pros and cons of drug legalization essay

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Should drugs be legalized? Legalization pros and cons

Source: Composite by G_marius based on Chuck Grimmett's image

Should drugs be legalized? Why? Is it time to lift the prohibition on recreational drugs such as marijuana and cocaine? Can we stop drug trafficking? if so what would be the best way to reduce consumption?

Public health problem

Drugs continue to be one of the greatest problems for public health . Although the consumption of some substances has declined over time, new drugs have entered the market and become popular. In the USA, after the crack epidemic, in the 80s and early 90s, and the surge of methamphetamine, in the 90s and early 21st century, there is currently a prescription opioid crisis . The number of casualties  from these opioids, largely bought in pharmacies, has overtaken the combined deaths from cocaine and heroine overdose. There are million of addicts to these substances which are usually prescribed by a doctor. This is a relevant twist to the problem of drugs because it shows that legalization or criminalization may not always bring the desire solution to the problem of drug consumption. On the other hand there is also evidence of success in reducing drug abuse through legal reform. This is the case of Portuguese decriminalization of drug use, which has show a dramatic decrease in drug related crime, overdoses and HIV infections. 

History of prohibition of drugs

There are legal recreational drugs , such as alcohol and  tobacco , and other recreational drugs which are prohibited. The history of  prohibition of drugs is long. Islamic Sharia law, which dates back to the 7th century, banned some intoxicating substances, including alcohol. Opium consumption was later prohibited in China and Thailand. The  Pharmacy Act 1868 in the United Kingdom was the first modern law in Europe regulating drug use. This law prohibited the distribution of poison and drugs, and in particular opium and derivates. Gradually other Western countries introduced laws to limit the use of opiates.  For instance in San Francisco smoking opium was banned in 1875 and in Australia opium sale was prohibited in 1905 . In the early 20th century, several countries such as Canada, Finland, Norway, the US and Russia, introduced alcohol prohibitions . These alcohol prohibitions were unsucessful and lifted later on. Drug prohibitions were strengthened around the world from the 1960s onward. The US was one of the main proponents of a strong stance against drugs, in particular since Richad Nixon declared the "War on Drugs ." The "War on Drugs" did not produced the results expected. The demand for drugs grew as well as the number of addicts. Since production and distribution was illegal, criminals took over its supply.  Handing control of the drug trade to organized criminals has had disastrous consequences across the globe. T oday, drug laws diverge widely across countries. Some countries have softer regulation and devote less resources to control drug trafficking, while in other countries the criminalization of drugs can entail very dire sentences. Thus while in some countries recreational drug use has been decriminalized, in others drug traficking is punished with life or death sentences.

Should drugs be legalized?

In many Western countries drug policies are considered ineffective and decriminalization of drugs has become a trend. Many experts have provided evidence on why drugs should be legal . One reason for legalization of recreational drug use is that the majority of adicts are not criminals and should not be treated as such but helped in other ways. The criminalization of drug users contributes to generating divides in our societies. The "War on Drugs" held by the governments of countries such as USA , Mexico, Colombia, and Indonesia, created much harm to society. Drug related crimes have not always decline after a more intolerant government stance on drugs. Prohibition and crime are often seen as correlated.

T here is also evidence of successful partial decriminalization in Canada, Switzerland, Portugal and Uruguay. Other countries such as Ireland seem to be following a similar path and are planning to decriminalize some recreational drugs soon.  Moreover, The United Nations had a special session on drugs on 2016r,  UNGASS 2016 , following the request of the presidents of Colombia, Mexico and Guatemala. The goal of this session was  to analyse the effects of the war on drugs. explore new options and establish a   new paradigm in international drug policy in order to prevent the flow of resources to organized crime organizations. This meeting was seen as an opportunity, and even a call, for far-reaching drug law reforms. However, the final outcome failed to change the status quo and to trigger any ambitious reform.

However, not everyone is convinced about the need of decriminalization of recreational drugs. Some analysts point to several reasons why  drugs should not be legalized  and t he media have played an important role in shaping the public discourse and, indirectly, policy-making against legalization. For instance, t he portrayal of of the issue in British media, tabloids in particular, has reinforced harmful, dehumanising stereotypes of drug addicts as criminals. At the moment the UK government’s response is to keep on making illegal new recreational drugs. For instance,  Psychoactive Substances Bill aims at criminalizing legal highs . Those supporting the bill argue that  criminalization makes more difficult for young people to have access to these drugs and could reduce the number of people who get addicted. 

List of recreational drugs

This is the  list of recreational drugs  (in alphabetic order) which could be subject to decriminalization in the future:

• Amfetamines (speed, whizz, dexies, sulph)
• Amyl nitrates (poppers, amys, kix, TNT)
• Cannabis (marijuana, hash, hashish, weed)
• Cocaine (crack, freebase, toot)
• Ecstasy (crystal, MDMA, E)
• Heroin (H, smack, skag, brown)
• Ketamine  (K, special K, green)
• LSD (acid, paper mushrooms, tripper)
• Magic mushrooms (mushies, magics)
• Mephedrone (meow meow, drone, m cat)
• Methamfetamines (yaba, meth, crank, glass)
• Painkillers, sedatives and tranquilizers (chill pills, blues, bricks)

Pros and cons of legalization of drugs

These are some of the most commonly argued pros of legalization :

• Government would see the revenues boosted due to the money collected from taxing drugs.
• Health and safety controls on these substances could be implemented, making recreational drugs less dangerous.
• Facilitate access for medicinal use. For instance cannabis is effective treating a range of conditions. Other recreational drugs could be used in similar ways.
• Personal freedom. People would have the capacity to decide whether they experiment with drugs without having to be considered criminals or having to deal with illegal dealers.
• Criminal gangs could run out of business and gun violence would be reduced.
• Police resources could be used in other areas and help increase security.
• The experience of decriminalization of drugs in some countries such as Portugal and Uruguay, has led to a decrease in drug related problems. 

Cons of decriminalizing drug production, distribution and use:

• New users for drugs. As in the case of legal recreational drugs, decriminalization does not imply reduction in consumption. If these substances are legal, trying them could become "more normal" than nowadays.
• Children and teenagers could more easily have access to drugs.
• Drug trafficking would remain a problem. If governments heavily tax drugs, it is likely that some criminal networks continue to produce and smuggle them providing a cheaper price for consumers.
• The first few countries which decide to legalize drugs could have problems of drug tourism.
• The rate of people driving and having accidents due drug intoxication could increase.
• Even with safety controls, drugs would continue to be a great public health problem and cause a range of diseases (damamge to the brain and lungs, heart diseases, mental health conditions).
• People may still become addicts and die from legalized drugs, as in America's opioid crisis.

What do think, should recreational drugs be legalized or decriminalized? Which of them?  Is legalising drugs being soft on crime?  Is the prohibition on drugs making the work of the police more difficult and diverting resources away from other more important issues? Join the discussion and share arguments and resources on the forum below .

Watch these videos on decriminalization of drugs

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Should Drugs Be Legalized? Pros and Cons

Discover the pros and cons of drug legalization. Explore the economic benefits and potential risks. Join the debate now!

The Debate on Drug Legalization

The topic of drug legalization is a subject of intense debate and controversy. It elicits strong opinions from various stakeholders, including policymakers, law enforcement agencies, healthcare professionals, and the general public. Understanding the arguments surrounding drug legalization is essential to navigate this complex issue.

Introduction to the Controversy

The debate on drug legalization centers around whether certain drugs should be made legal for various purposes, such as medical use, recreational use, or both. Advocates argue that legalization can bring about positive outcomes, such as economic benefits, reduced crime rates, and improved regulation and quality control. On the other hand, opponents express concerns about potential increases in drug use, public health risks, and societal impacts.

The discussion on drug legalization is often intertwined with specific substances, such as marijuana, which has been a focal point of the drug policy reform movement. Legalization of marijuana, in particular, has gained traction in several countries and states, prompting further exploration of drug policy reform.

Understanding the Arguments

Proponents of drug legalization put forth compelling arguments. One key aspect is the potential economic benefits. Legalization can create new industries, generate tax revenue, and redirect resources that were previously allocated to law enforcement towards education, prevention, and addiction treatment. Additionally, legalization is often associated with a decrease in drug-related crimes, as the illicit market diminishes and quality control measures are implemented.

However, opponents express concerns about the potential increase in drug use that could result from legalization. They argue that making drugs more accessible may lead to higher addiction rates and public health consequences. Substance abuse can have severe implications on individuals, families, and communities, necessitating a comprehensive approach that includes prevention, education, and access to drug addiction treatment options .

Societal impacts are another area of contention. Critics of drug legalization worry about potential negative consequences, such as impaired cognitive function, impaired driving, and disruptions to social order. They argue that the cost of addressing these issues may outweigh any perceived benefits of legalization.

Understanding the arguments surrounding drug legalization is crucial to informed decision-making and policy development. By exploring the pros and cons of drug legalization, policymakers and society can strive to strike a balance between individual freedom, public safety, and the well-being of communities.

Pros of Drug Legalization

While the debate surrounding drug legalization is complex and multifaceted, there are several potential benefits that proponents of drug legalization often highlight. This section will explore three key advantages: economic benefits, reduction in crime, and regulation and quality control.

Economic Benefits

One of the main arguments in favor of drug legalization is the potential for significant economic benefits. Legalizing drugs can create new revenue streams through taxation and regulation. The legal drug market can generate substantial tax revenue, which can be directed towards public services, education, healthcare, and addiction treatment programs.

Moreover, drug legalization can also stimulate economic growth by creating jobs in various sectors, such as cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and retail. This can have a positive ripple effect on the economy, providing employment opportunities and boosting local businesses.

Reduction in Crime

Another argument in favor of drug legalization is the potential for a reduction in certain types of crime. Many drug-related crimes are a result of the illegal nature of drug trade. By legalizing drugs, the illicit market is disrupted, and the associated crimes, such as drug trafficking and violence, can potentially decrease.

Legalization can also free up law enforcement resources, allowing them to focus on more serious crimes. Instead of targeting drug users, law enforcement can redirect their efforts towards prevention, education, and addressing more pressing public safety concerns.

Regulation and Quality Control

Legalizing drugs provides an opportunity for regulation and quality control. Under a regulated system, drugs can be manufactured, distributed, and sold under strict guidelines and standards. This can ensure that drugs are produced in safe environments, reducing the risk of contamination or the presence of harmful substances.

Regulation also allows for accurate labeling and dosage information, empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their drug use. By controlling the supply chain, the government can implement measures to monitor and mitigate potential risks associated with drug use, such as overdose prevention and harm reduction strategies.

To fully understand the pros and cons of drug legalization, it's important to consider the counterarguments and the potential drawbacks associated with this approach. In the following section, we will explore the cons of drug legalization, including the potential increase in drug use, public health concerns, and the impact on society.

Cons of Drug Legalization

While the debate on drug legalization presents various perspectives and arguments, there are valid concerns regarding the potential consequences of such a decision. This section will explore some of the cons associated with drug legalization, including the potential increase in drug use, public health concerns, and the impact on society.

Potential Increase in Drug Use

One of the primary concerns surrounding drug legalization is the potential increase in drug use. Critics argue that making drugs more accessible through legalization may lead to a rise in consumption, particularly among vulnerable populations such as youth or individuals who were previously deterred by the illegal status of drugs. This increase in drug use can have detrimental effects on individuals and communities, leading to potential health issues, addiction problems, and social consequences.

Public Health Concerns

Legalizing drugs can present significant public health concerns. The availability and increased use of drugs can lead to a surge in substance abuse disorders and related health problems. The healthcare system may face challenges in managing the increased demand for drug addiction treatment options. Additionally, the use of certain drugs, especially those with harmful effects on physical and mental health, can strain public health resources and contribute to the overall burden on the healthcare system.

Impact on Society

Drug legalization can have wide-ranging impacts on society as a whole. Critics argue that increased drug use can lead to negative social consequences, including impaired productivity, strained relationships, and potential increases in crime rates. The potential for addiction and its associated consequences, such as financial instability and strained family dynamics, can also put a burden on social support systems. Furthermore, the normalization of drug use through legalization may influence social norms and attitudes, potentially leading to a shift in societal values and acceptance of drug use.

It's important to consider these cons of drug legalization alongside the pros to have a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The debate surrounding drug policy reform is complex, involving multiple perspectives and considerations. Exploring case studies from countries with different drug policies can provide valuable insights into the potential consequences of drug legalization.

Examining Different Approaches

When discussing the topic of drug legalization , it is important to consider the various approaches that have been taken. This section explores the difference between decriminalization and legalization, examines case studies of countries with different drug policies, and highlights the lessons learned from these approaches.

Decriminalization vs. Legalization

Decriminalization and legalization are two distinct approaches to drug policy. While they may appear similar, it is crucial to understand their differences.

Decriminalization involves reducing the legal penalties associated with drug possession and use. In decriminalized systems, drug offenses are often treated as civil infractions or minor offenses, resulting in administrative penalties such as fines or mandatory drug education programs. However, drug production and distribution may still remain illegal.

On the other hand, legalization goes beyond decriminalization. It involves removing all legal prohibitions on drug possession, use, production, and distribution. Legalization typically comes with regulations and frameworks for the legal sale and consumption of drugs. This approach allows for government control and oversight, ensuring quality standards and taxation.

Case Studies: Countries with Different Drug Policies

Examining the drug policies implemented in various countries can provide valuable insights into the potential outcomes of different approaches. Here are a few notable case studies:

Lessons Learned

Analyzing the experiences of countries with different drug policies can provide valuable lessons for policymakers and stakeholders. While the impacts and outcomes of drug policy are complex and multifaceted, some common themes emerge:

• Impact on Drug Use : The approach taken, whether decriminalization or legalization, can have varying effects on drug use rates. It is important to carefully monitor and evaluate these outcomes to inform future policy decisions.
• Public Health and Harm Reduction : Countries that prioritize public health and harm reduction in their drug policies have seen positive results. These include increased access to treatment and support services, reduced overdose deaths, and improved public health outcomes.
• Regulation and Control : Legalization allows for government regulation and control over drug production, distribution, and sales. This can help ensure product quality, safety, and consumer protection.
• Social and Cultural Implications : Drug policy changes can have broader social and cultural implications. It is essential to consider the potential impact on communities, families, and vulnerable populations when formulating drug policies.

By examining different approaches to drug policy and studying the experiences of countries around the world, policymakers can gain valuable insights into the potential benefits and challenges associated with drug decriminalization and legalization.

Considerations and Caveats

As the debate on drug legalization continues, it is important to consider several key factors and potential concerns. While there are arguments both for and against drug legalization, it is essential to analyze the possible implications and challenges that may arise. This section explores three significant considerations and caveats surrounding the topic.

Balancing Individual Freedom and Public Safety

One of the main considerations in the debate on drug legalization is finding a balance between individual freedom and public safety. Advocates for drug legalization argue that individuals should have the freedom to make choices about their own bodies and that criminalizing drugs infringes upon personal liberties. They argue that the government should focus on harm reduction strategies and providing access to drug addiction treatment options rather than punitive measures.

On the other hand, opponents of drug legalization express concerns about the potential risks to public safety. They argue that legalizing drugs may lead to increased substance abuse, addiction rates, and associated social problems. Striking a balance between individual freedom and public safety is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration and evidence-based policies.

Potential Social and Cultural Implications

Drug legalization can have significant social and cultural implications. The normalization and increased availability of drugs may impact societal norms, especially among vulnerable populations. It is crucial to examine how drug legalization may influence perceptions of drug use and the overall fabric of society.

Furthermore, cultural factors play a role in shaping attitudes towards drug use and addiction. Different societies have varying beliefs, values, and traditions surrounding drug use. When considering drug legalization, it is essential to take into account the potential impact on cultural norms and the potential for shifts in societal behavior.

Addressing the Root Causes of Drug Use

A critical caveat in the discussion of drug legalization is the need to address the root causes of drug use. While some argue that legalization may help reduce drug-related crimes and violence, it is essential to recognize that drug addiction is often a symptom of underlying issues such as poverty, mental health concerns, and social inequality.

Merely legalizing drugs without addressing the underlying factors that contribute to drug use may not effectively address the problem. It is crucial to prioritize comprehensive drug policy reform that includes a focus on prevention, education, and access to drug addiction treatment options . By addressing the root causes, society can work towards reducing drug addiction rates and improving overall public health.

As the debate on drug legalization unfolds, it is vital to consider these considerations and caveats. Balancing the tension between individual freedom and public safety, understanding the potential social and cultural implications, and prioritizing efforts to address the root causes of drug use are crucial aspects of developing sound drug policies. By examining these factors, policymakers and society as a whole can make informed decisions regarding drug legalization.

In the ongoing debate on drug legalization, it is essential to explore different approaches and examine real-world examples to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue.

Decriminalization and legalization are two distinct strategies when it comes to drug policy. Decriminalization typically involves reducing or eliminating criminal penalties for drug possession, treating it as a civil offense instead. This approach aims to prioritize public health and harm reduction rather than punishment.

On the other hand, legalization involves removing legal restrictions on drug production, distribution, and consumption. It allows for the regulation and taxation of drugs, similar to how alcohol and tobacco are regulated. Proponents argue that legalization can lead to improved public safety, quality control, and revenue generation.

Both decriminalization and legalization seek to address the negative consequences of drug prohibition. However, they differ in the extent of regulation and control over drug use and production. Each approach has its own set of advantages and challenges, which must be carefully considered.

Several countries have implemented various drug policies, providing valuable insights into the potential effects of different approaches. Exploring these case studies helps shed light on the complex issue of drug legalization.

• Portugal : In 2001, Portugal decriminalized the use and possession of all drugs. Instead of facing criminal charges, individuals caught with drugs are referred to a dissuasion commission that assesses their situation and determines appropriate responses, such as fines or referrals to treatment. This approach aimed to reduce drug-related harms and prioritize public health. Studies have shown positive outcomes, including decreased drug-related deaths, HIV transmission rates, and drug-related crime.
• Uruguay : In 2013, Uruguay became the first country to fully legalize the production, sale, and consumption of marijuana. The government regulates and controls the entire process, from cultivation to distribution. The primary goals of this policy were to combat drug trafficking, reduce drug-related violence, and protect public health. While it is still relatively early to assess the long-term impacts, initial reports suggest positive outcomes, such as decreased illegal market activity and increased access to regulated and safer products.

Examining these case studies reveals valuable lessons that can inform the ongoing debate on drug legalization:

• Focus on public health : Prioritizing public health and harm reduction is crucial. Policies that emphasize treatment, prevention, and education can yield positive results.
• Regulation and control : Implementing strict regulations and quality control measures are vital to ensure the safety and efficacy of legalized drugs.
• Addressing social factors : Drug use often stems from underlying social issues such as poverty, inequality, and lack of access to healthcare. Addressing these root causes is essential for comprehensive drug policy reform.

By examining different approaches and learning from real-world experiences, policymakers can make informed decisions regarding drug legalization. It is crucial to consider the potential benefits and challenges associated with each approach, with the ultimate goal of promoting public health and safety while addressing the complex issues surrounding drug use and addiction.

Pros and Cons of Legalising Drugs

Drug Legalization: Pro and Con

Should drugs be legalized? Legalization pros and cons

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The Evidence—and Lack Thereof—About Cannabis

Research is still needed on cannabis’s risks and benefits. 

Lindsay Smith Rogers

Although the use and possession of cannabis is illegal under federal law, medicinal and recreational cannabis use has become increasingly widespread.

Thirty-eight states and Washington, D.C., have legalized medical cannabis, while 23 states and D.C. have legalized recreational use. Cannabis legalization has benefits, such as removing the product from the illegal market so it can be taxed and regulated, but science is still trying to catch up as social norms evolve and different products become available. 

In this Q&A, adapted from the August 25 episode of Public Health On Call , Lindsay Smith Rogers talks with Johannes Thrul, PhD, MS , associate professor of Mental Health , about cannabis as medicine, potential risks involved with its use, and what research is showing about its safety and efficacy. 

Do you think medicinal cannabis paved the way for legalization of recreational use?

The momentum has been clear for a few years now. California was the first to legalize it for medical reasons [in 1996]. Washington and Colorado were the first states to legalize recreational use back in 2012. You see one state after another changing their laws, and over time, you see a change in social norms. It's clear from the national surveys that people are becoming more and more in favor of cannabis legalization. That started with medical use, and has now continued into recreational use.

But there is a murky differentiation between medical and recreational cannabis. I think a lot of people are using cannabis to self-medicate. It's not like a medication you get prescribed for a very narrow symptom or a specific disease. Anyone with a medical cannabis prescription, or who meets the age limit for recreational cannabis, can purchase it. Then what they use it for is really all over the place—maybe because it makes them feel good, or because it helps them deal with certain symptoms, diseases, and disorders.

Does cannabis have viable medicinal uses?

The evidence is mixed at this point. There hasn’t been a lot of funding going into testing cannabis in a rigorous way. There is more evidence for certain indications than for others, like CBD for seizures—one of the first indications that cannabis was approved for. And THC has been used effectively for things like nausea and appetite for people with cancer.

There are other indications where the evidence is a lot more mixed. For example, pain—one of the main reasons that people report for using cannabis. When we talk to patients, they say cannabis improved their quality of life. In the big studies that have been done so far, there are some indications from animal models that cannabis might help [with pain]. When we look at human studies, it's very much a mixed bag. 

And, when we say cannabis, in a way it's a misnomer because cannabis is so many things. We have different cannabinoids and different concentrations of different cannabinoids. The main cannabinoids that are being studied are THC and CBD, but there are dozens of other minor cannabinoids and terpenes in cannabis products, all of varying concentrations. And then you also have a lot of different routes of administration available. You can smoke, vape, take edibles, use tinctures and topicals. When you think about the explosion of all of the different combinations of different products and different routes of administration, it tells you how complicated it gets to study this in a rigorous way. You almost need a randomized trial for every single one of those and then for every single indication.

What do we know about the risks of marijuana use?  

Cannabis use disorder is a legitimate disorder in the DSM. There are, unfortunately, a lot of people who develop a problematic use of cannabis. We know there are risks for mental health consequences. The evidence is probably the strongest that if you have a family history of psychosis or schizophrenia, using cannabis early in adolescence is not the best idea. We know cannabis can trigger psychotic symptoms and potentially longer lasting problems with psychosis and schizophrenia. 

It is hard to study, because you also don't know if people are medicating early negative symptoms of schizophrenia. They wouldn't necessarily have a diagnosis yet, but maybe cannabis helps them to deal with negative symptoms, and then they develop psychosis. There is also some evidence that there could be something going on with the impact of cannabis on the developing brain that could prime you to be at greater risk of using other substances later down the road, or finding the use of other substances more reinforcing. 

What benefits do you see to legalization?

When we look at the public health landscape and the effect of legislation, in this case legalization, one of the big benefits is taking cannabis out of the underground illegal market. Taking cannabis out of that particular space is a great idea. You're taking it out of the illegal market and giving it to legitimate businesses where there is going to be oversight and testing of products, so you know what you're getting. And these products undergo quality control and are labeled. Those labels so far are a bit variable, but at least we're getting there. If you're picking up cannabis at the street corner, you have no idea what's in it. 

And we know that drug laws in general have been used to criminalize communities of color and minorities. Legalizing cannabis [can help] reduce the overpolicing of these populations.

What big questions about cannabis would you most like to see answered?

We know there are certain, most-often-mentioned conditions that people are already using medical cannabis for: pain, insomnia, anxiety, and PTSD. We really need to improve the evidence base for those. I think clinical trials for different cannabis products for those conditions are warranted.

Another question is, now that the states are getting more tax revenue from cannabis sales, what are they doing with that money? If you look at tobacco legislation, for example, certain states have required that those funds get used for research on those particular issues. To me, that would be a very good use of the tax revenue that is now coming in. We know, for example, that there’s a lot more tax revenue now that Maryland has legalized recreational use. Maryland could really step up here and help provide some of that evidence.

Are there studies looking into the risks you mentioned?

Large national studies are done every year or every other year to collect data, so we already have a pretty good sense of the prevalence of cannabis use disorder. Obviously, we'll keep tracking that to see if those numbers increase, for example, in states that are legalizing. But, you wouldn't necessarily expect to see an uptick in cannabis use disorder a month after legalization. The evidence from states that have legalized it has not demonstrated that we might all of a sudden see an increase in psychosis or in cannabis use disorder. This happens slowly over time with a change in social norms and availability, and potentially also with a change in marketing. And, with increasing use of an addictive substance, you will see over time a potential increase in problematic use and then also an increase in use disorder.

If you're interested in seeing if cannabis is right for you, is this something you can talk to your doctor about?

I think your mileage may vary there with how much your doctor is comfortable and knows about it. It's still relatively fringe. That will very much depend on who you talk to. But I think as providers and professionals, everybody needs to learn more about this, because patients are going to ask no matter what.

Lindsay Smith Rogers, MA, is the producer of the Public Health On Call podcast , an editor for Expert Insights , and the director of content strategy for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana

The pros of legalizing marijuana, the cons of legalizing marijuana.

• Scientific Evidence

The pros and cons of legalizing marijuana are still being debated. Today, 37 U.S. states allow for the medical use of marijuana. A growing number allow recreational use.

However, as a Schedule I controlled substance, marijuana is illegal under federal law. This Drug Enforcement Administration designation means that marijuana is considered to have "no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse." It also limits medical studies into the potential benefits of cannabis .

This article explains the pros and cons of legalizing marijuana, as some have argued them.

Americans overwhelmingly support the legalization of marijuana. In fact, according to the Pew Research Center, 88% of Americans support legalizing marijuana. Of those, 59% say it should be legal for medical and recreational use and 30% say it should be legal for medical reasons only.

Several possible health benefits of medical marijuana have been proposed:

• Nausea : Marijuana is effective in relieving nausea and vomiting. Studies have shown that cannabis can decrease nausea caused by chemotherapy and almost eliminate vomiting.
• Spasticity : Marijuana can relieve pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.
• Appetite : Marijuana can help treat appetite loss associated with conditions like  HIV/AIDS and certain types of cancers.
• Chronic pain : Marijuana can relieve certain types of chronic pain, including neuropathic pain, which is caused by nerve damage.

And arguments in favor of using medical marijuana include:

• It's safer : Marijuana is safer than some other medications prescribed to treat pain. For example, some people may use it instead of opioids for pain management. Opioids are highly addictive and are typically not recommended for long-term use in treating chronic pain.
• You can use it in many ways : You do not need to smoke cannabis for its benefits. Products such as cannabidiol oil (CBD), topical pain relief treatments, edibles, and other non-smoking applications are now available.
• You don't need to get high : As studies continue, researchers are finding benefits in the individual compounds in cannabis. When these chemicals are isolated—such as CBD has been—they can offer treatment options without the "high" produced by the compound commonly known as THC.
• It's natural : People have used marijuana for centuries as a natural medicinal agent with good results.

Recreational Marijuana

Marijuana is legal for recreational use in 20 states and the District of Columbia. In 20 other states, marijuana has been decriminalized. This means there are no criminal penalties in these states for minor marijuana-related offenses like possession of small amounts or cultivation for personal use.

Those who oppose the legalization of marijuana point to the health risks of the drug, including:

• Memory issues : Frequent marijuana use may seriously affect your short-term memory.
• Cognition problems : Frequent use can impair your cognitive (thinking) abilities.
• Lung damage : Smoking anything, whether it's tobacco or marijuana, can damage your lung tissue. In addition, smoking marijuana could increase the risk of lung cancer .
• Abuse : Marijuana carries a risk of abuse and addiction.
• Accidents : Marijuana use impairs driving skills and increases the risk for car collisions.

The fact that the federal government groups it in the same category as drugs like heroin, LSD, and ecstasy is reason enough to keep it illegal, some say. As Schedule I drugs are defined by having no accepted value, legalization could give users the wrong impression about where research on the drug stands.

Scientific Evidence Remains Limited

In the past, clinical trials to to determine if marijuana is effective in treating certain conditions have been restrictive and limited. However, as medical marijuana becomes more common throughout the world, researchers are doing more studies.

Expert reviews of current research continue to say more studies are needed. In addition, many hurdles involve controlling the quality and dosing of cannabis with what is legally available to researchers.

One review of research noted that the long-term effects of cannabis are still unknown. Without more research into dosage and adverse effects, scientific evidence of risks and therapeutic effects remains soft.

Researchers need to evaluate marijuana using the same standards as other medications to understand whether it is valuable for managing any conditions.

Until the federal government downgrades marijuana from a Schedule I drug, widespread clinical trials are unlikely to happen in the United States.

Medical marijuana is increasingly available in the U.S. It is often used to treat chronic pain, muscle spasms, and nausea and vomiting, and to increase appetite. However, it can affect thinking and memory, increase the risk of accidents, and smoking it may harm the lungs and lead to cancer.

More studies are needed to understand the benefits of medical marijuana. However, unless the federal government removes it as a Schedule I controlled substance, research, access, and legality will remain complicated.

A Word From Verywell

There are both benefits and risks to medical marijuana. If you're considering using marijuana medicinally, don't be afraid to talk to your doctor about it. They can help you determine whether marijuana may be the proper treatment for you.

Medical marijuana remains controversial, but it is gaining traction as a legitimate recommendation for various symptoms. Even though many states have legalized cannabis for medicinal purposes and recreational use, more research is needed.

National Conference of State Legislatures. State medical marijuana laws .

United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug scheduling .

Pew Research Center. Americans overwhelmingly say marijuana should be legal for recreational or medical use .

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Corey-Bloom J, Wolfson T, Gamst A, et al. Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial .  CMAJ . 2012;184(10):1143-1150. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110837

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Hill KP. Medical marijuana for treatment of chronic pain and other medical and psychiatric problems: A clinical review . JAMA. 2015;313(24):2474-83. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6199

Choo EK, Feldstein Ewing SW, Lovejoy TI. Opioids out, cannabis in: Negotiating the unknowns in patient care for chronic pain . JAMA . 2016;316(17):1763-1764. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.13677

Corroon J, Sexton M, Bradley R. Indications and administration practices amongst medical cannabis healthcare providers: a cross-sectional survey . BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20(1):174. doi:10.1186/s12875-019-1059-8

Morales P, Reggio PH, Jagerovic N. An overview on medicinal chemistry of synthetic and natural derivatives of cannabidiol . Front Pharmacol . 2017;8:422. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00422

The Council of State Governments. State approaches to marijuana policy .

Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School. The Effects of Marijuana on your Memory .

Ghasemiesfe M, Barrow B, Leonard S, Keyhani S, Korenstein D. Association between marijuana use and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis . JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(11):e1916318. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318

Preuss U, Huestis M, Schneider M et al. Cannabis use and car crashes: A review . Front Psychiatry . 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643315

Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Zoheiry N, Lakha SF. Efficacy and adverse effects of medical marijuana for chronic noncancer pain: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials . Can Fam Physician. 2015;61(8):e372-81.

Hill KP, Palastro MD, Johnson B, Ditre JW. Cannabis and pain: a clinical review .  Cannabis Cannabinoid Res . 2017;2(1):96-104. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0017

Maida V, Daeninck PJ. A user's guide to cannabinoid therapies in oncology . Curr Oncol. 2016;23(6):398-406. doi:10.3747/co.23.3487

Meier MH, Caspi A, Cerdá M, et al. Associations between cannabis use and physical health problems in early midlife: A longitudinal comparison of persistent cannabis vs tobacco users. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(7):731-40. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0637

By Angela Morrow, RN Angela Morrow, RN, BSN, CHPN, is a certified hospice and palliative care nurse.

Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons Essay

The history of marijuana criminalization and legalization, works cited.

Marijuana is known as one of the most popular and widespread drugs in the world. Historical records suggest that cannabis was used in prehistoric societies for religious ceremonies, as well as for meditation and relaxation. Nowadays, most governments prohibit the recreational use of marijuana; however, in most states of the U. S., it is legal to use cannabis for medical purposes and in some of the states – for recreational ones. The focus of this paper will be on the impact of the legalization of the U.S. economy with possible positive and negative sides of the matter.

Marijuana was outlawed in the USA in the 1930s when the Marijuana Tax Act was issued. After the law was issued, several states decriminalized possession in small amounts, and some of them legalized medicinal marijuana. In 2009, as it appeared in a poll conducted by the authorities, the citizens were concerned about the strict drug laws, and several new policies, including, for instance, the Ogden memo, have been adopted ever since (Zambiasi and Stillman 2). The first states that legalized recreational marijuana were Washington and Colorado in 2012 (Zambiasi and Stillman 1-2), and currently, it is legal in nine states and the District of Columbia.

Pros and Cons of Legalization

Marijuana legalization may lead to substantial profits for the government. However, new profits often come with additional expenditures. There are positive as well as negative sides of the legalization, regarding the economy. First, marijuana legalization significantly reduces black market production and distribution, allowing businesses to operate legally, leading to a less burdened judicial system. The government will potentially need fewer detention facilities and forces, thus spending less money. According to Saaty, “of the $48.7 billion spent by states and the federal government in 2008, $13.8 billion was strictly used for marijuana enforcement” (1).

Since legalization brings down the costs of production and distribution, the government can impose a tax on marijuana, generating additional revenue. However, establishing a universal way to tax marijuana may be challenging; Colorado and Washington already tax marijuana based on its value, while other states plan to take the weight as a point of reference (Kilmer, “The “10 Ps” of Marijuana Legalization” 56). Moreover, if the tax is too high, it may stimulate the black market.

Marijuana legalization naturally increases its use with all its health risks, entailing significant healthcare expenditures. The government will be forced to establish new testing programs, awareness messaging, and control institutions. According to Kilmer, “from mid-2012 through Fall 2014, the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board spent about $9 million to develop the proposed regulations” ( Marijuana Legalization 5). In addition to tourists, drug legalization also attracts migrants. As of 2015, for instance, the number of citizens in Colorado had increased by roughly 3% since marijuana was legalized for recreational use (Zambiasi and Stillman 10). Such population growth, if uncontrolled, inevitably leads to a shortage of job positions, housing, etc.

At the beginning of 2018, federal authorities rescinded the Cole Memorandum that weakened strict prohibition enforcement in states where marijuana was legal. Although this may potentially help regulate the market, the local laws still differentiate from state to state, ruining the overall macroeconomic balance. Considering that, it might be beneficial for the government to enforce similar laws throughout the country to control the market more effectively.

In conclusion, marijuana legalization has its pros and cons that can greatly affect the economy. It may entail not only financial profits but also losses on federal and local levels. It appears that a uniform drug policy throughout the nation might be a solution to some of the problems. It is crucial for the government to find the middle ground in laws and regulations regarding the matter to counterbalance the financial problems.

Kilmer, Beau. Marijuana Legalization, Government Revenues, and Public Budgets . RAND Corporation, 2016.

—. “The “10 Ps” of Marijuana Legalization.” Ideas , vol. 54, 2015, pp. 52–57.

Saaty, Thomas L. “A Marijuana Legalization Model Using Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks (BOCR) Analysis.” International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences (IJSDS), vol. 6, no. 2, 2015, pp. 1–11.

Zambiasi, Diego, and Steven Stillman. “The Pot Rush: Is Legalized Marijuana a Positive Local Amenity?” The IZA Institute of Labor Economics Papers, vol. 1, 2018, pp. 1–24.

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Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons

To the Editor:

Much of the country — with The New York Times regrettably in the vanguard — is advocating the reckless addition of a third drug, marijuana, to two drugs currently legal for adults: alcohol and tobacco. These two legal drugs are the leading causes of preventable illness.

The legal status of a drug has dramatic impact on its use. In the last 30 days, 52 percent of Americans 12 and older used alcohol, 27 percent used tobacco and only 7 percent used marijuana. The dramatically lower level of marijuana use reflects its illegal status, not its appeal. Why is it in our nation’s interest to see marijuana use climb? Since when is smoking a program that we promote?

The best policy to protect public health is one that reduces, not increases, marijuana use. There are plenty of ways to achieve this goal, including a strong public education effort focused on the negative health effects of marijuana.

There are reasons why employers, including the United States government, prohibit marijuana use in the workplace. There are reasons why marijuana emergency room admissions are reported at the rate of 1,250 a day and 455,000 a year, and why highway crashes double for marijuana users.

We cannot ignore the negative effects that legalization would have on under-age use and addiction, highway safety, treatment costs, mental health problems, emergency room admissions, workplace accidents and productivity, and personal health.

PETER BENSINGER ROBERT L. DuPONT Chicago, July 30, 2014

Mr. Bensinger was administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration from 1976 to 1981. Mr. DuPont, president of the Institute for Behavior and Health, was director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse from 1973 to 1978. They are co-founders of Bensinger, DuPont & Associates, which provides employee assistance program, gambling helpline and drug-testing services.

I applaud the editorial board for highlighting the disastrous social costs of marijuana prohibition and for taking a courageous position in calling for national legalization. I became a mother in 1971, the same year that President Nixon declared the “war on drugs.” Twenty years later my son was arrested for marijuana possession, which began a decade of cycling through the criminal justice system for nonviolent drug offenses.

The outlawing of marijuana translated into a war that has been waged against families like mine for over four decades. Prohibition has robbed children of their futures, while building a huge prison-industrial complex. It has caused countless casualties, wasted taxpayer dollars, promoted discrimination and taken away basic human liberties.

Mothers were instrumental in ending alcohol prohibition in the 1930s, and once again moms are uniting to end marijuana prohibition for the sake of our children and future generations.

GRETCHEN BURNS BERGMAN Spring Valley, Calif., July 28, 2014

The writer is co-founder and executive director of a New PATH (Parents for Addiction Treatment and Healing).

I am concerned by the editorial board’s stance in favor of marijuana legalization. It has been only six months since retail marijuana sales began in Colorado, and just weeks since the rollout in Washington State. A robust, objective analysis of outcomes in these two states is the only way to determine the best policy on this issue, but for now, it is too early to make a sound judgment.

What we do know is that marijuana is harmful, particularly for the still-developing adolescent brain. As we’ve seen with alcohol and tobacco, imposing a minimum age will probably not be enough to prevent a spike in teenage use and addiction.

Considering this likely consequence, not to mention the economic burden of regulating the drug and treating new problematic users, we may find that the societal costs of legalization outweigh the benefits. However, if we make pronouncements before we see the research, we’re jumping the gun. Let’s let the facts speak for themselves.

HOWARD P. MEITINER New York, July 28, 2014

The writer is president and chief executive of Phoenix House, a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center.

As your July 27 editorial “ Repeal Prohibition, Again ” says: “There are legitimate concerns about marijuana on the development of adolescent brains. For that reason, we advocate the prohibition of sales to people under 21.”

Our concern about legalization is its effect on kids. Society may not do much better at enforcing this restriction on sale and marketing of marijuana to kids than we have with alcohol and tobacco. Research shows that use of any of these drugs in adolescence — especially early adolescence — significantly heightens risks of substance use disorders in later life.

We need to provide a much better prevention and treatment infrastructure, which expanded access to marijuana and increasing teenage use will require. That begins with limiting marijuana marketing that kids will be exposed to, and equipping parents with information about the very real health risks of early use.

These are not details to be sorted later, but vital considerations. These are the considerations that matter most to us, and to most parents, including — research shows — those favoring legalization.

STEVE PASIERB President and Chief Executive Partnership for Drug-Free Kids New York, July 29, 2014

The letter from Peter Bensinger and Robert L. DuPont has been revised to add their company affiliation to the identification line.

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The Effects of Drug Legalization

With an increasing number of states legalizing marijuana and other drugs, the debate continues on whether the negative effects of drug decriminalization outweigh the positives. Researchers, policymakers, and public health officials provide arguments on both sides. For mental health experts, however, the most relevant question is how drug legalization will impact rates of substance abuse and addiction.

Let’s take a closer look at the drug legalization debate, the pros and cons of legalizing drugs, and what research says about how the decriminalization of drugs will affect young adults in particular.

All calls are always confidential.

States and Countries Where Drugs Are Legal

Recreational marijuana use is now legal for adults in 15 states and the District of Columbia, including five that legalized the drug in the November 2020 election. States where recreational marijuana is legal include:

• South Dakota—the first state ever to legalize medical and recreational cannabis at the same time, beginning July 1, 2021
• Montana, with recreational sales beginning in 2022
• Arizona, where regulations are still being developed
• New Jersey—the first state in the mid-Atlantic region to legalize marijuana
• California—the first state to legalize medical marijuana
• Massachusetts
• Colorado, which became the first state to legalize marijuana in 2012.

In addition, marijuana use is legal in the US territory of Guam, and medical marijuana is legal in 34 states. And experts predict that more states will move toward drug legalization under a Democratic president and Congress, paving the way to federal legalization of marijuana.

Furthermore, in 2020, Oregon became the first state to decriminalize hard drugs, including heroin, cocaine, MDMA, and LSD. The Oregon Nurses Association, the Oregon chapter of the American College of Physicians, and the Oregon Academy of Family Physicians supported the measure, stating, “Punishing people for drug use and addiction is costly and hasn’t worked. More drug treatment, not punishment, is a better approach.” Oregon residents arrested with small amounts of hard drugs will be able to pay a $100 fine and attend a substance abuse program rather than facing jail time. In addition, revenue from legalized marijuana sales will fund the treatment centers.  

Portugal: A Case Study in the Decriminalization of Drugs

The Oregon drug legalization followed in the footsteps of countries like Portugal, the Netherlands and Switzerland, which have decriminalized possession of small amounts of hard drugs. In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the acquisition, possession, and use of small quantities of all illicit drugs. However, the country did not decriminalize drug trafficking, involving larger quantities of drugs. Moreover, while individuals caught using drugs are not incarcerated, they may be fined, given community service, or referred to treatment programs.

According to Portugal drug decriminalization statistics, drug overdose deaths declined after decriminalization, drug usage did not go up, and prison overcrowding decreased. However, stats supporting a Portugal drug decriminalization failure show an initial increase in drug experimentation and a 41 percent spike in homicides, which fell after the first five years.

Hence, the results appear to be mixed. But perhaps most important, the number of people in drug treatment increased by 20 percent in the first seven years after drug legalization in Portugal, and has held steady since.

Discharging patients ‘quicker but sicker’ may have the unintended consequence of fueling revolving-door hospitalization, a pattern that disrupts mental health recovery and increases treatment costs.

Austin Frakt, research scientist with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

The Pros and Cons of Legalizing Drugs

Even as the country moves toward more widespread decriminalization of drugs, drug legalization continues to be a contentious topic. For every argument for why drugs should be legal, there’s one focusing on why drugs should not be legalized. And there are drug legalization statistics to support both sides of the issue.

Supporters of drug legalization argue that incarceration is not an effective deterrent to drug use, and that decriminalization allows the marijuana industry to be regulated, like tobacco and alcohol. In addition, they say, more people can receive treatment if revenue and taxes from legal marijuana sales are funneled into prevention and recovery programs, as in Oregon and Arizona. Moreover, activists maintain that decriminalization will help address the disproportionately high jail time and number of drug-related arrests among Black and brown people. A statewide study found that the new Oregon drug legalization will reduce drug convictions for Black and Native people by nearly 95 percent. Supporters also argue that drug legalization and regulation would make marijuana and other drugs safer for users.

Those on the other side of the drug legalization debate maintain that mainstream acceptance of marijuana will lead to an increase in use and thus an increase in marijuana addiction, particularly because marijuana potency has steadily increased over the past 30 years. They also believe that marijuana is a gateway drug , and consequently a rise in marijuana use would lead to increases in the use of harder drugs. Opponents also express concern regarding the potential increase in hospitalizations related to legalizing drugs, and they forecast increases in impaired driving and fatal car crashes as a result of recreational marijuana legalization. As with most issues in the drug legalization debate, there is research both supporting and opposing the latter thesis.

How Drug Legalization Impacts Young Adult Substance Abuse

The question young adult mental health experts are asking is, What does decriminalizing drugs mean for this age group? Will drug legalization result in increased substance abuse and marijuana addiction for Generation Z?

Research does confirm that marijuana use among young adults has reached all-time highs, particularly rates of marijuana vaping . The annual Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey found that one in four young adults uses marijuana, and close to one in 10 uses marijuana daily. One survey found that Gen Z uses marijuana at twice the rate of the national average. But are these increases due to the decriminalization of drugs? Studies show that drug legalization has increased marijuana use among adults, but not among adolescents , as many feared would be the case. Young adults span these two age groups.

In addition, drug legalization has changed young adults’ perception of cannabis. The MTF survey found that only about 25 percent of those surveyed thought that regular marijuana use was potentially dangerous. In addition, only about 6 percent of young adults perceived a “great risk of harm” associated with occasional marijuana use.

Know the Facts

21% of 18- to 24-year-olds who have never tried cannabis before would use it if it was legal, according to a 2020 survey conducted by Cowen research.

Ultimately, mental health professionals are concerned that an increase in young adult marijuana use due to drug legalization will result in an increase in what’s known as cannabis use disorder. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, as many as 30 percent of those who use marijuana may have cannabis use disorder. And the risk may be greater right now, because research indicates that young adults are suffering more than any other age group from pandemic-related stress, anxiety, and virtual isolation . Hence, they are using marijuana as a coping mechanism.

It’s too soon to tell whether the positive or the negative effects of drug decriminalization will have the most significant impact on this age group and on society as a whole. However, for young adults who are suffering from cannabis use disorder caused by underlying trauma, depression , and anxiety, comprehensive mental health treatment can help change their trajectory.

At Newport Institute, our approach to substance abuse treatment addresses the root causes of maladaptive behaviors. We guide young adults to process difficult emotions, learn healthy coping skills, and build the authentic connections that create thriving. Contact us today to find out more about clinical model of care and our residential and outpatient treatment programs .

Front Psychol. 2020 Dec;11:10.3389.

J Pos Psych. 2018 Jan;14(2).

Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017 Nov-Dec; 11(6): 466–475.

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17+ Pros and Cons of Drug Legalization (Explained)

The dispute and wars on drugs have become an American Political icon of the United States. The Government’s quest to prohibit the acquisition of various drugs that were made illegal. Those drugs became strongly criminalized in the 1970s, and standardized sentencing in the 1980s and 1990s made long prison sentences for the mere act of possessing those drugs.

Therefore, an effort to decriminalize these drugs has become a point of emphasis for some.

Light medicines are often substances that can be equally decent and unfavorable; They are substances that have the capability to become both of those favorable to mankind as well as dangerous to it.

Without a doubt, they are just synthetic substances produced from organic and natural plants and have considerably less harmful effects on human bodies when taken; the degree to which the psychoactive of these light-weight drugs are destructive to the consumer is comparatively reduced.

Table of Contents

Pros Of Legalizing Drugs

It can support lower addiction rates and substance abuse rates:.

Portugal has supported the decriminalization of drugs for more than a decade. They have discovered since the time they made this effort that not only do addiction rates to the once illegal drugs go down, but so do the substance abuse rates.

Because those with addiction or substance abuse issues are not jailed but treated, treatment costs are typically lower, and there are higher recovery rates.

It encourages people to remain within society:

 Even when a drug problem must be treated, treatment programs for drug use can encourage people to remain productive members of society. When drug use has been penalized with the various criminal statutes, it becomes more difficult for individuals who take drugs to find meaningful employment.

It is much easier for them to find a job when there is no felony on their record due to your possession of a drug deemed illegal.

It changes how society sees people:

When drug use is illegal, a counter-culture emerges that celebrates and encourages the use of it. When it is legalized, that actually counter-culture and starts to disappear. Non-drug users are not as fast to condemn others.

Addiction can be treated more like a disease rather than being treated like a legal problem. Once again, people become themselves without various classes of superiority assigned by the general population to what drugs people use or why they use those drugs.

It allows the criminal justice system to emphasize what it does best:

The criminal justice system was not actually designed to be a system that treats addicts. It was designed to be a system that uses courts to keep the general population from harm.

Although the goal of creating laws against drug consumption to stop people from possessing potentially harmful substances is a worthy goal, that mandate would be better fulfilled by the counselors out there, treatment facilities, and other forms of infrastructure.

Decriminalization isn’t the same as legalization.

In the U.S., several states have legalized the process of acquiring marijuana for recreational purposes. The federal guidelines that the Obama administration signed were an effort to decriminalize marijuana possession in those states without violating all the laws for everyone else. There is no slippery slope in place here.

Decriminalizing drug use does not actually make it legal. It just takes the legal penalties away from at-risk individuals. Selling and distributing the drugs would still remain a criminal offense.

It could reduce societal violence:

In the year 1989, 7.4% of homicides in the U.S. were considered to be drug-related. In the year 2007, 3.9% of homicides were classified in the same way.

At the same time, the homicide rate in the U.S. had dropped from just under 19,000 cases in 1989 to just under 15,000 cases by 2007. As laws have been loosened and certain activities got decriminalized, violent conduct has also been reduced.

Cons of Drug legalization:

It may encourage experimentation:.

Some individuals may also have a genetic disposition towards drug use and addiction. Allowing those people to have open access to whatever drug they wish to consume could create an atmosphere where experimentation is encouraged.

If there are no laws in place that would prevent them from having whatever drugs they wish to acquire, it could eventually create more health problems for certain individuals – even with greater access to treatment.

It would reduce prices.

When there is no legal barrier in place to prevent access to drugs, the system of a free market takes over for the industry. That means a greater supply of drugs is available, which could lower the prices.

If pricing is a barrier to entry or experimentation for some individuals out there, then decriminalization or legalization of drugs would encourage them to try something when they would not have done so otherwise.

Treatment infrastructures are not present:

Although the costs would be reduced, the cost of treating addictions in the general population would increase. The current infrastructure may not support the number of individuals seeking help.

That would mean higher expenses would come in the form of building assets and training more counselors to handle the needs of society. Depending upon how this was implemented, the expenses could be higher than they are under the present structure.

Decriminalization can lead to legalization:

Although the intention or the goal may not be to legalize drugs with a decriminalization effort, there is always the potential that this might happen. Legalization can provide tax benefits and various treatment opportunities for some drugs.

For strong drugs, the benefits of decriminalizing their use could be less than the risks these drugs cause to society. Strong drugs can cause behavioral changes that may lead to violence.

Safety problems could become worse instead of better.

Even when the safe centers are placed in areas of high drug consumption, the individuals may still choose to take the drugs in the non-safe locations. Increased access to injectable drugs could result in more severe health risks for exposure in public locations.

People who have taken drugs and then drive somewhere, the public is at risk as well, just as if the person had drunk alcohol and driving.

Non-violence causes dangers to society:

The disadvantage that comes along with the legalization of drugs is that there are non-violent dangers to society that would be likely to increase. In the communities out there that are struggling with the use of heroin, used needles are often left in the parks and other spaces.

This risk produces a disease and injury risk to anyone in that area, especially children.

These pros and cons of the legalization of drugs suggest that the benefits could be something that other nations may experience as well. Because drugs can be potentially harmful or be the cause of violent behavior, there must be some strict controls placed upon the use of these kinds of substances.

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Drug Legalization: Pros and Cons of Drug Legalization

Unmasking the pros and cons of drug legalization! Discover the impact on communities and explore alternative approaches.

The Debate on Drug Legalization

The topic of drug legalization is a highly controversial and debated subject. Supporters argue that it can bring about various benefits, while opponents raise concerns about the potential negative consequences. Understanding the controversy surrounding drug legalization and exploring the pros and cons is essential to have an informed perspective on this issue.

Understanding the Controversy

The debate on drug legalization revolves around the question of whether drugs should be legalized and regulated. Proponents of drug legalization argue that it could lead to positive outcomes such as reducing crime rates, generating tax revenue, and redirecting law enforcement resources towards more pressing matters. They believe that the current prohibitionist approach has not been effective in curbing drug use and that a new approach is needed.

On the other hand, opponents of drug legalization raise concerns about the potential harm it could cause to individuals and society. They argue that legalizing drugs could lead to increased drug use and addiction rates, as well as negative health and social consequences. They also express concerns about the ethical and moral implications of allowing substances with potentially harmful effects to become more accessible.

Exploring the Pros and Cons

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the drug legalization debate, it is important to explore the arguments put forth by both sides. This allows for a balanced assessment of the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with drug legalization.

Pros of Drug Legalization

Supporters of drug legalization highlight several potential advantages:

• Economic Benefits: Legalizing drugs could create a new industry, generating tax revenue and job opportunities. It could also redirect law enforcement and criminal justice resources towards more pressing issues.
• Reduction in Drug-Related Violence: By legalizing drugs, the black market and associated violence could potentially be minimized. Regulating the drug market could help eliminate drug-related crimes and disputes over drug territories.
• Regulation and Quality Control: Legalization would allow for regulation and quality control of drugs, ensuring that users have access to safer substances. This could reduce the risks associated with impure or contaminated drugs.

Cons of Drug Legalization

Opponents of drug legalization express concerns about the potential negative consequences:

• Increased Accessibility and Potential for Abuse: Legalizing drugs may lead to increased accessibility, making it easier for individuals, including vulnerable populations, to obtain and abuse drugs. This could potentially result in higher addiction rates and associated health issues.
• Health and Social Consequences: Critics argue that drug legalization could have adverse effects on public health, including an increase in drug-related accidents, overdoses, and associated healthcare costs. They also raise concerns about the potential impact on families, communities, and society as a whole.
• Ethical and Moral Considerations: Some individuals oppose drug legalization on ethical and moral grounds, believing that it sends the wrong message and undermines efforts to promote a drug-free society. They argue that society should prioritize prevention, treatment, and education over legalization.

Exploring the pros and cons of drug legalization allows for a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding this issue. It is essential to consider various perspectives and evidence when forming an informed opinion.

Drug legalization is a topic that sparks intense debate and discussion. While there are valid arguments both for and against it, this section will focus on exploring the potential benefits of drug legalization. By shedding light on the economic benefits, reduction in drug-related violence, and the potential for regulation and quality control, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the positive aspects associated with drug legalization.

Economic Benefits

One of the key arguments in favor of drug legalization is the potential for significant economic benefits . Legalizing drugs can create new revenue streams through taxation and regulation. By bringing the drug market out of the shadows and into the legal system, governments have the opportunity to generate substantial tax revenue that can be allocated towards various public services, such as healthcare, education, and addiction treatment programs.

Moreover, drug legalization can stimulate economic growth by creating new job opportunities. Legalization would lead to the establishment of legal drug businesses, including cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and retail. This can foster economic development and provide employment opportunities for individuals in the industry.

Reduction in Drug-Related Violence

Another potential advantage of drug legalization is the reduction in drug-related violence. Prohibition often fuels the growth of illicit drug markets, which are controlled by criminal organizations. These criminal groups engage in violent activities to protect their territories, enforce drug deals, and resolve disputes.

By legalizing drugs, the control shifts from criminal organizations to regulated markets. This can potentially lead to a decrease in drug-related violence as the illegal drug trade loses its footing. Additionally, the legalization of drugs can free up law enforcement resources, allowing them to focus on more pressing issues in society.

Regulation and Quality Control

Legalization provides an opportunity for governments to establish regulations and quality control measures for drug production and distribution. Currently, illicit drugs are often mixed with harmful substances, leading to health risks for users. By legalizing drugs, governments can implement quality control standards to ensure that drugs are produced and distributed in a safe and controlled manner.

Regulation also allows for better monitoring and tracking of drug usage. With a regulated market, authorities can collect data on drug consumption patterns, which can inform public health initiatives and targeted interventions. By having a better understanding of drug usage, governments can implement harm reduction strategies to mitigate potential health risks associated with drug use.

While these are some of the potential benefits associated with drug legalization, it's important to consider the counterarguments and the potential negative consequences as well. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic, it is crucial to explore both perspectives.

While the debate on drug legalization encompasses various perspectives, there are valid concerns and drawbacks associated with this approach. Understanding the cons of drug legalization is essential in order to have a comprehensive view of the issue.

Increased Accessibility and Potential for Abuse

One of the primary concerns regarding drug legalization is the potential increase in accessibility and availability of drugs. Legalization may lead to a broader market and easier access to drugs, which could result in a higher prevalence of drug abuse and addiction. Individuals who were previously deterred by the legal consequences of drug use may be more inclined to experiment or develop substance dependency.

Health and Social Consequences

The legalization of drugs may have significant health and social consequences. The use of certain drugs can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Legalization may inadvertently send a message that drug use is acceptable or safe, potentially leading to an increase in drug consumption and subsequent health-related issues.

Additionally, drug abuse can have a negative impact on individuals' personal relationships and overall social well-being. Substance abuse can strain families, contribute to an increase in crime rates, and have detrimental effects on communities as a whole.

Ethical and Moral Considerations

Drug legalization raises ethical and moral concerns for many individuals and communities. The legalization of certain drugs may conflict with cultural, religious, or personal beliefs. The perception that drugs are harmful and morally wrong is deeply rooted in many societies, and the legalization of drugs may challenge these long-held beliefs and values.

Furthermore, the potential normalization of drug use through legalization may have broader moral implications. Critics argue that legalizing drugs may send a message that drug use is socially acceptable, potentially leading to a decline in overall societal values and norms.

Understanding the cons of drug legalization is crucial in order to make informed decisions and engage in meaningful discussions surrounding this complex issue. By considering the increased accessibility and potential for abuse, health and social consequences, and ethical and moral considerations, individuals can weigh the pros and cons and contribute to a well-rounded dialogue on drug policy.

Case Studies

To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of drug legalization , it is valuable to examine countries that have implemented different approaches. By studying these case studies, we can gain insights into the potential effects of drug legalization on communities and society as a whole.

Countries with Different Approaches to Drug Legalization

Several countries have adopted varying approaches to drug legalization, each with its own set of advantages and challenges. These case studies provide a glimpse into the diverse strategies employed by different nations:

Country Approach to Drug Legalization

• Portugal: Decriminalization and harm reduction strategies
• Uruguay: Full legalization and regulation of cannabis
• Netherlands: Tolerance policy and regulated access to certain drugs
• Canada: Legalization and regulation of cannabis for recreational use
• Switzerland: Supervised injection sites and harm reduction programs

By analyzing the outcomes and experiences of these countries, policymakers and stakeholders can assess the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with different approaches to drug legalization. It is important to note that while these case studies offer valuable insights, they may not provide a comprehensive representation of the complexities surrounding drug legalization.

Impact of Drug Legalization on Communities

The impact of drug legalization on communities is a complex issue that encompasses various social, economic, and health factors. Understanding the potential effects can help inform decision-making processes. Some key factors to consider include:

• Public Health: Drug legalization can have both positive and negative impacts on public health. While it may enhance access to harm reduction programs and treatment services, there is also a concern that increased accessibility could lead to higher rates of drug abuse and addiction. It is essential to implement robust public health measures and educational campaigns to mitigate potential risks.
• Crime and Violence: One of the arguments in favor of drug legalization is the potential reduction in drug-related violence. By regulating the drug market, proponents argue that it can undermine the influence of illicit drug cartels and reduce associated criminal activities. However, it is crucial to monitor and address any unintended consequences that may arise from changes in the drug trade dynamics.
• Social Dynamics: Drug legalization can have profound social implications. It may challenge existing social norms, spark debates on personal freedom and individual rights, and potentially impact community perceptions. The cultural and social fabric of a community may change as attitudes toward drug use and addiction evolve.
• Economic Factors: The economic impact of drug legalization is multifaceted. On one hand, it can generate tax revenue, create job opportunities, and redirect resources from law enforcement to prevention and treatment programs. On the other hand, it may also lead to increased healthcare costs, strain social services, and pose challenges in regulating the industry effectively.

Analyzing the impact of drug legalization on communities requires a comprehensive examination of these factors. It is essential to consider potential benefits, drawbacks, and the specific context in which drug legalization is being implemented.

By studying case studies and evaluating the effects of drug legalization in different countries, policymakers and society at large can make informed decisions regarding drug policy and regulation. It is crucial to weigh the potential pros and cons, keeping in mind the diverse perspectives and complexities associated with this complex issue.

Alternative Approaches

As the debate on drug legalization continues, alternative approaches have emerged as potential solutions to address the complex issues surrounding drug use. Two notable approaches are decriminalization and harm reduction strategies.

Decriminalization vs. Legalization

Decriminalization and legalization are often used interchangeably but have distinct differences. Decriminalization typically involves reducing or eliminating criminal penalties for personal drug possession, focusing on treating drug use as a public health issue rather than a criminal offense. This approach aims to redirect resources from law enforcement to prevention, education, and treatment programs. However, drug production, distribution, and sales remain illegal under decriminalization.

On the other hand, legalization involves removing legal restrictions on drug production, distribution, and sales, allowing for regulated and controlled access to drugs. Legalization may also include specific regulations, such as age restrictions, quality control measures, and taxation. The goal is to eliminate the illicit drug market and transfer its control to government oversight.

Both decriminalization and legalization have their proponents and critics. Decriminalization is often seen as a middle ground between complete prohibition and full legalization, acknowledging the need for a more compassionate and health-focused approach to drug use. However, critics argue that decriminalization may not address the broader social and economic issues associated with drug use.

Harm Reduction Strategies

Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize drug-related harms without requiring individuals to stop using drugs completely. These programs prioritize public health and safety by providing interventions like needle exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy. Harm reduction aims to reduce the harms associated with drug use, including overdose deaths and transmission of bloodborne diseases. Critics argue that harm reduction normalizes drug use, but proponents emphasize that it's a pragmatic and evidence-based approach. Policymakers and communities can explore alternatives to drug legalization, like decriminalization and harm reduction, to prioritize public well-being.

The topic of drug legalization is a highly debated and controversial issue . Understanding the different perspectives and implications is crucial in order to make an informed decision. In this section, we will explore the controversy surrounding drug legalization and discuss the pros and cons associated with it.

The debate on drug legalization revolves around the question of whether drugs should be made legal for various purposes, including medicinal, recreational, or both. Advocates of drug legalization argue that it can bring several benefits, such as economic advantages, reduction in drug-related violence, and better regulation and quality control. On the other hand, opponents argue that drug legalization can lead to increased accessibility and potential for abuse, health and social consequences, and ethical and moral dilemmas.

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue, let's delve into the pros and cons of drug legalization.

Drug legalization can offer various potential advantages, including:

• Economic Benefits: Proponents argue that legalizing drugs can generate significant economic benefits through taxation and regulation, similar to the alcohol and tobacco industries. This can potentially contribute to increased revenue for governments and create new job opportunities.
• Reduction in Drug-Related Violence: Legalization can potentially reduce drug-related violence associated with the illegal drug trade. By removing the black market and providing legal avenues for drug distribution, proponents believe that drug-related crime rates can decrease.
• Regulation and Quality Control: Legalization can enable governments to regulate and control the production, distribution, and quality of drugs. This can help ensure that drugs are manufactured under safe and controlled conditions, reducing the risks associated with contaminated or adulterated substances.

Opponents of drug legalization raise several concerns, including:

• Increased Accessibility and Potential for Abuse: Critics argue that legalizing drugs can lead to increased accessibility, making them more readily available to vulnerable populations, including youth. This potential increase in availability can contribute to higher rates of drug abuse and addiction.
• Health and Social Consequences: Legalizing drugs may have adverse health and social consequences. Critics argue that it can lead to an increase in drug-related health issues, such as addiction, overdoses, and associated medical costs. Additionally, societal impacts like impaired productivity, strained healthcare systems, and disruptions to families and communities are concerns raised by opponents.
• Ethical and Moral Considerations: The ethical and moral implications of drug legalization are also significant factors in the debate. Opponents raise concerns about the message it sends to society, potential normalization of drug use, and the perceived undermining of public health and safety measures.

By exploring the pros and cons of drug legalization, it becomes apparent that the issue is complex and multifaceted. Case studies on countries with different approaches to drug legalization and the impact of drug legalization on communities can provide valuable insights into the real-world effects. Additionally, understanding alternative approaches such as decriminalization and harm reduction strategies can further contribute to the overall understanding of this important debate.

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• v.109(2); Mar-Apr 2012

Legalization, Decriminalization & Medicinal Use of Cannabis: A Scientific and Public Health Perspective

Empirical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate significant adverse effects of cannabis smoking on physical and mental health as well as its interference with social and occupational functioning. These negative data far outweigh a few documented benefits for a limited set of medical indications, for which safe and effective alternative treatments are readily available. If there is any medical role for cannabinoid drugs, it lies with chemically defined compounds, not with unprocessed cannabis plant. Legalization or medical use of smoked cannabis is likely to impose significant public health risks, including an increased risk of schizophrenia, psychosis, and other forms of substance use disorders.

Introduction

In recent years, there has been a strong pressure on state legislatures across the US to legalize or decriminalize use and possession of specified amounts of cannabis and/or to pass laws that allow smoking of crude cannabis plant (also known as marijuana, weed, Mary Jane, pot, reefers, ganja, joint and grass) for prescribed medical purposes (so called “medical marijuana”). Advocacy groups claim that smoking cannabis is a safe and effective treatment for various psychological and medical conditions, ranging from stress and anxiety to Alzheimer’s dementia and Parkinson’s disease, even though cannabis is not approved for such use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Legalization of cannabis is the process of removing all legal prohibitions against it. Cannabis would then be available to the adult general population for purchase and use at will, similar to tobacco and alcohol. Decriminalization is the act of removing criminal sanctions against an act, article, or behavior. Decriminalization of cannabis means it would remain illegal, but the legal system would not prosecute a person for possession under a specified amount. Instead, the penalties would range from no penalties at all, civil fines, drug education, or drug treatment.

No state has legalized cannabis thus far. It remains a US federally-controlled substance, which makes possession and distribution illegal. However, at the time of this writing, 26 states in the US have passed either medical cannabis laws, cannabis decriminalization laws, or both. See Table 1 . A major concern of this commentary is that both the medicinal use of smoked cannabis plant and legalization/decriminalization of cannabis are being advocated in a way that circumvents the normal testing and regulatory processes by the FDA that is otherwise required for all drugs marketed for human use in the US. By circumventing this process, advocacy groups put state legislatures and/or voters in the position to decide on proposals with a certain impact on public health and medical treatment without necessarily being qualified to understand the pertinent scientific evidence.

US Cannabis Use Legislated into Law without FDA Approval

Taking advantage of the obscure legal status of cannabis (i.e., federally banned illicit drug but approved by local governments for medical and/or recreational purposes), businesses involving sales of cannabis are flourishing and even stock-market investments are available. For example, CannabisInvestments.com provides information on ways one can invest in hemp-related and medical marijuana products and companies. These business interest groups are ratcheting pressure on state legislatures to decriminalize or medicalize cannabis, counting on support of millions of addicted users and politicians looking for re-election votes and unaware of the dangers of such a legislative act.

History and Legal Status of Cannabis

Historically, cannabis has been used in various cultures and populations as indigenous therapy for a range of medical ailments (e.g., fever, insomnia, cachexia, headache, constipation, rheumatic pain) and diseases (e.g., venereal disease, malaria). Due to its presumed medical benefits, cannabis was recognized as an official, licit drug and listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1850. Recreational use of cannabis surged in the 1930s during the Prohibition Era. In 1937, the Marijuana Tax Act effectively thwarted all cannabis use without criminalizing its possession or use. In 1970, the Controlled Substances Act classified cannabis as schedule I illicit drugs, the most restrictive category, and made possession a federal crime.

Reefer Madness is a well-known 1936 American propaganda exploitation film revolving around the melodramatic events that ensue when high school students are lured by pushers to try “marijuana” — from a hit and run accident, to manslaughter, suicide, attempted rape, and descent into madness.

The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), which administers the Controlled Substances Act, continues to support the Schedule I assignment (and FDA concurred) noting that cannabis meets the three criteria for such placement under 21 U.S.C. 812(b):

• high potential for abuse;
• no currently accepted medical use in the US; and
• lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

A past evaluation by several Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) agencies, including FDA, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA), concluded that no sound scientific studies supported medical use of marijuana and no animal or human data supported the safety or efficacy of marijuana for general medical use. 1

Popular Perception of Cannabis Use

In the public debate, cannabis has been considered a relatively benign recreational drug in comparison to opiates, stimulants, even alcohol. The favorable popular perception of cannabis presumably reflects the absence of dramatic physical signs of intoxication or withdrawal. Incidentally, cessation of cannabis use does cause withdrawal, but the severity is masked by the gradual release of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, from fat tissue (adipocytes) where it accumulates during chronic use. The process is not unlike the tapering of medication during detoxification.

The general public has not been adequately informed about recent scientific findings demonstrating major adverse effects of smoking cannabis on physical and especially mental health, the latter varying in range from cognitive dulling, brief psychotic experiences, to long-term addiction and chronic psychosis. 2 , 3

Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Addiction

Cannabis (here referring to smoking of cannabis plants) is the most commonly used illicit drug in the US. Data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health 4 , 5 indicate that 44% of males and 35% of females have used marijuana at least once in their life time. More recent studies suggest that regular use of marijuana is increasing. Data from National Survey on Drug Use and Health 6 indicate that in persons over the age of 12, the rate of past month cannabis use and the number of users in 2009 (6.6 percent or 16.7 million) were higher compared to 2008 (6.1% or 15.2 million) and 2007 (5.8% or 14.4 million).

Medicinal Use of Cannabinoids in Pill Form

Since THC was first isolated and purified 7 from the cannabis plant in 1965, more than 400 chemicals have been isolated, approximately 60 of which are cannabinoids, compounds that are the active agents of cannabis. Reflecting a rapidly growing interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabis, about 21 cannabinoids are currently under study by the US FDA. 8

More recently, two types of cannabinoid receptors have been identified: CB1 found mostly in the central nervous system and responsible for psychoactive properties of cannabis, and CB2 found mostly in the spleen, immune tissues, and peripheral blood, and responsible for immunological and anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis. 9 , 10 A group of endo-cannabinoids has been also identified, e.g., arachidonoylethanolamine or anandamide, as endogenous chemical modulators which mimic the actions of phytocannabinoids and activate cannabinoid receptors. 10 These discoveries have led to the development of numerous CB receptor agonists and antagonists and numerous studies have tested therapeutic indications for these compounds. Medications containing natural or synthetic cannabinoids currently approved or being considered for approval for medicinal use are listed below:

Dronabinol (proprietary name Marinol), a synthetic THC, is FDA approved as an antiemetic in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy, as an appetite stimulant for weight loss/decreased food intake in AIDS patients, and less frequently to augment analgesic treatment. Dronabinol is a Schedule III medication, indicating it has some potential for psychological and physical dependence.

Nabilone (proprietary name Cesamet), is a synthetic cannabinoid. FDA approved for peroral treatment of nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients who have not responded to conventional antiemetics, and anorexia and weight loss in patients with AIDS. Nabilone is a Schedule II medication, with high potential for mental health side effects and addiction.

Sativex , a liquid extract from cannabis plant, is used as oral spray (“liquid marijuana”), contains THC, cannnabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. Sativex has been approved for neuropathic pain, emesis, overactive bladder, and spasticity in several countries including England, Canada, and Spain. Phase III studies of Sativex are currently underway in the US, thus it does not have a schedule assigned to it.

These medications have been approved for specific indications (nausea, vomiting, cachexia) and are currently studied for a number of new indications, such as spastic syndromes, neurological disorders, neuropathic pain, and other pain syndromes, among others. Note that use of medications that have been tested and approved by the FDA is not controversial. What is objectionable is that current efforts to legalize cannabis crude plant use state legislative processes to bypass federal regulatory processes that were put in place specifically to protect the public health.

Suggested Non-FDA Approved Uses of Cannabinoids and Smoked Cannabis

Suggested but as of yet not FDA-approved indications for smoked cannabis and/or cannabinoids include spastic syndromes in neurological disorders, pain syndromes, and glaucoma. We reviewed about 70 studies of oral cannabinoids and the few available studies of smoked cannabis for a number of medical indications. As expected, prescription cannabinoids are effective antiemetics and appetite stimulants, and some studies report their effectiveness as adjunct therapy in chronic pain syndromes, spasticity, and glaucoma. Similar results are reported by the few studies of smoked cannabis plant for these same indications. As noted earlier, safe and effective alternative treatments for all these syndromes are available. Studies assessing psychological aspects of smoked cannabis and prescription cannabinoids uniformly report undesired effects: acute psychosis, poorer prognosis of chronic psychosis, or cognitive dulling in medical patients. In other words, in addition to a number of adverse medical effects (next section), psychological effects of cannabis are common and detrimental. Unfortunately, we found no long-term studies investigating whether and how frequently chronic use of small amounts of cannabis for medicinal purposes develops into cannabis abuse and/or addiction.

Adverse Medical Effects of Cannabis and THC

The extant scientific literature by and large reflects the harmful effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. In what follows we review some of these reports.

Respiratory

Many of the same mutagens and carcinogens found in tobacco smoke are found in marijuana smoke as well. 11 Marijuana smoking has been shown to decrease pulmonary function, produce chronic cough, airway inflammation and abnormal cell growth that may antecede the onset of cancer. 12 However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer found the epidemiologic data inconclusive as to the increased risk of cancer from cannabis use versus that of tobacco smokers. 13 In contrast to tobacco, marijuana-smoking lung injury is not reversed on abstinence. 14

Immunologic

In humans, an increase in mortality of HIV-positive cannabis users has been observed. 15

Cardiovascular

Direct stimulation of the cardiac pacemaker by marijuana leads to an increase in heart rate making THC unsafe in cardiac patients. 14

Daily cannabis use is a risk factor for fibrosis progression via steatogenic effects, thus, daily cannabis use in patients with liver disease is contraindicated. 16 Cannabis users metabolize and activate or inactivate drugs more slowly than normal, 17 potentiating the deleterious effects of the drugs.

Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

In preclinical studies, cannabinoids have shown inhibitory effects on pituitary luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone with little effect on follicle-stimulating hormone. 18 , 19 Marijuana can disrupt female reproductive health. 20 Women who smoke marijuana during pregnancy are more likely to have low birth weight infants possibly from a shorter gestation. 21 The effects of maternal marijuana use on infant development have not been systematically studied. However, the lipid solubility of THC allows for rapid transit in breast milk, where it has been shown to accumulate and eventually pass to the newborn. 22

Carcinogenesis

Cannabis use increases the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors – TGCT. 23 The authors observed a 70% increased risk of TGCT associated with current marijuana use, and the risk was particularly elevated for current use that was at least weekly or that began in adolescence. These associations were independent of known TGCT risk factors.

Effects of Smoked Cannabis on Mental Health

Smoking cannabis has a number of acute and chronic pathogenic effects on human mental health. 3 , 24 Direct causal effects of chronic use are difficult to scientifically establish because the condition cannot be randomly assigned or manipulated experimentally for ethical reasons. Nevertheless, prospective population studies indicate that early cannabis use frequently serves as a prelude (or “gateway”) to other illicit drug use. Despite occasional non-confirmatory results, the “gateway sequence” is the most common pattern in the sequential progression in drug use, 25 where marijuana use often is the initial step leading towards more powerful and more harmful drugs.

The mental effects of smoked cannabis include mental slowness, “relaxation”, tiredness, euphoria, and some users report anxiety and paranoia. Acute negative effects on cognition and performance, limited to periods of intoxication, have been all well-documented. 26 , 27 Long-term effects of cannabis use on cognitive performance involve subtle and selective impairments of specific higher cognitive functions 27 , 28 including an impaired ability to focus attention and filter out irrelevant information, which is progressive with the cumulative duration of exposure to cannabis. 29 These effects of chronic use recover only partially in ex-cannabis users, but the past duration of cannabis use continued to have an adverse effect on the ability to effectively reject complex irrelevant information. 30

Remodeling of Brain Reward Circuits - Cannabis Addiction

Active ingredients in cannabis, THC in particular, affect neurophysiological and behavioral systems in ways similar to addictive drugs. 31 Cannabis use is associated with reinforcing pleasurable feelings of reward and euphoria either through direct effects on CB1 receptors expressed in N. Accumbens or through collateral circuits (including endogenous opiate receptors) with similar effects on the reward pathway in the brain. 31 In most cases, addictive drugs “reset” the threshold for stimulation of the reward pathway at a higher level, where only supraphysiological stimulation by drugs can generate the desired feeling of reward. This “hijacking” of the reward pathway reduces the motivational power of natural rewards (e.g. food, opportunity to mate, relationships, etc) and thus reshapes normal motivational priorities. With repeated stimulation of this pathway, cannabis use induces neural plasticity and alters reward-based learning, 32 all leading to phenomenological and behavioral features typical of addiction. Suggestive of its high addictiveness, cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the US and rate of its use continues to rise. 4 , 5 , 6

Cannabis Use and Well-Being

Proponents of cannabis use argue that smoking cannabis provides relaxation and pleasure, enhances the sense of well being, contributes to stress-relief, and helps to deal with hard reality. Of course, any enhancement of well being of a mentally healthy person through use of a psychoactive substance is some sense an oxymoron. Furthermore, cannabis use decreases cortical dopamine 33 which plays a major role in higher cognitive functions, working memory, executive function, etc. Hence, the “relaxed” feeling most cannabis users report as a desirable acute effect, in all likelihood reflects cognitive dulling (“amotivational syndrome”) caused by decreases in cortical dopamine. In other words, the weight of evidence indicates that cannabis creates cognitive dulling rather than reduction in anxiety, indifference rather than relaxation, and amotivation rather than inner peace, all closer to psychopathology than to well being.

Cannabis Use and Work Performance

There is an ongoing debate whether cannabis use interferes with people’s ability to work, relate to others, and/or live a normal life. Recent research clearly shows that any work that requires cognitive involvement and decision making is affected by cannabis use. 27 , 28 , 29 , 34 In a study of young, otherwise mentally and physically healthy cannabis users, Wadsworth et al 28 report an association between cannabis use and impairment in cognitive function and mood but not with workplace errors (although there was an association with lower alertness and slower response organization). Users experienced working memory problems at the start, and psychomotor slowing and poorer episodic recall at the end of the work week. This highlights the importance of the timing of testing within the context and routine of everyday life. In a separate study of the same sample, cannabis use had a significant negative impact on safety at work (such as self-reported accidents), road traffic accidents, and minor injuries. 34 Those who had higher levels of other risk factors associated with accidents and who also used cannabis were more likely to report an accident in the previous year. Thus, it is possible that cannabis-related effects were linked to an amplification of other risk factors associated with accidents and injuries. 34

Cannabis Use and Mental Health in the General Population

According to the study 35 of 18,500 cannabis smokers published by Statistics Netherlands in October 2010, cannabis users suffer mental health problems twice as often as nonusers. The relative risk of mental problems was doubled in male and female cannabis users (20% and 28%, respectively) compared to male and female nonusers (10% and 14%, respectively). Most common mental health issues reported by cannabis users were anxiety, melancholy, sadness, and impatience. In contrast, physical health of users and nonusers barely differed. Though technically illegal, the Netherlands decriminalized the consumption and possession of less than 5 grams (0.18 ounces) of cannabis in 1976 under an official “tolerance” policy.

Taking advantage of the obscure legal status of cannabis, businesses involving sales of cannabis are flourishing and even stock-market investments are available.

For example, CannabisInvestments. com provides information on ways one can invest in hemp-related and medical marijuana products and companies.

CNS Effects of Chronic Cannabis Use

Recently, specific pathogenic effects of cannabis on human brain tissue have been documented. Using high-resolution (3-T) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Yucel et al 36 determined long-term heavy cannabis use is associated with gross anatomical abnormalities in two cannabinoid receptor–rich regions of the brain, the hippocampus and the amygdala. Subects were healthy males with long-term (more than 10 years) and heavy (more than five joints daily) cannabis use with no history of poly-drug use or neurologic/mental disorders. Cannabis users had bilaterally and significantly reduced hippocampal and amygdala volumes, with changes greater in the hippocampus. In fact, left hemisphere hippocampal volume was inversely associated with cumulative exposure to cannabis during the previous 10 years as well as with subthreshold positive psychotic symptoms. Positive psychosis symptom scores were also associated with cumulative exposure to cannabis.

Cannabis Use and the Risk of Schizophrenia, Psychosis, and Affective Disorders

Cannabis use is among the environmental factors associated with increased risk and worsened prognosis of schizophrenia and some data suggest a causal effect. 3 Cannabis use also is associated with more prevalent expressions of a wider psychosis phenotype. Isolated psychotic symptoms have reported prevalences of 5–15% among chronic cannabis users. 2 , 3 Although causality remains difficult to infer from observational studies, the weight of the evidence appears to favor a causal contribution from cannabis use for the development of Schizophrenia and psychosis. 2

Recent meta-analyses lend further support to the hypothesis that cannabis use causally contributes to the increased risk of development of schizophrenia. In a comprehensive and systematic meta-analysis, Moore et al 37 determined whether cannabis use contributes causally to the development of nonsubstance psychiatric illness, such as schizophrenia and affective disorders. The study was designed to address as much as possible two of the most important methodological problems in studying the relation between cannabis use and psychosis: 1) the potential for reverse causality (where psychosis causes cannabis use and not vice versa) and 2) the transitory intoxication effects (that is misinterpreted as psychosis as the false positive error). The results indicated that the risk of psychosis is increased by roughly 40% (pooled adjusted OR: 1.41) in cannabis users. The results were not as impressive for affective disorders. Within the users, a dose-response effect was observed with the risk more than doubled (OR =2.1) in the most frequent users. For cannabis and psychosis, there was evidence of confounding effects, but the associations persisted in almost all studies, even after adjustment for comprehensive lists of variables. The authors concluded that “there is now sufficient evidence to warn young people that using cannabis could increase their risk of developing a psychotic illness later in life” (page 319).

In a meta analysis of peer-reviewed publications in English reporting age at onset of psychotic illness in substance using and non–substance using groups Large et al 38 found an association between cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis (the effect was not seen with alcohol). The authors suggest the need for renewed warnings about the potentially harmful effects of cannabis. Similar findings are reported by other authors. 39

Genetic Moderation of Cannabis Effect on Psychosis

One of the most puzzling aspects of cannabis-associated psychosis is that schizophrenia is not rising in incidence to reflect prevalent cannabis use. The likely answer is that there is variation in individual sensitivity to the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis. In other words, individuals who have a greater biological vulnerability to psychosis are more likely to develop psychotic experiences when exposed to cannabis. As an example, the COMT Val/Val genotype is a risk factor for schizophrenia in the general population 40 presumably by providing a pathological substrate, such as low dopamine in the frontal cortex 40 and high mesolimbic dopamine. 41 Both conditions are believed to contribute to schizophrenia symptoms. Carriers of the COMT Val/Val genotype have low cortical dopamine but do not automatically develop schizophrenia. Rather, this genotype is considered to be a matter of individual variability in the level of cortical dopamine. Hovever, carriers of this genotype, who were also chronic cannabis users as adolescents, have a dramatically (up to 10 times) higher risk of psychosis 42 compared to adult-onset cannabis users with the same genotype. Cannabis use is reported to further decrease cortical 33 and increase mesolimbic dopamine 43 possibly amplifying the preexisting, genetically created dopamine deficit. If occurring during the sensitive developmental period of adolescence, such augmentation may synergistically facilitate the onset of psychosis. Similar interactive synergism was recently described for the AKT1 gene and cannabis. 45

Finally, recent study by Welch et al 44 was the first longitudinal study to demonstrate an association between thalamic volume loss and exposure to cannabis in people currently unaffected by Schizophrenia but with increased risk for the illness due to positive family history. As Welch et al 44 conclude, this finding may be important in understanding the link between cannabis exposure and the subsequent development of Schizophrenia.

Empirical and clinical studies reviewed here clearly demonstrate pathological effects of cannabis smoking on physical and especially mental health as well as its interference with social and occupational functioning. We did not find a single methodologically sound study to suggest that the benefits of smoking cannabis outweigh the associated risks. These negative data far outweigh documented benefits for a limited set of medical indications for which safe and effective alternative treatments are readily available. However, advocacy groups are pursuing legalization or medical use of smoked cannabis, largely ignoring pills containing extracted THC and other cannabinoids. It appears therefore that it is not the benefit of active cannabis ingredients, but the route of administration, a wider set of indications, and the ritual of use that’s being advocated. Based on the empirical and clinical evidence reviewed here, it seems safe to conclude that, if there is any medical role for cannabinoid drugs, it lies with chemically modified extracts, not with unprocessed cannabis plant.

Dragan M. Svrakic, MD, PhD, and Patrick J. Lustman, PhD, practice at the Washington University School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center in St. Louis. Ashok Mallya, MD, Taylor Andrea Lynn, PhD, and Rhonda Finney, RN, practice at the Veterans Administration Medical Center. Neda M. Svrakic, is at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Contact: [email protected]

None reported.

Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Marijuana Legalization — The Pros and Cons of Marijuana Legalization

The Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana

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Published: Oct 17, 2018

Words: 1060 | Pages: 2 | 6 min read

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Introduction, pros and cons of marijuana legalization (essay), conclusion and reflection.

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9 facts about americans and marijuana.

The use and possession of marijuana is illegal under U.S. federal law, but about three-quarters of states have legalized the drug for medical or recreational purposes. The changing legal landscape has coincided with a decades-long rise in public support for legalization, which a majority of Americans now favor.

Here are nine facts about Americans’ views of and experiences with marijuana, based on Pew Research Center surveys and other sources.

As more states legalize marijuana, Pew Research Center looked at Americans’ opinions on legalization and how these views have changed over time.

Data comes from surveys by the Center,  Gallup , and the  2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health  from the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Information about the jurisdictions where marijuana is legal at the state level comes from the  National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws .

More information about the Center surveys cited in the analysis, including the questions asked and their methodologies, can be found at the links in the text.

Around nine-in-ten Americans say marijuana should be legal for medical or recreational use,  according to a January 2024 Pew Research Center survey . An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (88%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical use only (32%) or that it should be legal for medical  and  recreational use (57%). Just 11% say the drug should not be legal in any form. These views have held relatively steady over the past five years.

Views on marijuana legalization differ widely by age, political party, and race and ethnicity, the January survey shows.

While small shares across demographic groups say marijuana should not be legal at all, those least likely to favor it for both medical and recreational use include:

• Older adults: 31% of adults ages 75 and older support marijuana legalization for medical and recreational purposes, compared with half of those ages 65 to 74, the next youngest age category. By contrast, 71% of adults under 30 support legalization for both uses.
• Republicans and GOP-leaning independents: 42% of Republicans favor legalizing marijuana for both uses, compared with 72% of Democrats and Democratic leaners. Ideological differences exist as well: Within both parties, those who are more conservative are less likely to support legalization.
• Hispanic and Asian Americans: 45% in each group support legalizing the drug for medical and recreational use. Larger shares of Black (65%) and White (59%) adults hold this view.

Support for marijuana legalization has increased dramatically over the last two decades. In addition to asking specifically about medical and recreational use of the drug, both the Center and Gallup have asked Americans about legalizing marijuana use in a general way. Gallup asked this question most recently, in 2023. That year, 70% of adults expressed support for legalization, more than double the share who said they favored it in 2000.

Half of U.S. adults (50.3%) say they have ever used marijuana, according to the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health . That is a smaller share than the 84.1% who say they have ever consumed alcohol and the 64.8% who have ever used tobacco products or vaped nicotine.

While many Americans say they have used marijuana in their lifetime, far fewer are current users, according to the same survey. In 2022, 23.0% of adults said they had used the drug in the past year, while 15.9% said they had used it in the past month.

While many Americans say legalizing recreational marijuana has economic and criminal justice benefits, views on these and other impacts vary, the Center’s January survey shows.

• Economic benefits: About half of adults (52%) say that legalizing recreational marijuana is good for local economies, while 17% say it is bad. Another 29% say it has no impact.

• Criminal justice system fairness: 42% of Americans say legalizing marijuana for recreational use makes the criminal justice system fairer, compared with 18% who say it makes the system less fair. About four-in-ten (38%) say it has no impact.
• Use of other drugs: 27% say this policy decreases the use of other drugs like heroin, fentanyl and cocaine, and 29% say it increases it. But the largest share (42%) say it has no effect on other drug use.
• Community safety: 21% say recreational legalization makes communities safer and 34% say it makes them less safe. Another 44% say it doesn’t impact safety.

Democrats and adults under 50 are more likely than Republicans and those in older age groups to say legalizing marijuana has positive impacts in each of these areas.

Most Americans support easing penalties for people with marijuana convictions, an October 2021 Center survey found . Two-thirds of adults say they favor releasing people from prison who are being held for marijuana-related offenses only, including 41% who strongly favor this. And 61% support removing or expunging marijuana-related offenses from people’s criminal records.

Younger adults, Democrats and Black Americans are especially likely to support these changes. For instance, 74% of Black adults  favor releasing people from prison  who are being held only for marijuana-related offenses, and just as many favor removing or expunging marijuana-related offenses from criminal records.

Twenty-four states and the District of Columbia have legalized small amounts of marijuana for both medical and recreational use as of March 2024,  according to the  National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws  (NORML), an advocacy group that tracks state-level legislation on the issue. Another 14 states have legalized the drug for medical use only.

Of the remaining 12 states, all allow limited access to products such as CBD oil that contain little to no THC – the main psychoactive substance in cannabis. And 26 states overall have at least partially  decriminalized recreational marijuana use , as has the District of Columbia.

In addition to 24 states and D.C.,  the U.S. Virgin Islands ,  Guam  and  the Northern Mariana Islands  have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use.

More than half of Americans (54%) live in a state where both recreational and medical marijuana are legal, and 74% live in a state where it’s legal either for both purposes or medical use only, according to a February Center analysis of data from the Census Bureau and other outside sources. This analysis looked at state-level legislation in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

In 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to pass legislation legalizing recreational marijuana.

About eight-in-ten Americans (79%) live in a county with at least one cannabis dispensary, according to the February analysis. There are nearly 15,000 marijuana dispensaries nationwide, and 76% are in states (including D.C.) where recreational use is legal. Another 23% are in medical marijuana-only states, and 1% are in states that have made legal allowances for low-percentage THC or CBD-only products.

The states with the largest number of dispensaries include California, Oklahoma, Florida, Colorado and Michigan.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published April 26, 2021, and updated April 13, 2023.  

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Americans overwhelmingly say marijuana should be legal for medical or recreational use

Religious americans are less likely to endorse legal marijuana for recreational use, four-in-ten u.s. drug arrests in 2018 were for marijuana offenses – mostly possession, two-thirds of americans support marijuana legalization, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

Pros and Cons of Abortion in the United States

This essay about abortion in the United States provides a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted arguments surrounding this contentious issue. It discusses the pros and cons, including considerations of autonomy, health, societal impacts, and ethical concerns. The text highlights the complexities of moral, ethical, and societal factors involved, emphasizing the need for empathy, understanding, and respectful dialogue among advocates and opponents.

How it works

Abortion in the United States stands as a poignant reflection of the nation’s diversity, sparking impassioned discussions and ideological schisms that underscore the intricate layers of personal choice, morality, and governance. Within this intricate tapestry of contention, proponents and detractors of abortion rights present multifaceted arguments that delve into the nuanced pros and cons of this deeply divisive issue.

Embracing Autonomy: Advocates of abortion rights passionately defend bodily autonomy, championing individuals’ rights to make decisions concerning their own bodies without external coercion or interference.

This foundational principle underscores the importance of respecting each person’s agency and self-determination in matters of reproductive health and family planning.

Protecting Health and Safety: The legalization of abortion has been pivotal in safeguarding the health and well-being of those seeking reproductive healthcare. By providing access to safe and regulated procedures, legal abortion mitigates the risks associated with unsafe practices, thus reducing maternal morbidity and mortality rates and ensuring individuals receive necessary medical care under proper supervision.

Mitigating Unwanted Pregnancies: Abortion access offers individuals facing unwanted or unviable pregnancies the opportunity to make informed and autonomous choices about their reproductive futures. This option alleviates the physical, emotional, and socioeconomic burdens associated with unintended pregnancies, empowering individuals to navigate their unique circumstances with dignity and agency.

Promoting Population Control and Socioeconomic Equity: Advocates argue that access to abortion contributes to population control efforts and socioeconomic stability by allowing individuals to plan and space their pregnancies according to their personal circumstances and resources. By empowering individuals to make choices aligned with their reproductive goals, abortion access may help alleviate poverty and reduce strain on social services.

Affirming Women’s Rights and Dignity: Legal abortion affirms women’s fundamental rights to bodily integrity, self-determination, and equal participation in society. Upholding access to safe and legal abortion acknowledges and respects women as autonomous agents capable of making complex decisions about their own lives and futures, thereby advancing gender equality and human dignity.

Ethical and Moral Considerations: Opponents of abortion frame the issue within a moral and ethical framework that prioritizes the sanctity of human life from the moment of conception. From this standpoint, abortion is perceived as a grave moral wrong, tantamount to the taking of an innocent human life, and is therefore deemed unacceptable under any circumstances.

Psychological and Emotional Impact: Critics highlight the potential psychological and emotional consequences for individuals who undergo the procedure, including feelings of guilt, grief, and regret. They argue that abortion can have profound and lasting effects on mental health, emphasizing the need for compassionate alternatives and comprehensive support services for individuals facing unintended pregnancies.

Exploring Alternatives: Opponents advocate for the exploration of alternatives to abortion, such as adoption and comprehensive support services for pregnant individuals. By providing resources and assistance to those facing unplanned pregnancies, society can uphold the value of human life while respecting the autonomy and dignity of all individuals involved.

Concerns about Exploitation and Abuse: Some express concerns about the potential for exploitation and abuse of abortion rights, particularly in cases where abortion is used as a form of birth control or gender selection. Critics argue that unrestricted access to abortion may devalue the sanctity of human life and undermine societal norms and values.

Impact on Societal Values and Cohesion: Critics caution against the societal implications of widespread acceptance of abortion, raising concerns about its potential to erode moral values, family structures, and social cohesion. They argue that the normalization of abortion may contribute to a culture of individualism and irresponsibility, ultimately undermining the fabric of society.

Conclusion:

The discourse surrounding abortion in the United States epitomizes the complexities of moral, ethical, and societal considerations inherent in reproductive rights. As advocates and opponents grapple with conflicting values and beliefs, it is evident that the issue transcends legal and political frameworks, touching upon fundamental questions of human dignity, autonomy, and community. Navigating this intricate landscape necessitates empathy, understanding, and a commitment to dialogue that honors the diverse perspectives and experiences of all individuals involved.

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Pros And Cons Of Abortion In The United States. (2024, Apr 07). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/pros-and-cons-of-abortion-in-the-united-states/

"Pros And Cons Of Abortion In The United States." PapersOwl.com , 7 Apr 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/pros-and-cons-of-abortion-in-the-united-states/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Pros And Cons Of Abortion In The United States . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/pros-and-cons-of-abortion-in-the-united-states/ [Accessed: 11 Apr. 2024]

"Pros And Cons Of Abortion In The United States." PapersOwl.com, Apr 07, 2024. Accessed April 11, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/pros-and-cons-of-abortion-in-the-united-states/

"Pros And Cons Of Abortion In The United States," PapersOwl.com , 07-Apr-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/pros-and-cons-of-abortion-in-the-united-states/. [Accessed: 11-Apr-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Pros And Cons Of Abortion In The United States . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/pros-and-cons-of-abortion-in-the-united-states/ [Accessed: 11-Apr-2024]

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