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The Perfect Crime

Individuals who wish to propose films for review in the Journal should communicate with Thomas Doherty, American Studies Department, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454-9110; [email protected] .

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Stephen J. Whitfield, The Perfect Crime, Journal of American History , Volume 104, Issue 3, December 2017, Pages 823–825, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax412

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The twentieth century was scarred by so many atrocities designated as “the crime of the century” that it may be somewhat capricious to single out a 1924 event in Chicago: the kidnapping and murder of fourteen-year-old Robert “Bobby” Franks. Nevertheless, two features of this crime make it distinctive. First, Nathan Leopold Jr. and Richard Loeb, who were ultimately tried and convicted of the murder, lacked a discernible motive. They were not animated by greed—their families were fabulously wealthy—nor did they detest their victim, a child chosen at random. Bobby Franks was, in fact, Loeb's second cousin, and the two had played tennis together the day before the abduction and slaying. Thus, the perpetrators exemplified Samuel Taylor Coleridge's portrayal of Iago—“motiveless malignity” (Ernest Rhys, ed. Coleridge's Lectures on Shakespeare and Other Poets and Dramatists , 1907, p. 388). The second distinction of this crime is the abstractness of this atrocity. For six months Leopold and Loeb schemed to commit a perfect crime, cunningly devised to elude capture and as a way to enact their reading of advanced thought. After a series of petty thefts, arson, and vandalism, Loeb managed to persuade Leopold that the defiance of conventional morality should include repudiation of “thou shalt not kill”; and Leopold assured Loeb that justification could be found in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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A literature review on police patrolling problems

• S.I.: CLAIO 2018
• Published: 26 June 2021
• Volume 316 , pages 1063–1106, ( 2022 )

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• Sukanya Samanta 1 ,
• Goutam Sen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2290-9114 2 &
• Soumya Kanti Ghosh 3  

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A Correction to this article was published on 08 July 2021

This article has been updated

Police patrol is an effective crime prevention tool and boosts public confidence in urban security. Many interesting decision making problems appear in route design, resource allocation and jurisdiction planning. Many cities across the world have adopted a structured and intelligent method of police patrol due to the presence of a variety of operational and resource constraints. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in this domain, especially from the practice of operations research (OR) point of view. This is the first-of-its-kind review on police patrol presenting a classification scheme based on the type of problem, objective and modelling approach. In this novel scheme, one can track any paper almost readily to find the specific contribution. The applicability of OR in this domain is set to grow significantly as the governments formulate policies related to smart city planning and urban security. This study reveals many practical challenges in police patrolling for future research.

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Change history, 08 july 2021.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04196-9

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The funding was provided by Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology (Grand No. SRG/2020/001887).

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Sukanya Samanta

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Samanta, S., Sen, G. & Ghosh, S.K. A literature review on police patrolling problems. Ann Oper Res 316 , 1063–1106 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04167-0

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Received : 01 June 2019

Accepted : 14 June 2021

Published : 26 June 2021

Issue Date : September 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04167-0

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A Tireless Actress, Back at the Scene of the ‘Crime’

Before the pandemic, Catherine Russell had missed only four performances of an Off Broadway perennial since 1987. She was onstage for its reopening.

By Darryn King

On Sunday, before a small, masked, spaced-apart audience at the Theater Center, the most persistent show in New York made a return after what might be described as — in the scheme of things — a brief intermission.

Warren Manzi’s “Perfect Crime” opened on April 18, 1987, and stubbornly stayed put. The unflashy murder mystery has remained more or less the same as everything changed around it. It took a pandemic to shut the show down for 13 months.

Until then, Catherine Russell, now 65, had missed only four performances in the lead role of a possibly murderous psychiatrist. She is also the general manager of the Theater Center, which is also the venue for “The Office: A Musical Parody.” That show is running again, too; Russell hands out tickets at its box office.

“Perfect Crime” was the first Off Broadway show with a live audience to open with approval from Actors’ Equity. New York Mayor Bill de Blasio spoke before Sunday’s show, telling theatergoers, “The show must go on.” Russell has been outspoken in her belief that the show might have gone on much sooner.

After her 13,524th curtain call, Russell selected a familiar spot in her book-lined office onstage to talk about 34 years of “Perfect Crime.” These are edited excerpts from the conversation.

Congratulations on reopening. How does it feel to be back?

It’s wonderful being onstage in a room full of people. I value that so much, and this is what I always wanted to do. I’m selling the tickets before the show to the other show. I get offstage, and I go downstairs and take the garbage out of the dressing rooms on the third floor. Occasionally I plunge a toilet. I love every part of it.

I’m a person who likes stability who chose a field that wasn’t very stable. But I’ve been able to have a fairly stable life in the theater.

What was it like to suddenly lose that stability last year?

I was fine! I missed being onstage, but it was fine not doing it. I didn’t dream about it.

You weren’t itching to do a version on Zoom.

Oh God no. I went to the theater every day to work. It’s a few blocks from my apartment.

If I were not near a theater, I think I would have missed it. But I was still here, in my home away from home, teaching acting privately, and working toward reopening. We found extra unused paint and repainted walls unusual colors, fixed seats, Marie Kondo-ed the backstage areas.

I did a lot of research on how to make it safe, and spent a lot of time trying to figure out how, not just for me to get back onstage, but for theaters to open again in New York. We have our Atmos air scrubbers over there. It’s very safe here.

You also organized a lawsuit against the city and state, pushing for reopening?

I felt really strongly that everything needed to be closed down and I was fine with that. But then things started reopening. Restaurants were open, gyms were open. Bowling alleys is what pushed me over the edge. I have nothing against bowling, but if you put your fingers in these holes and wear rented shoes, why can’t you go to the theater? It was nothing malicious, but theater fell through the cracks.

The suit is still going on. We’re pushing for 50 percent capacity. I think we will prevail.

Mr. de Blasio was here tonight. Did you bring this up with him?

No. I don’t know if he knows that I’m suing him. I’m grateful that he and [Gov. Andrew] Cuomo let us open. But I’d like to be more open.

I’m also raising money to convert a garage down the street into a five-theater complex. We need more Off Broadway theaters, especially now after Covid. Smaller theaters are going to be more practical — it’s a lot easier to raise money for an Off Broadway show than a Broadway show. And I really think we need more midtown theaters that are clean and safe, and Covid-safe, that people feel comfortable going to. I built this place 15 years ago. I didn’t know what the hell I was doing. So I kind of want to take what I learned here and apply it.

You must have missed interacting with audiences.

In normal times, I love talking to people after the show and hearing what they thought about it. Occasionally someone will wait for me afterward and say: “You know what? I’m a librarian and I’ve never missed a day of work.” That sort of mentality, showing up to work every day, strikes a chord in many people. They admire that.

There are no times when your heart’s not in it?

People sometimes come thinking, She’s going to be phoning it in. And I’m kind of like, Screw you! You can think I’m stupid or something for doing it, but I am not phoning it in. I’ve done it when I didn’t feel well, I was really tired, when I was grieving horribly. But honestly, if I thought that I was phoning it in, I would say it’s time to go.

Do you feel you’ve missed out on anything because of your commitment to the show? There must have been a few refused dinner invitations over the years.

I was actually engaged to somebody else when I first started doing “Perfect Crime.” He said it ruined his life. He did not want to be married to somebody who would be onstage eight times a week. Though I didn’t know the play was going to run this long … obviously.

But I was blessed to eventually be married to somebody who understood it. We got married at City Hall at 11 o’clock and had lunch at The Palm. Then I went back to work and he took a nap, and we were both really happy.

I notice there’s a prop book of the complete works of William Shakespeare there. Do you ever fantasize about doing another play eight times a week?

I’m happy in this play. She’s a really complicated character, and it’s fun to find different aspects of this character as I’ve gotten older. I haven’t gotten bored doing it.

One good thing about doing a play like this, it lets out whatever you’ve been feeling during the day. I can cry onstage, pick myself up, walk off the stage, and whatever I’ve been feeling is gone. Do you know what I mean? I don’t want to say it cleanses the soul. That sounds pretentious. But it’s a good way to use all the stuff that’s happened to you in your life.

Does the character feel different to you today?

I think that my performance is a little different after the year that we’ve had. At the end of the play, I used to fall apart more. But she pulls herself together. She’s a little steelier, a little stronger.

An earlier version of this article gave an incorrect date for the first performance of the play "Perfect Crime." It was April 18, 1987, not April 14. The article also incorrectly identified Catherine Russell's involvement in the show. Besides acting, she is also the general manager of the Theater Center, where it is playing. She does not own the building.

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