wrong for that matter Muslim league goes wrong in any direction. I want you to criticize it honestly as its friend.” He did not allow legislation to suppress the press. Just one month after his death in September 1948, Public Safety Ordinance was implemented in October. In the first 7 years of independence from 1947 to 1953, 31 newspapers were banned.

Media ethics deal with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media, and the internet. By ethics, we mean the moral principles which determine the rightness or wrongness of particular acts. Ethical codes are usually self-imposed principles to adhere to in order to foster and protect one’s rights and privileges for mutual interests. Some of the basic ethical codes to be practiced by journalists are the following:

Journalists shall write and the mass media shall publish, broadcast, or report fair, accurate, unbiased stories. All sides of the story shall be reported. The right to reply from any person mentioned in an unfavorable context shall be obtained, as appropriate.

Journalists and their employers shall conduct themselves in a manner that protects them from real or apparent conflicts of interest. Such conflicts of interest may arise through accepting gifts, bribes, favors, free travel, special treatment, or any other form of inducement or privilege.

The mass media shall avoid prejudiced, pejorative, or stigmatizing language in reference to, among other things, a person’s nationality, ethnicity, class, religion , political affiliation , sex, or any physical or mental illness or disability. Such references shall be eschewed unless they are germane to a story.

It is the public’s right to unbiased, accurate, balanced, and comprehensive information, and the journalist’s duty to make adequate inquiries and cross-check his/her facts.

The journalist shall observe professional secrecy regarding the source of information obtained in confidence.

In collecting and disseminating information, the journalist should bear in mind his/her responsibility to the public at large and the various interests in society.

The journalist will respect and defend the basic freedoms and rights of human beings as stipulated in all the international and regional charters and conventions, with sensitivity to socio-economic status and socio-cultural issues.

It is the duty of the journalist to regard plagiarism as unethical and to always credit the source. The journalist shall exercise his/her profession in the public interest without undue interference from any quarter.

Role of Media in Society

The media is considered to be the fourth pillar of the state: the first three being the legislature, executive, and judiciary. The role of media is very significant and vital in a civilized society. It provides information to the people makes them aware of their problems and educates them by suggesting solutions to these problems. Thereby, it molds or shapes public opinion through its reporting, editorials, articles, etc.

The primary function of the media is to inform. Factual representation of the day’s news is the elementary function of the media in society. The mass media informs and educates the public about the issues surrounding their country and the wider world. This makes people aware of the events that are happening around them.

Modem man frequently finds himself in the midst of conflict and confusion. He wants and needs a medium of communication that will help him to act wisely on the basis of logical arguments rather than emotional appeals. Media helps create public opinion and aids people in understanding issues of immediate importance.

While performing the functions of informing and educating the public the media also serves as an entertainment tool for the people. The soft news regarding sports and celebrities caters to the needs of the public.

The media acts as a watchdog in society. The function of the watchdog is related to the aspect of investigative reporting by the media. The media holds the government office bearers accountable to the people. The vigilance and the proactive behavior of the media keep the politicians conscious of their deeds.

Media is also known to be a kingmaker. This means that tl1e media has the ability to provide power to certain people in society. The media through its reporting can mold public opinion regarding a political figure by giving him or her the positive fame required to win the hearts of the people. Likewise, the media also has the ability to reduce the popularity of a famous figure by reporting it to the public.

Media in Pakistan enjoys freedom. However, there are a number of problems of media in Pakistan that need to be addressed. They are the following:

Problems of Media in Pakistan

Yellow journalism presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. Some newspapers in Pakistan resort to sensationalized news for making more business out of the newspaper. Sensationalism is against the ethical codes of journalism and must be eliminated from the media society . Many news channels also present sensational news to allure the public. Often minor issues are highlighted in the form of breaking news that deceives the public and is morally wrong.

Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community towards some cause or position so as to benefit oneself. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. Media in Pakistan often reports news events with bias.

Importance is given to one side of the story while all the aspects under consideration are not looked upon. As a result, the public doesn’t get the true picture of the events.

Another major problem with tile Pakistani media is the irresponsible behavior while reporting bomb blast coverage. The media must not transgress its limits at any time. The grotesque images of bloodshed are given maximum coverage by tile media. Reporting widespread violence affects the public psychologically making them desensitized to the suffering of the victims.

The media in Pakistan does not hesitate to create hype about minor events. In creating hype about certain selected events or news stories the important news gets neglected. One such example is the unnecessary news coverage given of Shoaib Malik’s and Sania Mirui’s affairs.

The modem-free media of Pakistan is based on commercialism. A number of news channels seem to be running in a rat race of reporting an event in the first place without considering the sensitive nature of the news or issue. The media has a right to earn profits but not at the expense of providing twisted truths to the public.

Media becomes a state within a state when it tries to take command of the country into its own hands. The freedom of media has significant importance in a democratic society; nonetheless, issues of national interest need to be reported with utmost responsibility. National security has the highest importance. So the media must adhere to the limits while reporting controversial issues.

The empowerment of media is a sign of democracy . However, with power comes the element of responsibility. The media can effectively play its role in society by practicing the ethical codes of journalism. Apart from this, the media predominantly in Pakistan is urban-centered and obsessed with politics whether Pakistani or abroad. Politics and issues of international relations have gained immense importance in the current era, but the issues of the common man are often left unreported.

Development journalism needs to be further practiced so that issues from the grass-root level can be reported. Also, the media needs to develop a self-regulatory system that evaluates the performance of the media and indicates the shortcomings that need improvement.

Suggestions for Improvement

In order to overcome the problems of media, it is the need of the hour to implement media ethics that are as follows:

Journalism is a profession based upon a commitment to principles of honesty, fairness, credibility, and respect for the truth.
A journalist is obliged to uphold the highest professional and ethical standards and shall at all times defend the principle of freedom of the press and media.
the journalist shall ensure that the information he/she provides is fair, accurate, and not subject to falsification, distortion, inappropriate selection, misrepresentation, or any form of censorship.
A journalist shall avoid the expression of comment and conjecture as fact.
the journalist shall protect confidential sources of information.
A journalist shall not distort or suppress the truth for commercial, institutional, or other special interests.
the journalist shall not accept personal favors, bribes, or inducements, nor shall he/she allow any other factor pertaining to his/her own person to influence the performance of his/her professional duties.
A journalist shall not publish or broadcast extreme images of violence, mutilation, corpses, or victims of tragedy irrespective of the cause unless it is necessary for the public interest.
the journalist shall neither originate nor process material, which incites discrimination, ridicule, prejudice, or hatred.
A journalist shall not take prior advantage of information gained in the course of his/her professional duties for private gain.
the journalist shall obtain information and data. photographs, and illustrations only by straightforward means. The use of other means can be justified only by overriding considerations of the public interest.
A journalist shall avoid intrusion into private life, grief or distress, except when there are overriding considerations of public interest.
A journalist shall not exceed the limits of ethical caution and fair comment because of time constraints or to gain a competitive advantage.
the journalist shall not glorify the perpetrators of illegitimate acts of violence committed under any garb or cause, including honor and religion.
A journalist shall never indulge in plagiarism. Using or passing off the works of another as one’s own without crediting the source is a serious ethical offense.
the journalist shall strive to ensure that his writing or broadcast contains no discriminatory material or comment based on matters of race, national or ethnic origin, co~our, age, sex, marital status, or physical or mental handicap.

Following are the media laws:

Media Laws in Pakistan

Media is mighty, hence in the very nature of things its use and conduct must be regulated by norms conducive to the accomplishment of its objectives. This can best be done with the help of a well-codified law that not only ensures that media doesn’t transgress the limits thus affecting the stability of the state but also ensures its prosperity.

In a society that is still in the process of growth and development, laws are necessary to regulate and streamline the conduct of its members. However, unfortunately, most of the laws are designed to curb the freedom of media and curtail the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression.

The efforts of Muslims for freedom in 1945 had gained momentum by 1947. During this time the rifts between the Muslims and Hindus were widening. To halt these, the Government of India introduced a new Press Act called the Central Press Powers Act. Under this Act, the local administration was given the power to hold hearings against violations of press laws. In India, this Act was known as the Public Safety Act, while in Pakistan it was reinforced as the Central Press Special Powers Act.

The rules formulated under this Act affected both the newspapers and the printing presses. These are as follows:

The Government has a right to stop the publication of any news or article.
Government can cease the publication of any printable material without providing a reason to its editor, owner, or publisher.
In case of publishing any news or article against Government policy, the editor or publisher can be subjected to strict action.
Any Government official can, during a sudden inspection of the printing press, check any material or stop it from being published
Police officers are given similar rights as mentioned in the preceding section.
The Police, under this law, can arrest any person caught in possession of any prohibited material.
Under this Act, every publication would be passed through censorship.

A lot of newspapers were closed and others had to pay heavy sums in the name of securities to continue printing. Some of the Pakistan Penal Code (1960) provisions closely relate to the freedom of the press.

Section 124A: prescribed punishments for the authors and publishers of seditious writings. However, the word sedition was not properly defined and was subject to controversy.

Section 153A: Under this, the punishment could be given to the person for the reason of creating enmity between various classes of people in Pakistan.

Section 499-502: essentially formed the law of defamation, where a defamed person could lodge a case with the police.

Section 505: it was related to causing members of the armed forces to mutiny or otherwise disregard or fail in duty, inducing anyone to commit an offense against the state or against public tranquility and to incite one community against the other.

West Pakistan maintenance of public order ordinance: this law was promulgated in 1960 providing for the suspension of newspapers for specified periods when they are guilty of disturbing public order.

Press and Publications Ordinance (PPO 1963) is following:

A press commission was set up by the central government on September 28, 1954. The commission was required to examine and report the laws regulating the press in Pakistan and to make recommendations necessary for the amendment, revision, or consolidation of these laws.

After four years of strenuous labor, the commission came to the conclusion that “the press in -this country is by and large patriotic. It suffers, like other institutions in every newborn and democratic country, from certain special weaknesses.”

After examining the previous laws the commission’s concluding remarks were as follows:

“Having reviewed the laws pertaining to the press in Pakistan we wish to comment on a fundamental issue, i.e. the freedom of the press. Freedom of the press through a very popular slogan has not been studied and understood with the care it deserves. There is generally no realization that as in the case of other forms of freedoms, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press is regulated with due regard to the paramount consideration of safeguarding the integrity and security of the country and protecting its citizens against scurrilous writings and malicious attacks.”

To this conclusion, the commission added long extracts from the report of the drafting committee on the UN covenant of human rights as submitted at the conference on freedom of information held in Geneva in April 1948, the international code of ethics for journalists, and a passage from the judgment of the US supreme court. The main thrust of these extracts was that “the right to freedom of expression carried with it duties and responsibilities” and” a clear cut distinction is made between the freedom of expression and license.”

Freedom of Information Ordinance (2002) was promulgated in 2002 to provide transparency and freedom of information.

Under this ordinance, it was stated that information related to government matters would be provided to any person. only if they provide the magistrate with an application to do so. Moreover, the magistrate would be to decide whether the information would be exposed, after ensuring the need for its disclosure.

However, such information on disclosure could harm law enforcement agencies, relations between Pakistan with foreign states, and the Illegal privacy of any individual and the economy could not be disclosed under any circumstances. PEMRA – the Pakistan electronic media regulation authority was established in General Musharraf’s reign on March 1, 2002, through an ordinance. Later it was amended in 2007 under the same government.

The PEMRA Ordinance in its original form was a bad law to start with because it created a mechanism to control the electronic media in violation of the objectives given in the Ordinance itself.

The Electronic Media Regulatory Authority was set up to control the working of broadcasters in the private sector only. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation, the Pakistan Television Corporation, and the Shalimar Recording Company (STN) were not subject to PEMRA Ordinance. This meant that the high-sounding PEMRA objectives, especially the development of media for socially desirable tasks, were not recommended to the electronic media already under state control. In other words, regulation of electronic media meant the imposition of control/censorship over channels outside the public sector.

The Ordinance of 2007 had a provision (not found in the ordinance of 1997) to the effect that the Federal Government has the power to issue directives to PEMRA on matters of policy and PEMRA is bound to follow these directives. That is, PEMRA is not an autonomous body.

The 2007 law clearly states that the licensee will be obliged to broadcast or distribute programs referred to it by the Federal Government or the Authority. This provision is common to laws in all media-control bodies.

Section 21 of the 2002 law provided for consultation with the provincial governments on the location of new enterprises but this condition has been dropped by the amendment. That is, even a small concession to provincial authority is unwelcome.

The Authority could revoke a license on a number of grounds and one of them is “reason of necessity in the public interest” when action was taken on this ground there was no need to issue a show-cause notice, which was required before acting on any other ground.

Both the laws of 1997 and 2002 provided for the inspection of premises and access to authority’s representatives but in the recent amendment, the police have been authorized to take action against broadcasters and their staff.

Much had been made of the amendment which struck down the provision against private monopolies and the bar to cross-media ownership which was a feature of both the legislations of 1997 and 2002. One is not sure that the proposed change will make for greater freedom of expression because the bigger an enterprise the more vulnerable it is to official pressure.

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Digital democracy: social media and political participation [CSS 2022]

Essay on the topic “Digital democracy: social media and political participation” [CSS 2022]

1. Introduction

2. What is Digital Democracy?

3. Benefits of social media for political participation in Digital Democracy

The ability to reach a large and diverse audience
The ability to engage in real-time discussions and debates
Increased transparency and accountability
Improved political literacy
Increased engagement with political representatives
Convenience and accessibility
Diverse perspectives
Viral potential
Enhance connectivity among individuals and groups
Improved communication and dialogue

4. Drawbacks to using social media for political participation in Digital Democracy

The issue of fake news and misinformation
The issue of echo chambers and filter bubbles
Misinformation and propaganda
Censorship and suppression of voices
Harassment and bullying
Data privacy and security
Digital divide
Unproductive or divisive discussions
Time and attention drain
Polarization and echo chambers

5. Conclusion

READ ESSAY: The more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in war. [PMS 2022]

CSS ESSAY 2022

Social media platforms can play a key role in promoting political participation and digital democracy. By providing a space for individuals to express their opinions and engage in discussions about political issues, social media can help to increase transparency and accountability in the democratic process. Social media can also be used to organize political campaigns and events, and to mobilize supporters around specific causes. This can help to increase public participation in the democratic process and give a greater voice to underrepresented groups.

Digital democracy refers to the use of digital technologies, such as the internet and social media, to facilitate democratic processes. In recent years, there has been an explosion of social media platforms, which have become an important tool for political participation. This essay will explore the role of social media in political participation, examining both the benefits and drawbacks of using these platforms for democratic engagement.

There are several potential benefits to using social media for political participation in digital democracy

One of the key benefits of social media for political participation is the ability to reach a large and diverse audience. Social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, allow individuals to share their views and opinions with a vast number of people, often with just a few clicks of a button. This has the potential to democratize the political process, by giving individuals a greater ability to have their voices heard.

Another key benefit of social media for political participation is the ability to engage in real-time discussions and debates. Traditional forms of political engagement, such as attending town hall meetings or writing letters to elected officials, can be slow and cumbersome. In contrast, social media allows for quick and easy communication, making it possible for individuals to engage in political discussions and debates in real-time. This can foster a more dynamic and interactive political process, where individuals can have their say on important issues.

Increased transparency and accountability is one of the feature of the social media in digital democracy. it platforms can provide a space for individuals to express their opinions and engage in discussions about political issues. This can help to promote transparency and accountability by allowing people to hold politicians and other public figures accountable for their actions and decisions.

In addition, it can also Improve political literacy, Social media can provide a space for people to learn about political issues and engage in informed discussions. This can help to increase political literacy and encourage people to make informed decisions when voting.

Increased engagement with political representatives, social media platforms can provide a direct channel of communication between politicians and the public, which can allow for more efficient and effective engagement with political representatives.

Convenience and accessibility can be achieved easily through Social media. This platforms are widely accessible and can be used from any location with an internet connection. This makes it easier for people to participate in political discussions and activities, and can help to overcome barriers such as distance or mobility limitations

Similarly, it can provide diverse perspectives. Social media provides a space for the expression of a wide range of perspectives and viewpoints, which can help to promote inclusivity and diversity in the political discourse. In addition, viral potential in no time, social media has the potential to rapidly spread information and ideas through networks of connected users, which can increase the visibility and impact of political messages and campaigns.

One potential benefit of using social media for political participation is that it can enhance connectivity among individuals and groups with similar interests and perspectives. By facilitating the formation of online communities and networks, social media can provide a space for people to connect and engage with others who share their views and interests. For example, social media can allow people to find and join groups or pages related to specific political issues or campaigns, where they can share information and ideas with others who are interested in the same topics.

Moreover, it can provide a space for more open and productive dialogue and debate about political issues. By allowing for real-time communication and the sharing of information and perspectives, social media can facilitate discussions and debates that can help to build bridges and find common ground among people with different viewpoints. For example, social media can provide a platform for people with different political beliefs to engage in respectful and productive discussions, which can help to foster a more inclusive and diverse political discourse.

On the flip side, there are several potential drawbacks to using social media for digital democracy, One of the main concerns is the issue of fake news and misinformation. Social media platforms are often used to spread false or misleading information, which can have serious consequences for political decision-making. For example, fake news stories have been shown to have influenced the outcome of recent elections, by spreading false or exaggerated claims about candidates and their policies. This can erode trust in the political process and make it difficult for individuals to make informed decisions.

Another potential drawback of social media for political participation is the issue of echo chambers and filter bubbles. Social media algorithms often show individuals content that they are likely to agree with, based on their previous interactions and preferences. This can lead to the formation of echo chambers, where individuals are only exposed to information and views that align with their own. This can make it difficult for individuals to consider different perspectives.

Similarly, social media platforms can be used to spread false or misleading information, which can undermine the democratic process by leading people to make decisions based on unreliable sources.

Some governments and other powerful actors may use social media to censor or suppress certain voices and opinions, which can limit the range of perspectives and viewpoints that are expressed and heard in the political discourse.

On the same fashion, some people may use social media to harass or bully others who have different political beliefs, which can create a toxic and unproductive environment for democratic engagement.

To add more to it, this platforms collect large amounts of data about their users, which can be used to profile and target users for political purposes. This raises concerns about data privacy and security, and the potential for abuse of this information.

Furthermore, not everyone has access to or is able to use social media, which can create a digital divide that excludes certain groups from participating in digital democracy. Thus, it becomes hard to provide equality in the democratic process through social media.

Unproductive or divisive discussions is also the demerit of the Social media in digital democracy. Some social media discussions about political issues can be unproductive or divisive, and can result in polarizing debates that do not lead to meaningful progress or consensus. Similarly, Inaccurate or biased information: Social media platforms can be used to spread inaccurate or biased information, which can distort the political discourse and lead to misguided decision-making.

Besides, time and attention drain is also very common in these platforms. It can consume a significant amount of time and attention, which can distract people from more productive forms of political engagement, such as volunteering or attending local meetings.

Polarization and echo chambers is the another disadvantage of the Social media. It algorithms can reinforce existing beliefs and perspectives, which can lead to the creation of echo chambers where people only interact with others who share their views. This can reinforce polarization and make it more difficult to find common ground and build consensus.

Overall, the use of social media for political participation has the potential to enhance the functioning of democracy by promoting transparency, accountability, and engagement with the political process. It is important to carefully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of using social media in this context, and to strive for responsible and ethical use of these platforms in order to support the growth and development of digital democracy.

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CSS Tutorial

Css advanced, css responsive, css examples, css references, css media queries.

The @media rule, introduced in CSS2, made it possible to define different style rules for different media types.

Media queries in CSS3 extended the CSS2 media types idea: Instead of looking for a type of device, they look at the capability of the device.

Media queries can be used to check many things, such as:

width and height of the viewport
orientation of the viewport (landscape or portrait)

Using media queries are a popular technique for delivering a tailored style sheet to desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones (such as iPhone and Android phones).

CSS Media Types

Css common media features.

Here are some commonly used media features:

Media Query Syntax

A media query consists of a media type and can contain one or more media features, which resolve to either true or false.

The mediatype is optional (if omitted, it will be set to all). However, if you use not or only , you must also specify a mediatype .

The result of the query is true if the specified media type matches the type of device the document is being displayed on and all media features in the media query are true. When a media query is true, the corresponding style sheet or style rules are applied, following the normal cascading rules.

Meaning of the not , only, and and keywords:

not: This keyword inverts the meaning of an entire media query.

only: This keyword prevents older browsers that do not support media queries from applying the specified styles. It has no effect on modern browsers.

and: This keyword combines a media type and one or more media features.

You can also link to different stylesheets for different media and different widths of the browser window (viewport):

Media Queries Simple Examples

One way to use media queries is to have an alternate CSS section right inside your style sheet.

The following example changes the background-color to lightgreen if the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than 480 pixels, the background-color will be pink):

The following example shows a menu that will float to the left of the page if the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than 480 pixels, the menu will be on top of the content):

More Media Query Examples

For much more examples on media queries, go to the next page: CSS MQ Examples .

CSS @media Reference

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Rudy Giuliani served Arizona indictment papers for election fraud scheme at 80th birthday party

F ormer New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani was served a patriotic-themed birthday cake during his 80th birthday party in Palm Beach, Fla., on Friday night — then served with a notice of indictment related to an alleged scheme to overturn the 2020 election results in Arizona.

Giuliani was indicted last month alongside 18 other allies of former President Donald Trump in connection with their unsuccessful bid to award the state’s 11 presidential electoral votes to Trump instead of Joe Biden, who went on to win the election.

All of the defendants had been legally served aside from Giuliani , but that changed Friday night, not long after he shared a post on X, taunting Arizona officials.

“If Arizona authorities can’t find me by tomorrow, they: 1. Must dismiss the indictment; 2. They must concede they can’t count votes,” he wrote.

The post, which has since been deleted, featured a photo of a grinning Giuliani surrounded by a group of people at what appeared to be his birthday celebrations. Gold and black balloons can be seen floating in the background.

Just one hour and 14 minutes later, Arizona Attorney General Kris Mayes confirmed authorities had finally located Giuliani after weeks of searching.

“The final defendant was served moments ago ,” she wrote on X at 11:20 p.m. “@RudyGiuliani nobody is above the law.”

According to several reports , the one-time attorney was enjoying his birthday bash at the Palm Beach home of Caroline Wren — a GOP operative and adviser to Arizona Senate candidate Kari Lake — when he was served.

An unidentified party guest told CNN the celebration was interrupted late in the night by two agents from the Arizona attorney general’s office, who “stormed [Giuliani] on his way out.”

Many guests “were visibly upset” by the incident, the witness added.

While that moment was not part of the livestreamed celebrations, clips from the same night show the ex-mayor enjoying the festivities alongside the likes of Roger Stone and Steve Bannon, both of whom served as strategists for Trump.

At one point, Giuliani even belted out the Frank Sinatra hit “New York, New York,” as video shows.

In a post to X on Saturday afternoon, Giuliani denied his celebration was “ruined” by the party crashers, instead calling it an “incredible night.”

“It felt like a strategy session on how to save America!” he said.

Ted Goodman, a spokesman for Giuliani, echoed the sentiment, telling NBC News the former mayor remained in good spirits despite being served .

“The mayor was unfazed by the decision to try and embarrass him during his 80th birthday party,” Goodman said. “He enjoyed an incredible evening with hundreds of people who love him — from all walks of life — and we look forward to full vindication soon.”

Giuliani turns 80 on May 28.

Manhattan - September 16, 2020 - Former-New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani speaks during a press conference at the Women’s Republican Club in Midtown Manhattan Wednesday morning. Giuliani, Catsimatidis, and fellow Republican officials addressed the City’s unprecedented shootings and homicides spike, urban flight which has left tens-of-thousands of apartments sitting empty, and the homeless epidemic in NYC.

Microsoft Research Blog

Microsoft at chi 2024: innovations in human-centered design.

Published May 15, 2024

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The ways people engage with technology, through its design and functionality, determine its utility and acceptance in everyday use, setting the stage for widespread adoption. When computing tools and services respect the diversity of people’s experiences and abilities, technology is not only functional but also universally accessible. Human-computer interaction (HCI) plays a crucial role in this process, examining how technology integrates into our daily lives and exploring ways digital tools can be shaped to meet individual needs and enhance our interactions with the world.

The ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems is a premier forum that brings together researchers and experts in the field, and Microsoft is honored to support CHI 2024 as a returning sponsor. We’re pleased to announce that 33 papers by Microsoft researchers and their collaborators have been accepted this year, with four winning the Best Paper Award and seven receiving honorable mentions.

This research aims to redefine how people work, collaborate, and play using technology, with a focus on design innovation to create more personalized, engaging, and effective interactions. Several projects emphasize customizing the user experience to better meet individual needs, such as exploring the potential of large language models (LLMs) to help reduce procrastination. Others investigate ways to boost realism in virtual and mixed reality environments, using touch to create a more immersive experience. There are also studies that address the challenges of understanding how people interact with technology. These include applying psychology and cognitive science to examine the use of generative AI and social media, with the goal of using the insights to guide future research and design directions. This post highlights these projects.

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AI Frontiers: Models and Systems with Ece Kamar

Ece Kamar explores short-term mitigation techniques to make these models viable components of the AI systems that give them purpose and shares the long-term research questions that will help maximize their value.

Best Paper Award recipients

DynaVis: Dynamically Synthesized UI Widgets for Visualization Editing Priyan Vaithilingam, Elena L. Glassman, Jeevana Priya Inala , Chenglong Wang GUIs used for editing visualizations can overwhelm users or limit their interactions. To address this, the authors introduce DynaVis, which combines natural language interfaces with dynamically synthesized UI widgets, enabling people to initiate and refine edits using natural language.

Generative Echo Chamber? Effects of LLM-Powered Search Systems on Diverse Information Seeking Nikhil Sharma, Q. Vera Liao , Ziang Xiao Conversational search systems powered by LLMs potentially improve on traditional search methods, yet their influence on increasing selective exposure and fostering echo chambers remains underexplored. This research suggests that LLM-driven conversational search may enhance biased information querying, particularly when the LLM’s outputs reinforce user views, emphasizing significant implications for the development and regulation of these technologies.

Piet: Facilitating Color Authoring for Motion Graphics Video Xinyu Shi, Yinghou Wang, Yun Wang , Jian Zhao Motion graphic (MG) videos use animated visuals and color to effectively communicate complex ideas, yet existing color authoring tools are lacking. This work introduces Piet, a tool prototype that offers an interactive palette and support for quick theme changes and controlled focus, significantly streamlining the color design process.

The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI Lev Tankelevitch , Viktor Kewenig, Auste Simkute, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Advait Sarkar , Abigail Sellen , Sean Rintel Generative AI systems offer unprecedented opportunities for transforming professional and personal work, yet they present challenges around prompting, evaluating and relying on outputs, and optimizing workflows. This paper shows that metacognition—the psychological ability to monitor and control one’s thoughts and behavior—offers a valuable lens through which to understand and design for these usability challenges.

Honorable Mentions

B ig or Small, It’s All in Your Head: Visuo-Haptic Illusion of Size-Change Using Finger-Repositioning Myung Jin Kim, Eyal Ofek, Michel Pahud , Mike J. Sinclair, Andrea Bianchi This research introduces a fixed-sized VR controller that uses finger repositioning to create a visuo-haptic illusion of dynamic size changes in handheld virtual objects, allowing users to perceive virtual objects as significantly smaller or larger than the actual device.

LLMR: Real-time Prompting of Interactive Worlds Using Large Language Models Fernanda De La Torre, Cathy Mengying Fang, Han Huang, Andrzej Banburski-Fahey, Judith Amores , Jaron Lanier Large Language Model for Mixed Reality (LLMR) is a framework for the real-time creation and modification of interactive mixed reality experiences using LLMs. It uses novel strategies to tackle difficult cases where ideal training data is scarce or where the design goal requires the synthesis of internal dynamics, intuitive analysis, or advanced interactivity.

Observer Effect in Social Media Use Koustuv Saha, Pranshu Gupta, Gloria Mark, Emre Kiciman , Munmun De Choudhury This work investigates the observer effect in behavioral assessments on social media use. The observer effect is a phenomenon in which individuals alter their behavior due to awareness of being monitored. Conducted over an average of 82 months (about 7 years) retrospectively and five months prospectively using Facebook data, the study found that deviations in expected behavior and language post-enrollment in the study reflected individual psychological traits. The authors recommend ways to mitigate the observer effect in these scenarios.

Reading Between the Lines: Modeling User Behavior and Costs in AI-Assisted Programming Hussein Mozannar, Gagan Bansal , Adam Fourney , Eric Horvitz By investigating how developers use GitHub Copilot, the authors created CUPS, a taxonomy of programmer activities during system interaction. This approach not only elucidates interaction patterns and inefficiencies but can also drive more effective metrics and UI design for code-recommendation systems with the goal of improving programmer productivity.

SharedNeRF: Leveraging Photorealistic and View-dependent Rendering for Real-time and Remote Collaboration Mose Sakashita, Bala Kumaravel, Nicolai Marquardt , Andrew D. Wilson SharedNeRF, a system for synchronous remote collaboration, utilizes neural radiance field (NeRF) technology to provide photorealistic, viewpoint-specific renderings that are seamlessly integrated with point clouds to capture dynamic movements and changes in a shared space. A preliminary study demonstrated its effectiveness, as participants used this high-fidelity, multi-perspective visualization to successfully complete a flower arrangement task.

Understanding the Role of Large Language Models in Personalizing and Scaffolding Strategies to Combat Academic Procrastination Ananya Bhattacharjee, Yuchen Zeng, Sarah Yi Xu, Dana Kulzhabayeva, Minyi Ma, Rachel Kornfield, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Alex Mariakakis, Mary P. Czerwinski , Anastasia Kuzminykh, Michael Liut, Joseph Jay Williams In this study, the authors explore the potential of LLMs for customizing academic procrastination interventions, employing a technology probe to generate personalized advice. Their findings emphasize the need for LLMs to offer structured, deadline-oriented advice and adaptive questioning techniques, providing key design insights for LLM-based tools while highlighting cautions against their use for therapeutic guidance.

Where Are We So Far? Understanding Data Storytelling Tools from the Perspective of Human-AI Collaboration Haotian Li, Yun Wang , Huamin Qu This paper evaluates data storytelling tools using a dual framework to analyze the stages of the storytelling workflow—analysis, planning, implementation, communication—and the roles of humans and AI in each stage, such as creators, assistants, optimizers, and reviewers. The study identifies common collaboration patterns in existing tools, summarizes lessons from these patterns, and highlights future research opportunities for human-AI collaboration in data storytelling.

Learn more about our work and contributions to CHI 2024, including our full list of publications , on our conference webpage .

Related publications

The metacognitive demands and opportunities of generative ai, piet: facilitating color authoring for motion graphics video, dynavis: dynamically synthesized ui widgets for visualization editing, generative echo chamber effects of llm-powered search systems on diverse information seeking, understanding the role of large language models in personalizing and scaffolding strategies to combat academic procrastination, sharednerf: leveraging photorealistic and view-dependent rendering for real-time and remote collaboration, big or small, it’s all in your head: visuo-haptic illusion of size-change using finger-repositioning, llmr: real-time prompting of interactive worlds using large language models, reading between the lines: modeling user behavior and costs in ai-assisted programming, observer effect in social media use, where are we so far understanding data storytelling tools from the perspective of human-ai collaboration, continue reading.

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Challenges to Democracy in Pakistan | For CSS & PMS Aspirants

Rukhsana Khalid
January 8, 2021
Daily Write-Ups , Featured , Opinions
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Written by Rukhsana Khalid

Democracy in the land of pure is in jeopardy. Inheriting it as a political ideology but failing to put it in practice, wholeheartedly, has created problems for its essence and the state.

It is generally considered that many attempts have been made to weaken democracy since the inception of Pakistan. Military overstepping, for instance, and the misuse of constitutional powers has derailed it. There are several challenges that democracy face now.

One key challenge to democracy in Pakistan is dynastic politics. After the 1970s, it overshadows the political system of Pakistan. Although it is an essential feature, elections do not by themselves produce democracy. Since they have no say in the process; illiterate voters only go to vote along ethnic lines that promise them for food and shelter. Also, before 2018, there were only two dynastic political parties which form the majority in the parliament, thus have played musical chairs so far.

Beyond dynastic politics, excessive interference of non-civilian institutions in government affairs has weakened democracy. Landlords have occupied power corridors since the inception of Pakistan; however, being least educated, they failed to provide a national level civilian political leadership. It Provides loopholes to powerful institutions to take over the government. Thus, blocking the way of democracy.

Another challenge to democracy is the Islamization of Politics. Islam itself is not a threat to democracy, for it is the people who project their vested interests by giving the public the Lolipop of religion. By doing so, they could gather the support of masses, which help to prolong their rule in power. For it is illiterate, the public falls prey to tactics of politicians that democracy is anti-Islamic. It does not only harm democracy but also hampers the socio-economic growth of the country.

Moreover, the phenomenon of political polarization drags democracy to the brink of failure. It permanently divides society into segments, as they are illiterate, and cannot build a rational opinion, people advocate for their leaders blindly. At upper-level political heads remain busy in leg pulling of each other, leaving no stone unturned to stop the process of healthy debate which is the beauty of democracy, rather than working for the state’s welfare. Giving ideological refuge to their interests, politicians play with sentiments of the public. As a result, it harms national integration and gives rise to populist leaders that mar the smooth working of democracy.

To conclude, throughout the history of Pakistan, although marred by hitches, still, democracy survived. Its longevity can be increased further by taking some appropriate measures. At the societal level, public awareness should be increased to ensure the participation of all in the democratic process. It would also help people build a rational opinion about the performance of its rulers rather than blindly following them. At the upper level, political heads should co-operate with each other to avoid political polarization. It would not only strengthen democracy but also put country on the way of prosperity and stability.

About the writer:

Miss Rukhsana Khalid is one of the bonafide students of Sir Syed Kazim Ali . – one of the distinguished Grammarian in the world. Under his supervision, she is enrolled in course of Online Creative English Writing and learning Basic to Advanced Grammar. Primarily, she is an engineer and loves to write articles and blogs on various topics- Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, International Relations, and Beauty. In case of any query, please reach her at [email protected]

Name of the Student: Miss Rukhsana Khalid Qualifications: B.Sc Chemical Engineering Total Articles/Blogs: 2 English Coach: Sir Syed Kazim Ali Course Taken: Creative English Writing & Article Writing

Like other competitive students, If you have a story to tell, guidance to help, knowledge to educate, or a perspective that can help CSS aspirants daily, welcome to CSSPrepForum. It is free to get your opinions, viewpoints, judgements, and thinking published, whether it is a blog, article, essay, application, letter, precis, comprehension, MCQs, or anything that helps competitive youth of Pakistan. CSSPrepForum is a place that let you connect with thousands of competitive readers, and helps your voice heard across the community. Let’s start writing and get your voice heard to those who are looking for you . Email Your Write-ups at [email protected]

At CSSPrepForum, we upload solved papers, essays, and current affairs blogs daily. To read the best with us, let’s connect with us Twitter Facebook Instagram

CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs Past Papers

The following are the CSS 2022 Pakistan Affairs solved past papers questions. These questions have been evaluated and checked by Pakistan’s top Pakistan Affairs and Current Affairs coaches, who are either lecturers or officers and scored the highest marks in this paper. They include Miss Saba Baloch (CSS-2021), Miss Aimeen Mirza (CSS 2018), Miss Nirmal Hasni (DD NAB), Sir Rameez Ch. (Lecturer & Deputy Director), and Miss Zaineb Azam (the highest scorer – 76). Moreover, these questions have been attempted on the same pattern taught by Sir Syed Kazim Ali to his students who have been scoring the highest marks for years.

CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs Questions

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CSS Essay “Impacts of Media” with Outline | By Aqsa Imtiaz (CSS/PMS 2020 Qualified)

“Impacts of Media”

2) Positive aspect Or Impacts of Media

3) Negative Aspects Or Impact of Media

4) Suggestions for improvement

5) Conclusion

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Digital Democracy: Social Media and Political Participation Essay

II. The Impact of Social Media on Political Participation

B. Increased Citizen Engagement and Mobilization:

C. Increased Political Polarization and Echo Chambers:

D. Facilitation of Direct Democracy:

E. Influencing Public Opinion:

F. Amplification of Marginalized Voices:

III. The Challenges of Digital Democracy and Social Media

IV. Conclusion

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