The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators

The simple assignment operator.

One of the most common operators that you'll encounter is the simple assignment operator " = ". You saw this operator in the Bicycle class; it assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

This operator can also be used on objects to assign object references , as discussed in Creating Objects .

The Arithmetic Operators

The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics. The only symbol that might look new to you is " % ", which divides one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.

Operator Description
Additive operator (also used for String concatenation)
Subtraction operator
Multiplication operator
Division operator
Remainder operator

The following program, ArithmeticDemo , tests the arithmetic operators.

This program prints the following:

You can also combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments . For example, x+=1; and x=x+1; both increment the value of x by 1.

The + operator can also be used for concatenating (joining) two strings together, as shown in the following ConcatDemo program:

By the end of this program, the variable thirdString contains "This is a concatenated string.", which gets printed to standard output.

The Unary Operators

The unary operators require only one operand; they perform various operations such as incrementing/decrementing a value by one, negating an expression, or inverting the value of a boolean.

Operator Description
Unary plus operator; indicates positive value (numbers are positive without this, however)
Unary minus operator; negates an expression
Increment operator; increments a value by 1
Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1
Logical complement operator; inverts the value of a boolean

The following program, UnaryDemo , tests the unary operators:

The increment/decrement operators can be applied before (prefix) or after (postfix) the operand. The code result++; and ++result; will both end in result being incremented by one. The only difference is that the prefix version ( ++result ) evaluates to the incremented value, whereas the postfix version ( result++ ) evaluates to the original value. If you are just performing a simple increment/decrement, it doesn't really matter which version you choose. But if you use this operator in part of a larger expression, the one that you choose may make a significant difference.

The following program, PrePostDemo , illustrates the prefix/postfix unary increment operator:

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Java Assignment Operators

Java Assignment Operators are used to optionally perform an action with given operands and assign the result back to given variable (left operand).

The syntax of any Assignment Operator with operands is

In this tutorial, we will learn about different Assignment Operators available in Java programming language and go through each of these Assignment Operations in detail, with the help of examples.

Operator Symbol – Example – Description

The following table specifies symbol, example, and description for each of the Assignment Operator in Java.

AssignmentOperationOperator SymbolExampleDescription
Simple Assignment=x = 2Assign x with 2.
Addition Assignment+=x += 3Add 3 to the value of x and assign the result to x.
Subtraction Assignment-=x -= 3Subtract 3 from x and assign the result to x.
Multiplication Assignment*=x *= 3Multiply x with 3 and assign the result to x.
Division Assignment/=x /= 3Divide x with 3 and assign the quotient to x.
Remainder Assignment%=x %= 3Divide x with 3 and assign the remainder to x.
Bitwise AND Assignment&=x &= 3Perform x & 3 and assign the result to x.
Bitwise OR Assignment|=x |= 3Perform x | 3 and assign the result to x.
Bitwise-exclusive-OR Assignment^=x ^= 3Perform x ^ 3 and assign the result to x.
Left-shift Assignment<<=x <<= 3Left-shift the value of x by 3 places and assign the result to x.
Right-shift Assignment>>=x >>= 3Right-shift the value of x by 3 places and assign the result to x.

Simple Assignment

In the following example, we assign a value of 2 to x using Simple Assignment Operator.

Addition Assignment

In the following example, we add 3 to x and assign the result to x using Addition Assignment Operator.

Subtraction Assignment

In the following example, we subtract 3 from x and assign the result to x using Subtraction Assignment Operator.

Multiplication Assignment

In the following example, we multiply 3 to x and assign the result to x using Multiplication Assignment Operator.

Division Assignment

In the following example, we divide x by 3 and assign the quotient to x using Division Assignment Operator.

Remainder Assignment

In the following example, we divide x by 3 and assign the remainder to x using Remainder Assignment Operator.

Bitwise AND Assignment

In the following example, we do bitwise AND operation between x and 3 and assign the result to x using Bitwise AND Assignment Operator.

Bitwise OR Assignment

In the following example, we do bitwise OR operation between x and 3 and assign the result to x using Bitwise OR Assignment Operator.

Bitwise XOR Assignment

In the following example, we do bitwise XOR operation between x and 3 and assign the result to x using Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator.

Left-shift Assignment

In the following example, we left-shift x by 3 places and assign the result to x using Left-shift Assignment Operator.

Right-shift Assignment

In the following example, we right-shift x by 3 places and assign the result to x using Right-shift Assignment Operator.

In this Java Tutorial , we learned what Assignment Operators are, and how to use them in Java programs, with the help of examples.

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Java Assignment Operators

Description.

Assigning a value to a variable seems straightforward enough; you simply assign the stuff on the right side of the '= 'to the variable on the left. Below statement 1 assigning value 10 to variable x and statement 2 is creating String object called name and assigning value "Amit" to it.

Assignment can be of various types. Let’s discuss each in detail.

Primitive Assignment:

The equal (=) sign is used for assigning a value to a variable. We can assign a primitive variable using a literal or the result of an expression.

Primitive Casting

Casting lets you convert primitive values from one type to another. We need to provide casting when we are trying to assign higher precision primitive to lower precision primitive for example If we try to assign int variable (which is in the range of byte variable) to byte variable then the compiler will throw an exception called "possible loss of precision". Eclipse IDE will suggest the solution as well as shown below. To avoid such problem we should use type casting which will instruct compiler for type conversion.

assignment operator image-1

For cases where we try to assign smaller container variable to larger container variables we do not need of explicit casting. The compiler will take care of those type conversions. For example, we can assign byte variable or short variable to an int without any explicit casting.

assignment operator image-2

Assigning Literal that is too large for a variable

When we try to assign a variable value which is too large (or out of range ) for a primitive variable then the compiler will throw exception “possible loss of precision” if we try to provide explicit cast then the compiler will accept it but narrowed down the value using two’s complement method. Let’s take an example of the byte which has 8-bit storage space and range -128 to 127. In below program we are trying to assign 129 literal value to byte primitive type which is out of range for byte so compiler converted it to -127 using two’s complement method. Refer link for two’s complement calculation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement)

Java Code: Go to the editor

assignment operator image-3

Reference variable assignment

We can assign newly created object to object reference variable as below

First line will do following things,

  • Makes a reference variable named s of type String
  • Creates a new String object on the heap memory
  • Assigns the newly created String object to the reference variables

You can also assign null to an object reference variable, which simply means the variable is not referring to any object. The below statement creates space for the Employee reference variable (the bit holder for a reference value) but doesn't create an actual Employee object.

Compound Assignment Operators

Sometime we need to modify the same variable value and reassigned it to a same reference variable. Java allows you to combine assignment and addition operators using a shorthand operator. For example, the preceding statement can be written as:

The += is called the addition assignment operator. Other shorthand operators are shown below table

Operator Name Example Equivalent
+= Addition assignment i+=5; i=i+5
-= Subtraction assignment j-=10; j=j-10;
*= Multiplication assignment k*=2; k=k*2;
/= Division assignment x/=10; x=x/10;
%= Remainder assignment a%=4; a=a%4;

Below is the sample program explaining assignment operators:

assignment operator image-4

  • Assigning a value to can be straight forward or casting.
  • If we assign the value which is out of range of variable type then 2’s complement is assigned.
  • Java supports shortcut/compound assignment operator.

Java Code Editor:

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Types of Assignment Operators in Java

1. simple assignment operator (=):, explanation, 2. addition assignment operator (+=) :, 3. subtraction operator (-=):, 4. multiplication operator (*=):, 5. division operator (/=):, 6. modulus assignment operator (%=):, example of assignment operator in java, q1. can i use multiple assignment operators in a single statement, q2. are there any other compound assignment operators in java, q3. how many types of assignment operators, live classes schedule.

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Assignment Operators J8 Home   «   Assignment Operators

  • <<    Relational & Logical Operators
  • Bitwise Logical Operators     >>

Symbols used for mathematical and logical manipulation that are recognized by the compiler are commonly known as operators in Java. In the third of five lessons on operators we look at the assignment operators available in Java.

Assignment Operators Overview  Top

The single equal sign = is used for assignment in Java and we have been using this throughout the lessons so far. This operator is fairly self explanatory and takes the form variable = expression; . A point to note here is that the type of variable must be compatible with the type of expression .

Shorthand Assignment Operators

The shorthand assignment operators allow us to write compact code that is implemented more efficiently.

Operator Meaning Example Result Notes
+=Addition 10
-=Subtraction 0
/=Division 3When used with an type, any remainder will be truncated.
*=Multiplication 25
%=Modulus 1Holds the remainder value of a division.
&=AND



















Will check both operands for values and assign or to the first operand dependant upon the outcome of the expression.
|=OR



















Will check both operands for values and assign or to the first operand dependant upon the outcome of the expression.
^=XOR



















Will check both operands for different values and assign or to the first operand dependant upon the outcome of the expression.

Automatic Type Conversion, Assignment Rules  Top

The following table shows which types can be assigned to which other types, of course we can assign to the same type so these boxes are greyed out.

When using the table use a row for the left assignment and a column for the right assignment. So in the highlighted permutations byte = int won't convert and int = byte will convert.

Type
NONONONONONONO
NONONONONONONO
NONONONONONONO
NONOYESNONONONO
NOYESYESYESNONONO
NOYESYESYESYESNONO
NOYESYESYESYESYESNO
NOYESYESYESYESYESYES

Casting Incompatible Types  Top

The above table isn't the end of the story though as Java allows us to cast incompatible types. A cast instructs the compiler to convert one type to another enforcing an explicit type conversion.

A cast takes the form     target = (target-type) expression .

There are a couple of things to consider when casting incompatible types:

  • With narrowing conversions such as an int to a short there may be a loss of precision if the range of the int exceeds the range of a short as the high order bits will be removed.
  • When casting a floating-point type to an integer type the fractional component is lost through truncation.
  • The target-type can be the same type as the target or a narrowing conversion type.
  • The boolean type is not only incompatible but also inconvertible with other types.

Lets look at some code to see how casting works and the affect it has on values:

Running the Casting class produces the following output:

run casting

The first thing to note is we got a clean compile because of the casts, all the type conversions would fail otherwise. You might be suprised by some of the results shown in the screenshot above, for instance some of the values have become negative. Because we are truncating everything to a byte we are losing not only any fractional components and bits outside the range of a byte , but in some cases the signed bit as well. Casting can be very useful but just be aware of the implications to values when you enforce explicit type conversion.

Related Quiz

Fundamentals Quiz 8 - Assignment Operators Quiz

Lesson 9 Complete

In this lesson we looked at the assignment operators used in Java.

What's Next?

In the next lesson we look at the bitwise logical operators used in Java.

Getting Started

Code structure & syntax, java variables, primitives - boolean & char data types, primitives - numeric data types, method scope, arithmetic operators, relational & logical operators, assignment operators, assignment operators overview, automatic type conversion, casting incompatible types, bitwise logical operators, bitwise shift operators, if construct, switch construct, for construct, while construct.

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Java Assignment Operators

OperatorsExampleExplanation
=x = 9Value 25 is assigned to x
+=x += 9This is same as x = x + 9
-=x -= 9This is same as x = x – 9
*=x *= 9This is same as x = x * 9
/=x /= 9This is same as x = x / 9
%=x %= 9This is same as x = x % 9

Java Assignment Operators example

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Java's Basic and Shorthand Assignment Operators

Reference assignment, primitive assignment, primitive casting, shorthand assignment operators, basic assignment operator.

Java's basic assignment operator is a single equals-to (=) sign that assigns the right-hand side value to the left-hand side operand. On left side of the assignment operator there must be a variable that can hold the value assigned to it. Assignment operator operates on both primitive and reference types. It has the following syntax: var = expression; Note that the type of var must be compatible with the type of expression .

Chaining of assignment operator is also possible where we can create a chain of assignments in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. For example,

The above piece of code sets the variables x, y, and z to 100 using a single statement. This works because the = is an operator that yields the value of the right-hand expression. Thus, the value of z = 100 is 100, which is then assigned to y , which in turn is assigned to x . Using a "chain of assignment" is an easy way to set a group of variables to a common value.

A variable referring to an object is a reference variable not an object. We can assign a newly created object to an object reference variable as follows:

The above line of code performs three tasks

  • Creates a reference variable named st1 , of type Student .
  • Creates a new Student object on the heap.
  • Assigns the newly created Student object to the reference variable st1

We can also assign null to an object reference variable, which simply means the variable is not referring to any object:

Above line of code creates space for the Student reference variable st2 but doesn't create an actual Student object.

Note that, we can also use a reference variable to refer to any object that is a subclass of the declared reference variable type.

Primitive variables can be assigned either by using a literal or the result of an expression. For example,

The most important point that we should keep in mind, while assigning primitive types is if we are going to assign a bigger value to a smaller type, we have to typecast it properly. In Above piece of code the literal integer 130 is implicitly an int but it is acceptable here because the variable x is of type int . It gets weird if you try 130 to assign to a byte variable. For example, The below piece of code will not compile because literal 130 is implicitly an integer and it does not fit into a smaller type byte x . Likewise, byte c = a + b will also not compile because the result of an expression involving anything int-sized or smaller is always an int .

Casting lets us convert primitive values from one type to another (specially from bigger to smaller types). Casts can be implicit or explicit. An implicit cast means we don't have to write code for the cast; the conversion happens automatically. Typically, an implicit cast happens when we do a widening conversion. In other words, putting a smaller thing (say, a byte ) into a bigger container (like an int ). Remember those "possible loss of precision" compiler errors we saw during assignments. Those happened when we tried to put a larger thing (say, an int ) into a smaller container (like a byte ). The large-value-into-small-container conversion is referred to as narrowing and requires an explicit cast, where we tell the compiler that we are aware of the danger and accept full responsibility.

As a final note on casting, it is very important to note that the shorthand assignment operators let us perform addition, subtraction, multiplication or division without putting in an explicit cast. In fact, +=, -=, *=, and /= will all put in an implicit cast. Below is an example:

In addition to the basic assignment operator, Java also defines 12 shorthand assignment operators that combine assignment with the 5 arithmetic operators ( += , -= , *= , /= , %= ) and the 6 bitwise and shift operators ( &= , |= , ^= , <<= , >>= , >>>= ). For example, the += operator reads the value of the left variable, adds the value of the right operand to it, stores the sum back into the left variable as a side effect, and returns the sum as the value of the expression. Thus, the expression x += 2 is almost the same x = x + 2 .

The difference between these two expressions is that when we use the += operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when that operand has a side effect. Consider the following two expressions a[i++] += 2; and a[i++] = a[i++] + 2; , which are not equivalent:

In this tutorial we discussed basic and shorthand (compound) assignment operators of Java. Hope you have enjoyed reading this tutorial. Please do write us if you have any suggestion/comment or come across any error on this page. Thanks for reading!

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Java - Assignment Operators with Examples

Java assignment operators.

Following are the assignment operators supported by Java language −

Operator Description Example
= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
+= Add AND assignment operator. It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-= Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C -= A is equivalent to C = C − A
*= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand. C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand. C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

The following programs are simple examples which demonstrate the assignment operators. Copy and paste the following Java programs as Test.java file, and compile and run the programs −

In this example, we're creating three variables a,b and c and using assignment operators . We've performed simple assignment, addition AND assignment, subtraction AND assignment and multiplication AND assignment operations and printed the results.

In this example, we're creating two variables a and c and using assignment operators . We've performed Divide AND assignment, Multiply AND assignment, Modulus AND assignment, bitwise exclusive OR AND assignment, OR AND assignment operations and printed the results.

In this example, we're creating two variables a and c and using assignment operators . We've performed Left shift AND assignment, Right shift AND assignment, operations and printed the results.

Java Assignment Operators

Java programming tutorial index.

The Java Assignment Operators are used when you want to assign a value to the expression. The assignment operator denoted by the single equal sign = .

In a Java assignment statement, any expression can be on the right side and the left side must be a variable name. For example, this does not mean that "a" is equal to "b", instead, it means assigning the value of 'b' to 'a'. It is as follows:

Java also has the facility of chain assignment operators, where we can specify a single value for multiple variables.

Java Tutorial

Java methods, java classes, java file handling, java how to's, java reference, java examples, java operators.

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Try it Yourself »

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

Java divides the operators into the following groups:

  • Arithmetic operators
  • Assignment operators
  • Comparison operators
  • Logical operators
  • Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Operator Name Description Example Try it
+ Addition Adds together two values x + y
- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x - y
* Multiplication Multiplies two values x * y
/ Division Divides one value by another x / y
% Modulus Returns the division remainder x % y
++ Increment Increases the value of a variable by 1 ++x
-- Decrement Decreases the value of a variable by 1 --x

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Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

Operator Example Same As Try it
= x = 5 x = 5
+= x += 3 x = x + 3
-= x -= 3 x = x - 3
*= x *= 3 x = x * 3
/= x /= 3 x = x / 3
%= x %= 3 x = x % 3
&= x &= 3 x = x & 3
|= x |= 3 x = x | 3
^= x ^= 3 x = x ^ 3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

Java Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either true or false . These values are known as Boolean values , and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.

In the following example, we use the greater than operator ( > ) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

Operator Name Example Try it
== Equal to x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x > y
< Less than x < y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Java Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:

Operator Name Description Example Try it
&&  Logical and Returns true if both statements are true x < 5 &&  x < 10
||  Logical or Returns true if one of the statements is true x < 5 || x < 4
! Logical not Reverse the result, returns false if the result is true !(x < 5 && x < 10)

Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform binary logic with the bits of an integer or long integer.

Operator Description Example Same as Result Decimal
& AND - Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 5 & 1 0101 & 0001 0001  1
| OR - Sets each bit to 1 if any of the two bits is 1 5 | 1 0101 | 0001 0101  5
~ NOT - Inverts all the bits ~ 5  ~0101 1010  10
^ XOR - Sets each bit to 1 if only one of the two bits is 1 5 ^ 1 0101 ^ 0001 0100  4
<< Zero-fill left shift - Shift left by pushing zeroes in from the right and letting the leftmost bits fall off 9 << 1 1001 << 1 0010 2
>> Signed right shift - Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left and letting the rightmost bits fall off 9 >> 1 1001 >> 1 1100 12
>>> Zero-fill right shift - Shift right by pushing zeroes in from the left and letting the rightmost bits fall off 9 >>> 1 1001 >>> 1 0100 4

Note: The Bitwise examples above use 4-bit unsigned examples, but Java uses 32-bit signed integers and 64-bit signed long integers. Because of this, in Java, ~5 will not return 10. It will return -6. ~00000000000000000000000000000101 will return 11111111111111111111111111111010

In Java, 9 >> 1 will not return 12. It will return 4. 00000000000000000000000000001001 >> 1 will return 00000000000000000000000000000100

Test Yourself With Exercises

Multiply 10 with 5 , and print the result.

Start the Exercise

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Java provides many types of operators to perform a variety of calculations and functions, such as logical , arithmetic , relational , and others. With so many operators to choose from, it helps to group them based on the type of functionality they provide. This programming tutorial will focus on Java’s numerous a ssignment operators.

Before we begin, however, you may want to bookmark our other tutorials on Java operators, which include:

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Comparison Operators
  • Conditional Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Bitwise and Shift Operators

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the  /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

  • &= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
  • ^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
  • >>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
  • >>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
  • <<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

Read more Java programming tutorials and guides to software development .

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1. Overview

In this tutorial, we’ll have a look at Java compound operators, their types and how Java evaluates them.

We’ll also explain how implicit casting works.

2. Compound Assignment Operators

An assignment operator is a binary operator that assigns the result of the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side. The simplest is the “=” assignment operator:

This statement declares a new variable x , assigns x the value of 5 and returns 5 .

Compound Assignment Operators are a shorter way to apply an arithmetic or bitwise operation and to assign the value of the operation to the variable on the left-hand side.

For example, the following two multiplication statements are equivalent, meaning  a and b will have the same value:

It’s important to note that the variable on the left-hand of a compound assignment operator must be already declared. In other words,  compound operators can’t be used to declare a new variable.

Like the “=” assignment operator, compound operators return the assigned result of the expression:

Both x and y will hold the value 3 .

The assignment (x+=2) does two things: first, it adds 2 to the value of the variable x , which becomes  3;  second, it returns the value of the assignment, which is also 3 .

3. Types of Compound Assignment Operators

Java supports 11 compound assignment operators. We can group these into arithmetic and bitwise operators.

Let’s go through the arithmetic operators and the operations they perform:

  • Incrementation: +=
  • Decrementation: -=
  • Multiplication: *=
  • Division: /=
  • Modulus: %=

Then, we also have the bitwise operators:

  • AND, binary: &=
  • Exclusive OR, binary: ^=
  • Inclusive OR, binary: |=
  • Left Shift, binary: <<=
  • Right Shift, binary: >>=
  • Shift right zero fill: >>>=

Let’s have a look at a few examples of these operations:

As we can see here, the syntax to use these operators is consistent.

4. Evaluation of Compound Assignment Operations

There are two ways Java evaluates the compound operations.

First, when the left-hand operand is not an array, then Java will, in order:

  • Verify the operand is a declared variable
  • Save the value of the left-hand operand
  • Evaluate the right-hand operand
  • Perform the binary operation as indicated by the compound operator
  • Convert the result of the binary operation to the type of the left-hand variable (implicit casting)
  • Assign the converted result to the left-hand variable

Next, when the left-hand operand is an array, the steps to follow are a bit different:

  • Verify the array expression on the left-hand side and throw a NullPointerException  or  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if it’s incorrect
  • Save the array element in the index
  • Check if the array component selected is a primitive type or reference type and then continue with the same steps as the first list, as if the left-hand operand is a variable.

If any step of the evaluation fails, Java doesn’t continue to perform the following steps.

Let’s give some examples related to the evaluation of these operations to an array element:

As we’d expect, this will throw a  NullPointerException .

However, if we assign an initial value to the array:

We would get rid of the NullPointerException, but we’d still get an  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException , as the index used is not correct.

If we fix that, the operation will be completed successfully:

Finally, the x variable will be 6 at the end of the assignment.

5. Implicit Casting

One of the reasons compound operators are useful is that not only they provide a shorter way for operations, but also implicitly cast variables.

Formally, a compound assignment expression of the form:

is equivalent to:

E1 – (T)(E1 op E2)

where T is the type of E1 .

Let’s consider the following example:

Let’s review why the last line won’t compile.

Java automatically promotes smaller data types to larger data ones, when they are together in an operation, but will throw an error when trying to convert from larger to smaller types .

So, first,  i will be promoted to long and then the multiplication will give the result 10L. The long result would be assigned to i , which is an int , and this will throw an error.

This could be fixed with an explicit cast:

Java compound assignment operators are perfect in this case because they do an implicit casting:

This statement works just fine, casting the multiplication result to int and assigning the value to the left-hand side variable, i .

6. Conclusion

In this article, we looked at compound operators in Java, giving some examples and different types of them. We explained how Java evaluates these operations.

Finally, we also reviewed implicit casting, one of the reasons these shorthand operators are useful.

As always, all of the code snippets mentioned in this article can be found in our GitHub repository .

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Java Inheritance

  • Inheritance(IS-A)
  • Aggregation(HAS-A)

Java Polymorphism

  • Method Overloading
  • Method Overriding
  • Covariant Return Type
  • super keyword
  • Instance Initializer block
  • final keyword
  • Runtime Polymorphism
  • Dynamic Binding
  • instanceof operator

Java Abstraction

  • Abstract class
  • Abstract vs Interface

Java Encapsulation

  • Access Modifiers
  • Encapsulation

Java OOPs Misc

  • Object class
  • Object Cloning
  • Wrapper Class
  • Java Recursion
  • Call By Value
  • strictfp keyword
  • javadoc tool
  • Command Line Arg
  • Object vs Class
  • Overloading vs Overriding

Java String

  • What is String
  • Immutable String
  • String Comparison
  • String Concatenation
  • Methods of String class
  • StringBuffer class
  • StringBuilder class
  • String vs StringBuffer
  • StringBuffer vs Builder
  • Creating Immutable class
  • toString method
  • StringTokenizer class
  • Java String FAQs

Java String Methods

  • String charAt()
  • String compareTo()
  • String concat()
  • String contains()
  • String endsWith()
  • String equals()
  • equalsIgnoreCase()
  • String format()
  • String getBytes()
  • String getChars()
  • String indexOf()
  • String intern()
  • String isEmpty()
  • String join()
  • String lastIndexOf()
  • String length()
  • String replace()
  • String replaceAll()
  • String split()
  • String startsWith()
  • String substring()
  • String toCharArray()
  • String toLowerCase()
  • String toUpperCase()
  • String trim()

Exception Handling

  • Java Exceptions
  • Java Try-catch block
  • Java Multiple Catch Block
  • Java Nested try
  • Java Finally Block
  • Java Throw Keyword
  • Java Exception Propagation
  • Java Throws Keyword
  • Java Throw vs Throws
  • Final vs Finally vs Finalize
  • Exception Handling with Method Overriding
  • Java Custom Exceptions

Java Inner Class

  • What is inner class
  • Member Inner class
  • Anonymous Inner class
  • Local Inner class
  • static nested class
  • Nested Interface

Java Multithreading

  • What is Multithreading
  • Life Cycle of a Thread
  • How to Create Thread
  • Thread Scheduler
  • Sleeping a thread
  • Start a thread twice
  • Calling run() method
  • Joining a thread
  • Naming a thread
  • Thread Priority
  • Daemon Thread
  • Thread Pool
  • Thread Group
  • ShutdownHook
  • Performing multiple task
  • Garbage Collection
  • Runtime class

Java Synchronization

  • Synchronization in java
  • synchronized block
  • static synchronization
  • Deadlock in Java
  • Inter-thread Comm
  • Interrupting Thread
  • Reentrant Monitor

Java Networking

  • Networking Concepts
  • Socket Programming
  • URLConnection class
  • HttpURLConnection
  • InetAddress class

Java Applet

  • Applet Basics
  • Graphics in Applet
  • Displaying image in Applet
  • Animation in Applet
  • EventHandling in Applet
  • JApplet class
  • Painting in Applet
  • Digital Clock in Applet
  • Analog Clock in Applet
  • Parameter in Applet
  • Applet Communication

Java Reflection

  • Reflection API
  • newInstance() method
  • creating javap tool
  • creating appletviewer
  • Call private method

Java Conversion

  • Java String to int
  • Java int to String
  • Java String to long
  • Java long to String
  • Java String to float
  • Java float to String
  • Java String to double
  • Java double to String
  • Java String to Date
  • Java Date to String
  • Java String to char
  • Java char to String
  • Java String to Object
  • Java Object to String
  • Java int to long
  • Java long to int
  • Java int to double
  • Java double to int
  • Java char to int
  • Java int to char
  • Java String to boolean
  • Java boolean to String
  • Date to Timestamp
  • Timestamp to Date
  • Binary to Decimal
  • Decimal to Binary
  • Hex to Decimal
  • Decimal to Hex
  • Octal to Decimal
  • Decimal to Octal
  • JDBC Introduction
  • JDBC Driver
  • DB Connectivity Steps
  • Connectivity with Oracle
  • Connectivity with MySQL
  • Access without DSN
  • DriverManager
  • PreparedStatement
  • ResultSetMetaData
  • DatabaseMetaData
  • Store image
  • Retrieve image
  • Retrieve file
  • CallableStatement
  • Transaction Management
  • Batch Processing
  • RowSet Interface
  • Internationalization
  • ResourceBundle class
  • I18N with Date
  • I18N with Time
  • I18N with Number
  • I18N with Currency
  • Java Array Class
  • getBoolean()
  • getDouble()
  • getLength()
  • newInstance()
  • setBoolean()
  • setDouble()
  • Java AtomicInteger Class
  • addAndGet(int delta)
  • compareAndSet(int expect, int update)
  • decrementAndGet()
  • doubleValue()
  • floatValue()
  • getAndAdd()
  • getAndDecrement()
  • getAndSet()
  • incrementAndGet()
  • getAndIncrement()
  • lazySet(int newValue)
  • longValue()
  • set(int newValue)
  • weakCompareAndSet(int expect,int newValue)
  • Java AtomicLong Methods
  • addAndGet()
  • compareAndSet()
  • weakCompareAndSet()
  • Java Authenticator
  • getPasswordAuthentication()
  • getRequestingHost()
  • getRequestingPort()
  • getRequestingPrompt()
  • getRequestingProtocol()
  • getRequestingScheme()
  • getRequestingSite()
  • getRequestingURL()
  • getRequestorType()
  • setDefault()
  • Java BigDecimal class
  • intValueExact()
  • movePointLeft()
  • movePointRight()
  • Big Integer Class
  • bitLength()
  • compareTo()
  • divideAndRemainder()
  • getLowestSetBit()
  • isProbablePrime()
  • modInverse()
  • nextProbablePrime()
  • probablePrime()
  • shiftLeft()
  • shiftRight()
  • toByteArray()
  • Java Boolean class
  • booleanValue()
  • logicalAnd()
  • logicalOr()
  • logicalXor()
  • parseBoolean()

Java Byte Class

  • byteValue()
  • compareUnsigned()
  • parseByte()
  • shortValue()
  • toUnsignedInt()
  • toUnsignedLong()
  • asSubclass()
  • desiredAssertionStatus()
  • getAnnotatedInterfaces()
  • getAnnotatedSuperclass()
  • getAnnotation()
  • getAnnotationsByType()
  • getAnnotations()
  • getCanonicalName()
  • getClasses()
  • getClassLoader()
  • getComponentType
  • getConstructor()
  • getConstructors()
  • getDeclaredAnnotation()
  • getDeclaredAnnotationsByType()
  • getDeclaredAnnotations()
  • getDeclaredConstructor()
  • getDeclaredConstructors()
  • getDeclaredField()
  • getDeclaredFields()
  • getDeclaredMethod()
  • getDeclaredMethods()
  • getDeclaringClass()
  • getFields()
  • getGenericInterfaces()
  • getGenericSuperClass()
  • getInterfaces()
  • getMethod()
  • getMethods()
  • getModifiers()
  • getPackage()
  • getPackageName()
  • getProtectionDomain()
  • getResource()
  • getSigners()
  • getSimpleName()
  • getSuperClass()
  • isAnnotation()
  • isAnnotationPresent()
  • isAnonymousClass()
  • isInstance()
  • isInterface()
  • isPrimitive()
  • isSynthetic()
  • Java Collections class
  • asLifoQueue()
  • binarySearch()
  • checkedCollection()
  • checkedList()
  • checkedMap()
  • checkedNavigableMap()
  • checkedNavigableSet()
  • checkedQueue()
  • checkedSet()
  • checkedSortedMap()
  • checkedSortedSet()
  • emptyEnumeration()
  • emptyIterator()
  • emptyList()
  • emptyListIterator()
  • emptyNavigableMap()
  • emptyNavigableSet()
  • emptySortedMap()
  • emptySortedSet()
  • enumeration()
  • frequency()
  • indexOfSubList()
  • lastIndexOfSubList()
  • newSetFromMap()
  • replaceAll()
  • reverseOrder()
  • singleton()
  • singletonList()
  • singletonMap()
  • synchronizedCollection()
  • synchronizedList()
  • synchronizedMap()
  • synchronizedNavigableMap()
  • synchronizedNavigableSet()
  • synchronizedSet()
  • synchronizedSortedMap()
  • synchronizedSortedSet()
  • unmodifiableCollection()
  • unmodifiableList()
  • unmodifiableMap()
  • unmodifiableNavigableMap()
  • unmodifiableNavigableSet()
  • unmodifiableSet()
  • unmodifiableSortedMap()
  • unmodifiableSortedSet()

Java Compiler Class

  • Java Compiler
  • compileClass()
  • compileClasses()

CopyOnWriteArrayList

  • Java CopyOnWriteArrayList
  • lastIndexOf()

Java Math Methods

  • Math.round()
  • Math.sqrt()
  • Math.cbrt()
  • Math.signum()
  • Math.ceil()
  • Math.copySign()
  • Math.nextAfter()
  • Math.nextUp()
  • Math.nextDown()
  • Math.floor()
  • Math.floorDiv()
  • Math.random()
  • Math.rint()
  • Math.hypot()
  • Math.getExponent()
  • Math.IEEEremainder()
  • Math.addExact()
  • Math.subtractExact()
  • Math.multiplyExact()
  • Math.incrementExact()
  • Math.decrementExact()
  • Math.negateExact()
  • Math.toIntExact()
  • Math.log10()
  • Math.log1p()
  • Math.expm1()
  • Math.asin()
  • Math.acos()
  • Math.atan()
  • Math.sinh()
  • Math.cosh()
  • Math.tanh()
  • Math.toDegrees
  • Math.toRadians

LinkedBlockingDeque

  • Java LinkedBlockingDeque
  • descendingIterator()
  • offerFirst()
  • offerLast()
  • peekFirst()
  • pollFirst()
  • Java Long class

LinkedTransferQueue

  • Java LinkedTransferQueue
  • spliterator()
  • Difference between Array and ArrayList
  • When to use ArrayList and LinkedList in Java
  • Difference between ArrayList and Vector
  • How to Compare Two ArrayList in Java
  • How to reverse ArrayList in Java
  • How to make ArrayList Read Only
  • Difference between length of array and size() of ArrayList in Java
  • How to Synchronize ArrayList in Java
  • How to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList in java
  • Array vs ArrayList in Java
  • How to Sort Java ArrayList in Descending Order
  • How to remove duplicates from ArrayList in Java
  • Java MulticastSocket
  • getInterface()
  • getLoopbackMode()
  • getNetworkInterface()
  • getTimeToLive()
  • joinGroup()
  • leaveGroup()
  • setInterface()
  • setLoopbackMode()
  • setNetworkInterface()
  • setTimeToLive()
  • Java Number Class

Java Phaser Class

  • Java Phaser
  • arriveAndAwaitAdvance()
  • arriveAndDeregister()
  • getParent()
  • awaitAdvanceInterruptibly()
  • awaitAdvance()
  • bulkRegister()
  • forceTermination()
  • getArrivedParties()
  • getRegisteredParties()
  • getUnarrivedParties()
  • isTerminated()

ArrayList Methods

  • listIterator()
  • removeRange

Java Thread Methods

  • currentThread()
  • getPriority()
  • setPriority()
  • setDaemon()
  • interrupt()
  • isinterrupted()
  • interrupted()
  • activeCount()
  • checkAccess()
  • dumpStack()
  • getStackTrace()
  • enumerate()
  • getThreadGroup()
  • notifyAll()
  • setContextClassLoader()
  • getContextClassLoader()
  • getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler()
  • setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler()

Java Projects

  • Free Java Projects
  • Payment Bill(JSP)
  • Transport (JSP)
  • Connect Globe (JSP)
  • Online Banking (JSP)
  • Online Quiz (JSP)
  • Classified (JSP)
  • Mailcasting (JSP)
  • Online Library (JSP)
  • Pharmacy (JSP)
  • Mailer (Servlet)
  • Baby Care (Servlet)
  • Chat Server (Core)
  • Library (Core)
  • Exam System (Core)
  • Java Apps (Core)
  • Fee Report (Core)
  • Fee (Servlet)
  • eLibrary (Servlet)
  • Fire Detection
  • Attendance System
  • Fibonacci Series in Java
  • Prime Number Program in Java
  • Palindrome Program in Java
  • Factorial Program in Java
  • Armstrong Number in Java
  • How to Generate Random Number in Java
  • How to Print Pattern in Java
  • How to Compare Two Objects in Java
  • How to Create Object in Java
  • How to Print ASCII Value in Java
  • How to Reverse a Number in Java
  • Java Program to convert Number to Word
  • Automorphic Number Program in Java
  • Peterson Number in Java
  • Sunny Number in Java
  • Tech Number in Java
  • Fascinating Number in Java
  • Keith Number in Java
  • Neon Number in Java
  • Spy Number in Java
  • ATM program Java
  • Autobiographical Number in Java
  • Emirp Number in Java
  • Sphenic Number in Java
  • Buzz Number Java
  • Duck Number Java
  • Evil Number Java
  • ISBN Number Java
  • Krishnamurthy Number Java
  • Bouncy Number in Java
  • Mystery Number in Java
  • Smith Number in Java
  • Strontio Number in Java
  • Xylem and Phloem Number in Java
  • nth Prime Number Java
  • Java Program to Display Alternate Prime Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Square Root of a Number Without sqrt Method
  • Java Program to Swap Two Numbers Using Bitwise Operator
  • Java Program to Find GCD of Two Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Largest of Three Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Smallest of Three Numbers Using Ternary Operator
  • Java Program to Check if a Number is Positive or Negative
  • Java Program to Check if a Given Number is Perfect Square
  • Java Program to Display Even Numbers From 1 to 100
  • Java Program to Display Odd Numbers From 1 to 100
  • Java Program to Find Sum of Natural Numbers
  • Java Program to copy all elements of one array into another array
  • Java Program to find the frequency of each element in the array
  • Java Program to left rotate the elements of an array
  • Java Program to print the duplicate elements of an array
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array in reverse order
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array present on even position
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array present on odd position
  • Java Program to print the largest element in an array
  • Java Program to print the smallest element in an array
  • Java Program to print the number of elements present in an array
  • Java Program to print the sum of all the items of the array
  • Java Program to right rotate the elements of an array
  • Java Program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order
  • Java Program to sort the elements of an array in descending order
  • Java Program to Find 3rd Largest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find 2nd Largest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find Largest Number in an array
  • Java to Program Find 2nd Smallest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find Smallest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Remove Duplicate Element in an array
  • Java Program to Print Odd and Even Numbers from an array
  • How to Sort an Array in Java
  • Java Matrix Programs
  • Java Program to Add Two Matrices
  • Java Program to Multiply Two Matrices
  • Java Program to subtract the two matrices
  • Java Program to determine whether two matrices are equal
  • Java Program to display the lower triangular matrix
  • Java Program to display the upper triangular matrix
  • Java Program to find the frequency of odd & even numbers in the given matrix
  • Java Program to find the product of two matrices
  • Java Program to find the sum of each row and each column of a matrix
  • Java Program to find the transpose of a given matrix
  • Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is an identity matrix
  • Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is a sparse matrix
  • Java Program to Transpose matrix
  • Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string
  • Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string 2
  • Java Program to count the total number of punctuation characters exists in a String
  • Java Program to count the total number of vowels and consonants in a string
  • Java Program to determine whether two strings are the anagram
  • Java Program to divide a string in 'N' equal parts.
  • Java Program to find all subsets of a string
  • Java Program to find the longest repeating sequence in a string
  • Java Program to find all the permutations of a string
  • Java Program to remove all the white spaces from a string
  • Java Program to replace lower-case characters with upper-case and vice-versa
  • Java Program to replace the spaces of a string with a specific character
  • Java Program to determine whether a given string is palindrome
  • Java Program to determine whether one string is a rotation of another
  • Java Program to find maximum and minimum occurring character in a string
  • Java Program to find Reverse of the string
  • Java program to find the duplicate characters in a string
  • Java program to find the duplicate words in a string
  • Java Program to find the frequency of characters
  • Java Program to find the largest and smallest word in a string
  • Java Program to find the most repeated word in a text file
  • Java Program to find the number of the words in the given text file
  • Java Program to separate the Individual Characters from a String
  • Java Program to swap two string variables without using third or temp variable.
  • Java Program to print smallest and biggest possible palindrome word in a given string
  • Reverse String in Java Word by Word
  • Reserve String without reverse() function
  • Linear Search in Java
  • Binary Search in Java
  • Bubble Sort in Java
  • Selection Sort in Java
  • Insertion Sort in Java
  • How to convert String to int in Java
  • How to convert int to String in Java
  • How to convert String to long in Java
  • How to convert long to String in Java
  • How to convert String to float in Java
  • How to convert float to String in Java
  • How to convert String to double in Java
  • How to convert double to String in Java
  • How to convert String to Date in Java
  • How to convert Date to String in Java
  • How to convert String to char in Java
  • How to convert char to String in Java
  • How to convert String to Object in Java
  • How to convert Object to String in Java
  • How to convert int to long in Java
  • How to convert long to int in Java
  • How to convert int to double in Java
  • How to convert double to int in Java
  • How to convert char to int in Java
  • How to convert int to char in Java
  • How to convert String to boolean in Java
  • How to convert boolean to String in Java
  • How to convert Date to Timestamp in Java
  • How to convert Timestamp to Date in Java
  • How to convert Binary to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Binary in Java
  • How to convert Hex to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Hex in Java
  • How to convert Octal to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Octal in Java
  • Java program to print the following spiral pattern on the console
  • Java program to print the following pattern
  • Java program to print the following pattern 2
  • Java program to print the following pattern 3
  • Java program to print the following pattern 4
  • Java program to print the following pattern 5
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 2
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 3
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 4
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 5
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 6
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 7
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 8
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 9
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 10
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 11
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 12
  • Singly linked list Examples in Java
  • Java Program to create and display a singly linked list
  • Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the singly linked list
  • Java program to delete a node from the middle of the singly linked list
  • Java program to delete a node from the end of the singly linked list
  • Java program to determine whether a singly linked list is the palindrome
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a linked list
  • Java Program to insert a new node at the middle of the singly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the singly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the singly linked list
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a singly linked list
  • Java Program to search an element in a singly linked list
  • Java program to create and display a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to create a Circular Linked List of N nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a Circular Linked List of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to delete a node from the end of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to delete a node from the middle of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to search an element in a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to sort the elements of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to convert a given binary tree to doubly linked list
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list from a ternary tree
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to create and display a doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the beginning of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the end of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the middle of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a doubly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Doubly Linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to rotate doubly linked list by N nodes
  • Java program to search an element in a doubly linked list
  • Java program to sort the elements of the doubly linked list
  • Java Program to calculate the Difference between the Sum of the Odd Level and the Even Level Nodes of a Binary Tree
  • Java program to construct a Binary Search Tree and perform deletion and In-order traversal
  • Java program to convert Binary Tree to Binary Search Tree
  • Java program to determine whether all leaves are at same level
  • Java program to determine whether two trees are identical
  • Java program to find maximum width of a binary tree
  • Java program to find the largest element in a Binary Tree
  • Java program to find the maximum depth or height of a tree
  • Java program to find the nodes which are at the maximum distance in a Binary Tree
  • Java program to find the smallest element in a tree
  • Java program to find the sum of all the nodes of a binary tree
  • Java program to find the total number of possible Binary Search Trees with N keys
  • Java program to implement Binary Tree using the Linked List
  • Java program to search a node in a Binary Tree
  • Java Main Method
  • System.out.println()
  • Java Memory Management
  • Java ClassLoader
  • Java Decompiler
  • Java vs. JavaScript
  • Java vs. Kotlin
  • Java vs. Python
  • Java Absolute Value
  • How to Create File
  • Delete a File in Java
  • Open a File in Java
  • Sort a List in Java
  • Convert byte Array to String
  • Java Basics
  • How to Compile & Run Java Program
  • How to Run Java Program in Eclipse
  • How to Verify Java Version
  • Ways to Create an Object in Java
  • How to Run a Java program in Windows 10
  • Runnable Interface in Java
  • Java Keystore
  • Get input from user in Java
  • Read file line by line in Java
  • Take String input in Java
  • How to Read Excel File in Java
  • Read XML File in Java
  • CompletableFuture in Java
  • Java ExecutorService
  • How to iterate Map in Java
  • How to Return an Array in Java
  • How to Sort HashMap by Value
  • How to Sort HashMap in Java
  • Load Factor in HashMap
  • Array vs ArrayList
  • HashMap vs TreeMap
  • HashSet vs HashMap class
  • Compare Two ArrayList in Java
  • Merge Two Arrays in Java
  • Print Array in Java
  • Read CSV File in Java
  • Remove Special Characters from String
  • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
  • ConcurrentModificationException
  • NoSuchElementException
  • NumberFormatException
  • How to Sort ArrayList in Java
  • How to Download Java
  • How to Call a Method in Java
  • How to Create Singleton Class in Java
  • How to Find Array Length in Java
  • How to Read Character in Java
  • Can We Overload main() Method in Java
  • How to Convert Char Array to String in Java
  • How to Run Java Program in CMD Using Notepad
  • How to Sort String Array in Java
  • How to Compare Dates in Java
  • How to Take Multiple String Input in Java Using Scanner
  • How to Remove Last Character from String in Java
  • How TreeMap Works Internally in Java
  • Java Program to Break Integer into Digits
  • Java Program to Calculate Area and Circumference of Circle
  • What is Diamond Problem in Java
  • Java Program to Read Number from Standard Input
  • How to Download Minecraft Java Edition
  • Can We Override Static Method in Java
  • How to Avoid Deadlock in Java
  • How to Achieve Abstraction in Java
  • How Garbage Collection Works in Java
  • How to Take Array Input in Java
  • How to Create Array of Objects in Java
  • How to Create Package in Java
  • How to Print in Java
  • What is Framework in Java
  • Why Java is Secure
  • How to Iterate List in Java
  • How to Use Eclipse for Java
  • Which Package is Imported by Default in Java
  • Could Not Find or Load Main Class in Java
  • How to Compare Two Arrays in Java
  • How to Convert String to JSON Object in Java
  • Which is Better Java or Python
  • How to Update Java
  • How to Get Value from JSON Object in Java Example
  • How to Split a String in Java with Delimiter
  • Structure of Java Program
  • Why We Use Constructor in Java
  • Java Create Excel File
  • Java Interpreter
  • javac is not Recognized
  • Dynamic Array in Java
  • Shunting yard algorithm
  • Java Destructor
  • Custom ArrayList in Java
  • ArrayList vs HashMap
  • Java Constant
  • Java Tokens
  • How to Enable Java in Chrome
  • Java Semaphore
  • Array to List in Java
  • JIT in Java
  • How to Clear Screen in Java
  • Java Logger
  • Reverse a String Using Recursion in Java
  • Java Path Vs File
  • Float Vs Double Java
  • Stack vs Heap Java
  • Abstraction vs Encapsulation
  • Top 10 Java Books
  • Public vs Private
  • What is Java Used For
  • Bitwise Operator in Java
  • SOLID Principles Java
  • Type Casting in Java
  • Conditional Operator in Java
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  • Creating a Custom Generic Class in Java
  • Generic Queue Java
  • Getting Total Hours From 2 Dates in Java
  • How to add 2 dates in Java
  • How to Break a Date and Time in Java
  • How to Call Generic Method in Java
  • How to Increment and Decrement Date using Java
  • Java Class Methods List
  • Java Full Stack Developer
  • Java.lang.NullPointerException
  • Least Operator to Express Number in Java
  • Shunting Yard Algorithm in Java
  • Switch Case Java
  • Treeset Java Operations
  • Types of Logical Operators in Java
  • What is Cast Operator in Java
  • What is Jersey in Java
  • Alternative to Java Serialization
  • API Development in Java
  • Disadvantage of Multithreading in Java
  • Find the row with the maximum number of 1s
  • Generic Comparator in Java
  • Generic LinkedList in Java
  • Generic Programming in Java Example
  • How Can I Give the Default Date in The Array Java
  • How to Accept Date in Java
  • How to add 4 years to Date in Java
  • How to Check Date Equality in Java
  • How to Modify HTML File Using Java
  • Java 8 Multithreading Features
  • Java Abstract Class and Methods
  • Java Thread Dump Analyser
  • Process vs. Thread in Java
  • Reverse String Using Array in Java
  • Types of Assignment Operators in Java
  • Types of Bitwise Operators in Java
  • Union and Intersection Of Two Sorted Arrays In Java
  • Vector Operations Java
  • Java Books Multithreading
  • Advantages of Generics in Java
  • Arrow Operator Java
  • Generic Code in Java
  • Generic Method in Java Example
  • Getting a Range of Dates in Java
  • Getting the Day from a Date in Java
  • How Counter Work with Date Using Java
  • How to Add Date in Arraylist Java
  • How to Create a Generic List in Java
  • Java Extend Multiple Classes
  • Java Function
  • Java Generics Design Patterns
  • Why Are Generics Used in Java
  • XOR Binary Operator in Java
  • Check if the given string contains all the digits in Java
  • Constructor in Abstract Class in Java
  • Count number of a class objects created in Java
  • Difference Between Byte Code and Machine Code in Java
  • Java Program to Append a String in an Existing File
  • Main thread in Java
  • Store Two Numbers in One Byte Using Bit Manipulation in Java
  • The Knight's Tour Problem in Java
  • Business Board Problem in Java
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  • Buy as Much Candles as Possible Java Problem
  • Get Year from Date in Java
  • How to Assign Static Value to Date in Java
  • Java List Node
  • Java List Sort Lambda
  • Java Program to Get the Size of a Directory
  • Misc Operators in Java
  • Reverse A String and Reverse Every Alternative String in Java
  • Reverse a String in Java Using StringBuilder
  • Reverse Alternate Words in A String Java
  • Size of Empty Class in Java
  • Titniry Operation in Java
  • Triple Shift Operator in Java
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  • What is Short Circuit && And or Operator in Java
  • What is the & Operator in Java
  • Why to use enum in Java
  • XOR Bitwise Operator in Java
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  • Compile-Time Polymorphism in Java
  • Convert JSON to Java Object Online
  • Difference between comparing String using == and .equals() method in Java
  • Difference Between Singleton Pattern and Static Class in Java
  • Difference Between Static and Non-Static Nested Class in Java
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  • How to Swap or Exchange Objects in Java
  • Java Get Class of Generic Parameter
  • Java Interface Generic Parameter
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  • Java Program for Maximum Product Subarray
  • Java Program To Print Even Length Words in a String
  • Logger Class in Java
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  • Mutable Class in Java
  • Online Java IDE
  • Package getImplementationVersion() method in Java with Examples
  • Set Default Close Operation in Java
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  • Types of Interfaces in Java
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  • User-Defined Packages in Java
  • Valid variants of main() in Java
  • What is a Reference Variable in Java
  • What is an Instance in Java
  • What is Retrieval Operation in ArrayList Java
  • When to Use the Static Method in Java
  • XOR Operations in Java
  • 7th Sep - Array Declaration in Java
  • 7th Sep - Bad Operand Types Error in Java
  • 7th Sep - Data Structures in Java
  • 7th Sep - Generic Type Casting In Java
  • 7th Sep - Multiple Inheritance in Java
  • 7th Sep - Nested Initialization for Singleton Class in Java
  • 7th Sep - Object in Java
  • 7th Sep - Recursive Constructor Invocation in Java
  • 7th Sep - Java Language / What is Java
  • 7th Sep - Why is Java Platform Independent
  • 7th Sep - Card Flipping Game in Java
  • 7th Sep - Create Generic Method in Java
  • 7th Sep - Difference between super and super() in Java with Examples
  • 7th Sep - for loop enum Java
  • 7th Sep - How to Convert a String to Enum in Java
  • 7th Sep - Illustrate Class Loading and Static Blocks in Java Inheritance
  • 7th Sep - Introduction To Java
  • 7th Sep - Java Lambda foreach
  • 7th Sep - Java Latest Version
  • 7th Sep - Java Method Signature
  • 7th Sep - Java Practice Programs
  • 7th Sep - Java SwingWorker Class
  • 7th Sep - java.util.concurrent.RecursiveAction class in Java With Examples
  • 7th Sep - Largest Palindrome by Changing at Most K-digits in Java
  • 7th Sep - Parameter Passing Techniques in Java with Examples
  • 7th Sep - Reverse a String in Java Using a While Loop
  • 7th Sep - Reverse a String Using a For Loop in Java
  • 7th Sep - Short Circuit Operator in Java
  • 7th Sep - Java 8 Stream API
  • 7th Sep - XOR Operation on Integers in Java
  • 7th Sep - XOR Operation on Long in Java
  • Array Programs in Java
  • Concrete Class in Java
  • Difference between Character Stream and Byte Stream in Java
  • Difference Between Static and non-static in Java
  • Different Ways to Convert java.util.Date to java.time.LocalDate in Java
  • Find the Good Matrix Problem in Java
  • How Streams Work in Java
  • How to Accept Different Formats of Date in Java
  • How to Add Date in MySQL from Java
  • How to Find the Size of int in Java
  • How to Make a Field Serializable in Java
  • How to Pass an Array to Function in Java
  • How to Pass an ArrayList to a Method in Java
  • Implementing the Java Queue Interface
  • Initialization of local variable in a conditional block in Java
  • isnull() Method in Java
  • Java Array Generic
  • Java Program to Demonstrate the Lazy Initialization Non-Thread-Safe
  • Java Program to Demonstrate the Non-Lazy Initialization Thread-Safe
  • Java Static Field Initialization
  • Machine Learning Using Java
  • Mars Rover Problem in Java
  • Model Class in Java
  • Nested Exception Handling in Java
  • Program to Convert List to Stream in Java
  • Static Polymorphism in Java
  • Static Reference Variables in Java
  • Sum of Two Arrays in Java
  • What is Is-A-Relationship in Java
  • When to Use Vector in Java
  • Which Class cannot be subclassed in Java
  • Word Search Problem in Java
  • XOR Operation Between Sets in Java
  • Burger Problem in Java Game
  • Convert Set to List in Java
  • Floyd Triangle in Java
  • How to Call Static Blocks in Java
  • Interface Attributes in Java
  • Java Applications in the Real World
  • Java Concurrent Array
  • Java Detect Date Format
  • Java Interface Without Methods
  • Java Iterator Performance
  • Java Packet
  • Java Static Instance of Class
  • Java TreeMap Sort by Value
  • Length of List in Java
  • List of Checked Exceptions in Java
  • Message Passing in Java
  • Product Maximization Problem in Java
  • Terminal Operations in Java 8
  • Understanding Base Class in Java
  • Difference between Early Binding and Late Binding in Java
  • Collectors toCollection() in Java
  • Difference between ExecutorService execute() and submit() method in Java
  • Difference between Java and Core Java
  • Different Types of Recursions in Java
  • Initialize a static map in Java with Examples
  • Merge Sort Using Multithreading in Java
  • Why Thread.stop(), Thread.suspend(), and Thread.resume() Methods are Deprecated After JDK 1.1 Version
  • Circular Primes in Java
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  • EvalEx Java: Expression Evaluation in Java
  • Exeter Caption Contest Java Program
  • FileInputStream finalize() Method in Java
  • Find the Losers of the Circular Game problem in Java
  • Finding the Differences Between Two Lists in Java
  • Finding the Maximum Points on a Line in Java
  • Get Local IP Address in Java
  • Handling "Handler dispatch failed" Nested Exception: java.lang.StackOverflowError in Java
  • Harmonic Number in Java
  • How to Find the Percentage of Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters, Digits, and Special Characters in a String Using Java
  • Interface Variables in Java
  • Java 8 Interface Features
  • Java Class Notation
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  • Java Package Annotation
  • Java Program to Find First Non-Repeating Character in String
  • Java Static Type Vs. Dynamic Type
  • Kaprekar Number in Java
  • Multitasking in Java
  • Niven Number in Java
  • Rhombus Pattern in Java
  • Shuffle an Array in Java
  • Static Object in Java
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  • Use of Singleton Class in Java
  • What is the Difference Between Future and Callable Interfaces in Java
  • Aggregate Operation in Java 8
  • Bounded Types in Java
  • Calculating Batting Average in Java
  • Compare Two LinkedList in Java
  • Comparison of Autoboxed Integer objects in Java
  • Count Tokens in Java
  • Cyclomatic Complexity in Java
  • Deprecated Meaning in Java
  • Double Brace Initialization in Java
  • Functional Interface in Java
  • How to prevent objects of a class from Garbage Collection in Java
  • Java Cast Object to Class
  • Java isAlive() Method
  • Java Line Feed Character
  • java.net.MulticastSocket class in Java
  • Keytool Error java.io.FileNotFoundException
  • Matrix Diagonal Sum in Java
  • Number of Boomerangs Problem in Java
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  • Similarities Between Bastar and Java
  • Spring vs. Struts in Java
  • Switch Case in Java 12
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  • Who Were the Kalangs of Java
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  • Can Constructor be Static in Java
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  • Chatbot Application in Java
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  • Find A Pair with Maximum Product in Array of Integers
  • Goal Stack Planning Program in Java
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  • How to find trigonometric values of an angle in Java
  • How to Override tostring() method in Java
  • Inserting a Node in a Doubly Linked List in Java
  • Java 9 Immutable Collections
  • Java 9 Interface Private Methods
  • Java Convert Array to Collection
  • Java Transaction API
  • Methods to Take Input in Java
  • Parallelogram Pattern in Java
  • Reminder Program in Java
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  • Static Method in Java
  • String Reverse in Java 8 Using Lambdas
  • Types of Threads in Java
  • What is thread safety in Java? How do you achieve it?
  • xxwxx.dll Virus Java 9
  • Java 8 Merge Two Maps with Same Keys
  • Java 8 StringJoiner, String.join(), and Collectors.joining()
  • Java 9 @SafeVarargs Annotation Changes
  • Java 9 Stream API Improvements
  • Java 11 var in Lambda Expressions
  • Sequential Search Java
  • Thread Group in Java
  • User Thread Vs. Daemon Thread in Java
  • Collections Vs. Streams in Java
  • Import statement in Java
  • init() Method in Java
  • Java Generics Jenkov
  • Ambiguity in Java
  • Benefits of Learning Java
  • Designing a Vending Machine in Java
  • Monolithic Applications in Java
  • Name Two Types of Java Program
  • Random Access Interface in Java
  • Rust Vs. Java
  • Types of Constants in Java
  • Execute the Main Method Multiple Times in Java
  • Find the element at specified index in a Spiral Matrix in Java
  • Find The Index of An Array Element in Java
  • Mark-and-Sweep Garbage Collection Algorithm in Java
  • Shadowing of Static Functions in Java
  • Straight Line Numbers in Java
  • Zumkeller Numbers in Java
  • Types of Layout Manager in Java
  • Virtual Threads in Java 21
  • Add Two Numbers Without Using Operator in Java
  • Automatic Type Promotion in Java
  • ContentPane Java
  • Difference Between findElement() and findElements() in Java
  • Difference Between Inheritance and Interfaces in Java
  • Difference Between Jdeps and Jdeprscan tools in Java
  • Find Length of String in Java Without Using Function
  • InvocationTargetException in Java
  • Java Maps to JSON
  • Key Encapsulation Mechanism API in Java 21
  • Placeholder Java
  • String Templates in Java 21
  • Why Java is Robust Language
  • Collecting in Java 8
  • containsIgnoreCase() Method in Java
  • Convert String to Biginteger In Java
  • Convert String to Map in Java
  • Define Macro in Java
  • Difference Between Lock and Monitor in Java Concurrency
  • Difference Between the start() and run() Methods in Java
  • Generalization and Specialization in Java
  • getChannel() Method in Java
  • How to Check Whether an Integer Exists in a Range with Java
  • HttpEntity in Java
  • Lock Framework Vs. Thread Synchronization in Java
  • Niven Number Program in Java
  • Passing Object to Method in Java
  • Pattern Matching for Switch in Java 21
  • Swap First and Last Digit of a Number in Java
  • Adapter Design Pattern in Java
  • Best Automation Frameworks for Java
  • Building a Search Engine in Java
  • Bytecode Verifier in Java
  • Caching Mechanism in Java
  • Comparing Two HashMap in Java
  • Cryptosystem Project in Java
  • Farthest from Zero Program in Java
  • How to Clear Linked List in Java
  • Primitive Data Type Vs. Object Data Type in Java
  • setBounds() Method in Java
  • Unreachable Code or Statement in Java
  • What is Architecture Neutral in Java
  • Difference between wait and notify in Java
  • Dyck Path in Java
  • Find the last two digits of the Factorial of a given Number in Java
  • How to Get an Environment Variable in Java
  • Java Program to open the command prompt and insert commands
  • JVM Shutdown Hook in Java
  • Semiprimes Numbers in Java
  • 12 Tips to Improve Java Code Performance
  • Ad-hoc Polymorphism in Java
  • Array to String Conversion in Java
  • CloudWatch API in Java
  • Essentials of Java Programming Language
  • Extends Vs. Implements in Java
  • 2d Array Sorting in Java
  • Aliquot Sequence in Java
  • Authentication and Authorization in Java
  • Cannot Find Symbol Error in Java
  • Compare Two Excel Files in Java
  • Consecutive Prime Sum Program in Java
  • Count distinct XOR values among pairs using numbers in range 1 to N
  • Difference Between Two Tier and Three Tier Architecture in Java
  • Different Ways of Reading a Text File in Java
  • Empty Array in Java
  • FCFS Program in Java with Arrival Time
  • Immutable Map in Java
  • K-4 City Program in Java
  • Kahn's algorithm for Topological Sorting in Java
  • Most Popular Java Backend Tools
  • Recursive Binary Search in Java
  • Set Intersection in Java
  • String Reverse Preserving White Spaces in Java
  • The Deprecated Annotation in Java
  • What is JNDI in Java
  • Backtracking in Java
  • Comparing Doubles in Java
  • Consecutive Prime Sum in Java
  • Finding Missing Numbers in an Array Using Java
  • Good Number Program in Java
  • How to Compress Image in Java Source Code
  • How to Download a File from a URL in Java
  • Passing an Object to The Method in Java
  • Permutation program in Java
  • Profile Annotation in Java
  • Scenario Based Questions in Java
  • Understanding Static Synchronization in Java
  • Types of Errors in Java
  • Abstract Factory Design Pattern in Java
  • Advantages of Kotlin Over Java
  • Advantages of Methods in Java
  • Applet Program in Java to Draw House with Output
  • Atomic Boolean in Java
  • Bitset Class in Java
  • Bouncy Castle Java
  • Chained Exception in Java
  • Colossal Numbers in Java
  • Compact Profiles Java 8
  • Convert Byte to Image in Java
  • Convert Set to Array in Java
  • Copy ArrayList to another ArrayList Java
  • Copy Data from One File to Another in Java
  • Dead Code in Java
  • Driver Class Java
  • EnumMap in Java
  • Farthest Distance of a 0 From the Centre of a 2-D Matrix in Java
  • How to Terminate a Program in Java
  • Instance Block in Java
  • Iterative Constructs in Java
  • Java 10 var Keyword
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  • Square Pattern in Java
  • String Interpolation in Java
  • Unnamed Classes and Instance Main Method in Java 21
  • What is difference between cacerts and Keystore in Java
  • Agile Principles Patterns and Practices in Java
  • Color Method in Java
  • Concurrent Collections in Java
  • Create JSON Node in Java
  • Difference Between Checkbox and Radio Button in Java
  • Difference Between Jdeps and Jdeprscan Tools in Java
  • Difference Between Static and Dynamic Dispatch in Java
  • Difference Between Static and Non-Static Members in Java
  • Error Java Invalid Target Release 9
  • Filedialog Java
  • String Permutation in Java
  • Structured Concurrency in Java
  • Uncaught Exception in Java
  • ValueOf() Method in Java
  • Virtual Thread in Java
  • Difference Between Constructor Overloading and Method Overloading in Java
  • Difference Between for loop and for-each Loop in Java
  • Difference Between Fork/Join Framework and ExecutorService in Java
  • Difference Between Local, Instance, and Static Variables in Java
  • Difference Between Multithreading and Multiprocessing in Java
  • Difference Between Serialization and Deserialization in Java
  • Difference Between Socket and Server Socket in Java
  • Advantages of Immutable Classes in Java
  • BMI Calculator Java
  • Code Coverage Tools in Java
  • How to Declare an Empty Array in Java
  • How To Resolve Java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError in Java
  • Java 18 Snippet Tag with Example
  • Object Life Cycle in Java
  • print() Vs. println() in Java
  • @SuppressWarnings Annotation in Java
  • Types of Cloning in Java
  • What is portable in Java
  • What is the use of an interpreter in Java
  • Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) in Java
  • Aliasing in Java
  • CRUD Operations in Java
  • Euclid-Mullin Sequence in Java
  • Frame Class in Java
  • Initializing a List in Java
  • Number Guessing Game in Java
  • Number of digits in N factorial to the power N in Java
  • Rencontres Number in Java
  • Skewed Binary Tree in Java
  • Vertical zig-zag traversal of a tree in Java
  • Wap to Reverse a String in Java using Lambda Expression
  • Concept of Stream in Java
  • Constraints in Java
  • Context Switching in Java
  • Dart Vs. Java
  • Dependency Inversion Principle in Java
  • Difference Between Containers and Components in Java
  • Difference Between CyclicBarrier and CountDownLatch in Java
  • Difference Between Shallow and Deep Cloning in Java
  • Dots and Boxes Game Java Source code
  • DRY Principle Java
  • How to get File type in Java
  • IllegalArgumentException in Java example
  • Is the main() method compulsory in Java
  • Java Paradigm
  • Lower Bound in Java
  • Method Binding in Java
  • Overflow and Underflow in Java
  • Padding in Java
  • Passing and Returning Objects in Java
  • Single Responsibility Principle in Java
  • ClosedChannelException in Java with Examples
  • How to Fix java.net.ConnectException Connection refused connect in Java
  • java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException in java with Examples
  • Selection Statement in Java
  • Difference Between Java 8 and Java 9
  • Difference Between Nested Class and Inner Class in Java
  • Difference Between OOP and POP in Java
  • Difference Between Static and Dynamic in Java
  • Difference Between Static Binding and Dynamic Binding in Java
  • Difference Between Variable and Constant in Java
  • Alternate Pattern Program in Java
  • Architecture Neutral in Java
  • AutoCloseable Interface in Java
  • BitSet Class in Java
  • Border Layout Manager in Java
  • Digit Extraction in Java
  • Dynamic Method Dispatch Java
  • Dynamic Variable in Java
  • How to Convert Double to string in Java
  • How to Convert Meter to Kilometre in Java
  • How to Install SSL Certificate in Java
  • How to Protect Java Source Code
  • How to Use Random Object in Java
  • Java Backward Compatibility
  • Java New String Class Methods from Java 8 to Java 17
  • Mono in Java
  • Object to int in Java
  • Predefined Streams in Java
  • Prime Factor Program in Java
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  • Java Array Methods
  • java.lang.Class class in Java
  • Reverse Level Order Traversal in Java
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  • Difference Between Constraints and Annotations in Java
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  • Difference Between map() and flatmap() Method in Java 8
  • Difference Between next() and nextLine() Methods in Java
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  • Introspection in JavaBeans
  • Java 15 Features
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  • Next Permutation Java
  • Object as Parameter in Java
  • Optimizing Java Code Performance
  • Pervasive Shallowness in Java
  • Sequenced Collections in Java 21
  • Stdin and Stdout in Java
  • Stream count() Function in Java
  • String.strip() Method in Java
  • Vertical Flip Matrix Problem in Java
  • Calling Object in Java
  • Characteristics of Constructor in Java
  • Counting Problem in Multithreading in Java
  • Creating Multiple Pools of Objects of Variable Size in Java
  • Default Exception in Java
  • How to Install Multiple JDK's in Windows
  • Differences Between Vectors and Arrays in Java
  • Duplicate Class Errors in Java
  • Example of Data Hiding in Java
  • Foreign Function and Memory APIs in Java 21
  • Generic Tree Implementation in Java
  • getSource() Method in Java
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  • Hessian Java
  • How to Connect Login Page to Database in Java
  • Difference between BlueJ and JDK 1.3
  • How to Solve Incompatible Types Error in Java
  • Java 8 Method References
  • Java 9 Try with Resources Improvements
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  • Mono Class in Java
  • Multithreading Vs. Asynchronous in Java
  • Nested HashMap in Java
  • Number Series Program in Java
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  • Oracle Java
  • Print 1 to 100 Without Loop in Java
  • Remove elements from a List that satisfy given predicate in Java
  • Replace Element in Arraylist Java
  • Sliding Puzzle Game in Java
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  • Window Event in Java
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  • Advantages of Abstraction in Java
  • Advantages of Packages in Java
  • Bounce Tales Java Game Download
  • Breaking Singleton Class Pattern in Java
  • Building a Brick Breaker Game in Java
  • Building a Scientific Calculator in Java
  • Circle Program in Java
  • Class Memory in Java
  • Convert Byte to an Image in Java
  • Count Paths in Given Matrix in Java
  • Difference Between Iterator and ListIterator in Java with Example
  • Distinct Character Count Java Stream
  • EOFException in Java
  • ExecutionException Java 8
  • Generic Object in Java
  • How to Create an Unmodifiable List in Java
  • How to Create Dynamic SQL Query in Java
  • How to Return a 2D Array in Java
  • Java 8 Stream.distinct() Method
  • Java setPriority() Method
  • Mutator Methods in Java
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  • Program to Generate CAPTCHA and Verify User Using Java
  • Random Flip Matrix in Java
  • System Class in Java
  • Vigenere Cipher Program in Java
  • Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) in Java
  • CI/ CD Tools for Java
  • cint in Java
  • Command Pattern in Java
  • CSV to List Java
  • Difference Between Java Servlets and CGI
  • Difference Between Multithreading Multitasking, and Multiprocessing in Java
  • Encoding Three Strings in Java
  • How to Import Jar File in Eclipse
  • Meta Class Vs. Class in Java
  • Meta Class Vs. Super Class in Java
  • Print Odd and Even Numbers by Two Threads in Java
  • Scoped value in Java
  • Upper-Bounded Wildcards in Java
  • Wildcards in Java
  • Zero Matrix Problem in Java
  • All Possible Combinations of a String in Java
  • Atomic Reference in Java
  • Final Method Overloading in Java| Can We Overload Final Methods
  • Constructor in Inheritance in Java
  • Design Your Custom Connection Pool in Java
  • How Microservices Communicate with Each Other in Java
  • How to Convert String to Timestamp in Java
  • Java 10 Collectors Methods
  • Java and Apache OpenNLP
  • Java Deep Learning
  • Java Iterator Vs. Listiterator Vs. Spliterator
  • Pure Functions in Java
  • Use of Constructor in Java | Purpose of Constructor in Java
  • Implement Quintet Class with Quartet Class in Java using JavaTuples
  • Java Best Practices
  • Efficiently Reading Input For Competitive Programming using Java 8
  • Length of the longest substring without repeating characters in Java
  • Advantages of Inner Class in Java
  • AES GCM Encryption Java
  • Array Default Values in Java
  • Copy File in Java from one Location to Another
  • Creating Templates in Java
  • Different Packages in Java
  • How to Add Elements to an Arraylist in Java Dynamically
  • How to Add Splash Screen in Java
  • How to Calculate Average Star Rating in Java
  • Immutable Class with Mutable Object in Java
  • Java instanceOf() Generics
  • Set Precision in Java
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  • Two Types of Streams Offered by Java
  • Uses of Collections in Java
  • Additive Numbers in Java
  • Association Vs. Aggregation Vs. Composition in Java
  • Covariant and Contravariant Java
  • Creating Immutable Custom Classes in Java
  • mapToInt() in Java
  • Methods of Gson in Java
  • Server Socket in Java
  • Check String Are Permutation of Each Other in Java
  • Containerization in Java
  • Difference Between Multithreading and Multiprogramming in Java
  • Flyweight Design Pattern
  • HMAC Encryption in Java
  • How to Clear Error in Java Program
  • 5 Types of Java
  • Design a Job Scheduler in Java
  • Elements of Java Programming
  • Generational ZCG in Java 21
  • How to Print Arraylist Without Brackets Java
  • Interface Vs. Abstract Class After Java 8
  • Java 9 Optional Class Improvements
  • Number of GP sequence Problem in Java
  • Pattern Matching for Switch
  • Range Addition Problem in Java
  • Swap Corner Words and Reverse Middle Characters in Java
  • Kadane's Algorithm in Java
  • Capture the Pawns Problem in Java
  • Find Pair With Smallest Difference in Java
  • How to pad a String in Java
  • When to use Serialization and Externalizable Interface
  • Which Component is responsible to run Java Program
  • Difference Between Java and Bastar
  • Difference Between Static and Instance Methods in Java
  • Difference Between While and Do While loop in Java
  • Future Interface in Java
  • Invert a Binary tree in Java
  • Java Template Engine
  • KeyValue Class in JavaTuples
  • Quantifiers in Java
  • Swapping Pairs of Characters in a String in Java
  • Version Enhancements in Exception Handling introduced in Java SE 7
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In , assignment is used to assign values to a variable. In this section, we will discuss the .

The is the combination of more than one operator. It includes an assignment operator and arithmetic operator or bitwise operator. The specified operation is performed between the right operand and the left operand and the resultant assigned to the left operand. Generally, these operators are used to assign results in shorter syntax forms. In short, the compound assignment operator can be used in place of an assignment operator.

For example:

Let's write the above statements using the compound assignment operator.

Using both assignment operators generates the same result.

Java supports the following assignment operators:

CatagoriesOperatorDescriptionExampleEquivalent Expression
It assigns the result of the addition.count += 1count = count + 1
It assigns the result of the subtraction.count -= 2count = count - 2
It assigns the result of the multiplication.price *= quantityprice = price * quantity
It assigns the result of the division.average /= number_of_termsaverage = number_of_terms
It assigns the result of the remainder of the division.s %= 1000s = s % 1000
It assigns the result of the signed left bit shift.res <<= numres = res << num
It assigns the result of the signed right bit shift.y >>= 1y = y >> 1
It assigns the result of the logical AND.x &= 2x = x & 2
It assigns the result of the logical XOR.a ^= ba = a ^ b
It assigns the result of the logical OR.flag |= trueflag = flag | true
It assigns the result of the unsigned right bit shift.p >>>= 4p = p >>> 4

Using Compound Assignment Operator in a Java Program

CompoundAssignmentOperator.java

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Java assignment operator execution

In Java, I understand that assignment evaluates to the value of the right operand, so statements like x == (y = x) evaluate to true .

This code, however, outputs false .

Why is this? In my understanding, it first evaluates (x = y) , which assigns x the value of y , and then returns the value of y . Then x.equals(y) is evaluated, which should be true since x and y should share the same references now, but instead, I get false .

Screenshot showing the source and that the output is "false"

What is happening here?

  • assignment-operator

Sam's user avatar

  • 13 I think you wanted to see result for x.equals( y = x ) –  nits.kk Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 13:43
  • 1 Could the compiler inline x and y ? –  Lino Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 13:44
  • 3 Are you assuming that the assignment x = y on the right hand side is executed before the x on the left hand side is evaluated? –  khelwood Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 13:44
  • @khelwood yes, that was my assumption. It must not –  Sam Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 13:54
  • 1 @nits.kk I don't think so. OP already said they understand that x == (y = x) evaluates to true. The behavior of what you suggest would then be obvious... –  Pedro A Commented Jun 22, 2018 at 21:32

9 Answers 9

First of all: that's an interesting question, but should never come up in "real code", as assigning to the variable you call in the very same line is confusing even if you know how it works.

What happens here is these 3 steps:

  • figure out which object to call the method on (i.e. evaluate the first x , this will result in a reference to the String "hello")
  • figure out the parameters (i.e. evaluate x = y , which will change x to point to the String "goodbye" and also return a reference to that String)
  • call the method equals on the result of #1 using the result of #2 as the parameter (which will be references to the Strings "hello" and "goodbye" respectively).

Looking at the byte code produced for that method makes it clear (assuming you're fluent in Java bytecode):

Line #9 is step 1 above (i.e. evaluates x and remembers the value).

Line #10-12 is step 2. It loads y , duplicates it (once for assigning, once for the return value of the assignment expression) and assigns it to x .

Line #13 invokes equals on the result computed in Line #9 and the result of Lines #10-12.

Joachim Sauer's user avatar

  • 36 TL;DR: x.equals(x = y) => "hello".equals(x = y) => "hello".equals(x = "goodbye") => "hello".equals("goodbye") => false . –  Bernhard Barker Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 21:35
  • 8 An important point to note is that . has a higher precedence than = . –  Gaurang Tandon Commented Jun 22, 2018 at 13:04
  • 4 This is more about evaluation order than about precedence. The parentheses make the precedence irrelevant anyway. –  amalloy Commented Jun 22, 2018 at 20:15

Good question! And the JLS has the answer...

§15.12.4.1 (Example 15.12.4.1-2). Evaluation Order During Method Invocation:

As part of an instance method invocation, there is an expression that denotes the object to be invoked. This expression appears to be fully evaluated before any part of any argument expression to the method invocation is evaluated.

the occurrence of x before .equals is evaluated first, before the argument expression x = y .

Therefore,  a reference to the string   hello   is remembered as the target reference before the local variable x is changed to refer to the string goodbye . As a result, the equals method is invoked for target object hello with argument goodbye , so the result of the invocation is false .

Oleksandr Pyrohov's user avatar

It's important to remember that a String in java is an object, and therefore a reference. When you call

It is checking if the value at the location currently referenced by x is equal to what you are passing in. Inside, you are changing the value that x is referencing , but you are still calling equals with the original reference (the reference to "hello"). So, right now your code is comparing to see if "hello" is equal to "goodbye", which it clearly is not. After this point, if you use x again, it will result in a reference to the same value as y.

Keveloper's user avatar

  • if i understand you, this: "hello".equals((x = y)) should return true ? –  Halayem Anis Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 14:01
  • 3 No, because (x = y) will return the value of y, which is "goodbye". So if you did "goodbye".equals(x=y), that would return true –  Keveloper Commented Jun 21, 2018 at 14:07

x=y in the parenthesis means that expression (x=y) is now goodbye , while the outer x in x.equals holds the value hello

Chetan Jadhav CD's user avatar

  • 2 This really doesn't explain why this is happening nor does it provide additional details that would be helpful for others. –  Gray Commented Jun 27, 2018 at 17:34
  • Now that I read it out loud, I do tend to agree with you..the other answers are pretty verbose tho so dint edit it.. –  Chetan Jadhav CD Commented Jun 28, 2018 at 18:30

Reimus gave the correct answer, but I'd like to elaborate.

In Java (and most languages) the convention is variable goes on the left, assignment on the right.

Let's Break it down:

For debugging purposes as well as code readability, it's always a good practice to split up your lines so that they only do one thing.

Here, x.equals(...) is called on the original reference to x, or "hello", it is updated for the second reference.

I would write this as (and this will give you your expected answer):

Now this seems obvious that it should behave this way, but it's also really easy to see exactly what is going on in each line, which is something you should strive for.

Randomness Slayer's user avatar

  • 2 Re: "always": there's such a thing as too much explicitness: would you recommend that System.out.println("Bytes: "+1024*k); be written as three statements? –  Davis Herring Commented Jun 22, 2018 at 5:30
  • @DavisHerring this is in the context of debugging. If you are trying to debug that statement, then yes, I would absolutely recommend splitting this statement into it's components. One statement for the multiplication and another for print. It allows for maximum flexibility. As a general rule of thumb, you want each line to do only one thing. It makes code more readable and more easily debug-able. –  Randomness Slayer Commented Jun 26, 2018 at 16:13

I see the question in layman terms as "hello".equals("goodbye") . So it returns false.

Vamsi's user avatar

I have tried your question in eclipse your both expression are correct. 1) x == (y = x) evaluate to true it is true because value of x assign to y which is 'hello' then x and y compare they will same so result will true

2) x.equal(x = y) it is false because value of y assign to x which is goodbye then x and x compare their value will be different so result will be false

Alishan's user avatar

In java String is a class.

is a two different String which refer to two different value which is not same and if you compare

Derrick's user avatar

  • 1 Have you actually run this sample code? As the question states, System.out.println(x.equals(x = y)); returns false, contrary to what your answer claims. –  Charlie Harding Commented Jun 30, 2018 at 18:03

It is seeing if x.equals (assign x to y, returns true always) so basically x.equals(true)

mmx's user avatar

  • 8 this is just untrue, that's not how the assignment is evaluated –  Sam Commented Jun 22, 2018 at 19:20

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assignment operator for string in java

IMAGES

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  1. Java Assignment Operators with Examples

    Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let's consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5. Method 2: x += 4.5.

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    Types of Assignment Operators in Java with java tutorial, features, history, variables, programs, operators, oops concept, array, string, map, math, methods, examples ...

  3. Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators (The Java™ Tutorials

    The Arithmetic Operators The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics.

  4. Java Assignment Operators

    Java Assignment Operators are used to optionally perform an action with given operands and assign the result back to given variable (left operand). The syntax of any Assignment Operator with operands is. operand1 operator_symbol operand2. In this tutorial, we will learn about different Assignment Operators available in Java programming language ...

  5. Java Assignment Operators

    Java Assignment Operators: Assigning a value to a variable seems straightforward enough; you simply assign the stuff on the right side of the '= 'to the variable on the left. See the details.

  6. All Java Assignment Operators (Explained With Examples)

    Learn about all Java assignment operators with examples. Understand how to use the 7 assignment operators in Java to assign values to variables.

  7. Assignment operator in Java

    Assignment Operators in Java: An Overview We already discussed the Types of Operators in the previous tutorial Java. In this Java tutorial, we will delve into the different types of assignment operators in Java, and their syntax, and provide examples for better understanding. Because Java is a flexible and widely used programming language.

  8. Java 8

    Assignment Operators Overview Top. The single equal sign = is used for assignment in Java and we have been using this throughout the lessons so far. This operator is fairly self explanatory and takes the form variable = expression; . A point to note here is that the type of variable must be compatible with the type of expression.

  9. Java Assignment operators

    The Java Assignment operators are used to assign the values to the declared variables. The equals ( = ) operator is the most commonly used Java assignment operator. For example: int i = 25; The table below displays all the assignment operators in the Java programming language. Operators.

  10. Java Assignment Operators (Basic & Shorthand) by Example

    This page explains basic and shorthand or compound assignment operators of Java. The assignment operator assigns the right-hand side value to the left-hand side operand. Assignment operator works on both primitive and reference types.

  11. Java

    The following programs are simple examples which demonstrate the assignment operators. Copy and paste the following Java programs as Test.java file, and compile and run the programs −

  12. Assignment Operators

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  13. Java Assignment Operators

    Java Assignment Operators The Java Assignment Operators are used when you want to assign a value to the expression. The assignment operator denoted by the single equal sign =.

  14. Java Operators

    Java Assignment Operators Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x:

  15. Java Assignment Operators

    Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound. The Simpleassignment operator is the equals (=) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left. Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator ...

  16. Assignment Operators in Programming

    Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to ...

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    5. Java language Specification: 15.26.1. Simple Assignment Operator =. If the left-hand operand is an array access expression (§15.13), possibly enclosed in one or more pairs of parentheses, then: First, the array reference subexpression of the left-hand operand array access expression is evaluated. If this evaluation completes abruptly, then ...

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    assignment operation The assignment operator is used to assign values to string objects. The size of the resulting string object will be the number of characters in the string value being assigned.

  19. Compound assignment operators in Java

    Compound-assignment operators provide a shorter syntax for assigning the result of an arithmetic or bitwise operator. They perform the operation on the two operands before assigning the result to the first operand. The following are all possible assignment operator in java: 1. += (compound addition assignment operator)

  20. java

    String b="Hello"; System.out.println(a==b); This should return false as a & b refer to different instances of String objects. Bcoz the assignments operator compares the instances of objects but Still I am getting a true. I am using Eclipse IDE. Example in book goes as this: String s = "s"; String sToo = "s"; System.out.println(a == b);

  21. Java Compound Operators

    2. Compound Assignment Operators An assignment operator is a binary operator that assigns the result of the right-hand side to the variable on the left-hand side. The simplest is the "=" assignment operator: int x = 5; Copy This statement declares a new variable x, assigns x the value of 5 and returns 5.

  22. Compound Assignment Operator in Java

    Compound Assignment Operator in Java. In Java, assignment operator is used to assign values to a variable. In this section, we will discuss the compound assignment operators in Java.. Compound Assignment Operator. The compound assignment operator is the combination of more than one operator. It includes an assignment operator and arithmetic operator or bitwise operator.

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    In Java, I understand that assignment evaluates to the value of the right operand, so statements like x == (y = x) evaluate to true. This code, however, outputs false. public static void main(Str...