essay about primary source in philippine history

Primary Sources: History of the Philippines

Page in progess, not posted yet. Lots to clean, lots to add

Digital Archives and Collections

Historical Journals and Other Periodicals

• Legal Sources and Government Reports
• Images and Photographs

Bibliographies, Journals, and LibGuides

List of Books and Sources Available Online Related to the Philippines

• The United States and its Territories – Note that many of the books that are listed in this huge collection of materials can be found contributed to the Internet Archive by the University of Michigan library. Here are books digitized by UM with metadata including the Philippines on the IA.
• Philippine History Source Book – The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), through its National Committee on Historical Research produced this large document sourcebook, a volume of over 600 pages, available for download after answering a short survey. The volume also includes many links to other documents available online.
• LawPhil Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence – Massive legal database for the Philippines with court rulings and case info on thousands of cases from recent Philippine history
• Philippine Diary Project – Collection of digitised diaries from Filipinos from the past two centuries
• Philippine Revolutionary Papers, 1898-1900
• Filipino Workers in Hawaii, 1926
• The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War
• Philippine Statistics Authority
• eFil Filipino Digital Archives & History Center of Hawaii
• British Pathé Films Related to the Philippines
• Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection – Philippines Maps
• Southeast Asia Visions – Collection of European travel accounts to pre-modern Southeast Asia.
• The Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures Biblioteca Nacional De Espana – See their digital materials search and their gallery of online collections .
• SOAS Digital Filipiniana
• SOAS Digital Collections – Philippines – may overlap with the Filipiniana collection.
• SOAS Filipino / Tagalog Language Digital Resources
• Noli me tángere (1887) – Digital transcribed of Jose Rizal’s important Spanish language work.

National Library of the Philippines – add their digital collections

Miguel de Benavides Library

This library at the University of Santo Tomas has a range of digital materials related to Philippine history:

• First Collections – includes a range of digitized works, including their:
• Filipiniana Materials – Books, maps, and periodicals. Over 1,300 entries.
• Facts About Filipinos 1901.5-9 | 1901.11-1902.5
• The Philippine Review ( Revista Filipina ) 1916 | 1916.4 | 1916.5 | 1916.6 | 1916.9 | 1916.10 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1920.1 | 1921.1 | 1921.2 | 1921.3 | 1921.4-5 | 1921.8-9 | 1921.10-12
• The Philippines Free Press Online – Contains a selections of articles from this newspaper from 1907 onward.
• Manila Free Philippines 1945.2.23-1945.4.30 | 1945.5.3-1945.7.30 | 1945.7.31-1945.9.3
• Aray: revista satirica semanal 1923.11.1 | 1923.11.8 | 1923.12.13 | 1923.12.27 | 1924.1.17 | 1932.8.27
• Philippine Magazine – 1930.6 | 1931.6 | 1932.6 | 1933.6 | 1933.10 | 1933.11 | 1934.1 | 1935.1 | 1935.4 1935.6 | 1935.8 | 1936.1 | 1936.5 | 1937.1 | 1927.8 | 1938.1 | 1939.1 | 1939.7 | 1939.8 | 1939.9 | 1939.10 | 1939.12 | 1940.1 | 1940.2 | 1940.4 | 1941.1
• The Philippine Teacher / Philippine Education – 1905.2.15 | 1905.3.15 | 1905.6 | 1907.10 | 1908-1910 | 1915.7 | 1926.7 | 1926.8 | 1926.9 | 1928.3 | 1928.6
• The Filipino People 1912 vol 1 | 1912-1914 vol 1-2 | vol 2 | vol 3-4 | 1914-1916 vol 3-4
• Cultura Social (Revista Catolica Filipina) – | 1922.2 | 1922.3 | 1922.4 | 1922.5 | 1922.11 | 1923.1 | 1923.5 | 1923.6 | 1923.7 | 1923.8 | 1923.9 | 1923.10 | 1923.12
• Cultural Filipina 1910 vol 1 Hathi | 1910-1912 vol 1-3 Hathi | 1912-1913 vol 3-4 Hathi | 1913.4 | 1913-1914 vol 4 | 1914 vol 4
• Revista histórica 1905.5 | 1908?
• The Philippine Agricultural Review – See a collection on internet archive of this periodical.
• Bulletin of the Philippine Library 1912.9 | 1913.9 | 1914.9 | 1915.9
• Checklist of Publications of the Government of the Philippine Islands 1900-1917
• Philippine Observer 1912.2 | 1915.4 | 1916.2 | 1918.3 | 1915-6, 1918 Select Issues | 1927.12
• The Philippine-Chinese Advocate 1918 v1 no2 | 1918 v1 no4
• La Voz española
• Philippines – US Department of Labor Reports 1980s onwards.
• Pilipinas 1982-2006 – Official publication of: Philippine Studies Group of the Association for Asian Studies
• The Philippine Journal of Science – Over 300 issues of the journal is available on the Internet Archive.
• Philippine Progress 1924.8.12 | 1924.9.2 | 1924.9.26 | 1924.10.23 | 1924.11.17 | 1924.12.9 | 1924.12.27 | 1925.1.17 | 1925.2.7 | 1925.3.9 | 1925.3.26 | 1925.4.25 | 1925.5.12 | 1925.6.2 | 1925.6.15 | 1925.7.1 | 1925.7.16 | 1925.8.1 | 1925.8.15 | 1925.9.1 | 1925.9.15 | 1925.10.1 | 1925.10.15 | 1925.11.2 | 1925.11.16 | 1925.12.3 | 1926.1.16 | 1926.2.3 | 1926.2.17 | 1926.3.6 | 1926.3.20
• The Philippine Craftsman – See over twenty issues of this on the Internet Archive.
• El Filipino: Revista Mensual 1925.7 | 1925.11 | 1926.3 | 1926.1 | 1926.3 | 1926.10

Legal Sources and Government Records

• Philippine Law Journal – A collection of issues of this 1914-1919 are available on Hathi Trust with full view.
• Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines – You can find many issues of the gazette in a collection found on the Internet Archive: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

Monthly Bulletins of the Weather Bureau – See a collection of these reports on the Internet Archive and on Hathi Trust .

1947.7 43.7 | 1954.10 50.10 | 1967.1.23 63.4 … add rest.

look up more https://archive.org/details/OfficialGazetteVolume42No.11November1946 https://archive.org/details/official-gazette-volume-41-no-1-april-1945 https://archive.org/details/OfficialGazetteVolume40No.5August21941

Look up all available issues for: Port of Manila and other Phillippine ports year book https://archive.org/details/acw9449.0001.001.umich.edu Statistical Bulletin of the Philippine Islands Bureau of Public Works Quarterly Bulletin https://archive.org/details/acw7643.0004.001.umich.edu Report of Vital Statistics: Quarterly report https://archive.org/details/acf1532.1900.001.umich.edu Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War https://archive.org/details/reportphilippin01unkngoog)

• Board of Health Report of Vital Statistic Monthly Reports 1900-1904 | 1905-1909
• Board of Health Report of Vital Statistics Quarterly Report 1900 | 1905 | 1910 | 1915 | 1915-1917 1918 | 1918-1921
• Monthly Bulletin of the Philippine Health Service 1921.7
• Report of the Philippine Commission – list issues https://archive.org/details/reportofphilipp04unit
• Report of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands – add various issues here starting https://archive.org/details/acw9791.1914.001.umich.edu – https://archive.org/details/acw9791.1917.001.umich.edu
• Report of the Committee on Leprosy Investigation 1921
• Some Epidemiological Features of Cholera in the Philippines 1922
• Report of the Philippine Health Service 1915
• Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture 1919
• Annual Report of the University of the Philippines 1916 | 1916/17
• Statistical Bulletin no1-2 | 1919-1920 no2-3 | 1921 no3 | 1922-1923 no4-5 | no7-8

Historical Photographs and Other Images from the Philippines

• University of Wisconsin-Madison Southeast Asia Images & Texts Project – Their images include historic images from Manila. See their Philippines Image Collection and Liberato Picar Philippines Military Academy Album
• Japanese Propaganda in the Philippines
• Philippine Photographs Digital Archive
• The United States and its Territories 1870-1925 photographic collections
• Ohio University Compendium of Open Access Resources on Southeast Asia
• Southeast Asian Research Tools: The Philippines
• University of Hawaii Center for Southeast Asian Studies – Philippines Resources
• Southeast Asia Digital Library – Philippines: Online Research Resources | General Information
• Philippine E-journals

The button below will display a list of over 300 mostly published sources related to the Philippines. With a few exceptions, they are linked to an online open access version of the work. Most of these are available on the Internet Archive, but some of these links take you to Google Books or the digital collections of various libraries and archives. Click the button to display the latest version of the list of sources:

Philippine history from primary sources.

• MLA style: "Philippine history from primary sources.." The Free Library . 2019 Asianet-Pakistan 12 Apr. 2024 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philippine+history+from+primary+sources.-a0571834979
• Chicago style: The Free Library . S.v. Philippine history from primary sources.." Retrieved Apr 12 2024 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philippine+history+from+primary+sources.-a0571834979
• APA style: Philippine history from primary sources.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Apr 12 2024 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philippine+history+from+primary+sources.-a0571834979

Terms of use | Privacy policy | Copyright © 2024 Farlex, Inc. | Feedback | For webmasters |

The Philippines: Historical Overview

Map of the Philippines from 1898.

Source: History of the Spanish-American War , (New York: the Company, 1898), 2. 

The Philippines is an archipelago made up of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia. There are more than 175 ethnolinguistic groups, and over 100 dialects and languages spoken. One of the difficulties of writing a history of the Philippines is that prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century, the people that inhabited the archipelago did not see themselves as a unified political or cultural group. In fact, it was not until the late nineteenth century that a sense of a Philippine nation began to develop. 

The first peoples to inhabit the Philippines migrated more than 4,000 years ago from what is today southern China. These peoples did not just populate the Philippines but dispersed throughout Southeast Asia. Historians and anthropologists have been able to trace their early migrations by examining linguistic patterns and have noted the Austronesian origin of most of the languages spoken in the precolonial Philippines and Southeast Asia. Indigenous languages spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia, for example, also share Austronesian roots.[1] 

Early settlements of the Philippine archipelago occurred along rivers which kept populations somewhat isolated from one another. Rivers provided natural resources (water and protein via seafood) to sustain small communities. While these settlements were scattered along rivers, they did not develop a political center. Instead, early settlers saw themselves in relation to smaller communities and developed local alliances and allegiances. People were linked to one another through kinship, both biological and fictive, and followed a leader whom they called a datu. Datus emerged as protectors of the group. They used their skills in negotiation and warfare to demand tribute from merchants and maintain their clans. Eventually, these small communities ranging from 30 to 100 households became known as barangays, meaning “boat” in Tagalog, a Philippine language that originates in central Luzon.[2] 

When Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the archipelago, specifically to the Visayas region in 1521, he encountered a large network of barangays connected to a broader maritime world in Southeast Asia. Precolonial communities were in contact with other ethnolinguistic groups across the archipelago and beyond through trade and religious exchange. Goods such as rice, spices, aromatics, and other forest products attracted foreign merchants as far as India and China and richly rewarded the datus.[3] In terms of religion, historical evidence shows that precolonial Philippine peoples practiced “animism,” or beliefs and practices that held spirits as immanent to the surrounding world. These religious practices developed through trade networks, which also paved the way for the spread of Islam. Well before the arrival of Christianity, Islam reached the archipelago in the fourteenth century.[4]

It was the Spanish expedition led by Magellan in 1521 that laid the foundations for imagining a Spanish colony in the Philippines. Over the next 50 years, the Spanish crown sent more expeditions to the islands in search of spices and other goods. They named the islands after King Felipe II and aimed to have every datu follow him.[5] In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived and brought the datu of Cebu in the Visayas to swear allegiance to the Spanish crown. His power over the region was insecure, however. Legaspi then gathered his followers and an army to travel to Maynilad (today known as Manila) to capture the port town from the son of a Luzon datu.[6]

Securing power over local settlements was a long and difficult process occurring over the next century that required both coaxing and coercion. By 1576, the Spanish created many settlements and the population of Spanish men in the region reached over 250.[7] One of their main challenges entailed bringing the indigenous people, who were still living in scattered settlements, under a centralized authority. 

Bringing the indigenous population under Spanish rule took many decades of cajoling and relied on different tactics including developing alliances and enticing people through gifts and promises of salvation. Central to this process were the missionary friars who were a part of four main Catholic orders: Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans. These missionary friars were sent to convert the native peoples to Christianity with the promise of Spain’s claim to the archipelago. According to historian John Phelan, “Christianization acted as a powerful instrument of societal control over the conquered people.”[8] Religious conversion through what was called conquista espiritual (“spiritual conquest”) became an important means to subjugate indigenous populations and also persuade them to relocate to political centers in order to facilitate a centralized Spanish rule. 

The Spanish friars referred to the relocation process as reducción. As much as reducción was a process of religious conversion, it was also a militarized endeavor that involved violence when the so-called “indios” resisted.[9] A century after the Spanish Reconquista, wherein the Spanish reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim rule, Spanish friars in the Philippines viewed their missionary duty as a continuation of an earlier struggle. The growing presence of Islam in the southern islands of the archipelago proved that the Spanish were destined to provide the natives salvation. They called converts to Islam “Moros” after the Moors they fought in Spain, which discursively connected their religious mission to their previous war of conquest.  

Once areas were under Spanish control, the colonial government established an encomienda system that required the local population to pay tribute and perform labor for the colony.[10] A Spanish governor, who was also a military captain, effectively had the power to make decisions for the colony. This was due to the fact that the Philippine islands were so far away from the metropole. Yet, the governor’s power was still limited. The fact that he was also a military captain signals how, even after 300 years of rule, the Spanish never fully had control over the local population and therefore depended on military leadership [11]. Under the governor, provinces were established with a gobernadorcillo ruling each town. The gobernadorcillo enforced the law established by the colonial governor. Under the gobernadorcillo was the cabeza de barangay or the head of barangay who collected taxes locally. At times, the gobernadorcillo and the cabeza de barangay used force to obtain the funds they required from the local people. The Spanish colonial government depended on the collection of tribute to maintain their operations and control the Philippine population.  

By the 1850s, the economic prosperity of the native-born population, especially of Chinese mestizos, began to develop into an elite class that rivaled the peninsulares, or the “pure blooded” Spanish in the archipelago (also sometimes known as criollos). By the 1870s, this new elite sent their sons to Manila and Europe for a liberal education and they became known as ilustrados, or “enlightened ones.”[12] Ilustrados began to question the authority of the Spanish friars and publicly critique the poor administration of the Philippine colony. It was this group of elite men that established the Propaganda Movement, based in Manila and Spain, calling for reforms centered on equality between Filipinos, mestizos, and the Spanish.[13] The writings of propagandists, especially that of Jose Rizal, the most famous of the group, inspired the Filipino masses. The views of the majority, however, diverged from those of the elites who advocated mainly for modest reform and representation. The politics of the elite was ultimately considered too moderate from the perspective of a majority who became inspired to revolt against Spain and fight for independence. In 1896, the Philippine revolution began as a radical fight for emancipation from Spanish colonialism and the right to Filipino self-governance.[14] 

In 1898, a major event on the other side of the globe stymied the efforts of the Filipino  revolutionaries. In April of 1898, the US sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana Harbor, Cuba, in support of Cuban revolutionaries. When the ship exploded killing over 200 Americans, the US government assumed the Spanish were responsible and used the event as a pretext for war. US president William McKinley declared war with Spain in August of 1898, and US troops were shipped to the remaining Spanish possessions, including the Philippines, just two days later.[15] The Filipino revolutionaries could not have predicted such a turn of events that would ultimately affect the outcome of their fight for an independent Philippines.

By the time the American military arrived in April of 1898, the Filipino revolutionaries had successfully gained control over all major cities in the archipelago except for the capital city of Manila. There, the Spanish were protected by a fortress constructed for military protection against outside invaders called Intramuros. Knowing that they were losing the war against the Filipinos, Spanish and US military officers pre-arranged a battle in Manila which excluded Filipino soldiers in order to stage the Spanish defeat. The Spanish orchestrated a mock battle in order to save face and lose the war to the Americans rather than to the Filipinos, whom they believed to be an inferior race.[16] The 1898 Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War and officially transferred ownership of Spain’s remaining colonies to the US.[17]

Filipino revolutionaries continued their fight for independence against the US in the Philippine-American war. Over the next several decades of US rule, the US military and colonial officials attempted to establish control, pacify the local populations, and justify US imperialism in the Philippines. This is where our exhibit begins.   

[1] Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005), 20.

[2] Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, 27. 

[3] Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, 23.

[4] James Francis Warren, The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State, (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1981).

[5] José S. Arcilla, An Introduction to Philippine History, (Manila: Ateneo Publications, 1971), 11. 

[6] Ibid. 

[7] Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, 53. 

[8] John Leddy Phelan, The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, 1565-1700, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959), 93.

[9] John Leddy Phelan, The Hispanization of the Philippines, 44-45.

[10] John Leddy Phelan, The Hispanization of the Philippines, 95.

[11] José S. Arcilla, An Introduction to Philippine History, 28. 

[12] Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965). 

[13] John N. Schumacher, The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creators of a Filipino Consciousness, the Makers of Revolution, (Manila: Solidaridad Pub. House, 1973).

[14] Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, 104.

[15] Paul Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines, (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 78.

[16] Paul Kramer, The Blood of Government, 90.

• Borrow, Renew, Request How to borrow materials, request pdf scans, and interlibrary loans .
• Study Spaces Areas for individual and group study and how to reserve them.
• Course Reserves How to access course-related materials reserved by faculty for their students.
• Services for Faculty and Instructors A list of services offered to faculty and instructors at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
• Library Instruction Request library instruction for your course or register for a workshop.
• Suggest a Purchase Suggest new materials that support teaching, study, or research.
• Other Services Apply for a research carrel or reserve our lactation room.
• Loanable Technology Cables, adaptors, audio and video equipment, and other devices
• Collections An overview of the various library collections.
• Online Databases Search across 100s of library databases.
• Journals Search journals by title or subject.
• Research Guides Guides for subjects, select courses, and general information.
• OneSearch Finds books and other materials in the UH Manoa Library's collection.
• Scholarly Communication Learn about scholarly communication, open access, and our institutional repositories ScholarSpace , eVols , and the UH System Repository .
• Ask a Librarian Get help by email, online form, or phone.
• FAQ Frequently asked questions.
• Accessibility and Disability Information about accessibility and disability.
• Subject Librarians Find a librarian for a specific subject.
• Copyright Help Links to resources about copyright.
• Technology in the Library Wireless access, scanning, printing.
• English 100 Students The starting point for English 100 research.
• Request a Research Appointment Contact us to schedule an in-person appointment.
• Office and Department Contacts View a list of the departments at the library.
• Jobs at the Library Faculty, staff, and student job opportunities.
• Staff Directory Contact information for staff at the library.
• Exhibits Current and past exhibits at the library.
• Support the Library Find out how you can support the library.
• Our Library Annual reports, mission, values, history, and policies.
• Visiting Hours, directions, floor plans
• News, Blogs & Events News, blogs & events from the library.

Philippines: Philippine History

• Architecture
• Martial Arts

Philippine History

• Costumes & Fashion
• Performing Arts
• Sculptures & Paintings
• Food by Region
• Cebuano Language, Literature, History, Arts & Culture
• Human Trafficking
• Marine Ecology & The Environment
• Jose S. Libornio
• Bataan Death March
• HIST 296 ("WWII and Its Legacies in Asia/Pacific")
• Indigenous Peoples of Luzon/The Cordilleras
• The Ilokanos
• The Tagalogs
• Indigenous Peoples in Mindanao
• Mindanao Politics and History
• Islam in the Philippines
• Philippine Boats & Navigation
• Colonial Mentality
• Reference Materials
• Ramon Sison Collection
• Dissertations
• Digital Archives
• U.S. Government Documents on the Philippines

Print 

Agoncillo, T. (1962). Philippine history. Inang Wika Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179914605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A34 

Arcilla, J. (1973). An introduction to Philippine history (2d ed., enl.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998405584605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A82 1973

Women’s role in Philippine history : selected essays. (1996). https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917408334605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia HQ1757 .C66 1996

Zaide, G. (1951). Great events in Philippine history : patriotic calendar . M. Colcol. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179894605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS667 .Z3

Looney, D. (1977). A beginner’s guide to Philippine history books . Friends of the Filipino People. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180024605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .L66

De la Costa, H. (1965). Readings in Philippine history : selected historical texts presented with a commentary . Bookmark. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998348874605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C6

Abeto, I. (1989). Philippine history reassessed : a collection of undiscovered historical facts from prehistoric time to 1872 . Integrated Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9915965084605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .A24 1989

Scott, W., & Scott, W. (1984). Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history (Rev. ed.). New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9914729264605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS673.8 .S36 1984

Scott, W. (1982). Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913659044605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .S366

Scott, W. (1992). Looking for the prehispanic Filipino and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916747444605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS673.8 .S355 1992 

Scott, W. (1968). A critical study of the prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. University of Santo Tomas Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999685544605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668.A2 S36

Gagelonia, P. (1970). Concise Philippine history. Far Eastern University Consumers Cooperative Incorporation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910091030505681  

Print available through LCC 

Zafra, N. (1967). Philippine history through selected sources. Alemar-Phoenix Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999685634605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z273

Valencia, E. (2002). Trade & Philippine history & other exercises. Giraffe Books. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921935834605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia HC453 .V35 2002 v.2

Bernal, R. (1967). Prologue to Philippine history. Solidaridad Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180204605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B47

De la Costa, H., & Jesswani, P. (1989). A Look at Philippine history. St. Paul Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995873454605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia DS668 .L658 1989

Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal, J. (1990). Recent Philippine history, 1898-1960 . Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916211104605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .S265 1990

Zaide, G. (1938). Philippine history and government. S. E. Macaraig co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508434605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .Z3 

Prominent caviteños in Philippine history. (1941). Atty. Eleuterio P. Fojas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996232564605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS688.C38 P96 1941

Alejandro, R., Vallejo, R., & Santiago, A. (2000). Selyo : Philippine history in postage stamps. Published and exclusively distributed by National Book Store, Inc. and Anvil Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920966844605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia HE7265 .A43 2000 

Bernad, M. (1983). Tradition & discontinuity : essays on Philippine history & culture. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913857054605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .B456 1983 

Wickberg, E., Wei, A., & Wu, W. (2001). The Chinese mestizo in Philippine history. Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921693624605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS666.C5 W53 2001 

Quirino, C. (1995). Who’s who in Philippine history. Tahanan Books.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910320113705681  

Print available through Kauai Community College 

Dery, Luis Camara. When the World Loved the Filipinos and Other Essays on Philippine History. España, Manila: UST Pub. House, 2005. Print.  / https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9926868854605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .D47 2005 

Anderson, Gerald H. Studies in Philippine Church History. Ithaca [N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1969. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912038704605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia BR1260 .A5 

Zaide, Gregorio F. The Pageant of Philippine History : Political, Economic, and Socio-Cultural. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Education Co., 1979. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998680134605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .Z288 

Trillana, Pablo S. The Loves of Rizal and Other Essays on Philippine History, Art, and Public Policy. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 2000. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921091674605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS675.8.R5 T74 2000

Bohol, E. (1948). Outline on Philippine history for the fourth year high school. Bohol Junior Colleg. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179974605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .B8 1948 

Soliven, P. (1999). Half a millennium of Philippine history : snippets of what we were-- snatches of what we ought to be. Phil. Star Daily, Inc. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920391134605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS655 .S65 1999 

Bulletin of Philippine folklore & local history. (1981). Cebuano Studies Center of the University of San Carlos. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919428124605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .B84 

McCoy, A., & De Jesus, E. (1982). Philippine social history : global trade and local transformations. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911802664605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia HN713 .P52 1982 

Fernandez, D. (1996). Palabas : essays on Philippine theater history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9918558194605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia PN2911 .F36 1996 

Kalaw, T. (1969). The Philippine revolution. Jorge B. Vargas Filipiniana Foundation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995181134605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .K3 1969 

Taylor, J. (1971). The Philippine Insurrection against the United States; a compilation of documents with notes and introduction. Eugenio Lopez Foundation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9918622934605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .T38 1971 

Zaide, G. (1957). Philippine political and cultural history (Rev. ed.). Philippine Education Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma992202714605682  

Location: Hamilton DS668 .Z32 1957 

Agoncillo, T. (1974). Introduction to Filipino history. Radiant Star Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999968264605682  

Gagelonia, P. (1977). Filipino nation : history and government. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998661564605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .G26 

Hornedo, F. (2001). Ideas and ideals: essays in Filipino cognitive history. University of Santo Tomas Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921663694605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS664 .H65 2001 

Marcos, F. (1976). Tadhana: The history of the Filipino people. [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911735624605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .M37 

Root, M. (1997). Filipino Americans : transformation and identity. Sage Publications. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919145254605682  

Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 F385 1997 

Dery, L. (2006). Pestilence in the Philippines : a social history of the Filipino people, 1571-1800 . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9928888094605682 

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS663 .D47 2006  

Philippine History (Continuation)

Batacan, D. (1972). The Supreme Court in Philippine history; from Arellano to Concepcion. Central Lawbook Pub. Co.; [distributed by Central Book Supply, Manila. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998953074605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia KQH .P6 B37

Ileto, R. (2018). Knowledge and pacification : on the U.S. conquest and the writing of Philippine history . Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9949874814605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS682 .A184 2017 

Zaide, G. (1939). Philippine history and civilization. Philippine associated publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995181154605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .Z25

Diaz, C. (2009). The other Philippine history textbook. Anvil. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9932768274605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .D52 2009

Jose, R. (2006). Recent studies in Philippine history. College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9932306234605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) H1 .P537 v.57

Benitez, C. (1928). Philippine history in stories. Ginn and company. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508274605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .B4

Engel, F. (1979). Philippine history : a brief digest (2nd ed.). [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911330244605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia DS668 .E53 1979

Zaide, G. (1937). Early Philippine history and culture. G.F. Zaide. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999277334605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z23

Zafra, N. (1956). Readings in Philippine history (New ed.). University of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180094605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z28 1956

Zaide, G., & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary sources of Philippine history. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916188534605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .D6 1990

Miravite, R. (1967). Books on Philippine history . [publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996857894605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia Z3298.A4 M53

IBON Teacher’s manual on Philippine history. (2nd ed.). (1981). IBON Data Bank Phils. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999892824605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .I244 1981

Torres, J. (2000). Pananaw : viewing points on Philippine history and culture. UST Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921387604605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS663 .T67 2000 

Ocampo, A., Peralta, J., & Rodriguez, F. (2012). The diorama experience of Philippine history. Ayala Museum. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9941650394605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .O23 2004 

Rasul, J. (n.d.). Philippine history : from thousand years before Magellan. [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931273854605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS655 .R37 2008 

Gagelonia, P. (1970). The Filipino historian (controversial issues in Philippine history). FEUCCI. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180234605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .G33 

Abinales, P. (2010). The “Local” in Philippine National History: Some Puzzles, Problems and Options. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910993006405681  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS674 .S76 2013 

De Viana, Augusto V. Stories Rarely Told : the Hidden Stories and Essays on Philippine History . Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 2013. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9946341294605682  

Owen, Nrman G. Trends and Directions of Research on Philippine History, an Informal Essay. Place of publication not identified: Publisher not identified, 1975. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180254605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .O94 

Joaquin, N. (1977). A question of heroes : essays in criticism on ten key figures of Philippine history. Ayala Museum. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998474024605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS653.7 .J63 

Scott, W. (1968). A critical study of the prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. Thesis--University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99512344605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 187  

Barrientos, V. (1998). A finding guide to the picture collection of the Filipiniana Division. Part IV, Heroes in Philippine history. Special Collections Section, Filipiniana Division, The National Library. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920366764605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia Reference (Library Use Only) Z3299 .N38 1998 

Alip, E. (1958). Philippine history: political, social, economic; based on the course of study of the Bureau of Public Schools. (7th rev. ed). Alip & Sons. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179924605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A4 1958 

Mastura, M. (1979). The rulers of Magindanao in modern history, 1515-1903 : continuity and change in a traditional realm in the southern Philippines. Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999183994605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS666.M23 M37 1979a 

Lumbera, B., & Lumbera, C. (1997). Philippine literature : a history & anthology (Rev. ed.). Anvil. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9926072204605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia PL5530 .P44 1997

Outline of Philippine history and government, based on the course of study and includes all changes before and after World War II. (Rev. ed.). (1950). Philippine Book Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508294605682  

Location: Hamilton DS670 .O88 1949 

Voices, a Filipino American oral history. (1984). Filipino Oral History Project. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911221724605682  

Location: Hamilton Main F870.F4 V65 1984 

Gorospe, O. (1933). Making Filipino history in Hawaii. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma997879204605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU620 .M5 v.45 p.241-253 

Rafael, V. (2000). White love and other events in Filipino history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9922646264605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .R24 2000b

Filipino-American history. (2008). Language, Literature & History Section, Hawaiʻi State Library, Hawaii State Public Library System. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931245804605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) IN CATALOGING 3124580 

Bautista, V. (2002). The Filipino Americans: (1763-present) : their history, culture, and traditions (2nd ed.). Bookhaus Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9923164014605682  

Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 B38 2002

Okamura, J. (1991). Filipino organizations: a history. Operation Manong. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995894474605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU624.7.F4 O42 1991 

Agoncillo, T., & Guerrero, M. (1973). History of the Filipino people ([4th ed.]). R.P. Garcia. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919225084605682  

Location: Hamilton Main DS668 .A32 1973

Tubangui, H. (1982). The Filipino nation : a concise history of the Philippines. Grolier International. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913647534605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .F5 1982

Batacan, D. (1966). The laughter of my people: a history of the Filipino people written a smile. Printed by MDB Pfint. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180194605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B38

Craig, A., Mabini, A., & Rizal, J. (1973). The Filipinos’ fight for freedom; true history of the Filipino people during their 400 years’ struggle. AMS Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912137304605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C69 1973

Measham, F. (2016). The secret history of Filipino women. Lifted Brow, The, 29, 49–52. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/informit901765406961917  

Location: ILL through unspecified college 

San Juan, E. (1989). MAKING FILIPINO HISTORY IN A “DAMAGED CULTURE.” Philippine Sociological Review, 37(1/2), 1–11. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/jstor_archive_1241853640  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .P462 // Also through JSTOR

Online - Ebook 

Nagano, Y. (2006). Transcultural Battlefield: Recent Japanese Translations of Philippine History. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0 https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/cdl_soai_escholarship_org_ark_13030_qt68t5m5h0  

Link: Through escholarship UCLA https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0  

Project Muse: https://muse-jhu-edu.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/journal/531  

Journal title: Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 

Aquino, B. (2006). From Plantation Camp to Global Village:100 Years of Filipino History in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910995904405681  

Link: Through UH Scholarspace http://hdl.handle.net/10125/15379  

Databases - Scholarly Works/Articles 

Database: Historical Abstracts 

Serizawa, T. (2019). Translating Philippine history in America’s shadow: Japanese reflections on the past and present during the Vietnam War. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 222–245. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000274  

Database: Business Source Complete 

Reyes, P. L. (2018). Claiming History: Memoirs of the Struggle against Ferdinand Marcos’s Martial Law Regime in the Philippines. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 33(2), 457–498. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1355/sj33-2q  

Database: Points of View Reference Center 

Republic of the Philippines. (2003). In Background Notes on Countries of the World 2003 (pp. 1–15). http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=11208051&site=ehost-live   

Database: MasterFILE Complete 

Trent Smith, S. (2018). A Call to Arms. World War II, 33(3), 64–71. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=131241187&site=ehost-live  

Suter, K. (2007). The Philippines: What Went Wrong with One Asian Economy. Contemporary Review, 289(1684), 53–59. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=24884353&site=ehost-live

FRANCIA, L. H. (2014). José Rizal: A Man for All Generations. Antioch Review, 72(1), 44–60. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.7723/antiochreview.72.1.0044  

Luyt, B. (2019). The early years of Philippine Studies , 1953 to 1966. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 202–221. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000237  

Database: ABI/INFORM 

Mercene, R. (2016, Mar 27). A shining moment in philippine history. Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1776085049?accountid=27140  

A guide to the philippines' history, economy and politics: Daily chart. (2016, May 06). The Economist (Online), Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1787331077?accountid=27140  

Carroll, J. (1961). Contemporary Philippine Historians and Philippine History. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 2(3), 23-35. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20067346  

Zafra, N. (1958). On The Writing Of Philippine History. Philippine Studies, 6(4), 454-460. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42720410  

Larkin, J. (1982). Philippine History Reconsidered: A Socioeconomic Perspective. The American Historical Review, 87(3), 595-628. doi:10.2307/1864158 

Mulder, N. (1994). The Image of Philippine History and Society. Philippine Studies, 42(4), 475-508. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42633467  

OWEN, N. (1974). The Principalia in Philippine History: Kabikolan, 1790-1898. Philippine Studies, 22(3/4), 297-324. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634875  

Baumgartner, J. (1977). Notes on Piracy and Slaving in Philippine History. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 5(4), 270-272. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791568  

Cristina E. Torres. (1997). Health Issues and the Quality of Life in Philippine History. Quality of Life Research, 6(5), 461-462. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4035251  

Farrell, J. (1954). An Abandoned Approach to Philippine History: John R. M. Taylor and the Philippine Insurrection Records. The Catholic Historical Review, 39(4), 385-407. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25015651  

GEALOGO, F. (2013). Reflections of A Filipino Social Historian. Philippine Sociological Review, 61(1), 55-68. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43486355

MAOHONG, B. (2012). On Studies of the History of the Philippines in China. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 60(1), 102-116. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634704  

Nexis Uni 

(October 3, 2020 Saturday). Studies on Philippine history. The Philippine Star. https://advance-lexis-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:6109-GWY1-JCH9-G1MH-00000-00&context=1516831 . 

ABI/INFORM 

Filipino history, culture studied in international seminar. (2019, May 16). Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/2226338201?accountid=27140  

Association For Asian Studies

Totanes, V. R. (2010). History of the Filipino people and martial law: a forgotten chapter in the history of a history book, 1960-2010. Philippine Studies, 58(3), 313–348. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS788208&site=ehost-live  

Okamura, J. Y. (1996). Filipino American history, identity and community in Hawai’i: in commemoration of the 90th anniversary of Filipino migration to Hawai’i. Honolulu. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS515519&site=ehost-live  

Association for Asian Studies 

Rafael, V. L. (1995). Discrepant histories: translocal essays on Filipino cultures. Philadelphia, Pa. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS559630&site=ehost-live  

Association for Asian Studies

Pinzon, J. C. (2015). Remembering Philippine history: satire in popular songs. South East Asia Research, 23(3), 423–442. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS872861&site=ehost-live  

• << Previous: Martial Arts
• Next: Costumes & Fashion >>
• Last Updated: Feb 6, 2024 12:29 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/philippines

An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution . Use of this site implies consent with our Usage Policy .

Terms of Use | UH System | UH Mānoa

• Research Guides
• Learning Skills
• Teaching Resources
• Study Spaces
• Ask A Librarian
• Interlibrary Loan
• Library Faculty/Staff (Internal)

2550 McCarthy Mall Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA 808-956-7214 (Reference) 808-956-7203 (Circulation)

Library Digital Collections Disclaimer and Copyright information

© University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library

By providing an email address. I agree to the Terms of Use and acknowledge that I have read the Privacy Policy .

Learning history from primary sources

July will be a month of many firsts for me.

Since I joined the Ateneo in 1998, I have taught juniors, seniors, and graduate students. This semester, I meet freshmen formed by the K-to-12 curriculum. Over two decades, I mastered Philippine History, with Rizal thrown in, but now I will teach a revised course with more Rizal than history, as stated eloquently in the course title: “Rizal and the emergence of the Filipino nation.”

The course emphasizes primary sources (Rizal’s own writings: novels, diaries, essays, etc.) and will be completely online: asynchronously, so students can open the learning modules at their own time and pace; and with teacher/coach meeting them, synchronously, all at an agreed time, only for consultations. Having both mastery and content, the challenge is migrating from classroom lectures to teaching to a computer or smartphone screen.

During quarantine, I trawled the National Library of Singapore online, downloading newspaper articles on the Philippines from the 1890s to the 1950s. “A Queer Story” from the Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 10 August 1901, Page 3 reads:

“According to the New American, sensational disclosures may soon be expected which will open the eyes of the Filipino to real treachery and rascality on the part of their political leaders who pretended at one time to fight only for the independence of their country. Documents are said to have been found, which go to show that Aguinaldo’s and his generals’ dream was the setting up of an empire or kingdom, as soon as the republic should once be firmly established.

“Emilio Aguinaldo was to have been the emperor or king under the title of Emilio I, and the ex-secretary of State of the Republic was to have been the first Duke of the empire. This same embryo Duke, Pedro Paterno, is said to have been the instigator and moving spirit in this ambitious scheme; only General Luna, the bravest and most honest of Filipino patriots, held aloof and rejected all offers, saying he fought for the liberty of the people, not for politicians. This is presumed to have been a moving factor in his assassination, ordered by Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo is said to have been embarrassed when questioned on the subject, and while he did not acknowledge the truth of the story, neither did he deny it, but seemed surprised that the secret was out. This is the New American’s version of the affair.”

Students learn how to dig up primary sources online or from a physical library, when these are allowed to open, but more importantly they must be able to compare the above with other sources to validate its reliability or truth. They should explain why they used one document over another not because of their personal biases, but by research and the practice of historical method. Unlike the old way of “learning” when rote memory of textbook and teacher lectures was rewarded with a high grade, this method provides the student with a sense of how historians do their work.

In another article from the same obscure Singapore newspaper, from March 23, 1899, we learn about a court hearing regarding the funds from the Pact of Biak-na-Bato that Aguinaldo deposited with the Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation:

“…in January of last year [1898] Aguinaldo deposited with HSBC the sum of $200,000. On the 31st of January of this year [1899], in accordance with the terms of the loan, at the expiration of the year, Aguinaldo sent two men—plaintiffs in this case—to the Bank. They went to the Bank and presented a power of attorney and the original deposit receipt and demanded the money. The deposit receipt in question was dated January 3rd, 1898 and bore the following endorsement, ‘Please pay the sum of $200,000 with the pre[mium?] called for by this receipt to Messrs. Felipe Agoncillo and Vito Belarmino.’ The power of attorney was signed by Emilio Aguinaldo and also bore the signature of Oscar F. Williams, the U.S. Consul in Manila.”

HSBC refused to hand over the funds because they doubted Aguinaldo’s representatives.

Students become historians as they dig up additional material to make sense of details, and in so doing discover much more about human nature than they ever will from a dry outdated textbook. Grappling with primary sources arms them to deal with fake news, and prepares them for real life rather than a quiz.

Comments are welcome at [email protected]

Subscribe to our daily newsletter

Fearless views on the news

Disclaimer: Comments do not represent the views of INQUIRER.net. We reserve the right to exclude comments which are inconsistent with our editorial standards. FULL DISCLAIMER

© copyright 1997-2024 inquirer.net | all rights reserved.

We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. By continuing, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. To find out more, please click this link.

Philippine and Filipino American History & Heritage

• Databases & Journals
• Primary Source Databases & Historical Newspapers
• Web Resources

What is microfilm? Microfilm is reproduction of an original document on a roll of film. It looks very much like the film in an analog camera. It is made so that it is easy to preserve documents, such as old newsprint, that may be in danger of deterioration.  

How do I use microfilm? Microfilm is inserted into a reader, which then projects a full-size image of the original onto a screen so that the user can view it. Please visit us and ask a librarian to provide a quick tutorial on how to use microfilm readers.

Primary Source Databases

• Asian American Drama Asian American Drama contains 252 plays by 42 playwrights, together with detailed, fielded information on related productions, theaters, production companies, and more. Some 50% of these plays have never been published before. The database also includes selected playbills, production photographs and other ephemera related to the plays. Asian American Drama allows in-depth browsing and searching of both the bibliographic and the full-text elements within the database.
• Empire Online Fully-searchable database of full-text primary resources dating from 1492 to 1969. Includes Exploration journals and logs, correspondence, diaries; official government papers; missionary papers; travel writing; slave papers; maps; marketing posters; photographs; and Illustrations, with many in color.
• Ethnic NewsWatch Full-text bilingual (English/Spanish) database of 200 publications of the ethnic, minority, and native press. 1990 to the present. Multidisciplinary - news, culture, and history.
• North American Immigrants Letters Diaries and Oral Histories This collection of primary sources, including letters, diaries, autobiographies, and oral histories, documents the experience of immigrants to the United States from 1840 to the present, with special emphasis on the period 1890 to 1920. Immigrants from all over the world are included.
• Women and Social Movements in the U.S. WPrimary documents, books, images, scholarly essays, reviews, pamphlets, personal narratives, advice literature, training guides, interviews and teaching tools. 1600-2000.

Historical Newspapers and Periodicals in Database Finder

Database Finder offers online access to databases and journal articles, and is available only at University of Maryland Libraries or remotely only to University of Maryland staff and students.  Below is a list of databases pertaining to historical newspapers and periodicals. 

• America's Historical Newspapers Digitized and fully searchable collections of early American newspapers. Includes five databases, Early American Newspapers Series 1 - 3 and African American Newspapers which can be searched together or separately, as well as select Maryland newspapers including the Maryland Gazette (1728-1832) and Baltimore American (1861-1870, 1903-1922). Early American Newspapers includes more than 1,000 U.S. newspapers published between 1690 and 1922. African American Newspaper includes more than 270 African American newspapers published in the 19th and 20th centuries.
• American Periodicals Series Full text images of over 1,100 colonial and early American magazines and periodicals spanning from colonial times to the mid 20th century. Titles range from America's first scientific journal, Medical Repository, to popular magazines like Vanity Fair and Ladies' Home Journal. Useful for the study of American history, literature, culture, sciences and social sciences. Time span: 1740-1900
• Baltimore Sun, the (1837-1994) (Historical Newspapers) Provides complete issues of The Baltimore Sun from 1837-1992. Search by keyword and more....
• Guide to Maryland Newspapers Guide to Maryland newspapers at the Maryland State Archives and at other libraries and archival institutions throughout the state.
• Historical newspapers Searchable full-text of the Los Angeles Times (1881-1986); Atlanta Daily World (1931-2003); Atlanta Constitution (1868-1945); Chicago Tribune (1849-1986); Chicago Defender (1909-1975); Boston Globe (1872-1979); Christian Science Monitor (1908-2001); Cleveland Call and Post (1934-1991); Detroit Free Press (1831-1922); St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1874-1922); Los Angeles Sentinel (1934-2005); Philadelphia Tribune (1912-2001); Pittsburgh Courier (1911-2002); San Francisco Chronicle (1865-1922); New York Tribune (1841-1922); New York Amsterdam News (1922-1993); Hartford Courant (1764-1984); Norfolk Journal and Guide (1916-2003); Baltimore Afro-American (1893-1988); Baltimore Sun (1837-1989); San Francisco Chronicle (1865-1922); Wall Street Journal (1889-1997); Washington Post (1877-1998)
• Washington Post (1877-2003) (Historical Newspapers) The Washington Post (1877-2001) offers full page and article images with searchable full text back to the first issue. The collection includes digital reproductions providing access to every page from every available issue. There are no ISBNs in this resource. Subjects are searchable, but do not appear in the records. more... less... There are no ISBNs in this resource. Subjects are searchable, but do not appear in the records.

Maryland Newspapers on Microfilm

Visit the Maryland Room in Hornbake Library or the Periodicals section of McKeldin Library to view these microfilmed newspapers. Click on a title to view the full catalog record. This list currently relates to Maryland newspapers, but other newspapers will be added soon!

• American and Commercial Advertiser by Scope 1861-1869, Baltimore, MD Call Number: AN41.16 .A4 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm
• American Sentinal by Scope 1856-1928, Westminster, MD Call Number: AN41.281.W4A4 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser by Scope 1857-1861 Call Number: AN41.16.A4 Hornbake Library, the Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• Daily Exchange by Scope Feb. 1858-Sept. 1861, Baltimore, MD Call Number: AN41.16.D3 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• Democratic Alleganian by Scope 185_-1864, Cumberland, MD Call Number: AN41.041.C8 A4 UMCP McKeldin Library Periodicals Rm - Microfilm
• The Examiner by Scope 1849-1913, Frederick, MD Call Number: McKeldin Library Periodicals Rm - Microfilm | AN41.441.F7 E9
• Kent News by Scope 1860-1986, Chestertown, MD Call Number: AN41.61.C5K4 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• Montgomery County Sentinal by Scope 1856-2009, Gaithersburg, MD Call Number: AN41.64.S4 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• Planter's Advocate Upper Marlboro by Scope 1851-1861 Call Number: AN41.68P75 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• St. Mary's Beacon by Scope 1852-1983, Leonardtown, MD Call Number: AN41.76.B4 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• Southern Aegis and Harford County Intelligencer by Scope 1857-1986, Bel Air, MD Call Number: AN41.521.B4S61 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection later Bel Air Aegis
• The Valley Register by Scope 1858-1976, Middletown, MD Call Number: AN41.441.M5V3 Hornbake Library, Maryland Room, Maryland Microfilm Collection
• << Previous: Primary Sources
• Next: Web Resources >>
• Last Updated: Jul 13, 2023 1:36 PM
• URL: https://lib.guides.umd.edu/filipinos

• Primary Sources in Philippine History

log in help

• Pages & Files

The Philippine-American War

Surrender and occupation, gregorio del pilar, miscellaneous, accounts of the philippine-american war, secondary accounts of the philippine-american war, philippineamericanwar, comments ( 0 ).

You don't have permission to comment on this page.

PBworks / Help Terms of use / Privacy policy / GDPR

About this workspace Contact the owner / RSS feed / This workspace is public

Join this workspace

Already have an account? Log in !

Recent Activity

Essay on Philippines History

Students are often asked to write an essay on Philippines History in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Philippines History

Early history.

Long ago, people from Asia and Borneo came to the Philippines by walking on land bridges. These bridges are now underwater. These people were hunters and gatherers. They used simple tools made from stone and bone.

Trade and Influence

Between 1000 BC and 1521 AD, the Philippines was influenced by many cultures. Traders from India, China, and the Middle East came to the islands. They brought new ideas, goods, and religions. The locals learned to farm, make pottery, and use metal.

Spanish Rule

In 1521, Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived. Spain took control of the islands and named them the Philippines. The Spanish taught the locals Christianity and Spanish. They ruled for over 300 years.

American Period

In 1898, the US fought Spain and won. The Philippines then became a US territory. The US introduced English and modern education. But many Filipinos wanted independence.

Independence

On July 4, 1946, the Philippines became an independent nation. The country faced many challenges like poverty and corruption. But it also made progress in areas like education and healthcare. Today, the Philippines is a vibrant democracy with a rich history.

250 Words Essay on Philippines History

Long ago, the Philippines was not one country but a group of small islands. People from different parts of Asia came to these islands by boat. These people were hunters and food gatherers. They used simple tools made from stone and wood.

Over time, other people came to the Philippines for trade. They brought new ideas and goods. These people were from China, India, and the Islamic world. They influenced the way of life in the Philippines. The locals learned how to farm, make pottery, and weave cloth.

In 1521, a Spanish explorer named Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines. The Spanish wanted to control the islands because of their rich resources. They ruled the Philippines for more than 300 years. The Spanish changed many things. They brought their religion, culture, and law to the islands.

In 1898, the United States took control of the Philippines from Spain. The American rule brought new changes. They improved education, health, and infrastructure. But, many Filipinos wanted independence.

On July 4, 1946, the Philippines became an independent nation. It was a big step for the Filipinos. They could now make their own laws and decisions. But, they also faced many challenges. They had to rebuild the country after World War II.

In short, the history of the Philippines is a mix of different cultures and influences. It is a story of change and growth. The Filipino people have shown resilience and strength in the face of challenges. They continue to strive for a better future.

500 Words Essay on Philippines History

The Philippines is a Southeast Asian country with a rich and complex history. The early history of the Philippines dates back to around 50,000 years ago when the first humans arrived from Borneo and Sumatra via boats. These early people were known as Negritos, who were followed by the Austronesians. The Austronesians introduced farming and fishing techniques to the islands.

In the 10th century, trade began with nearby Asian kingdoms, like the Indianized kingdom of Sri Vijaya and the Chinese Song Dynasty. Traders from these regions brought with them religion, culture, and political ideas. The Philippines was heavily influenced by these cultures, adopting Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic beliefs.

Spanish Colonization

In 1521, the explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines and claimed the islands for Spain. This marked the start of over 300 years of Spanish rule. The Spanish brought with them Christianity and a new form of government. They built schools, roads, and hospitals, but they also imposed harsh laws and taxes.

American Rule and Independence

After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippines became a territory of the United States. The U.S. introduced democratic governance and a new educational system. Then, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained independence, becoming a sovereign nation.

Post-Independence Era

Post-independence Philippines faced several challenges including political instability and economic issues. Ferdinand Marcos, who became president in 1965, declared martial law in 1972. This period, known as the Marcos Era, was marked by human rights abuses and corruption. Marcos was ousted in 1986 through the People Power Revolution, a peaceful protest that marked a significant moment in Philippine history.

Modern Day Philippines

Today, the Philippines is a democratic country with a growing economy. Despite facing issues like poverty and political corruption, it continues to progress. The country’s rich history and diverse culture are reflected in its traditions, festivals, and the warm spirit of its people.

In conclusion, the history of the Philippines is a story of resilience and adaptability. From its early inhabitants to the modern-day Filipinos, the country has navigated through periods of change and challenges, shaping it into the vibrant nation it is today.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Philippines Fun
• Essay on Philippines Culture
• Essay on Philippines Crimes

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.