introduction of hurricane essay

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Introduction: Hurricanes

By John Pickrell

4 September 2006

Cyclone Catarina near Brazil seen from the International Space Station on 26 March, 2004

(Image: NASA)

A hurricane is a fiercely powerful rotating tropical storm that is 200 to 2000 kilometres across. Hurricanes have a calm central region of low pressure between 20 and 100 kilometres across, known as the eye . They occur in tropical regions around the world, and are called typhoons in south-east Asia and the Pacific, and cyclones in the Indian Ocean and Australia.

The term hurricane is derived from Huracan , the name of a Mayan storm god. Over its lifetime, one of these massive storms can release as much energy as a million Hiroshima nuclear bombs .

The brutality of each annual hurricane season shifts according to decadal variation , but there is now evidence to suggest global warming could be making hurricanes more frequent and unpredictable. As populations and economies grow along coastal regions, the damage from these storm is increasing .

In 2005, hurricane Katrina had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the US, leaving a disaster zone of 230,000 square kilometres in its wake and causing damage estimated at $75 billion. Katrina whipped up sustained winds of 225 kilometres per hour and a 5- to 9-metre-high “storm surge” of sea water. The maelstrom tore through New Orleans’ flood defences and flooded 80% of the city . Thousands were killed or injured and more than half a million people were displaced in a humanitarian crisis not seen in the US since the great depression.

Forming a storm

The seed for hurricane formation is a cluster of thunderstorms over warm tropical waters. Hurricanes can only form and grow when sea-surface temperatures exceed 27°C and the surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the northern hemisphere. In Australia and the southern hemisphere, the cyclone season runs from October to May.

Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate and condense into clouds and rain – releasing heat in the process. It is this heat energy, combined with the rotation of the Earth, that drives a hurricane.

When the warm column of air from the sea surface first begins to rise, it causes an area of low pressure. This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area. This wind drags up more moisture-laden air from the sea surface in a positive feedback process that swells the storm. Cold air falls back to the ocean surface on the outside of the storm.

When wind speeds hit 37 kilometres per hour, these mild, wet and grey weather systems are called as tropical depressions . Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the south-eastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005 and was labelled tropical depression 12 of that year.

If this process happens far enough from the equator – typically at latitudes of more than 10° – then the Coriolis force associated with the rotation of the Earth sets the massive weather system spinning, with winds spiralling in towards the centre.

The weather systems spin anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern. The rotation of the Earth also determines the direction in which these storms travel, so hurricanes in the north Atlantic move west towards Central and North America.

Categorically speaking

As winds increase to a sustained speed of 63 kilometres per hour, a tropical depression becomes a tropical storm . Such storms are then given a name – such as Charley , Frances , Gilbert, Isabel , Ivan , Jeanne or Mitch – which cycle through the alphabet each year.

A tropical storm becomes a category 1 hurricane (or cyclone or typhoon) when winds reach sustained speeds of 120kph. A hurricane becomes category 2 when sustained winds hit 154kph, category 3 at 179kph, category 4 at 210 kph, and finally the most devastating variety, category 5 , when wind speeds hit 250kph.

Category 5 hurricanes rarely make it to land – 2005’s Katrina briefly achieved category 5 status, but diminished slightly before landfall. This University of Wisconsin-Madison animation of infrared satellite images shows how hurricane Katrina grew in power as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico.

Hurricanes are characterised by high winds, torrential rain and sometimes tornadoes . These conditions cause massive damage to buildings and infrastructure and create flash floods , mudslides and storm surges of sea water. Storm surges are huge tsunami-like waves resulting from the acutely low pressure at the eye of the hurricane. The low pressure draws in water, raising sea levels by up to 4 metres. Hurricanes may even trigger weak earthquakes and set the Earth vibrating.

Hurricanes can also contain very tall clouds called hot towers that stretch up to the ceiling of the troposphere. Hurricanes can continue to grow in size and ferocity as long as they are over warm waters but in reality they rarely persist for more than a few weeks. As soon as they travel inland, their power diminishes rapidly , as they can no longer draw up warm, damp air from the sea – they run out of steam, or water vapour at least.

Climate linked

The storm season of 2005 was the busiest since records began in 1928: 26 tropical storms formed in the north Atlantic, 12 more than 2004 .

Fourteen of these – including Beta , Dennis , Emily , Epsilon , Ophelia , Rita and Stan – became hurricanes, setting another record as three developed to category 5. Wilma was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the north Atlantic.

The hurricane season in 2005 was remarkable in other ways too. An unusual south Pacific hurricane battered the coasts of Guatemala and El Salvador in May – the first ever to strike from the direction of the Pacific. More of a surprise was hurricane Catarina , the first ever known to come from the southern Atlantic – a place the textbooks claim is too cool for hurricanes to form.

Hurricane activity was predicted to be above average in 2006 as well.

This burst of activity has fuelled speculation that climate change may be responsible. There has been a string of studies suggesting that hurricanes have become more intense , powerful and unpredictable in the last 30 years – and that this is not just down to normal decadal variation in storm activity.

One controversial study argues that the number of intense hurricanes worldwide has almost doubled over the past 35 years and it pins the blame on rising sea-surface temperatures. As the world warms, the amount of sea surface that exceeds the 27°C required to spawn a hurricane will increase – but a lot of other factors are also required for hurricanes to form, so experts are not sure what the future holds .

If hurricanes do become more frequent and intense, we might be able to find ways to mitigate their effects or even modify the weather . Possible methods include sending them off course , using water-absorbent powder to mop up clouds , coating the sea surface with fish oil or surfactants to stop warm water evaporating, and even zapping the colder streams of air in hurricanes and tornadoes with microwaves to disrupt their structure.

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Writing a hurricane essay is exciting, as this natural phenomenon is terrifying and impressing in equal measure. Forces of nature are truly remarkable – when you see their power, you are often overcome with primal fear and realization of their vastness and your insignificance in comparison. Hurricanes are enormous storms that form over the water and are shaped like a swirl. When they reach land they can cause havoc and extreme destruction. You can explore their nature as well as the aftermath in hurricane essays. Humans were always drawn to powerful natural occurrences, so essays on hurricane, tornado, and tsunami essays are quite popular. In case you need some samples to draw inspiration for your essay, we prepared a variety of hurricane essay samples for you to review.

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How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Examples)   

The introduction of an essay plays a critical role in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. It sets the stage for the rest of the essay, establishes the tone and style, and motivates the reader to continue reading. 

Table of Contents

What is an essay introduction , what to include in an essay introduction, how to create an essay structure , step-by-step process for writing an essay introduction , how to write an introduction paragraph , how to write a hook for your essay , how to include background information , how to write a thesis statement .

• Argumentative Essay Introduction Example: 
• Expository Essay Introduction Example 

Literary Analysis Essay Introduction Example

Check and revise – checklist for essay introduction , key takeaways , frequently asked questions .

An introduction is the opening section of an essay, paper, or other written work. It introduces the topic and provides background information, context, and an overview of what the reader can expect from the rest of the work. 1 The key is to be concise and to the point, providing enough information to engage the reader without delving into excessive detail. 

The essay introduction is crucial as it sets the tone for the entire piece and provides the reader with a roadmap of what to expect. Here are key elements to include in your essay introduction: 

• Hook : Start with an attention-grabbing statement or question to engage the reader. This could be a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or a compelling anecdote. 
• Background information : Provide context and background information to help the reader understand the topic. This can include historical information, definitions of key terms, or an overview of the current state of affairs related to your topic. 
• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position on the topic. Your thesis should be concise and specific, providing a clear direction for your essay. 

Before we get into how to write an essay introduction, we need to know how it is structured. The structure of an essay is crucial for organizing your thoughts and presenting them clearly and logically. It is divided as follows: 2  

• Introduction:  The introduction should grab the reader’s attention with a hook, provide context, and include a thesis statement that presents the main argument or purpose of the essay.  
• Body:  The body should consist of focused paragraphs that support your thesis statement using evidence and analysis. Each paragraph should concentrate on a single central idea or argument and provide evidence, examples, or analysis to back it up.  
• Conclusion:  The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis differently. End with a final statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Avoid new information or arguments. 

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write an essay introduction: 

• Start with a Hook : Begin your introduction paragraph with an attention-grabbing statement, question, quote, or anecdote related to your topic. The hook should pique the reader’s interest and encourage them to continue reading. 
• Provide Background Information : This helps the reader understand the relevance and importance of the topic. 
• State Your Thesis Statement : The last sentence is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and directly address the topic of your essay. 
• Preview the Main Points : This gives the reader an idea of what to expect and how you will support your thesis. 
• Keep it Concise and Clear : Avoid going into too much detail or including information not directly relevant to your topic. 
• Revise : Revise your introduction after you’ve written the rest of your essay to ensure it aligns with your final argument. 

Here’s an example of an essay introduction paragraph about the importance of education: 

Education is often viewed as a fundamental human right and a key social and economic development driver. As Nelson Mandela once famously said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” It is the key to unlocking a wide range of opportunities and benefits for individuals, societies, and nations. In today’s constantly evolving world, education has become even more critical. It has expanded beyond traditional classroom learning to include digital and remote learning, making education more accessible and convenient. This essay will delve into the importance of education in empowering individuals to achieve their dreams, improving societies by promoting social justice and equality, and driving economic growth by developing a skilled workforce and promoting innovation. 

This introduction paragraph example includes a hook (the quote by Nelson Mandela), provides some background information on education, and states the thesis statement (the importance of education). 

This is one of the key steps in how to write an essay introduction. Crafting a compelling hook is vital because it sets the tone for your entire essay and determines whether your readers will stay interested. A good hook draws the reader in and sets the stage for the rest of your essay.  

• Avoid Dry Fact : Instead of simply stating a bland fact, try to make it engaging and relevant to your topic. For example, if you’re writing about the benefits of exercise, you could start with a startling statistic like, “Did you know that regular exercise can increase your lifespan by up to seven years?” 
• Avoid Using a Dictionary Definition : While definitions can be informative, they’re not always the most captivating way to start an essay. Instead, try to use a quote, anecdote, or provocative question to pique the reader’s interest. For instance, if you’re writing about freedom, you could begin with a quote from a famous freedom fighter or philosopher. 
• Do Not Just State a Fact That the Reader Already Knows : This ties back to the first point—your hook should surprise or intrigue the reader. For Here’s an introduction paragraph example, if you’re writing about climate change, you could start with a thought-provoking statement like, “Despite overwhelming evidence, many people still refuse to believe in the reality of climate change.” 

Including background information in the introduction section of your essay is important to provide context and establish the relevance of your topic. When writing the background information, you can follow these steps: 

• Start with a General Statement:  Begin with a general statement about the topic and gradually narrow it down to your specific focus. For example, when discussing the impact of social media, you can begin by making a broad statement about social media and its widespread use in today’s society, as follows: “Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of users worldwide.” 
• Define Key Terms : Define any key terms or concepts that may be unfamiliar to your readers but are essential for understanding your argument. 
• Provide Relevant Statistics:  Use statistics or facts to highlight the significance of the issue you’re discussing. For instance, “According to a report by Statista, the number of social media users is expected to reach 4.41 billion by 2025.” 
• Discuss the Evolution:  Mention previous research or studies that have been conducted on the topic, especially those that are relevant to your argument. Mention key milestones or developments that have shaped its current impact. You can also outline some of the major effects of social media. For example, you can briefly describe how social media has evolved, including positives such as increased connectivity and issues like cyberbullying and privacy concerns. 
• Transition to Your Thesis:  Use the background information to lead into your thesis statement, which should clearly state the main argument or purpose of your essay. For example, “Given its pervasive influence, it is crucial to examine the impact of social media on mental health.” 

A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, or other type of academic writing. It appears near the end of the introduction. Here’s how to write a thesis statement: 

• Identify the topic:  Start by identifying the topic of your essay. For example, if your essay is about the importance of exercise for overall health, your topic is “exercise.” 
• State your position:  Next, state your position or claim about the topic. This is the main argument or point you want to make. For example, if you believe that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health, your position could be: “Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.” 
• Support your position:  Provide a brief overview of the reasons or evidence that support your position. These will be the main points of your essay. For example, if you’re writing an essay about the importance of exercise, you could mention the physical health benefits, mental health benefits, and the role of exercise in disease prevention. 
• Make it specific:  Ensure your thesis statement clearly states what you will discuss in your essay. For example, instead of saying, “Exercise is good for you,” you could say, “Regular exercise, including cardiovascular and strength training, can improve overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.” 

Examples of essay introduction 

Here are examples of essay introductions for different types of essays: 

Argumentative Essay Introduction Example:  

Topic: Should the voting age be lowered to 16? 

“The question of whether the voting age should be lowered to 16 has sparked nationwide debate. While some argue that 16-year-olds lack the requisite maturity and knowledge to make informed decisions, others argue that doing so would imbue young people with agency and give them a voice in shaping their future.” 

Expository Essay Introduction Example  

Topic: The benefits of regular exercise 

“In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of regular exercise cannot be overstated. From improving physical health to boosting mental well-being, the benefits of exercise are numerous and far-reaching. This essay will examine the various advantages of regular exercise and provide tips on incorporating it into your daily routine.” 

Text: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee 

“Harper Lee’s novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ is a timeless classic that explores themes of racism, injustice, and morality in the American South. Through the eyes of young Scout Finch, the reader is taken on a journey that challenges societal norms and forces characters to confront their prejudices. This essay will analyze the novel’s use of symbolism, character development, and narrative structure to uncover its deeper meaning and relevance to contemporary society.” 

• Engaging and Relevant First Sentence : The opening sentence captures the reader’s attention and relates directly to the topic. 
• Background Information : Enough background information is introduced to provide context for the thesis statement. 
• Definition of Important Terms : Key terms or concepts that might be unfamiliar to the audience or are central to the argument are defined. 
• Clear Thesis Statement : The thesis statement presents the main point or argument of the essay. 
• Relevance to Main Body : Everything in the introduction directly relates to and sets up the discussion in the main body of the essay. 

Writing a strong introduction is crucial for setting the tone and context of your essay. Here are the key takeaways for how to write essay introduction: 3  

• Hook the Reader : Start with an engaging hook to grab the reader’s attention. This could be a compelling question, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or an anecdote. 
• Provide Background : Give a brief overview of the topic, setting the context and stage for the discussion. 
• Thesis Statement : State your thesis, which is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be concise, clear, and specific. 
• Preview the Structure : Outline the main points or arguments to help the reader understand the organization of your essay. 
• Keep it Concise : Avoid including unnecessary details or information not directly related to your thesis. 
• Revise and Edit : Revise your introduction to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance. Check for grammar and spelling errors. 
• Seek Feedback : Get feedback from peers or instructors to improve your introduction further. 

The purpose of an essay introduction is to give an overview of the topic, context, and main ideas of the essay. It is meant to engage the reader, establish the tone for the rest of the essay, and introduce the thesis statement or central argument.  

An essay introduction typically ranges from 5-10% of the total word count. For example, in a 1,000-word essay, the introduction would be roughly 50-100 words. However, the length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the overall length of the essay.

An essay introduction is critical in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. To ensure its effectiveness, consider incorporating these key elements: a compelling hook, background information, a clear thesis statement, an outline of the essay’s scope, a smooth transition to the body, and optional signposting sentences.  

The process of writing an essay introduction is not necessarily straightforward, but there are several strategies that can be employed to achieve this end. When experiencing difficulty initiating the process, consider the following techniques: begin with an anecdote, a quotation, an image, a question, or a startling fact to pique the reader’s interest. It may also be helpful to consider the five W’s of journalism: who, what, when, where, why, and how.   For instance, an anecdotal opening could be structured as follows: “As I ascended the stage, momentarily blinded by the intense lights, I could sense the weight of a hundred eyes upon me, anticipating my next move. The topic of discussion was climate change, a subject I was passionate about, and it was my first public speaking event. Little did I know , that pivotal moment would not only alter my perspective but also chart my life’s course.” 

Crafting a compelling thesis statement for your introduction paragraph is crucial to grab your reader’s attention. To achieve this, avoid using overused phrases such as “In this paper, I will write about” or “I will focus on” as they lack originality. Instead, strive to engage your reader by substantiating your stance or proposition with a “so what” clause. While writing your thesis statement, aim to be precise, succinct, and clear in conveying your main argument.  

To create an effective essay introduction, ensure it is clear, engaging, relevant, and contains a concise thesis statement. It should transition smoothly into the essay and be long enough to cover necessary points but not become overwhelming. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to assess its effectiveness. 

References  

• Cui, L. (2022). Unit 6 Essay Introduction.  Building Academic Writing Skills . 
• West, H., Malcolm, G., Keywood, S., & Hill, J. (2019). Writing a successful essay.  Journal of Geography in Higher Education ,  43 (4), 609-617. 
• Beavers, M. E., Thoune, D. L., & McBeth, M. (2023). Bibliographic Essay: Reading, Researching, Teaching, and Writing with Hooks: A Queer Literacy Sponsorship. College English, 85(3), 230-242. 

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Hurricane Katrina: The US Emergency Management Essay

Introduction.

Hurricanes are tropical wind storms that are characterized by high constant speed. They are formed in warm tropical ocean water and move down the land because of the latitude pressure difference. Hurricanes rotate in a counterclockwise and clockwise direction in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. They develop when the storm moves across a war ocean with a high volume of moisture in the atmosphere. This makes the regions that border the Atlantic Ocean, such as Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana, prone to hurricanes. Although these natural disasters are not always dangerous, they sometimes become strong and significant, covering a wider area. When they approach the land, they result in strong waves in boarding areas, which, in turn, leads to flooding of rivers and areas close to coastal lines.

The United States of America is among the countries that have experienced the effects of such storms, and Hurricane Katrina was one of the most fearsome and devastating disasters in the country’s recent history. Emergency management measures adopted by the responsible authorities both at local and state levels are significant factors in ensuring disaster relief and recovery and citizens’ safety.

Hurricane Katrina

Despite being a deadly natural disaster, whenever it is large and wide, hurricanes can be forecasted. The forecast is usually accompanied by warning in areas that will be hit by the storm so that people can evacuate when necessary. Weather scientists can track the hurricane’s path and provide information on the battery (Rodriguez et al., 2018). Although forecasting provides critical information on hurricanes, this disaster has never been handled effectively to the point that casualties become minimal, which may be because of the policy and the plan of the U.S. disaster management. The assessment of emergency management measures, including disaster preparedness and appropriate mitigation solutions, can help describe the process that guides the provision of the necessary relief and recovery procedures at the local level.

Hurricane Katrina was among the deadliest tropical wind storms that have ever hit the United States of America. On August 29, 2005, it made landfall in the region bordering Mississippi and Louisiana (Diaz et al., 2020). The region had a population of about 800,000, and they had to evacuate the area (Diaz et al., 2020). As a result, this was the largest evacuation in the history of the United States of America. Evacuation plans were already put in place even before the tragedy. Depending on the region, the area of damage was different, but in all the affected territories, tens of miles of destruction were observed (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.).

In areas such as Mississippi and Alabama, the storm left many people homeless as most of the area was destroyed by the floods and strong winds (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). For almost a week, people along the Gulf Coast spent days without basic needs. As a result, the hurricane left significant suffering in people even after the tragedy had ended. The preparations appeared not effective as the destruction was beyond the expected level.

In Texas, many people were provided evacuation and other emergency services, such as food and shelter. The response was made nationally to ensure that the affected group was able to get aid. Hospitals in the regions were overwhelmed with the population as many people’s health was affected by the tragedy. The local center served approximately 37,170 people (Diaz et al., 2020). Direct relief was connected to the affected areas like Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In the first week of the tragedy, direct relief provided $10 million in cash grants and medical materials to support local clinics and health centers all over the region (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). Citizens with low incomes and those who lost most of their property were the target audience, and that support initiative was one of the areas of work to mitigate the consequences of the tragedy.

Hurricane Katrina Preparedness

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) prepared for the disaster in several ways, such as resource positioning before Katrina’s landfall. The efforts of the organization helped manage the disaster. For instance, FEMA placed 11,322,000 liters of water, 5,997,312 ready meals, and 18,960,000 ice pounds (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). Additionally, 17 truckloads of tarps were placed strategically before the hurricane (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.).

FEMA stationed 18 medical teams, rescue task forces, equipment, an incident support team, and medical supplies (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). In Louisiana, rapid assessment teams and 36 trucks each carried 18,000 liters of water (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). The stakeholder team included emergency management officials from local and state authorities, and their coordinated efforts were focused on identifying potential storm damage sites and alerting responsible services. The communication was aimed at ensuring that during the Katrina landfall, rescues and other emergencies were quickly transmitted to the team responsible. FEMA also reached out for support from other departments, such as the Department of Defense (DoD). Its role was to provide airlift support, as Katrina was expected to be destructive. Thus, initially, basic steps were taken to prepare for the disaster.

Since the neighboring southern states of U.S. were most affected by the hurricane, the emphasis on local storm preparedness and mitigation efforts is key. As the target regions, the activities of the authorities from Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana need to be considered to reveal the nature of the decisions made before and after the disaster. Through evaluating stakeholder actions, interested parties’ activities, resource allocation regimes, and other emergency management procedures can be identified.

Mississippi

In Mississippi, preparation for the hurricane involved various activities aimed at anticipating the potential consequences of Katrina. Disaster response training and preparedness were conducted several months before the storm, and the funds allocated for this work were part of the state budget (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). Command structures by various bodies, including state, federal, and local, were set up through emergency proclamations (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.).

Emergency operation centers were activated, and people in areas prone to the dangerous effects of the hurricane were subjected to mandatory evacuation. Emergency shelters were set up for individuals that have fled their homes. The military was also involved in emergency preparation as they activated National Guard and other programs such as Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). The program provided support in security, helicopters, and engineering services. Mobilization steps contributed to creating operational headquarters that not only controlled the situation with weather conditions but also prepared the necessary resources, for instance, the control of water supplies (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). As a result, different interested parties were involved in responding to the imminent threat and reducing the risks to the population.

Compared to Mississippi, the preparatory procedures for addressing the threat of the upcoming hurricane began later in Alabama. Four-five days before the disaster, full-fledged target work began to take place, and the Governor’s staff was involved in overseeing all steps (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). A corresponding letter from the state authorities was sent to the federal government with a request to implement a special preparation plan in Alabama, including alerting the population and taking the necessary measures (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). In addition, decisions to restructure the emergency management services were made to address the threat comprehensively.

Local emergency operations centers needed to be reorganized to form a stable reporting system and ensure high-performance work planning. Based on the decision of the state authorities, these centers were restructured to establish the activities of five nodes – emergency services, support and infrastructure, human services, planning, and operations support (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). This practice helped distribute the responsibilities of the control authorities to the minimum territorial units (counties) and create operational response teams that provided relevant information timely on the dynamics of the hurricane. The activation of healthcare services and the repurposing of public medical facilities into emergency centers were also mechanisms for mitigating the consequences of the threat. As a result, preparatory measures in Alabama may be said to be more organized than in Mississippi.

Preparatory emergency procedures in Louisiana began later than in Alabama. Although the Governor asked the federal government and directly the President for approval of the state of emergency, major disruptive effects were not avoided (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). According to eyewitness accounts of the tragedy, large areas of the state remained inundated for several weeks, complicating evacuations and worsening the humanitarian disaster (Ramsey, 2021). Of the three states considered, Louisiana has the largest area adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico. As a result, a serious blow to the infrastructure was such that the preparatory measures did not prevent the catastrophe to the extent that it had been planned.

Many public services were involved in addressing the upcoming threat and forming a stable communication mode for the timely processing of incoming data. Particular attention was paid to the supply of necessary resources, including to the northern counties of the state, to prepare local regions for the hurricane (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). By the time the storm hit, the state was able to offer shelter and evacuation services to those in need (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). At the same time, as the results of the disaster show, the local authorities failed to ensure the complete safety of the population. A large number of tasks to address was one of the reasons for the difficulties that the involved stakeholders had to face.

Disaster Recovery Participation

Along with the economic support provided by the government to the southern regions of the country most affected by Hurricane Katrina, the recovery program implied involving human power. Pyles et al. (2017) mention the engagement of citizens in voluntary assistance to rescuers who carried out evacuation and search operations. The researchers note that after some time, the state governments of the damaged regions were accused of insufficiently competent preparation for the upcoming threat (Pyles et al., 2017). Disaster recovery measures took significant efforts, and along with the general principles of work, addressing individual problems required no less close public attention.

Some population groups felt the effects of the hurricane much more acutely than others. As Pyles et al. (2017) argue, in Louisiana, the African American community was hit harder than white citizens. Moreover, according to the authors, the black residents of New Orleans “confronted more barriers to recovery, and institutional racism arguably played a role in the slow governmental response” (Pyles et al., 2017, p. 504).

This outcome indicates the lack of attention to the socio-cultural factors of recovery practices, and despite the allocation of funds from the state and federal budgets, some problems were not addressed comprehensively. The researchers also pay attention to the differences between the level of preparation of rural and urban areas because, based on the effects of the hurricane, regions with less developed infrastructure suffered significantly more (Pyles et al., 2017). Therefore, disaster recovery participation was a necessary activity related to the involvement of volunteers to eliminate the consequences of Katrina and form objective strategies for the restoration of residential and public facilities.

Effective housing policies were an indispensable element to address as part of mitigation and recovery solutions after the disaster. Local and state governments were to have built reliable programs that could help the homeless and get the public services running smoothly in a timely manner. However, as Sax (2021) remarks, controversy arose in the course of those activities. The aforementioned problem of racial inequality was obvious; after Hurricane Katrina, thousands of heirs of private landowners were denied FEMA assistance, and black citizens were the predominant vulnerable category (Sax, 2021). The development of effective recovery projects could not take place under conditions in which not all residents of the affected areas might count on help from the state. Therefore, within the framework of disaster recovery participation, the voluntary assistance of caring citizens was an essential aspect of social support.

Public Knowledge Regarding Emergency Plans

Along with the destruction of infrastructure in dozens of communities, Hurricane Katrina caused mass casualties. Given the gaps made by local and state governments in some regions, it is also essential to note the importance of preparing the population for possible natural disasters. The public knowledge of emergency plans and guidelines to follow is crucial as a valuable factor in reducing potential risks and ensuring evacuation, supply, and other procedures are in accordance with the highest safety standards (Rodriguez et al., 2018). If more attention had been paid to the interaction with the population before the tragedy, it is possible that many consequences caused by the flooding of most residential areas could have been avoided (Diaz et al., 2020). All this speaks to the importance of open communication with citizens and conducting educational activities designed to increase the understanding of risks and the sequence of actions in the case of threats of natural disasters.

Among the tasks that FEMA policy sets as a priority, familiarization with logistics routes is an important task for preparing the population. As part of targeted public outreach, as Hurricane Katrina approached, the authorities began alerting citizens to possible evacuation options and safe directions to travel (“Pre-landfall preparation,” n.d.). However, as the practice has shown, many residents of vulnerable areas were not notified in advance, and insufficient preparedness was one of the reasons for the mass casualties.

Even after the natural disaster subsides, people should receive the necessary information about which routes are involved for the delivery of humanitarian supplies, the arrival of rescuers, and other solutions aimed at helping the population. Otherwise, the period of recovery in the affected areas may be delayed, and fewer citizens will receive qualified assistance.

The assessment of the prospects for population education should proceed from the needs of specific communities. In evaluating the impact of Hurricane Katrina, Lichtveld et al. (2020) draw attention to the importance of analyzing the community as a whole and argue that the dissemination of knowledge to target citizens should not be scattered. The communication mode should be established in accordance with pre-prepared guidelines to exclude the possibility of missing significant nuances in the process of interaction with the population. Rodriguez et al. (2018) offer clear conditions to follow when drawing up such a plan. According to the researchers, the public should be informed about the steps to take in case of Internet connection failure, telephone connection breaks, and other issues (Rodriguez et al., 2018).

Special means of communication in case of emergency should be prepared, for example, satellite phones. The rules for using mass media, such as radio, should be communicated to citizens so that, in case of signal problems, all those in need can hear up-to-date reports and recommendations (Rodriguez et al., 2018). These measures are mandatory to increase public knowledge about actions both before and after emergencies.

Making Predictions and Forecasting

In implementing the recovery and relief phases, local and state authorities should take into account not only the current consequences of the threat but also make adequate forecasts regarding potential danger in the future. Hurricane Katrina was a clear marker of problems in preparedness for such risks. As Diaz et al. (2020) note, this applies not only to hurricanes but also to other natural disasters, such as floods or droughts. Given the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the damaged states, the responsible local authorities should have learned the lesson and, if necessary, turned to higher authorities to implement preventive strategies. It was an adequate step to address the planning gaps and introduce effective protection policies for the population.

Effective forecasting implies making relevant additions to existing emergency plans. Diaz et al. (2020) remark that along with local and state authorities, the federal government should also be involved in this process. The allocation of funds, the appointment of responsible analysts, timely supplies, and other tasks must be implemented in accordance with clearly defined algorithms. Hurricane Katrina was an event that helped redefine the importance of preparatory work. Any tragedy is easier to prevent than to deal with its disastrous consequences. Therefore, in cooperation with the parties concerned, responsible persons should develop effective projects aimed at ensuring the safety of the population.

The recovery and relief phases of emergency management require the coordinated work of local and state authorities, and the example of Hurricane Katrina is proof of this. Mass casualties and the destruction of urban and rural infrastructure confirm the relevance of preparatory procedures and relevant safety guidelines. Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana were the hardest hit by the disaster, and the lack of preparedness for the hurricane was one of the reasons for the large scale of the tragedy. Involving volunteers, educating the public, and making adequate predictions are significant steps to take. Government assistance in the form of funding and productive emergency policies is also a valuable tool to prevent future threats.

Diaz, J., Brisolara, K., Harrington, D., Hu, C., & Katner, A. (2020). The environmental health impact of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans . American Journal of Public Health , 110 (10), 1480-1484. Web.

Lichtveld, M., Covert, H., El-Dahr, J., Grimsley, L. F., Cohn, R., Watson, C. H., Thornton, E., & Kennedy, S. (2020). A community-based participatory research approach to hurricane Katrina: when disasters, environmental health threats, and disparities collide . American Journal of Public Health , 110 (10), 1485-1489. Web.

Pre-landfall preparation and Katrina’s impact . (n.d.). A Failure of Initiative. Web.

Pyles, L., Svistova, J., Ahn, S., & Birkland, T. (2017). Citizen participation in disaster recovery projects and programmes in rural communities: A comparison of the Haiti earthquake and Hurricane Katrina. Disasters , 42 (3), 498-518. Web.

Ramsey, J. (2021). Hurricane Katrina chronicles . OffBeat Magazine . Web.

Rodriguez, F., Petersen, J., Selvaratnam, R., Mann, P., & Hoyne, J. (2018). Hurricanes: Are you prepared? Laboratory Medicine , 49 (2), e18-e22. Web.

Sax, S. (2021). Black families passed their homes from one generation to the next. Now they may be lost . The Guardian . Web.

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Bibliography

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Hurricane Katrina Essay

Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest and most destructive hurricanes to ever hit the United States. The storm made landfall on August 29, 2005, causing widespread damage across Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. In all, more than 1,800 people lost their lives and tens of billions of dollars in property damage was done.

Katrina was particularly devastating for the city of New Orleans, which saw its levees fail and floodwaters inundate much of the city. In the aftermath of the storm, many residents were left stranded without food or water for days.

The response to Hurricane Katrina was widely criticized, with many people pointing to the slow federal response as a major failing. In the years since, however, much has been done to improve disaster response in the United States. Hurricane Katrina was a tragic event that will be remembered for years to come.

Our environment and ecosystem allow us to thrive and enjoy our planet. Natural catastrophes are not affected by man’s will or desire. They might happen at any time and in any place, but we may choose how to protect our environment by acting responsibly for these natural disasters.

Hurricane Katrina was one of the most destructive natural disasters in U.S. history. It hit the Gulf Coast region on August 29th, 2005 and caused catastrophic damage, particularly in the city of New Orleans and the state of Mississippi. The hurricane killed over 1,800 people and displaced hundreds of thousands more.

The physical damage from Hurricane Katrina was widespread and devastating. Entire neighborhoods were leveled, leaving nothing but debris behind. Houses were torn from their foundations, trees were uprooted, and cars were thrown about like toys. Floodwaters inundated entire communities, causing even more damage as they rose and receded. In all, it is estimated that Hurricane Katrina caused over $100 billion in damage.

But the damage from Hurricane Katrina was not just physical. The storm also had a profound psychological effect on those who lived through it. Many people who survived the hurricane recounted feeling traumatized by their experiences. They described a sense of loss, displacement, and grief that was overwhelming. For many, the stormrepresented not just the destruction of their homes and belongings but also the loss of their community and way of life.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, there was a great deal of discussion about how to rebuild the affected communities. Some argued that it was important to rebuild as quickly as possible in order to restore a sense of normalcy for residents. Others argued that rebuilding should be done thoughtfully and with an eye towards creating more resilient communities that could better withstand future storms.

What is clear is that Hurricane Katrina was a major disaster with far-reaching implications. The physical and psychological damage caused by the storm will be felt by those who lived through it for many years to come.

The aquatic ecosystem of the nearby lakes was devastated by the levee failure in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The breach of the dikes caused water to rapidly flood the region and become contaminated with city sewage, chemicals, medical waste, and human remains, which were then pumped into the lakes.

The main body of water effected was Lake Pontchartrain which provides much of the city’s drinking water. The hurricane also destroyed the coastal wetlands which act as a natural buffer from storms, these wetlands have not yet recovered.

New Orleans is situated in a bowl-shaped area surrounded by levees that protect it from flooding. The bowl is actually below sea level, so when Hurricane Katrina hit on August 29, 2005, and the levees failed, the entire city was flooded. More than 80% of New Orleans was under water, with some areas being submerged under 20 feet of water.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, many people were left stranded without food or clean water. As conditions in the city deteriorated, looting and violence became widespread. The federal government was criticized for its slow response to the disaster.

Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest and most destructive hurricanes in US history. It caused more than $100 billion in damage, and left thousands of people homeless. More than 1,800 people were killed, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in US history.

Water bearing all sorts of pollutants was pumped into any available destination, as long as it didn’t submerge the city, after Katrina. Apart from Katrina causing havoc, one of the most significant flaws in government and army Corps of Engineers efforts was the lack of protection and efficiency of the levees. The consequences of the levees’ failure and water eventually engulfing the city were only amplified.

The water that submerged New Orleans following Katrina was filled with all types of contaminants. Oil from cars and boats, animal carcasses, and even human remains were all mixed in the murky water. This water not only destroyed homes and buildings, but also seeped in to the soil and groundwater. The long-term effects of this contaminated water are still being studied, but it is safe to say that they will be felt for many years to come.

In addition to the contaminated water, there was also a great deal of air pollution caused by Katrina. As the storm ripped through houses and buildings, it generated a tremendous amount of dust and debris which contained harmful toxins like asbestos and lead. This debris was then sent airborne where it was inhaled by residents, further exacerbating the health problems caused by the storm.

All of this pollution had a devastating effect on the environment of New Orleans. The contaminated water destroyed plant and animal life, as well as the natural habitats that they lived in. The air pollution tainted the air quality for miles around, making it difficult for people and animals to breathe. And the debris left behind clogged up waterways and made it difficult for new vegetation to grow. It will take many years for the environment of New Orleans to recover from the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina.

We must recognize that the traditional “levee solution” is more detrimental than beneficial, and it must be rethought. According to the Association of State Floodplain Managers, “There are only two kinds of levees: ones that have failed and ones that will fail.” To protect and safeguard our ecosystems more effectively, levi structure and design must be significantly altered.

We have to think long-term when it comes to these things. In 2005, one of the most infamous natural disasters occurred in the United States. Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana and Mississippi hard, causing many fatalities and leaving thousands homeless. This hurricane was different than any other because of the widespread damage that it did.

It is important to note that while hurricanes are a common occurrence in this area, the devastation caused by Katrina was Unprecedented. In order to understand how such destruction could happen, we must first understand what goes into making a hurricane and the different types of storms.

A tropical cyclone is “a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters” (National Hurricane Center). These storms are fueled by warm, moist air and can grow to be very large. There are three main types of tropical cyclones: tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes.

A tropical depression is the weakest type of storm and has winds that range from 22-38 mph. A tropical storm is a bit stronger, with winds reaching 39-73 mph. The last and most severe type of storm is the hurricane. These storms have winds that surpass 74 mph and can cause catastrophic damage (National Hurricane Center).

Now that we know what goes into making a hurricane, we can begin to understand how Katrina formed. The conditions for this particular hurricane were just right; it had all of the necessary ingredients to turn into a category 5 storm.

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Earthquake Essay for Students and Children

500+ Words Essay on Earthquake

Simply speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are a terrible natural disaster. Furthermore, Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and property. Some Earthquakes are weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some Earthquakes are major and violent. The major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what makes them so dangerous.

Types of Earthquake

Tectonic Earthquake: The Earth’s crust comprises of the slab of rocks of uneven shapes. These slab of rocks are tectonic plates. Furthermore, there is energy stored here. This energy causes tectonic plates to push away from each other or towards each other. As time passes, the energy and movement build up pressure between two plates.

Therefore, this enormous pressure causes the fault line to form. Also, the center point of this disturbance is the focus of the Earthquake. Consequently, waves of energy travel from focus to the surface. This results in shaking of the surface.

Volcanic Earthquake: This Earthquake is related to volcanic activity. Above all, the magnitude of such Earthquakes is weak. These Earthquakes are of two types. The first type is Volcano-tectonic earthquake. Here tremors occur due to injection or withdrawal of Magma. In contrast, the second type is Long-period earthquake. Here Earthquake occurs due to the pressure changes among the Earth’s layers.

Collapse Earthquake: These Earthquakes occur in the caverns and mines. Furthermore, these Earthquakes are of weak magnitude. Undergrounds blasts are probably the cause of collapsing of mines. Above all, this collapsing of mines causes seismic waves. Consequently, these seismic waves cause an Earthquake.

Explosive Earthquake: These Earthquakes almost always occur due to the testing of nuclear weapons. When a nuclear weapon detonates, a big blast occurs. This results in the release of a huge amount of energy. This probably results in Earthquakes.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Effects of Earthquakes

First of all, the shaking of the ground is the most notable effect of the Earthquake. Furthermore, ground rupture also occurs along with shaking. This results in severe damage to infrastructure facilities. The severity of the Earthquake depends upon the magnitude and distance from the epicenter. Also, the local geographical conditions play a role in determining the severity. Ground rupture refers to the visible breaking of the Earth’s surface.

Another significant effect of Earthquake is landslides. Landslides occur due to slope instability. This slope instability happens because of Earthquake.

Earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction. This happens when water-saturated granular material loses its strength. Therefore, it transforms from solid to a liquid. Consequently, rigid structures sink into the liquefied deposits.

Earthquakes can result in fires. This happens because Earthquake damages the electric power and gas lines. Above all, it becomes extremely difficult to stop a fire once it begins.

Earthquakes can also create the infamous Tsunamis. Tsunamis are long-wavelength sea waves. These sea waves are caused by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. This is because of an Earthquake in the ocean. Above all, Tsunamis can travel at a speed of 600-800 kilometers per hour. These tsunamis can cause massive destruction when they hit the sea coast.

In conclusion, an Earthquake is a great and terrifying phenomenon of Earth. It shows the frailty of humans against nature. It is a tremendous occurrence that certainly shocks everyone. Above all, Earthquake lasts only for a few seconds but can cause unimaginable damage.

FAQs on Earthquake

Q1 Why does an explosive Earthquake occurs?

A1 An explosive Earthquake occurs due to the testing of nuclear weapons.

Q2 Why do landslides occur because of Earthquake?

A2 Landslides happen due to slope instability. Most noteworthy, this slope instability is caused by an Earthquake.

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Home — Essay Samples — History — History of the United States — Hurricane Katrina

Essays on Hurricane Katrina

What makes a good hurricane katrina essay topics.

When it comes to writing an essay on Hurricane Katrina, choosing a topic that is both engaging and informative is crucial. With such a devastating event, there are countless angles and perspectives to explore. Here are some recommendations on how to brainstorm and choose an essay topic, what to consider, and What Makes a Good essay topic.

When brainstorming essay topics, it's important to consider the impact of Hurricane Katrina on various aspects of society. Topics could focus on the environmental impact, the response and recovery efforts, the social and economic implications, or the political fallout. Consider the different perspectives and voices that emerged in the aftermath of the hurricane, and think about how these can be woven into an engaging and informative essay.

A good Hurricane Katrina essay topic should be thought-provoking and offer a fresh perspective on the event. It should invite the reader to think critically about the issues surrounding the hurricane and its aftermath. Additionally, a good essay topic should be well-researched and provide the opportunity to delve into the complexities of the event.

Best Hurricane Katrina Essay Topics

• The Role of Climate Change in Hurricane Katrina
• The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans' Culture and Community
• The Failures of the Government Response to Hurricane Katrina
• The Long-Term Environmental Impact of Hurricane Katrina
• The Displacement and Resettlement of Hurricane Katrina Survivors
• The Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
• The Role of Social Media in Disaster Response during Hurricane Katrina
• The Psychological Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Survivors
• The Economic Fallout of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans
• The Media Coverage of Hurricane Katrina and its Effects on Public Perception
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Hurricane Katrina Relief Efforts
• The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Healthcare System in New Orleans
• The Lessons Learned from Hurricane Katrina and their Application to Future Disasters
• The Influence of Hurricane Katrina on Climate Change Policy
• The Rebuilding and Revitalization of New Orleans in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
• The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender in the Response to Hurricane Katrina
• The Role of the Arts in Healing and Rebuilding after Hurricane Katrina
• The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Education System in New Orleans
• The Ethical and Moral Dilemmas Faced by First Responders during Hurricane Katrina
• The Resilience and Strength of the New Orleans Community in the Face of Disaster

Hurricane Katrina essay topics Prompts

• Imagine you are a journalist reporting on the ground in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. Describe the challenges, ethical dilemmas, and emotional toll of covering such a devastating event.
• Write a letter from the perspective of a survivor of Hurricane Katrina, reflecting on the experience and the challenges of rebuilding and moving forward.
• Create a timeline of the events leading up to, during, and after Hurricane Katrina, highlighting the key moments and decisions that shaped the outcome.
• Design a public awareness campaign focused on the long-term environmental impact of Hurricane Katrina and the importance of sustainable disaster preparedness.
• Write a fictional story set in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, exploring the experiences of different individuals and communities as they navigate the challenges of rebuilding and recovery.

Hurricane Katrina: The Aftermath of a Natural Disaster

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The Devastation of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and The Lack of Response by The Government

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The Outcomes of Hurricane Katrina

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Report on Natural Disaster: Hurricane Katrina

The role of american red cross in dealing with hurricane katrina, hurricane katrina and crisis counseling, role of social media during the hurricane katrina, hurricane katrina and flaws in american government.

$125 billion

1,836 total

August 23, 2005 - August 31, 2005

Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi, New Orleans, Eastern United States and Eastern Canada

The tropical depression that became Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, approximately 350 miles (560 km) east of Miami. Early in the morning on August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States. Katrina had become one of the most powerful Atlantic storms on record.

While the storm itself did a great deal of damage, its aftermath was catastrophic. The economic effects of the storm reached high levels. The Bush Administration sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region. The emergency response from federal, state, and local governments was widely criticized. Katrina caused more than $125 billion in damage.

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