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Chandrayaan-3: Historic India mission for moon’s south pole set for landing

A previous Indian effort failed in 2019 and the latest attempt comes days after Russia’s first moon mission in 50 years crashed.

India could become the first nation to land a spacecraft on the moon’s south pole, days after a Russian probe crashed in the same region – an historic moment for the world’s most populous nation, as it rapidly closes in on milestones set by global space powers.

Chandrayaan-3, which means “Mooncraft” in Sanskrit, is scheduled to touch down shortly after 6pm India time (12:30 GMT) on Wednesday near the little-explored lunar south pole.

Keep reading

Indian moon lander module splits from propulsion section in key step, india’s chandrayaan-3 space mission enters moon’s orbit, will india’s new moon mission propel it into an elite orbit, russia’s luna-25 probe crashes on the moon.

“India reaches for the moon”, The Times of India front-page headline read on Wednesday, with the hoped-for lunar landing dominating local news. “It’s D-Day for moon mission”, The Hindustan Times said.

A previous Indian effort failed in 2019, and the latest attempt comes just days after Russia’s first moon mission in almost 50 years, destined for the same region, crashed on the lunar surface.

But former Indian space chief K Sivan said the latest photos transmitted back home by the lander gave every indication the final leg of the voyage would succeed.

“It is giving some encouragement that we will be able to achieve the landing mission without any problem,” he told AFP news agency on Monday.

Sivan added that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had made corrections after a failure four years ago, when scientists lost contact with the previous lunar module moments before its slated landing.

“Chandrayaan-3 is going to go with more ruggedness,” he said. “We have confidence, and we expect that everything will go smoothly.”

Anil Kumar Bhatt, director general of the Indian Space Association, told Al Jazeera he was confident the spacecraft will make a soft landing.

“India has already had two missions, Chandrayaan-1, which was a total success; Chandrayaan-2, which was partially successful, and of course, our lander at that time crash-landed but the lessons learned from that I am very sure have been picked up very well by our scientists,” he said.

“And this time, they have had all the fail-safe mechanisms put into it, they have learnt the right lessons and I am very sure … we will have a very good news.”

‘Smooth sailing is continuing’

The mission was launched nearly six weeks ago in front of thousands of cheering spectators, but took much longer to reach the moon than those of the Apollo missions in the 1960s and 1970s, which arrived in a matter of days.

India is using rockets much less powerful than those the United States used back then, meaning the probe must orbit Earth several times to gain speed before embarking on its month-long lunar trajectory.

The spacecraft’s lander, Vikram, which means “valour” in Sanskrit, detached from its propulsion module last week and has been sending back images of the moon’s surface since entering lunar orbit on August 5.

A day ahead of the landing, the ISRO said on social media the landing was proceeding on schedule and that its mission control complex was “buzzed with energy and excitement”.

“Smooth sailing is continuing,” the agency posted on X, formerly known as Twitter.

India has a comparatively low-budget aerospace programme, but one that has grown considerably in size and momentum since it first sent a probe to orbit the moon in 2008.

The latest mission comes with a price tag of $74.6m – far lower than those of other countries, and a testament to India’s frugal space engineering.

Experts say India can keep costs low by copying and adapting existing space technology, and thanks to an abundance of highly skilled engineers who earn a fraction of their foreign counterparts’ wages.

In 2014, India became the first Asian nation to put a satellite into orbit around Mars and is slated to launch a three-day crewed mission into Earth’s orbit by next year.

‘Very, very important’

Sivan, the former ISRO chief, said India’s efforts to explore the relatively unmapped lunar south pole would make a “very, very important” contribution to scientific knowledge.

Only Russia, the United States and China have previously achieved a controlled landing on the lunar surface.

Russia launched its own lunar probe earlier in August – its first in nearly half a century.

If successful, it would have beaten Chandrayaan-3 by a matter of days to become the first mission of any nation to make a controlled landing around the lunar south pole.

But the Luna-25 probe crash-landed on Saturday after an unspecified incident as it was preparing for descent.

Punishing sanctions since the outset of the Ukraine war have affected Russia’s space industry, which has also been beleaguered by corruption and a lack of innovation and partnerships.

Where can you watch the launch?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), will be live streaming the event on its YouTube page. The coverage is expected to start at 5:20pm India time (11:50 GMT).

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Chandrayaan 3: Everything you need to know

Last updated on November 28, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

What is  Chandrayaan-3 Mission? What are the features of Chandrayaan-3 Spacecraft? What is the information gathered by Chandrayaan-2 Mission? Why are we interested in studying the moon more? Read here to know more about this.

Chandrayaan 3 spacecraft is the 3rd lunar exploration expedition, outlined by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

It will only consist of a rover and lander and will communicate with the earth via an orbiter from Chandrayaan 2.

Table of Contents

What is the Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a continuation of Chandrayaan-2, which was launched in July 2019 and had the goal of putting a rover on the lunar South Pole.

The Vikram lander’s subsequent failure prompted the development of a different mission to show off the landing skills required for the 2024 lunar polar exploration mission that is being proposed in collaboration with Japan.

It will have a landing module and an orbiter. But unlike Chandrayaan-2, this orbiter won’t be equipped with a research payload.

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Its only duties will be to launch the lander to the moon, monitor the landing from orbit, and maintain communication with the earth station.

This spacecraft was designed by ISRO to showcase India’s expertise in soft landings on stellar bodies.

According to ISRO, the Chandrayaan-3 mission will cost more than Rs 600 crores in total. In contrast, the Chandrayaan-2 mission cost a total of Rs 960 crores.

This expansive purpose includes integration, cognition, and a number of permutations. In addition, the spacecraft still needs to undergo a number of other thorough tests.

Features of Chandrayaan 3 Spacecraft

• A rover and lander will be aboard Chandrayaan 3 as it launches into space. There won’t be any orbiters like Chandrayaan 2 in it.
• India wants to look at the Moon’s surface, particularly in regions that haven’t seen sunlight in a few billion years. These darker regions of the lunar surface may contain ice and rich mineral deposits, according to scientists and astronomers.
• Additionally, this exploration will try to examine the exosphere and subsurface as well as the surface.
• This spacecraft’s rover will interact with Earth through an orbiter salvaged from Chandrayaan 2.
• At a distance of 100 km from the lunar orbit, it will take pictures of the surface in order to analyse it.
• The lander of ISRO’s Chandrayaan 3 will be powered by 4 throttle-able engines. In addition, it will be endowed with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV).

What was the Chandrayaan-2 Mission?

• An orbiter, a lander, and a rover were made up of Chandrayaan-2, and were all outfitted with tools for studying the moon.
• While the Lander and Rover modules were to be separated to make a soft landing on the moon’s surface, the Orbiter would observe the moon from a 100-km orbit.
• The Lander and Rover modules were given the names Vikram and Pragyaan, respectively, by ISRO in honour of Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India’s space programme.
• It was launched on the GSLV-Mk3, the nation’s most potent geosynchronous launch vehicle.
• However, lander Vikram crashed-landed rather than making a controlled landing, which prevented rover Pragyaan from successfully exploring the moon’s surface.
• The Orbiter, Lander, and Rover components of the Mission were assembled with the intention of investigating the Moon’s south pole.
• It sought to explore the Moon’s exosphere, surface, and subsurface as a whole in a single mission, rather than just one particular location.

What happened to Chandrayaan-2?

• The Chandrayaan-2 mission, which was aborted in 2019 after making a rough landing on the Moon’s dark side, is still operational thanks to its orbiter that is still in place.
• In the last seconds, the lander and rover developed a problem, crashed, and were completely destroyed.
• Chandrayaan 2’s main goal was to show off its capacity to soft-land on the moon’s surface and control a robotic rover there.
• But in the past two years, the Chandrayaan-2 mission’s Orbiter and other instruments have gathered a wealth of new data that has expanded our understanding of the Moon and its surroundings.

Read about  Chandrayaan 2 Mission  in the linked article.

What is the information gathered?

Molecules of water are present on the moon:.

The mission has provided the most accurate data to date on the existence of H2O molecules on the Moon.

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Presence of Minor elements:

Through remote sensing, the elements chromium, manganese, and sodium have all been discovered for the first time. The discovery may open up new avenues for research into planetary differentiation, nebular conditions, and lunar magmatic evolution.

Information about solar flares:

The first widespread observation of microflares outside the active area, according to ISRO, “has enormous consequences on the understanding of the mechanism driving heating of the solar corona,” a long-standing unanswered question.

Exploration of the areas that are always in shadow, as well as the craters and boulders that are hidden beneath the regolith, the loose deposit that makes up the top surface and extends down to a depth of 3 to 4 metres. This should enable scientists to pinpoint potential locations for future drilling and landing operations, including those involving people.

Why are we interested in studying the moon?

• The Moon is the closest cosmic body at which space discovery can be attempted and documented.
• It is also a promising test bed to demonstrate technologies required for deep-space missions.
• The Moon provides the best linkage to Earth’s early history.
• It offers an undisturbed historical record of the inner Solar system environment.

Why was the Lunar South Pole targeted for exploration?

• The shadow-covered portion of the lunar surface at the South Pole is significantly bigger than at the North Pole, which makes it particularly interesting.
• There might be a chance that regions nearby that are always in darkness contain water.
• A fossil record of the early Solar System can also be found in cold trap craters near the South Pole.
• The craters found at the southern pole are likewise of great interest to scientists. They think the mysterious fossil records of the early planetary system may be present in these cold traps.

What is GSLV-Mk 3?

• Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III was developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is a three-stage vehicle, designed to launch communication satellites into geostationary orbit.
• It has a mass of 640 tonnes that can accommodate up to 8,000 kg payload to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 4000 kg payload to GTO (Geo-Synchronous Transfer Orbit).

Importance of Exploring the Moon for Scientists

• The Moon is the celestial body closest to Earth that can be used to test advanced space technology for lengthy space voyages.
• It also serves as a promising cosmic body for the exploration and comprehension of extraterrestrial regions.
• As a result, future scientists are motivated to pursue scientific research, and international cooperation is encouraged.
• Additionally, it establishes a link between the early earth and the history of the solar system..

The COVID-19 pandemic and several phases of lockdown hindered multiple scientific projects of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Along with Chandrayaan 3, the Gaganyaan, India’s 1st manned space mission has been delayed. Nevertheless, the spacecraft is now ready to travel to the Moon at the end of 2022.

Article written by: Aseem Muhammed

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Chandrayaan - 3 [Latest Updates for UPSC]

India’s third lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 3 made history on August 23, 2023, by successfully achieving a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. With this, India became the first nation to land on the moon’s south pole and the fourth (after Russia, the US and China) to land successfully on Earth’s only natural satellite. In this article, you will learn all you need to know about the Chandrayaan III mission for the UPSC exam . This topic is important for the science and technology segment of the UPSC syllabus.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) had undertaken two previous missions to the moon, namely, the Chandrayaan I and the Chandrayaan II. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008 and lasted till 2009 after communications to it were lost. The mission, among other things, tested a crash landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2 , launched in 2019 attempted a soft landing on the moon but failed. The third mission, Chandrayaan-3 took into account the drawbacks and lessons learnt from the second mission and successfully achieved soft landing.

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

• To demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface
• To demonstrate rover roving on the moon
• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments

Chandrayaan III Features

Chandrayaan 3 mission’s lander is named Vikram and the rover Pragyan, like those of the second mission.

• The mission consists of a lander module, a propulsion module, and a rover.
• SHAPE has the objective of exploring exo-planets for habitability by studying reflected light. 
• Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site
• Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations
• A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA for lunar laser ranging studies
• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)
• The advanced technologies present in the payloads help in conducting scientific experiments on the moon.
• The mission’s life is one lunar day or 14 earth days.
• The budget of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is Rs 615 crore.

Chandrayaan 3 Mission Timeline

• Chandrayaan-3 mission took off on July 14, 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, A.P.
• On August 5, the mission entered the lunar orbit.
• On August 17, the lander module separated from the propulsion module.
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site. 
• This process is necessary for the proper landing of the spacecraft.
• On August 23, the lander landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters) on the south pole of the moon.
• On August 24, the rover Pragyan started its exploration.
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a scientific method using intense laser pulses to analyse material composition.

How is Chandrayaan 3 Different from Chandrayaan 2?

Many changes and improvements were made to the third lunar mission taking into account the lessons learnt from the failed soft landing mission of Chandrayaan-II. Major changes included strengthening the legs of the lander, enhancing fuel reserves and expanding the landing site. Previously, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-2 had lost control and communication during descent, which caused it to crash on the moon’s surface. Chandrayaan 3 focused on a failure-based design approach to foresee and prevent potential mishaps.

• The landing area was expanded giving flexibility to soft-land safely within a larger designated region on the surface of the moon.
• Vikram was equipped with more fuel enabling it to travel more towards the landing site.
• Chandrayaan 2 had only two solar panels while Chandrayaan-3 has four.
• The lander’s speed was continuously monitored by an instrument called Laser Doppler Velocimeter onboard the mission that sent laser beams to the lunar surface to calculate the Lander’s speed.

Significance of Lunar South Pole

Previous lunar missions have focused on the equatorial region of the moon owing to its favourable terrain. The south pole region is more challenging compared to the equatorial region. The lack of enough sunlight and extreme cold conditions (up to -230 degrees C) lead to difficulties in instrument operation and sustainability. The polar regions may contain water according to scientists. Also, experts think that the craters in these regions contain fossil records of the early planetary system.

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Chandrayaan 3: Mission Overview, Objectives, Goals, Lunar South Pole Landing, Duration

Chandrayaan 3 is a continuation of the Chandrayaan mission, aiming to demonstrate the complete capability of safe landing and exploration on the lunar surface. It comprises a Lander module, a Rover, and a Propulsion module. 

Working of Chandrayaan 3 

Chandrayaan 3 consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), a Propulsion module (PM), and a Rover, with the goal of developing and demonstrating new technologies necessary for interplanetary missions.

• The Lander is designed to softly land at a specified lunar site and deploy the Rover, which will conduct in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mobility. 
• Both the Lander and the Rover carry scientific payloads to perform experiments on the lunar surface. 
• The primary function of the Propulsion module is to transport the LM from launch vehicle injection to the final lunar orbit of 100 km and then separate from the LM. 
• Additionally, the Propulsion module houses a scientific payload for post-separation operation. 
• The GSLV-Mk3 launcher has been selected for Chandrayaan-3, which will place the integrated module in an elliptic parking orbit of approximately 170 x 36,500 km. 

The Propulsion module will transport the Lander and Rover to a lunar orbit of 100 km. 

• It also carries the SHAPE payload, which will study Earth’s spectral and polarimetric measurements from the lunar orbit. 
• The Lander payloads include Chaste for thermal conductivity and temperature measurements, ILSA for seismic activity, LP for plasma density estimation and a passive Laser Retroreflector Array for lunar laser ranging. 
• The Rover payloads consist of APXS and LIBS for analyzing the elemental composition near the landing site.

Mission Objectives of Chandrayaan 3

The mission objectives of Chandrayaan 3 are to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, showcase Rover’s mobility on the Moon, and conduct in-situ scientific experiments. 

• To achieve these objectives, the Lander incorporates advanced technologies such as altimeters, velocimeters, inertial measurement systems, propulsion systems, navigation and guidance systems, hazard detection and avoidance systems, and landing leg mechanisms.

Goals of India’s Moon Mission 

• The primary goal of India’s moon missions is to advance lunar exploration. ISRO aims to conduct scientific research and map its surface. 
• The mission consists of three parts: the propulsion module, the lander module and the rover. Each component plays a crucial role in enabling ISRO to accomplish its objectives.

What are Chandrayaan Missions of India 

Chandrayaan missions are specifically designed for lunar exploration. 

• Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, aimed to create a detailed three-dimensional atlas of the Moon’s near and far sides while conducting chemical and mineralogical mapping with high resolution. It made significant discoveries, such as detecting water and hydroxyl on the lunar surface and confirming the presence of ice in the North Polar region.
• Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, consisted of an Orbiter, Lander and Rover. Although the lander and rover experienced partial success due to the crash on the lunar surface, the Orbiter successfully collected valuable data, including the discovery of water signatures across all latitudes.
• The main objective of Chandrayaan 3 is to demonstrate India’s technical capabilities and achieve a successful soft landing on the moon. This landing requires precise control to bring the spacecraft from high speeds to a gentle touchdown without human intervention. The scientific payloads carried by the lander and rover are similar to those of the previous mission, focusing on studying lunar quakes, thermal properties, plasma changes near the surface and accurately measuring the Earth-moon distance. 

Why was the Lunar South Pole Chosen as the Landing Site of Chandrayaan 3?

The chosen landing site for Chandrayaan 3 is near the lunar south pole, as this region offers unique characteristics for deep space scientific discoveries. 

• It holds promise for studying lunar polar volatiles, which are chemical elements or compounds that melt or evaporate at moderately warm temperatures. 
• Understanding their distribution on the moon, especially elements like Hydrogen and Oxygen, could significantly impact future deep space exploration and reduce reliance on Earth for supplies.

How much time it will take for Chandrayaan 3 to Reach the Moon?

The journey of the lander to the moon is expected to take approximately 42 days. 

After launching into Earth’s orbit, the spacecraft will gradually increase its orbit through a series of maneuvers to escape Earth’s gravity and slingshot toward the moon. Upon reaching close proximity to the moon, the spacecraft will undergo additional maneuvers to reduce its orbit before the lander, carrying the rover, separates from the propulsion module. 

The lander and rover have a mission life of one Lunar Day, equivalent to 14 Earth days, as they cannot withstand the extreme temperatures during lunar nights.

Why is Lunar Exploration so Important for India?

The Moon, being the closest cosmic body to Earth, offers an opportunity for space exploration and scientific discovery. It serves as a testbed for developing technologies essential for future deep-space missions.

ISRO recognizes the moon’s significance as a destination to advance our understanding of space and expand our capabilities in exploring the cosmos.

Is Chandrayaan 3 Launched in India?

Chandrayaan 3 is launched by India. The launch is carried out using the LVM3 vehicle from Sriharikota.

Is Chandrayaan-1 Still Working?

Chandrayaan-1, India’s first lunar mission, operated successfully until August 2009, after which communication was lost. It is no longer working.

Has India Landed on the Moon?

India had not landed a spacecraft on the Moon as of July 2023.

Which Country Successfully Landed on the Moon?

The countries that have successfully landed spacecraft on the Moon are the United States (through the Apollo missions), the Soviet Union (Luna program) and China (Chang’e program).

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• What is the Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

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Chandrayaan-3 Mission is the second attempt of the Indian Space Research Organisation after the Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate the capability of India in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Lander Module of Chandrayaan-3 carrying the Lander, Vikram and Rover, Pragyan,  made the historic soft landing on the surface of the Lunar South Pole on August 23, 2023 . Thus, India became the first nation to soft-land on the surface of the Lunar south pole and overall the fourth to do a soft landing anywhere on the Earth’s natural satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 Mission by using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (LVM3) on 14th July 2023 from Sriharikota.

With the objective to demonstrate the ability to soft landing and roving as well as to carry out experiments on the lunar surface, the Chandrayaan 3 Mission aims to strengthen India's prowess in space discovery and innovation. Continuing the success of its predecessors (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), the Mission has brought India into the exclusive elite space club.

What is the Chandrayaan 3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan 3 Mission was launched using the LVM3 rocket system. LVM3 is the new launch vehicle of ISRO with the capability to place the modules into the GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost-effective manner. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with two solid strap stages and one core liquid stage. The Launcher, LVM3 M4, placed the integrated Modules in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of size approx. 170 x 36500 km (a GTO).

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

One of the many goals of the Mission is to look for water ice that could support future human life on the Moon and also for supplying propellants for spacecraft in future interplanetary missions. The objectives of the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

• Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface by the Lander
• Roving on the Moon by the Rover
• In-situ scientific experiments by the Rover

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission consists of two modules - The propulsion module (PM) and the Lander module (LM). The total mass of both the modules is 3900 kg (Propulsion Module-2148 kg, and Lander Module-1752 kg, including Rover-26 kg).

Propulsion Module

The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration till the 100 km lunar orbit. Other than carrying the Lander Module, it also has a scientific payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE).

• The SHAPE payload will conduct novel spectro-polarimetric studies of Earth from lunar orbit. It will look for smaller planets that could be habitable in the reflected light.

Lander Module

The Lander Module consists of a Lander (Vikram) and a Rover (Pragyan). The Lander Module made the soft landing using the Automatic Landing Sequence (ALS), where the Lander started its engine (thrusters) and maneuvered the speed and direction of the Module as well as the position of the landing site.

After the historic touchdown, the Rover inside it ramped down on the lunar surface to carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mission life.

• The total lifespan of the Mission (Lander and Rover) is lunar day (14 Earth days).
• Both the Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
• The objectives of scientific payloads planned on the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module and Rover are provided below:
• Launched: July 14, 2023
• Inserted into Lunar Orbit: August 05
• Separation of the Lander Module from the Propulsion Module: August 17
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site in the South Polar Region.
• It is required for the proper landing as the speed needed to land is much less than the lander.
• Second Deboosting on August 20
• The targeted site on the Moon was around 70 degrees South near the Southern pole of the Moon.
• If the Lander had missed the target of the commencement of the soft landing, It would have to wait for 1 month.
• It landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters).
• Rover started its exploration on August 24

What differentiates Chandrayaan 3 from Chandrayaan 2?

Chandrayaan-2 failed in the final phase of its mission in 2019 because it could not achieve a soft landing. The main issue for the crash was that the five thrusters on the lander developed a higher velocity than expected. Also, the lander had to take pictures to fix the landing site. All of this made the accumulated errors. Learning from previous experiences, the ISRO had incorporated some advancements to achieve success this time, which are as follows:

“Failure-based design” instead of the "Success-based design":

• The failure-based design means that if everything, including sensors and electronics, had failed, Vikram would still have made the soft landing.
•  This was done by identifying and rectifying all the probable scenarios that could go wrong.
• These included failure of electronics, engine failure, unable to reach the landing spot, sensor failure, algorithm failure, velocity higher than required, etc.

Increase in the landing area:

• The target area of Chandrayaan-3 was kept at 4km x 2.4km area instead of 500m x 500m targeted by Chandrayaan-2 so that the Lander had more options to choose the best target site on its own.

More fuel to Lander:

• It was kept to facilitate the Lander to travel longer distances to the landing site and, if needed, to the alternate landing site.

Help from Chandrayaan-2 orbiter:

• The Chandrayaan-3 mission does not carry an orbiter; it is using the high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

More robust integrated craft:

• The weight of the payload of Chandrayaan-3 had been kept more than the Chandrayaan-2, with the Lander having most of the extra weight for successful landing.
• The number of thrusters had decreased from five to four with no central thrusters.
• The legs of the Lander were made sturdier to ensure that they could land even at a higher velocity.
• Use of additional solar panels to ensure power generation after a soft landing regardless of the weather on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25

Luna-25, Russia's first lunar mission since 1976, has recently crashed in an attempt to get into the landing orbit. It was targeted to land at the South Pole of the Moon, of particular interest to researchers believing that the polar craters might contain frozen water in their rocks. There are some differences between the Chandrayaan-3 and the Luna-25, which are as follows:

Chandrayaan 3 PPT Presentation And Google Slides Themes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Chandrayaan 3 PPT Presentation And Google Slides Themes

Chandrayaan 3 presentation slides experience the future of lunar exploration through an immersive chandrayaan-3 presentation. step into the realm of india's ambitious mission as it unveils its remarkable advancements and groundbreaking discoveries. with cutting-edge technology and enhanced capabilities, chandrayaan-3 builds upon the triumphs of its predecessors, propelling us further into the mysteries of the moon. delve into the mission's key objectives, from scientific investigations to resource mapping and technological advancements, all aimed at expanding our understanding of the lunar surface. be captivated by the collaborative efforts of the indian space research organisation (isro) and international partners, forging a path towards scientific excellence and global space exploration. unlock the potential of this template and create your own captivating presentation, tailored to your specific needs. step forward and embrace the wonders of lunar exploration with chandrayaan-3. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Choose your favourite infographic and insert it in your presentation using Ctrl C Ctrl V or Cmd C Cmd V in Mac.
• Select one of the parts and ungroup it by right-clicking and choosing Ungroup.
• Change the color by clicking on the paint bucket.
• Then resize the element by clicking and dragging one of the square-shaped points of its bounding box (the cursor should look like a double-headed arrow). Remember to hold Shift while dragging to keep the proportions.
• Group the elements again by selecting them, right-clicking and choosing Group.
• Repeat the steps above with the other parts and when youre done editing, copy the end result and paste it into your presentation.
• Remember to choose the Keep source formatting option so that it keeps the design. For more info, please visit Slideegg (Tips Tricks).

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Free Chandrayaan 3 Template PowerPoint & Google Slides

About the Template

Do space and astronomy excite you? If so, we have got something for you. Download our free Chandrayaan 3 template inspired by India’s third and most recent lunar exploration mission under the Chandrayaan program. Chandrayaan 3 has been a topic of discussion among astronomers and scientists worldwide. The mission’s main objective is to further explore the Moon’s surface and gather valuable scientific data.

Features of the template:

• Animated template
• Easy to download and edit.
• Available in 16:9 and 4:3 formats.
• Moreover, it’s free to use

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