essay in roman urdu

aaj ik aur baras biit gayā us ke baġhair

jis ke hote hue hote the zamāne mere

آج کے منتخب ۵ شعر

میں باغ میں ہوں طالب دیدار کسی کا

گل پر ہے نظر دھیان میں رخسار کسی کا

یہ کیا پڑی ہے تجھے دل جلوں میں بیٹھنے کی

یہ عمر تو ہے میاں دوستوں میں بیٹھنے کی

خموشی جھانکتی ہے کھڑکیوں سے

گلی میں شور سا پھیلا ہوا ہے

رنگ درکار تھے ہم کو تری خاموشی کے

ایک آواز کی تصویر بنانی تھی ہمیں

کون سی جا ہے جہاں جلوۂ معشوق نہیں

شوق دیدار اگر ہے تو نظر پیدا کر

مقبول شاعری

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دلچسپ موضوعات اور معروف شاعروں کے منتخب ۲۰ اشعار

اردو کراس ورڈ

اردو کا پہلا آن لائن کراس ورڈ معمہ۔ زبان و ادب سے متعلق دلچسپ معمے حل کیجیے اور اپنی معلومات میں اضافہ کیجیے۔

ہندی اور اردو کتابیں خریدیں

گریٹ انڈین مشاعرہ کلینڈر ٢٠٢٤

کوئی دیوانہ کہتا ہے کامبو سیٹ

مین/وومن پرنٹڈ ہوڈیڈ سویٹ شرٹ؛ ستاروں سے آگے جہاں

رخصت کرو مجھے کامبو سیٹ

پئر آف ٢ کوٹس وال پوسٹرز وتھ فار ہوم اینڈ آفس؛ صبح بہ خیر اینڈ شام بہ خیر

سفر میں دھوپ کامبو سیٹ

آرٹسٹک پلو کور- آفتاب ١٦X١٦ویلویٹ فیبرک

میں تمہیں پھر ملوں گی امرتا پریتم پوئٹری کامبو سیٹ

امرتا پریتم

نرالا کی کہانیاں بک کامبو سیٹ

سوریاکانت ترپاٹھی نرالا

کچھ نادانی اور کومبو سیٹ گلزار کے منتخب کلام (اردو)

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کیا آپ کو معلوم ہے؟

“چچا چھکن” ایک ناقابل فراموش مزاحیہ کردار ہے جو ہمارے اجتماعی شعور کا حصہ بن چکا ہے۔ اس اہم کردار کے خالق سید امتیاز علی تاج ہیں۔ ہوا یوں کہ انگریز مصنف جیروم  کے جیروم کے ناول “Three Men In A Boat” میں ایک مقام پر ''انکل پوڈگر'' کے تصویر ٹانکنے کا تذکرہ ظریفانہ انداز میں ہے۔ ۱۹۲۶ میں ''نیرنگ خیال'' کے مدیر نے امتیاز علی تاج سے فرمائش کی کہ وہ ان کے عید نمبر کے لئے اس منظر کا ترجمہ اردو میں کریں. امتیاز علی تاج نے بجائے ترجمہ کرنے کے انگریزی منظر سامنے رکھ کر اسے از سر نو اردو میں لکھ ڈالا، اور انکل پوڈگر کو اردو میں ''چچا چھکن'' کے نام سے موسوم کیا۔ اردو والوں کو یہ مضمون نیا اور دلچسپ معلوم ہوا، چنانچہ اسی قسم کے دوسرے مضامین لکھنے کی فرمائش ہونے لگی۔ اس طرح ''چچا چھکن'' کے مرکزی کردار کو سامنے رکھ کر تقریباً دس مضامین وجود میں آ گئے، جن میں چچا چھکن کی اندرون خانہ زندگی کے بعض پہلوؤں کا پر مزاح تذکرہ ہے۔ خیال رہے کہ اسی کردار کو سامنے رکھ کر پچھلے دنوں دانش اقبال صاحب نے ایک بہترین مزاحیہ ڈرامہ ''چچا چھکن'' ترتیب دیا جو کامیابی سے کئی بار اسٹیج کیا گیا۔

عید کے معنی ہیں خوشی کا وہ دن جو بار بار آئے۔ عید الفطر اسلامی تہوار ہے جسے ہندوستان میں اکثر میٹھی عید بھی کہتےہیں۔ رمضان کے روزوں کے بعد اسلامی مہینے "شوال" کی پہلی تاریخ کو یہ تہوار دنیا بھر میں منایا جاتا ہے۔ اس دن مسلمان فطرہ یعنی غریبوں کو صدقہ یا دان دیتے ہیں، اس لئے اس کو عیدالفطر کہتے ہیں۔ اردو شاعری میں عید کا چاند دیکھنے اور عید کے دن گلے ملنے پر اتنے اشعار ہیں کہ پوری ایک کتاب بن سکتی ہے۔  عید کا چاند تم نے دیکھ لیا  چاند کی عید ہو گئی ہوگی   عید کا چاند ہوجانا، یعنی بہت دنوں بعد ملنا، بول چال کا ایک عام محاورہ بھی ہے۔  کیاآپ جانتے ہیں "عیدی" کیا ہوتی ہے؟ عید کے دن بچوں کو گھر کے سارے بڑے لوگ اور رشتے دار جو پیسے یا تحفے دیتے ہیں وہ تو عیدی ہوتی ہی ہے، اس کے علاوہ وہ نظم یا اشعار جو استاد لوگ بچوں کو عید سے ایک روز پہلے، کسی خوش نما کاغذ پر لکھ کر عید کی مبارک باد  کے طور پر دیتے تھے اور اس کے بدلے حق استادی  وصول کرتے تھے وہ بھی عیدی کہلاتی تھی، وہ خوش نما کاغذ جس پر عید کے اشعار یا قطعہ لکھتے تھے وہ بھی عیدی کہلاتی تھی۔ وہ میوہ، مٹھائی اور نقدی وغیرہ جو عید کے دن سسرال سے آئے یا سسرال میں بھیجی جائے اس کو بھی عیدی کہتے ہیں ۔

لفظ 'پہر' اور 'پہرے دار' کا کیا تعلق ہے ۔ قدیم ہندوستان میں وقت ناپنے کا پیمانہ پہر ہوا کرتے تھے۔ دن رات کے آٹھ پہر تھے، اور ہر پہر تین گھنٹے کا ہوا کرتا تھا۔   ہر پہر کے دوران پہرے دار چوکسی پر رہتے تھے اور ہر گھنٹہ پورا ہونے پر دھات کے بنے گھنٹے پر چوٹ دے کر اعلان کرتے تھے کہ وہ پہرے پر ہیں اور دوسرے یہ بھی پتہ چلتا تھا کہ وقت کیا ہوا ہے ۔ پہر سنسکرت لفظ پرہر سے بنا ہے ۔ اب تو پہرے دار کا مطلب صرف سنتری، محافظ یا چوکی دار رہ گیا ہے۔  اردو شاعری میں 'آٹھوں پہر'، 'رات کا پچھلے پہر'  اور 'سہ پہر' کا بہت ذکر رہتا ہے ۔  سہ پہر ہی سے کوئی شکل بناتی ہے یہ شام  خود جو روتی ہے مجھے بھی تو رلاتی ہے یہ شام  'سہ' فارسی میں تین کو کہتے ہیں ۔ دن کے تیسرے پہر کو سہ پہر بھی کہتے ہیں۔

رمضان کے مہینے میں بچَے کے پہلے روزے کی تقریب کو روزہ کشائی کہتے ہیں۔ یہ ایک ہندوستانی رسم ہے۔ کشائی لفظ کے معنی ہیں کھولنا یا آغاز کرنا۔ بچہ جب زندگی میں پہلی بار روزہ رکھتا ہے تو اس کے روزہ افطار کے وقت رشتے داروں اور دوستوں کی دعوت کی جاتی ہے۔ روزہ کشائی کی تقریب میں بچے یا بچی کے لئے نئے کپڑے بنتے ہیں۔ اسے رشتے دار اور دوست پیسے اور تحفے بھی دیتے ہیں۔ ہر بچہ یہ دن ساری زندگی یاد رکھتا ہے۔

"گلابی اردو " کیا ہے اور ملا رموزی،(1896-1952) سے اس کا کیا رشتہ ہے ؟ گلابی اردو ملا رموزی کا دلچسپ طرز تحریر تھا, جو دراصل پرانے انداز کے  لفظ بہ لفظ ، ثقیل قسم کے  اردو ترجموں کی  شگفتہ پیروڈی تھا۔  ملا رموزی یعنی بھوپال کے صدیق ارشاد، مشہور صحافی، طنز نگار اور شاعر تھے۔  وہ اخباروں میں سیاسی اور سماجی موضوعات پر اپنی گلابی اردو  میں اس انداز سے  لکھتے تھے کہ برٹش حکومت کے پریس ایکٹ کی پابندی کی گرفت میں بھی نہیں  آتے تھے، اور اردو دانوں تک ان کی بات پہنچ بھی جاتی تھی۔ لیکن وہ اس انداز کے علاوہ عام آسان زبان میں عام لوگوں کے مسائل اور موضوعات پر بھی طنزیہ اور مزاحیہ مضامین لکھتے تھے جو بہت پسند کئے جاتے تھے۔بھوپال میں مدھیہ پردیش اردو اکادمی کا دفتر 'ملارموزی سانسکرتی بھون' نامی عمارت میں ہے۔ آجکل گلابی اردو  کی اصطلاح اردو میں علاقائ  الفاظ و لہجے  کی  آمیزش کے لئے بھی  استعمال ہونے لگی ہے۔

منتخب شاعری

جاں نثار اخترکی پانچ نظمیں

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اقبال کا کلام ضیا محی الدین کی آواز

اختر الایمان: تم ہی ہو۔ چنندہ نظمیں

غزل کی شام محمد رفیع کے نام

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Sentiment Analysis for Roman Urdu Text over Social Media, a Comparative Study

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Lately, there has been growing interest of users in Roman-Urdu text processing by using English language keyboard over the various social network platforms in Pakistan as well as in some other states of Indo-European. Nonetheless, one major issue in Roman-Urdu text processing is that it has no standardized lexicon, resulting one word in Urdu have different spelling variations. Due to this fact, least work is reported in Urdu language by the NLP researcher’s community. The objective of this study is to provide comprehensive review on Roman-Urdu and Urdu language, which covers previous works done by authors in this area. Further, we discuss grammatical structure of Urdu languages, pre-processing techniques, software tools and database used in Roman-Urdu and Urdu language. Furthermore, performance metrics, algorithms techniques have also been illustrated. Finally, in conclusion, research findings and future directions are highlighted as to give novel ideas in this area.

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Title: sentiment analysis for roman urdu text over social media, a comparative study.

Abstract: In present century, data volume is increasing enormously. The data could be in form for image, text, voice, and video. One factor in this huge growth of data is usage of social media where everyone is posting data on daily basis during chatting, exchanging information, and uploading their personal and official credential. Research of sentiments seeks to uncover abstract knowledge in Published texts in which users communicate their emotions and thoughts about shared content, including blogs, news and social networks. Roman Urdu is the one of most dominant language on social networks in Pakistan and India. Roman Urdu is among the varieties of the world's third largest Urdu language but yet not sufficient work has been done in this language. In this article we addressed the prior concepts and strategies used to examine the sentiment of the roman Urdu text and reported their results as well.

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How to Say “I Love You,” in Urdu

Many love stories end long before they even start due to linguistic and cultural barriers. In fact, a linguistic error can sometimes be more fatal than no communication at all! 

If a native Urdu speaker has won your affections, there’s no better way to strengthen your bond than by learning how to express your love in Urdu . The Urdu language is full of romance and romanticism, but all the sweet nothings in the world won’t mean a thing if you use them at the wrong time or in the wrong context. 

In addition, you should always take into account the cultural differences between Western culture and Pakistani culture . For example, in Pakistani society , you can’t just go out on random romantic conquests. Before making an advance toward the object of your affection, it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with the dating norms of Pakistan. 

In this article from UrduPod101.com, we’ll help you out on both fronts. You’ll learn the most common love phrases in Urdu, pick up some sweet terms of endearment, and read a few inspiring quotes about love in Urdu that you can use to further win his or her heart. We’ll also provide you with the masculine and feminine variations of each love phrase where applicable, so you can know you’re always saying just the right thing.

• Confess Your Affection: Pick-up Lines and More
• Fall in Deeper: “I Love You,” and More
• Take it One Step Further: “Will You Marry Me?” and More
• Endearment Terms
• Must-Know Love Quotes

1. Confess Your Affection: Pick-up Lines and More

After being hit by Cupid’s arrow, the ordeal of a lover starts. It’s time for you to show your mettle and take the initiative in revealing your love and affection for the beloved. In this section, you’ll find some helpful sentences you can use to impress the man or woman of your dreams and express your love in the Urdu language. 

If you don’t mind, I want to tell you something special. 

If you’re a man: اگر آپ برا نہ منائیں تو میں آپ کو کچھ خاص بتانا چاہتا ہوں۔ Agar aap bura na manayain tu mei aap ko kuch khaas batana chahta hun.

If you’re a woman: اگر آپ برا نہ منائیں تو میں آپ کو کچھ خاص بتانا چاہتی ہوں۔ Agar aap bura na manayain tu mei aap ko kuch khaas batana chahti hun.

Can I talk about something personal to you?

If you’re a man: کیا میں آپ سے کچھ ذاتی بات کر سکتا ہوں؟ Kya mei aap se kuch zati baat kar sakta hun?

If you’re a woman: کیا میں آپ سے کچھ ذاتی بات کر سکتی ہوں؟ Kya mei aap se kuch zati baat kar sakti hun?

I have to say something important to you. 

مجھے آپ سے کچھ ضروری کہنا ہے! Mujhe aap se kuch zaroori kehna hai. I have to say something important to you.

Would you like to have a cup of tea with me? 

If you’re a man:  کیا آپ میرے ساتھ چائے پیئیں گی؟ Kya aap mere saath chai piain gi?

If you’re a woman:  کیا آپ میرے ساتھ چائے پیئیں گے؟ Kya aap mere saath chai piain gay?

I need a bit of your time. 

مجھے آپ کا تھوڑا سا وقت چاہئے۔ Mujhe aap ka thoda sa waqt chahiye.

Are you engaged?

کیا آپ کی منگنی ہو چکی ہے؟ Kya aap ki mangni ho chuki hai?

I like you.

If you’re a man: آپ مجھے اچھی لگتی ہیں۔ Aap mujhe achi lagti hain.

If you’re a woman:  آپ مجھے اچھے لگتے ہیں۔ Aap mujhe achay lagtay hain.

I have started thinking more about you. 

If you’re a man: میں آپ کے بارے میں زیادہ سوچنے لگا ہوں۔ Mei aap ke baray mein ziada sochne laga hun.

If you’re a woman: میں آپ کے بارے میں زیادہ سوچنے لگی ہوں۔ Mei aap ke baray mein ziada sochne lagi hun.

2. Fall in Deeper: “I Love You,” and More

If you’ve confessed your love and didn’t get a hint to stop, here comes the crucial moment. Summon your courage and go a step further. Open your heart to your beloved and don’t hesitate to say that you’re in love.

Before we dive in, please note that there are a few different words for “love” in Urdu: 

• پیار ( pyar )
• عشق ( ishq )
• محبت ( mohabbat )
• الفت ( ulfat ) 

Now, here are some great ways to say “I love you,” in Urdu and ultimately win their heart…

I love you.

If you’re a man: میں آپ سے محبت کرتا ہوں۔ Mei aap se mohabbat kerta hun.

If you’re a woman:  میں آپ سے محبت کرتی ہوں۔ Mei aap se mohabbat karti hun.

I love you, too. 

You can add the Urdu word بھی to respond to this statement positively. 

If you’re a man: میں بھی آپ سے محبت کرتا ہوں۔ Mei bhi aap se mohabbat kerta hun.

If you’re a woman:  میں بھی آپ سے محبت کرتی ہوں۔ Mei bhi aap se mohabbat kerti hun.

I am in love with you. 

مجھے تم سے محبت ہو گئی ہے۔ Mujhe tum se mohabbat ho gayi hai.

 It is hard to live without you. 

میرا آپ کے بغیر جینا مشکل ہے۔ Mera aap ke baghair jeena mushkil hai.

I have fallen in love with you.

If you’re a man: میں آپ کے عشق میں ڈوب چکا ہوں۔ Mei aap ke ishq mein doob chuka hun.

If you’re a woman: میں آپ کے عشق میں ڈوب چکی ہوں۔ Mei aap ke ishq mein doob chuki hun.

3. Take it One Step Further: “Will You Marry Me?” and More

As discussed earlier, Pakistani society is not a liberal one. As such, marriage proposals take precedence over love affairs . Usually, marriage proposals are sent through the parents or elders of one family to the other family; however, proposals given through any means are preferred over no marriage proposal at all. 

Below are some ways of proposing to your beloved in the Urdu language.

Would you like to spend the rest of your life with me? 

If you’re a man: کیا آپ باقی کی زندگی میرے ساتھ گزارنا پسند کریں گی؟ Kya aap baqi ki zindagi mere saath guzaarna pasand karain gi?

If you’re a woman: کیا آپ باقی کی زندگی میرے ساتھ گزارنا پسند کریں گے؟ Kya aap baqi ki zindagi mere saath guzaarna pasand karain gay?

Will you marry me?

If you’re a man: مجھ سے شادی کرو گی؟ Mujh se shaadi karo gi?

If you’re a woman: مجھ سے شادی کرو گے؟ Mujh se shaadi karo gay?

Would you be my children’s mother / father? 

If you’re a man asking a woman:  کیا تم میرے بچوں کی ماں بنو گی؟ Kya tum mere bachon ki maan bano gi?

If you’re a woman asking a man:  کیا تم میرے بچوں کے باپ بنو گے؟ Kya tum mere bachon ke baap bano gay?

4. Endearment Terms

Below you’ll find a brief list of widely used terms of endearment in Urdu. Choose one or two of your favorites, and begin using them in conversations with your significant other. 

میرے ہمدم Mere humdum My beloved

جانو Janu Honey

To be used for males:

میرے محبوب Mere mehboob My beloved

To be used for females:

میری محبوبہ Meri mehbobah My beloved

میری جان Meri jaan My life

میری زندگی Meri zindagi My life

5. Must-Know Love Quotes

Want to really dazzle your other half? Here are a few love quotes in Urdu with their English translations. Each of these quotes is widely popular in Pakistani society, and using them with your loved one is sure to leave a lasting impression. 

عشق وہ آتش ہے غالب جو لگائے نہ لگے جو بجھائے نہ بجھے۔ Ishq woh aatish hai Ghalib jo lagaye na lage jo bujhaye na bhujhey. The fire of love can neither be ignited nor extinguished deliberately.

عشق اور مشک چھپتے نہیں۔ Ishq aur mushk chupte nahin. Love and fragrance cannot be hidden.

اک آگ کا دریا ہے اور ڈوب کر جانا ہے Yeh ishq nahin aasaan bas itna samajh lijiye Ik aag ka derya hai aur doob ker jaana hai It is not easy to love; it is equivalent to crossing the river of fire.

یہ عشق کا جادو ہے سر چڑھ کر بولے گا۔ Yeh ishq ka jadu hai sar charh kar bolay ga. Love’s magic speaks at high notes.

محبت اور جنگ میں سب جائز ہے۔ Mohabbat aur jung mein sab jaiz hai. Everything is fair in love and war.

عشق بچوں کا کھیل نہیں ہے۔ Ishq bachon ka khel nahi hai. Love is not child’s play.

6. Conclusion

In this article, you learned a variety of romantic words and phrases in the Urdu language to use at every stage of your romantic relationship. We hope that you can use this information to make a lasting impression on the object of your affection, and that you’re on your way to a committed and loving relationship. 

Did we miss anything? Do you think that some aspects have been left unexplored in this article? Let us know in the comments section, and we’ll get back to you with the answers to your questions. 

Knowing Urdu love phrases is a great place to start if you’re hoping to begin or strengthen your relationship with a native speaker. But there’s still a lot more to learn! 

At UrduPod101.com , you can study the Urdu language and explore Pakistani culture with our numerous learning resources and lessons. Here are a few pages to get you started:

• Urdu dictionary
• Pronunciation
• Vocabulary lists
• Top 25 Urdu Phrases

Very Happy Urdu Learning!

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How to Say Hello in Urdu: Make the Perfect First Impression

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Classroom Classics: A Companion to Unignorable Urdu Phrases

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English – Roman Urdu Basic Conversation

Good Morning sub bakhair Goodbye khuda hafiz Yes Ha No Nahee Thanks shukria Excuse me (to get past) mohaf kijiey Excuse me (to get information) baat sunyeh My name is...

... mera naam ...

.... hey What is your name? aap ka naam kiya hey? Pleased to meet you aap se mil kar kushi hoohi How much does this cost? iss per kitna harch eye ga? Can you help me please? baraay merhabani meri madad kijiey? I am trying to learn Urdu meh Urdu seekne ki koshish kar raha hoo I'm from..

. se hoo Do you speak English? kiya aap angrezi boltey hey? I don't speak Urdu mey Urdu nahee bolta Could you write it down? kiya aap isse lik saktey hey? Can you repeat that? kiya aap ye dobara ke sakte hey? I understand meh samajha hoo I don't understand meh nahee samajha Pardon (what)? kiya kaha? What is this called in Urdu? is ko urdu meh kiya kehte hey? Where are you from? aap kaha se hey? I'm married mey shadi shuddah hoo Do you have children? kiya aap ke bache hey? I don't have children mere bache nahee hey I have a son mera aik beta hey I have a daughter meri aik beti hey Do you like football? kiya aap ko football passand hey? I support...

.. meh saporter ...

... hoo What's the weather like? mosam kesa hey? Is it going to rain? kiya barish honey vali hey? It's raining barish ho rahi hey It's hot garmi hey It's cold sardi hey It's freezing shadeed tand hey It's windy tez hava chai rahi hey To the left bayin taraf To the right dayin taraf Straight on seedha agay here yaha there vaha This week is hafte Next week aglay hafte This morning iss subah This afternoon iss dopahar Tonight aaj raat Midday dopahar Midnight adhi raat What time is it? kiya vaqt hooha hey? It's .

... o'clock ..

... baje hey Good achha Bad bura who kawn where kaha what kiya why kyo when kab how kaise

SabaaideeHelloSabaaidee bowHow are you?Khaw thootExcuse meBaw pen nyangNo problem / never mindKhoy…

Main Characters of Homer’s IlliadZeus, Agamemnon, Achilles, Apollo, and HectorHesiod claimed to…

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A 14 month-old child ingests a half a bottle of baby aspirin…

TrueTrue or False: In Word 2010, the Ribbon can be customized with…

?declaratory form of “to be”????negative form of “to be”noun (form)forming verb “to…

??love??to say??house??up, above??blue??red??station??to go??pond??voice??autumn??to buy??face??to write??yes (colloquial)??good

opposite raystwo rays that share the same endpoint and extend in opposite…

An individual’s preferred method of thinking, understanding, and processing of information is…

Golden Retrieveran English breed having a long silky golden coatcom/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/labrador-retrievers.jpg” title=”Labrador Retrievers”…

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Searching In Roman Urdu English Language Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

Disclaimer: This essay has been written and submitted by students and is not an example of our work. Please click this link to view samples of our professional work witten by our professional essay writers . Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of EssayCompany.

after the emergence of the internet computer, scientist came across with many new problems such as multi-lingual and transliteration issues, different standards has been created for the different countries i.e. l18n internationalization (international standards for date time and language) and l10n(Localized standards for date time and language). Such kind of problem arises in south Asian countries such as Pakistan and Indian since Urdu and Hindi are not written using roman characters that resulted in new writing style know as Roman Urdu, it can be defined as writing Urdu using Roman alphabets. In past, many efforts were made for translating the Roman Urdu into Urdu and Hindi script. But, no serious efforts were made for creating information retrieval system or search contents over the internet. Since, it is not standardized language. So people write it according to their literacy rate and intuition. In this research we  [ i ]  have tried to resolve these issues by generating multiple queries and on these search queries we applied advance searching techniques such as n-gram modeling techniques.

Index Terms - Searching In Urdu, Roman Urdu Search, Information retrieval.

Introduction

The writing language using its scripture is the basic need of any speaker of any language. since normal keyboards are standardized using english language. after the emergence of internet people started communicating in local languages and due to this new writing style emerged for different languages, one of the writing style introduced by hindi and urdu speakers know as roman urdu. since, lots of contents are available over the web in the form of discussion forums. there are 240 million users of roman urdu from all over the world. in this research we tried to create information retrieval system that will help us to find out contents over the internet in roman urdu in far better way than others..

Why Searching In Roman Urdu Is Different From Others? [7]

The Roman Urdu is written according to user intuition.

Urdu is a morphologically complex language that is why we can write single word in many ways.

There is no standardization available for Roman Urdu.

Different characters sets are purposed for the Roman Urdu transliteration that can be mapped on the Urdu characters on the basis of phonemes but due to morphological nature of Urdu language, it results in to the ambiguous results. But still it does not provide any solution regarding the Roman Urdu searching due to it ambiguous mapping. Different efforts were made for transliteration of Roman Urdu to Urdu. But no substantial efforts were made for information retrieval of data in Roman Urdu. Many different schemas have been purposed for Urdu transliteration and no single standard way to translate the Roman Urdu to Urdu script since the numbers of Urdu characters are greater than Roman alphabets. A solution purposed by the paper [9] where introduced the three tire generation architecture. It has three phases 1) Pre-processing 2) Cross-Script Mapping 3) Trie-generation. Special symbols and capitalization of roman character were used to map Urdu over roman characters. Urdu has 15 long and 3 short vowels and different people use different spelling for the presentation of these vowels using the provided a schema that map the Roman alphabet to the Urdu vowels afterwards this generates the tree which provides the all possible options but due to this it generates many irrelevant options as well which causes ambiguity. The well optimizes solution for such type of problem is to provide an unambiguous way to map Urdu alphabets to English alphabets. They provided following alphabet to alphabet mapping of Urdu alphabets to Roman alphabets. [9]

Numbers of Roman alphabets are less than Urdu they used special charters added to Roman alphabet for one to one mapping.

In another research focused on transliteration from Roman Urdu to Urdu. They tried to provide the CFG for the Roman Urdu. By using this, they tried to transliterate the Roman Urdu into Urdu. They provided different techniques for inserting a word into the DSFA [8]. They provided their own schema and provided vowels and its mapping on Urdu alphabets as provided below:

Using this mapping and vowels sounds, we have created our own vowel mapping schema which is created on the basis of sounds of phonemes. The one to one mapping of vowels according to their pronunciation produced following five tables.

euTable For 'a' and its variations

Table for 'e' and its variations

Table for 'i' and its variations

 Table for 'o' and its variations

Table for 'u' and its variations

We will use these tables to generate multiple queries form user query and fetch the data on the basis of these queries instead of a single query. That will help us to resolve issues related the inconsistency of writing style of the Roman Urdu users.

To test it, we had built following schema so, that we could test our vowel replacement technique.

To implement the schema in above mention diagram, we have to know how the basic search engine and crawlers works. Since, existing search engine application does not provide any free API (Application Programmable interfaces) by which we can test our schema. We have to prepare our own search engine which will help us to apply some of the advance techniques for Information retrieval. Firstly, we need to look into the working of a multi-query generator.

The multi query generator is an algorithm that identifies the vowel between the query string. After identification of the vowels it replaces it with the phonetically equivalent vowels as provided in the table. It generates multiple queries from single user query than it displays the search results after fetching data against each query. The algorithm is given below:

Tokenize the algorithm on the basis of the vowel location or the location vowel combinations.

Then replace the vowel or vowel combination with the phonetically close vowels or their combination.

Then combine the string in n-1way where N is number of combination against a single vowel or combination of vowel.

Fetch the result against them and display the result on the front end.

The basic crawler gets a seed URL and from this URL it extracts more URL's add it to the frontier. Then fetch pages by getting URL's from frontier. It depends upon the architecture of crawler that how it fetches the URL from frontier and how does it save the data in the database [12].

During literature review I had gone through following Crawling techniques:

Naïve Best First Crawling[4]

These kinds of crawlers fetch pages and provide the pages and represent them as vector of words according to the frequency of the word in the text. Then it computes cosine similarity according to parent page. In the case of multi-threaded environment it works like best-N-first where N is number of threads executing simultaneously.

Focused Crawler:[1]

In this crawling technique pages are crawled and categorized on the bases of topic taxonomy. In start the crawler requires a topic of taxonomy and example URL's. These URL's are classified in many taxonomy which can be corrected by user through interactive process.

Context Focused Crawler:[2]

This crawler is based on Bayesian classifier to guide their crawlers. These classifiers provide the bases to calculate the distance between the base page and the currently crawled page. These crawlers maintain the context graph of N layers for each seeded URL.

Info spider [3]

An adoptive population of agents search pages relevant to the topic of the query. Each agent is essentially following the crawling loop (while using an adaptive query list and a neural net to decide which links to follow. The algorithm provides an exclusive frontier for each agent.

All of the above crawlers has its own pros and cons and discussion of it out of scope of this paper. For our research we tried to implement Best-First crawling technique since, it provide the way for maintaining the similarity index in simplest and effective way to record the information.

Since, there are many issues with current implementation of the project. As provided below:

It misses the context of search and language both i.e.

If I try to search 'Pakistan ka matlab kiya' the multi query gets multiple queries of Pakistan as well that should not be done.

It generates many useless queries.

N-gram Modeling [6]

We can resolve this by adopting advance Information retrieval techniques that can help us searching the contents on the basis of context. We can use the advance N-gram modeling techniques. N-gram is a language modeling that estimate the occurrence of next word in the language by the proceeding sequence. It uses the history of n-1 preceding words to compute the occurrence probability P of the current word. Some of the application of N-gram modeling techniques is given below:

Speech recognition

handwriting recognition

information retrieval

optical character recognition

We can use this technique if we have availability of language Corpus and many others languages use this technique for information retrieval and applied on the Indain languages.[7]

There are two major corpuses available for the Urdu:[11]

Emille Lancater Corpus

Becker-Raiz Corpus

For our research we will use Emille Lancater Corpus for being more stable. Since these corpus are for Emille Lancater but we will generating one to one mapping corpus for Roman Urdu to Urdu by developing a standard Roman Urdu word list against available Urdu Corpuses. From there we can apply certain semantic web techniques as well. Purposed solution:

Multi-query generator

N-gram Techniques, Probabilistic Mapping of word provided in the Corpus

Search Engine

Results to the user

Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions.

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