case study of landslide in himachal pradesh

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The 14 August 2023 landslides in Himachal Pradesh, India

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ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE REACTIVATION USING SATELLITE DATA: A CASE STUDY OF KOTRUPI LANDSLIDE, MANDI, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

N. singh, s. k. gupta, d. p. shukla.

Keywords: Temporal Change detection, Reactivated Landslide, Kotrupi (HP), Google Earth, Geomorphological Analysis, Remote Sensing

Abstract. Landslide is a global natural hazard that occurs frequently in the areas of incompetent weak rocks, undulating topography, steep slopes and incessant rainfall. In the night of 12 August 2017, a massive landslide took place at Kotrupi, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India. The slide was so huge that it eroded more than 300-meter stretch of NH-154 killing over 50 people with more than 40 missing. Local residents report that this area has always been unstable where small landslides had occurred in the past. The landslide scar could be seen on the past satellite images from December 2001 to March 2017 on Google Earth. A huge landslide occurred at this location on 13 August 1977. After two decades on 13 August 1997, the landslide reactivated and some part of the slope failed, which can be seen on satellite images of the year 2001. The landslide reactivated again on 13 August 2007, but not much attention was given to it, as it was a small event and did not affect much. Again, after a decade, in the night of 12 August 2017 this landslide was reactivated. There is the possibility of reoccurrence of slope instability from upper reaches of the crown area of the main slide complex as well as the debris, which have been already accumulated on hill and valley side. Based on the geological, geotechnical and geophysical investigations the site stability can be done but its monitoring from satellite provides the information for its future preventive measures.

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Understanding Landslides in Himachal Pradesh: A Multi-Dimensional Approach into Geology, Climate, and Policy

The increasing frequency of landslides in recent months, particularly in August and September in districts such as Shimla, Mandi, Kullu, Chamba, Sirmaur and Kangra, underscores the urgency of understanding this natural hazard condition in Himachal Pradesh in a scientific way.

case study of landslide in himachal pradesh

Situated in the complex architecture of the north-western Himalayas, the region has a history of landslides as old as its oral and written traditions. Despite limited historical data, little information from local folklore and historical gazetteers provides a vivid picture of recurring devastation. Historically, every district appears prone to various types of landslides—some driven by rainfall, others by earthquakes, and sometimes by anthropogenic activity—that have led to the loss of social and environmental capital. This narrative is not only consistent but also analytically relevant. Through examination of the National Remote Sensing Centre’s Landslide Inventory of India 2023, which includes data on landslides from 1998 to 2022, reveals that the behaviour and types of landslides are predominantly concentrated in the Lesser Himalayan and adjacent regions of the state.

While the historical and current data paint a concerning picture of landslide susceptibility across Himachal Pradesh, understanding the various factors of landslide origins is key to mitigating their impact and safeguarding both human and environmental well-being. Typically the characteristics of landslides are site-specific, and have local variability but are often related to larger regional processes. Understanding landslides in Himachal Pradesh requires a multifaceted approach that delves into site-specific and regional factors. Four key processes significantly influence the pattern of landslides in the Himalayan region. First, the tectonic evolution of the Himalayas—the world’s youngest mountain chain formed by the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates 65 million years ago—is a pivotal factor.

The Wedge Theory, for instance, offers insights into the complex behaviour of the Himalayas, explaining why some regions are particularly susceptible to landslides. Second, the Himalayan monsoons, which originated during the Miocene era around 20 million years ago, have evolved in tandem with the growth of the Himalayas and have undergone various phases of intensification. This has led to rapid exhumation and focused erosion. The region’s heavy rainfall often concentrated over short periods, can saturate the groundmass and act as a trigger for landslides. Third, the landscapes of regions such as Shimla, Mandi, Kinnaur, and Kullu have been shaped by the geomorphological influences of the last Ice Age, specifically the Pleistocene glaciation that occurred between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. This has resulted in the development of stable and gentle slopes in the northern to northeastern regions. In contrast, the southern to southwestern slopes, characterized by their sharp inclines, have become more prone to destabilization (Source: Down to Earth, February Edition, 2023). Fourth, the climate change perspective is increasingly pertinent. The Himalayan region of India has a fragile ecosystem that is particularly vulnerable to climate change. According to global projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), average temperatures worldwide are expected to rise. Additionally, the projected increase in summer monsoon rainfall, combined with greater interannual variability, is anticipated to result in an increased number of extremely wet years and potentially more high rainfall events.

While these projections have implications on a global scale, their relevance is especially acute for Himachal Pradesh. The state’s diverse climatic and geographical features make it particularly susceptible to increased rainfall, especially in transition regions where rain and snow intersect. This projected increase in rainfall could exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, leading to greater ground saturation and, consequently, a higher likelihood of landslides.

As alarming as these projections may seem, they are not merely hypothetical scenarios confined to global estimates. In fact, they are corroborated by more localized studies and observations. The ‘Risk and Vulnerability of Indian Agriculture to Climate Change 2019’ report provides a district-wise analysis, revealing that regions such as Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, and Chamba face a high to very high risk under current conditions. These observations are further substantiated by the scientific findings in the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Therefore, it is evident that shifting climatic conditions are exerting a significant impact on the Himalayan regions.

In synthesizing these key insights, we recognize that Himachal Pradesh’s challenges require an adaptive, integrated approach. As we reflect on the IPCC’s comprehensive recommendations, it becomes evident that tackling the complex issue of climate change in regions like Himachal Pradesh demands a multi-pronged strategy. Technological innovation and public participation are essential pillars; however, these efforts must also be underpinned by rigorous scientific research and decentralized governance, extending all the way to the Panchayat level. This approach effectively transforms each local body into a warrior against climate change. Achieving this is only possible in an equitable society, which provides fertile ground for implementing these strategies. Social equity fosters an environment where collective action becomes more achievable. Therefore, it is imperative that our approach to combating these unprecedented challenges is as comprehensive as the challenges themselves, integrating technological, social, and governance dimensions to build a climate-resilient future for all.

Shubham Chaudhary is a geologist. He teaches geology to undergraduates at a government college in Himachal Pradesh. He lives in Shimla.

Very detailed and thoughtful article. The writer has taken atmost care in regards to using technical terminology and made it an easy read for wider circulation.I think we need a large number of such science communicators, so that science could be more of an open subject than a closed door jargon.

Have never seen such detailed science coverage of disasters. In general, most of the media coverage is about either post relief efforts or political blame games. We need to talk and address the roots governing such events. This article aptly serves the purpose. It would be more fruitful if media outlet can post takes of politicians on such articles that are purely based on science of the issue, so that public can make more informed choices about their leaders.

Very nice Explaination Sir…

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What causes frequent landslides in Himachal Pradesh? Experts blame these factors

There are 17,120 landslide-prone sites in the state out of which 675 are near critical infrastructure and habitations, according to the data.

Unscientific constructions in the ecologically fragile Himalayas, depleting forest cover and structures near streams blocking the flow of water are causing frequent landslides in Himachal Pradesh, say experts.

Buildings washed away in Mandi in Himachal Pradesh after torrential rains. (REUTERS)

Extensive cutting of hill slopes for construction and widening of roads, blasting for tunnels, and hydro projects are the main reasons behind increase in slides, said geological expert Prof Virender Singh Dhar.

Dhar further said that vertical cutting of mountains for road construction has been witnessed in Himachal with just 5-10 feet retaining walls.

According to experts, slopes in Himachal have become highly vulnerable to landslides due to cutting of rocks at the foothills and the lack of proper drainage system, and high intensity rainfall is making the things worse for the state.

The rain intensity has increased and high temperatures coupled with heavy rains lead to landslides due to loosening of the strata in places which have undergone cutting downstream on the foothills, Scientist (climate change) Suresh Attre had earlier said.

Himachal Pradesh receives about 730 mm of rains on an average during the whole monsoon season from June to September, but according to the Met department the state has received 742 mm rainfall this year till date.

As per the state emergency operation centre, Himachal witnessed 113 landslides in 55 days since the onset of monsoon. The Public Works Department (PWD) has suffered a loss of ₹ 2,491 crore and the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) about 1,000 crore, officials told PTI.

According to data compiled by the disaster management department, an alarming six-time increase had been witnessed in incidents of major landslides in 2022 which saw 117 major landslides as compared to 16 in 2020.

The maximum of such prioritized sites are in Chamba (133) followed by Mandi (110), Kangra (102), Lahaul and Spiti (91), Una (63), Kullu (55), Shimla (50), Solan (44), Bilaspur (37), Sirmaur (21) and Kinnaur (15).

The increased human activity and exploitation of natural resources for development pose a serious threat to ecology which is on the threshold of peril, said a former bureaucrat.

The major active landslides/sinking sites in the state included Jhandota and Kakroti villages, and Sapdoth Panchayat in Chamba; Mcleodganj Hill and Bariara village in Kangra; Baridhar to Kalyan Ghati Road; Mansar near Salogra; Jabalpatwar village in Solan; and Kotrupi, Doada Hanogi, and Mile 5, 6 and 7 near Pandoh and Nagani village in Mandi district.

The other sites include Urni Dhank, Batsari, Nesang, Purbani Julha in Kinnaur besides Nigulsari, where 28 persons were killed and 13 were injured in a major landslide on August 11, 2021.

Ten such sites have been identified in Shimla district: Krishna Nagar, Halog, Bangla colony, Totu, Baldiyan, Mehali-Malyana road, Nerva Rest House, Patti Dhank, Niyani, Dharali, Kool Khad, Browni khad and Ladanala, Kotighat and Jiskon, Rohru-Chirgaon- odtaKwar road.

As per the Landslide Atlas of India prepared by the National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad, all 12 districts of Himachal are susceptible to landslides.

The landslide exposure analysis of the mountainous areas covering 147 districts in 17 states put Himachal's Mandi district at 16th place, followed by Hamirpur at 25, Bilaspur at 30, Chamba (32), Solan (37), Kinnaur (46), Kullu (57) Shimla (61), Kangra (62), Una (70), Sirmaur (88) and Lahaul and Spiti (126) in socio-economic parameter risk exposure map.

NHAI Regional Officer in Himachal Pradesh Abdul Basit said rains had saturated the mountains and cloudburst and landslide have caused extensive damage to roads.

The most affected stretches include Shimla-Kalka, Shimla-Matour, Manali-Chandigarh and Mandi-Pathankot, he said.

Slides and road cave-ins have also been witnessed where there was no rock cutting, he said, adding tunnel is the only solution to ensure uninterrupted connectivity.

Sixty-eight tunnels have been proposed for Himachal Pradesh, out of which 11 have been constructed, 27 are under construction and 30 are in the stage of preparation of a detailed project report.

Himachal Pradesh

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People use a bullock cart to cross a flooded street following heavy downpour.

‘We can’t defeat nature but we can be climate-resilient’: how plant roots can help stop landslides

Thanks to soil bioengineering in a village in north India, a submerged road was accessible in less than one week, according to officials

O n 14 August 2023, heavy rainfall in north India triggered flash floods and landslides, devastating the region. Kishori Lal, the sarpanch (head) of the Kothi Gehri village in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, recalls the events of that day: “Our link road connecting to the state highway and a few homes along that road were completely devastated.”

Torrential downpours in nearby Rewalsar, a picturesque lake town popular with tourists, led to several water bodies bursting their banks. The subsequent flooding and landslides wrecked homes in Lal’s village, necessitating the evacuation of hamlets and severing vital links to the outside world. With roads submerged, the ensuing closure of the Mandi-Rewalsar-Kalkhar Road and link roads left scores of tourists stranded and local communities isolated . Amid this chaos, the resilience of Nog, a village in Bilaspur district, stands out. While roads across the region, including those in and around Kothi Gehri, remained closed, the road leading to Nog was accessible in less than one week, according to officials.

The reason lies in an innovative approach: soil bioengineering. Concrete retaining walls 10ft high are the traditional go-to solution used to protect roads from hillside slopes. However, these structures leave exposed slopes vulnerable to erosion during intense rains, exacerbating the risk of landslides.

Sanjeev Dogra, vice-president of the Nog panchayat , the local governing body, describes the threat landslides used to pose: “Our road used to suffer landslides every monsoon, which threatened villagers living nearby,” he says. Before the implementation of bioengineering measures, Nog’s road endured month-long closures on average during every monsoon season.

The turning point came in 2010, when bioengineering techniques were used to stabilise exposed slopes at two locations on the new link road to Nog, as part of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), the Prime Minister’s Village Roads Scheme. Launched in 2000, the flagship government programme seeks to provide reliable all-weather connectivity to unconnected rural communities across the country.

“We treated the exposed surface of the potential landslide area near Nog by covering it with wire-mesh netting, planted shrubs and grasses within the grid,” says Pawan Kumar Sharma, director of projects at Himachal Pradesh Road and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (HPRIDCL). “Where landslides were triggered by erosion from a local river, we planted brush hedges and hardwood cuttings to bind the soil.”

The green infrastructure took root within a single season, gradually fortifying the slopes, which were better able to withstand the effects of last year’s deluge.

Neha Vyas, a senior environmental specialist with the World Bank, defines bioengineering as a subset of green infrastructure. This ecological engineering technique involves the strategic planting of vegetation and the incorporation of other organic materials to stabilise soil and enhance ecosystem resilience.

By harnessing the natural properties of plants and their root systems, soil bioengineering can be a sustainable and cost-effective approach to mitigate environmental hazards and promote landscape restoration, which is particularly good in fragile ecosystems.

In Himachal Pradesh, soil bioengineering has “involved the use of vegetation, both living and dead plants, such as bamboo, in conjunction with simple civil engineering structural elements such as catch drains, gabion walls and others,” says Vyas.

The Nog bioengineering initiative was the first of more than 250 mountainous road stretches treated with the World Bank’s assistance. Dalip Chauhan, president of the Jubbal panchayat , attests to its efficacy, citing reduced damage along the state highway #10 during last August’s catastrophic floods.

“If soil bioengineering is designed after due investigation and analysis, and monitored during execution, it effectively controls erosion along roadways, which is crucial to maintain the integrity of the road section and can even help during the heavy rains that are becoming more commonplace due to climate change,” says Vyas.

“Soil bioengineering can also improve the stability of slopes along roads, thereby reducing the risk of landslides, increasing safety for people and protecting assets,” she adds. “By absorbing much more water, bioengineered slopes can reduce the runoff and the ensuing erosion, water logging and damage.”

Beyond that, she believes choosing the right vegetation species could lead to carbon dioxide absorption, habitat creation for wildlife, increased ecosystem resilience and additional livelihood sources for local communities.

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In 2019, floods hit the north-eastern state of Assam.

Harvesting grass planted by the roadside has saved Sonali, a 38-year-old cattle-rearing resident of Nog, many visits to the forest where the species is usually found. “Planting vegetation that can be used as fodder by the road to help protect it is doubly useful for us,” she tells Dialogue Earth. “I source about half of the fodder I need from the roadside. I wish such species were planted alongside all the roads in the area.”

Soil bioengineering can be a useful tool in combatting erosion and stabilising slopes, but the planning and maintenance is critical.

Even though they understand the need for robust vegetation growth, contractors sometimes prioritise cost over effectiveness. To maximise efficacy, experts advise a multi-pronged approach that ensures vegetation growth, with Vyas pointing out that “horticultural principles must be used along with the application of engineering design principles to build structures that will protect the plant communities as they grow to maturity and function as they would in their natural settings.”

Himachal Pradesh considers it good practice to also appoint supervisors to watch over and maintain sites, and Sharma highlights the importance of selecting low-maintenance indigenous plants “with aesthetic value, medicinal value, commercial value and grasses that can be used as forage for cattle.”

Vyas describes investments in bioengineering as “investments in safety and sustainability, which are much more cost-effective and visually more appealing than hardcore engineering and less environment-friendly structures”.

As Himachal Pradesh prepares for future climatic uncertainties, soil bioengineering emerges as a potential innovative lifeline to help protect lives and livelihoods. “While it is impossible to defeat nature, surely we can use bioengineering and allied techniques to make roads that are as climate-resilient as possible,” says Sharma.

This article was originally published on Dialogue Earth under the Creative Commons BY NC ND licence.

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Identifying Geotechnical Characteristics for Landslide Hazard Indication: A Case Study in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Original Paper
Published: 11 January 2022
Volume 15 , article number 144 , ( 2022 )

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Naresh Mali ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9469-217X 1 ,
Dericks P. Shukla ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6546-9203 1 &
Venkata Uday Kala ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9579-5496 1

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The slope failures cause significant damage, and the slope failure assessment can help understand the underlying factors contributing to these disasters. These disaster risks can be reduced through landslide monitoring and generating early warning alerts at vulnerable sites. Furthermore, the parameters to ascertain the instability for a given region were not explored. Therefore, criteria can be evaluated based on the understanding developed from local conditions, as it might be tedious to perform slope stability analysis for such large areas. Thus, an extensive site investigation was conducted in a study area subjected to numerous slope failures in Mandi, India. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the factors contributing to the slope failures. The present study was planned in the area anticipated for anthropogenic landslides due to construction activities. Hence, a series of geotechnical tests were performed, and the corresponding data from 26 soil samples obtained from different sites (with and without slope failures) of the Mandi region were employed for the current study. The geotechnical characteristics were determined using field and laboratory investigations from the collected soil samples, and thereby, their relationship with the slope failure occurrences was evaluated using multivariate correlation analysis. The results revealed that the most influential parameters for slope instability in this study area are saturated permeability, porosity, suction, in-situ density, in-situ water content and the angle of internal friction. Further, a comparison of these parameters, their critical values indicating failures have been presented with different study areas from the literature.

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Abbreviations.

Soil–water retention curve

Air entry value

Probability density function

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Naresh Mali, Dericks P. Shukla & Venkata Uday Kala

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Mali, N., Shukla, D.P. & Kala, V.U. Identifying Geotechnical Characteristics for Landslide Hazard Indication: A Case Study in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Arab J Geosci 15 , 144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09475-8

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