hook for american revolution essay

American Revolution Essay – Example & 153 Topics

The American Revolution was a pivotal event that shaped the course of history. Delving into its intricacies, you can open up a world of fascinating controversies. We offer a collection of the best American Revolution essay topics to hook your curiosity and critical thinking. Don’t miss an example of the American Revolution essay we’ve prepared for you!

⚔️ TOP 7 American Revolution Essay Topics

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• The American Revolution and the Russian Revolution
• The Causes of the American Civil War
• Was the American Civil War Inevitable?
• The War of 1812 as the Conclusion of the American Revolution
• Economic Inequality as the Key Reason for the American Civil War
• American Revolution in Jonathan Boucher’s View
• Conflict Theory Applied to the American Civil War
• The American Civil War: Effects and Consequences The American Civil War resulted in consequences as well as effects which are experienced by the American citizens presently.
• American Civil War and Its Complexities The Civil War remains the bloodiest in the history of the US. The losses of the northerners amounted to almost 360 thousand people killed and more than 275 thousand wounded.
• Battle of the Bull Run in American Civil War The first biggest land clash in the history of the American Civil War is the battle of the Bull Run also popularly known as the First Manassas.
• Patriots and the American Revolution Most challenges in the USA were encountered in the 18th century when the national struggle for independence and freedom from European colonial rule.
• Abigail Adams and Her Impact on the American Revolution Abigail Adams is an excellent example of a woman who uses her status to improve social problems, she also was a woman who has been both mother and wife to two U.S. presidents.
• New Technologies in the American Civil War This essay argues that innovative technologies had a substantial impact on the American Civil War, affecting military conduct and helping the North win.
• The Effect of Mercantilism on the American Revolution American mercantilism was an ineffective trading policy that fueled tension between American colonies and the British government, resulting in the American revolution.
• Women in Nursing During American Civil War Women in Civil War adopted various approaches such as aggressiveness and perseverance to change the common perspective regarding women and the field of nursing.
• American Civil War and Western Expansion The civil war events awakened the US, creating opportunities that enabled Americans to live and explore new prospects resulting in westward expansion and economic growth.
• The Role of the Natives in the American Revolution This essay will provide a short account of the natives in the American Revolution and explain their reasons for siding with either party.
• The South vs. The North in the American Civil War The main aim of this assignment is to present the differences between the two regions and to explain why the American Civil War started in 1861.
• The American Revolution Influence on the World’s Political Course The colonial rule of England was overthrown; an independent, non-monarchical state was formed and further advancement to Western lands was permitted.
• The American Civil War Between North and South The American Civil War is one of the most important events that played a significant role in the creation of the United States.
• American Revolution as the Turning Point in History This work presents an outline and annotated bibliography for an article on the causes, course, and consequences of the American Revolution.
• The American Civil War: Key Information The American Civil War was a battle of interests, way of life between the North and the South where each fought to protect their values, different cultural and social aspects.
• North-South Gap as a Cause of American Civil War This paper discusses how the economic systems of the North and South contribute to a context of modernization that polarizes these societies and cause the American Civil War.
• The American Civil War and National Divisions During 1790-1861, the American Nation experienced significant locational, political, and economic divisions that are analyzed in this paper.
• The Unjust British Rule as a Cause of the American Revolution The British crown neglected the demands and needs of the American people, and the only way to build a great life on the solid of America is through revolution.
• American Civil War: Primary Documents Interpretation The American Civil War remains one of the greatest military conflicts occurring in the U.S., and its implications have been instrumental for human rights and democracy.
• Post-American Revolution Changes Over Time This essay will cover the broad changes in the newly-born state after the American Revolution. The aim is to trace the major political, economic, and social changes.
• The Material and Ideological Gains of the American Revolution and Civil War During a war or a conflict between countries, there is a set goal for why soldiers are sent to battlegrounds and commit to fighting until they get a victory.
• The American Revolution Period (1775-1784) This essay will consider some crucial questions about the essence of the American Revolution between 1775 and 1784.
• The American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence Cultural and geographic separation from Britain was a crucial cause of the American Revolution. The Declaration of Independence is a critical document for the foundation of the US.
• Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes The paper discusses “Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen through British Eyes”. It provides a perspective of the British on the American Revolution.
• Texas in Connection to the American Civil War During the Civil War, even though the war was taking place outside of Texas, people were able to contribute. More precisely, many served in the Union Army.
• The American Revolution: A History Documentary The American Revolution would only burst in 1775, but for more than ten years, the prerequisites for its start would accumulate.
• The American Civil War: Inevitability Reasons The American Civil War between the Northern and Southern states was an inevitable consequence of the growing contradictions between the two social systems within the country.
• The Impact of the American Revolution Empire intrigues, dynasty conflicts, aspiration, money, and American concerns influenced the American Revolution.
• Loyalist Perspective and the American Revolution
• Factors and Key Players in the American Revolution
• The American Revolution and the Development of America’s Individual Culture
• Slavery During the American Revolution
• Did the American Revolution Produce a Christian Nation?
• The American Revolution and Effects on a Socioeconomic Situation
• American Revolution and the American Civil War
• Could the American Revolution Be Avoided?
• Robert Morris and His Influence on American Revolution
• The American Revolution and Black Freedom
• French Revolution More Radical Then the American Revolution
• Reasons for English Colonization and American Revolution
• Political Rhetoric During the American Revolution
• England’s Colonial Policy Brought on the American Revolution
• George Washington and the American Revolution
• How Did the American Revolution Affect Slaves and Women?
• Social Attitudes and the American Revolution
• Significant Leaders During the American Revolution
• American Revolution and Iraq Democratization
• The American Revolution and a Political and Social Partition
• Mercantilism: American Revolution and Colonies
• Preconditions of American Civil War The American Civil War can be considered one of the most important and iconic armed conflicts in the history of the United States.
• The Results of the American Civil War When it comes to the Civil War’s outcomes, these were monumental: the establishment of a stronger federal government, validation of the United States’ single political entity.
• Ethics and Civics of Patriots: The American Revolution During the 18th century, various groups were fighting for their country, which led to changes that greatly influenced Americans’ current state.
• The Early Republic and the American Civil War The United States of America was founded as a republic, defined as a government in which the people hold sovereignty over the government and rule through elected representatives.
• Individual’s Role in the American Revolution The Revolution began as a popular movement that impacted nearly every resident of modern-day American territory.
• Reasons Behind the American Revolution The American revolution had several ideological, social, and economic reasons for its outbreak. In its foundation laid the vision for freedom and equality.
• Patriots in the American Revolution Although patriots played a crucial role in creating the United States of America, the new government did not fully meet their aspirations.
• Could the American Civil War Be Avoided? The American Civil War is well known, primarily because it started because of the institution of slavery. All people in the North and South were influenced by the brutal war.
• Reconstruction After the American Civil War This article gives an elaborate account of reconstruction and the underlying effects of the process in the post-reconstruction era.
• The Culture of Death in the American Civil War The paper discusses the perception of death during the Civil War era. It shows the contrast between people’s opinions about it in the past and the present.
• The American Revolution’s Analysis This paper emphasizes that the American revolution was a true revolution since its goal was to introduce a new approach to government and not just liberation from the king’s rule.
• The Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War The Union army initiated the Atlanta Campaign hoping that with the city’s fall, the Confederates would swiftly end the American Civil War.
• Who Started the American Civil War and Why? The American Civil War was a tragic event that resulted from long-standing indifferences between states in the North and Southern parts of the US.
• The American Revolution: Causal Issues and Results The American Revolution is an event that was born of a chain of causal issues that began with the Seven Years’ War in 1756 and ended in 1763.
• Discussion of the American Civil War The paper discusses the impact of slavery on American culture and politics, emerged issues and problems and to what extend American civil war resolved those problems.
• American Civil War: The New South The New South, as a concept that emerged after the end of the Civil War, promised a significant transformation of the country’s southern regions.
• American Revolution and Independence for Wealthy vs. Poor American Revolution is the key historical event that led to the creation of the USA. In pursuit of freedom, hundreds of people revolted against Britain.
• How Taxation Led to the American Revolution The most significant event that led to the American Revolution was the taxes imposed on Britain’s colonies to cover their after-war debt.
• The American Civil War: Expectations and Outcomes In this essay, the plans, expectations, and outcomes of the American Civil War will be discussed, taking into account both sides of the conflict.
• Chalmers’ Argument on the American Revolution The American Revolution is a contentious issue that resulted in a factional breakup between two groups, Loyalists and Patriots.
• The American Civil War’s Causes and Effects The American Civil War was a unique event that changed the lives of millions of people. It became a disaster and a new birth of the desired freedom.
• The Victory of Union in the American Civil War As this paper demonstrates, Abraham Lincoln applied several policies that ensured that the Union won the civil war against the Confederate states.
• The History of American Revolution An outstanding role in the development of American democracy and constitutionalism was played by the Declaration of Independence of 1776.
• The American Civil War and North-South Conflict The start of the American Civil War can be traced to the inflexible variations between the autonomous anti-slave North states and the enslaved states in the South.
• Runaway Slaves: The Embodiment of the Principles of American Revolution This paper assesses how the actions of the runaway slaves animate the principles of the American Revolution that included resistance, persistence, unity, and self-determination.
• American Civil War and Abraham Lincoln’s Presidency The American Civil War was a watershed instant in the country’s history. Ten thousand battles were fought across the globe between 1861 and 1865.
• Upper and Lower Classes in the American Revolution Social groups, regardless of their similarities in either cultural, ethnic, religious, or economic backgrounds, were often divisive on the topic of the American Revolution.
• Discussion of American Revolution American Revolution in 1775 was the result of prolonged tensions with British Empire that lasted over a decade before ultimately resulting in the revolution.
• Tennessee During the American Revolution Settlers of the Tennessee territory contributed to the independence of the future United States of America. They fought the local Indian tribes and the British soldiers.
• Sectionalism and Road to American Civil War in 1861 The American civil war started due to many differences between the North and the South regarding economic development, social and political opinions.
• The American Revolution as a Historical Event The British approach to managing its colonies is the main reason behind the quest to gain self-rule by most of them.
• Influence of Enlightenment and the Great Awakening on the American Revolution The Revolution depicted a period of political and ideological transformation in North America between 1765 and 1783.
• The American Revolution and its Consequences The American Revolution took place in 1765, and it was necessitated by political, economic, and social developments.
• The Battle for Atlanta in American Civil War On September 2, 1864, Atlanta, also known as the gate to the South, fell. This day has become one of the significant turning points in the history of the Civil War.
• The American Revolution History Three main factors led the American colonies into the American Revolution. The inhabitants of the territories adherent to the given countries were affected in different aspects.
• The Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution The main reason for the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution was the British refusal to recognize the colonists’ right to life, liberty, and property.
• American Revolution and Republic A lot has changed since the American Revolution, and the government is an enormous machine that does not derive its power from the people.
• American Revolution Overview and Analysis The American Revolution is one of the most well-known events in American history. The Boston Massacre was one of the inciting incidents for America gaining its independence.
• French and Indian War and American Revolution French and Indian War, which is also known as the Seven Years’ War, was the last in the colonial confrontation between England and France.
• American Revolution as a Social Process The American Revolution was not only a political process but also a social one because it led to significant and almost immediate changes in the social makeup of the country.
• The American Revolution: History of the United States The American Revolution was one of the most important military conflicts in the history of the United States, establishing the principles of independence from British rule.
• The Causes of Tension Before the American Civil War The Civil War has started as a result of uncompromising differences in the views of the North and the South on the issue of slavery.
• How Constitutional Developments Amounted to American Civil War The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the events that led to the American Revolution of the 1860s.
• The American Revolution: Triggers The American Revolution was primarily triggered and catalyzed by a series of events, which are the Stamp Act, the Boston Massacre, and the Boston Tea Party.
• The American Revolution in the History of the United States The American Revolution is one of the most critical events in the history of the United States that led to the birth of a new nation and shaped the core principles of its citizens.
• The American Revolution: Causes Before speaking about the consequences of the American Revolution, it is crucial to learn what led to the American colonists’ rebellion.
• American Revolution: The Abolitionism Movement The abolitionism movement was a significant event in the history of the state, changing the views and legal treatment of slavery.
• New Deal as the Second American Revolution It would not be an understatement to claim that the Great Depression was one of the darkest hours in American history.
• Opposing the American Revolution The controversy of opinions regarding the American Revolution is due to different priorities and values ​​promoted by the warring parties.
• The History of American Revolution and Revolutionists The revolution war placed ill-equipped, ill-trained American continental and the rag-tag army under the leadership of General Washington against the well-equipped British Army.
• America and Great Britain on American Revolution American Revolution refers to the war that was fought between Great Britain and its colonies between 1775 and 1783.
• American Civil War Aftermath The Civil War appeared to be a sectional War which affected and weakened the position of American nation in general.
• American Civil War Reasons The war between the Confederacy and the Union in 1861 was the consequence of an expansion of slavery, different events, and crises, which helped to intensify sectional animosity.
• The American Civil War: A History of the American Revolution The Southern states believed it is their right to own slaves and declared they do not want part of the Union. The government was forced to go to war to preserve the Union.
• Benedict Arnold as a Controversial Figure in the American Revolution In the article, the author highlights the role of Benedict Arnold in the American Revolution and tries to understand the reasons for his betrayal of the American side.
• The American Revolution: Was it Inevitable? The period of the American Revolution was marked by great transformations in the social and political consciousness of states. It led to the formation of the state and the nation.
• American Civil War and Iraq Invasion Comparison The civil war had the Republican Party has been the dominant party which was mostly dominating this war headed by Abraham Lincoln.
• American Civil War History and Review Between 1861 and 1865 the north and South America states engaged in battle against each other. According to many Americans, the American civil war remains the deadliest in history of America.
• Civil War: The Second American Revolution This essay describes the case of the American Civil War, the heroes created by it, a time of political, social, and economic chaos in a country.
• American Revolution: The Coming of Independence This paper answers questions associated with the history of the United States in the revolution period and the coming of independence.
• American Revolution and Its Justification The American Revolution was triggered by British taxation because the colonists were not willing to pay more for a wide range of products they required daily.
• American Civil War, Its Main Figures and Events Henry Jackson Hunt, the Chief of Artillery during the Civil War helped shape the results of the war. He recorded several success measures.
• The Relationships Between American Revolution and Cultural Diversity In the course of history, the status of women underwent several dramatic changes. The American Revolution gave rise to the debate about the rights of women in the community.
• American Civil War and Its Predetermination To date, the Civil War remains the greatest battle on the U.S. territory and one of the most significant events in the American history.
• American Civil War in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address The American Civil War occurred between 1861 and 1865. Without a doubt, it is one of the darkest political upheavals in the history of the United States.
• American Civil War and North-South Confrontation The paper is to discuss the causes of the conflict between the South and the North of the country, which has evolved into a war and reviews the ramifications of the confrontation
• Radicalism Phenomenon During the American Revolution The main purpose of this article is to shed light on some of the aspects of the Revolution, which is typically viewed as a rebellion of the British colonies in North America.
• American Civil War and Reconstruction Era This paper looks at the different aspects of the Civil War and the Reconstruction era including the major figures, the political, judicial, social, and economic changes.
• The African American Soldiers in the American Revolution The slaves joined the military with a patriotic spirit. This revolutionary army also included free African-Americans who willingly joined the fighting force.
• The Impact of the American Revolution on the French The American colonies were against the British authority over them especially British overseas rule, which denied them any form of representation in the parliament.
• French Intervention in the American Revolution The American Revolution happened between the years 1775 and 1783. The revolution involved the United States, France, the Great Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands.
• Main Historical Events of American Revolution After the conclusion (end) of the Seven Years War in 1763, British, facing no immediate threat from the French turned her interest to the colonies.
• What Were the Key Causes of the American Revolution?
• How Did the French and Indian War Lead to the American Revolution?
• Who Started the American Revolution?
• Did the American Revolution Serve as the Inspiration for the French Revolution?
• Why Did France Support the American Revolution?
• What Are the Top 5 Reasons for the American Revolution?
• How Did Thomas Paine Influence the American Revolution?
• Could the American Revolution Have Been Avoided?
• What Changed After the American Revolution?
• Why Did Nova Scotia Fail to Join the American Revolution?
• How Did the American Revolution Make a Statement?
• What Were Human Rights During the American Revolution?
• How Did the American Revolution Affect Women?
• Was the American Revolution Primarily a Struggle for Power?
• How Has the American Revolution Changed the World?
• What Are the Decisive Events and Arguments That Produced the American Revolution?
• How Did the American Revolution Contribute to the Outbreak of the French Revolution?
• How Did the Seven Years’ War Influence the American Revolution?
• What Battle Began the American Revolution?
• Who Were the Winners and Losers in the American Revolution?
• To What Extent Did the American Revolution Fundamentally Change American Society?
• Why Did the British Lose the American Revolution?
• How Did Slavery Change After the American Revolution?
• Who Was the Main Leader of the American Revolution?
• How Did the Enlightenment Cause the American Revolution?

Below, we’ve composed a short American Revolution Essay example on one of the best titles – ‘Forgotten Heroes: Unsung Figures of the American Revolution.’ Check out this prompt and pay attention to the structure, length of introduction, conclusion, and body paragraphs. Let this essay sample serve as a springboard to explore American history’s complexities and illuminate the profound significance of this pivotal period.

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StudyCorgi. (2022, January 16). American Revolution Essay – Example & 153 Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/american-revolution-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . "American Revolution Essay – Example & 153 Topics." January 16, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/american-revolution-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "American Revolution Essay – Example & 153 Topics." January 16, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/american-revolution-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on American Revolution were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 21, 2024 .

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Education related articles and tips

Hooks for Writing an Essay about The American Revolutionary War

The USA Independence War was a pivotal moment in American history, marking the birth of a new nation and the beginning of a new era. If you’re writing an essay about this important event, there are a variety of hooks you can use to capture your reader’s attention and make your essay stand out. Here are a few ideas:

Explore the Causes:

One effective way to hook readers is to explore the causes of the USA Independence War. You can delve into topics such as the British government’s unfair taxation policies, the colonists’ desire for greater representation in government or the growing tension between Britain and its American colonies. By examining the underlying reasons for the war, you can help readers better understand the significance of the conflict.

Highlight Key Players:

Another approach is to focus on the key players involved in the war. This could include figures such as George Washington , Thomas Jefferson, or John Adams. You might explore their motivations for joining the fight, their roles in the war effort, or their contributions to the new nation that emerged from the conflict. By highlighting the people behind the events, you can help readers connect with the human side of the story.

Discuss the Impact:

The USA Independence War had far-reaching impacts that continue to shape American society today. You could write about the impact of the war on women, African Americans , or Native Americans, for example. You might explore how the war led to new opportunities or freedoms for these groups, or how it perpetuated or reinforced existing inequalities. By exploring the lasting effects of the war, you can help readers understand why it remains such an important event in American history.

Use a Timeline:

A timeline can be a powerful tool for hooking readers and organizing your essay. Consider creating a timeline of the major events of the war , or a timeline that spans the years leading up to the conflict. By providing a visual representation of the events you’re discussing, you can help readers better understand the chronology of the war and its various stages.

Create a Map:

A map can be another effective visual tool for hooking readers and enhancing your essay. Consider creating a map of the colonies during the war, or a map that shows the major battles and military campaigns. By providing a visual representation of the geography of the conflict, you can help readers better understand the strategic importance of certain locations or regions.

Use a statistic:

Statistics can be a compelling way to hook readers and demonstrate the significance of your topic. For example, you might use a statistic to highlight the number of casualties in a particular battle or the economic impact of a war on a nation’s GDP. Use statistics sparingly and make sure they are relevant to your essay’s argument.

Pose a question:

Asking a thought-provoking question can be an effective way to hook readers and encourage them to engage with your essay’s topic. For example, you might ask a question such as “What if the American Revolution was lost by the New American patriots?” or “How did the USA Independence War shape the course of modern history?” Use questions that are relevant to your essay’s argument and that encourage readers to think critically about the topic.

Writing an essay about the USA Independence War can be a challenging but rewarding task. By using a strong hook, you can capture your reader’s attention and set the stage for a compelling and informative essay. Whether you’re exploring the causes of the war, highlighting key players, discussing its impact, using a timeline, or creating a map, there are many effective approaches you can take to make your essay stand out.

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Home — Essay Samples — History — History of the United States — American Revolutionary War

Essays on American Revolutionary War

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Chains Chapter Summary

The major contributions of crispus attucks and peter salem to the liberation and sovereignty of america during the american revolutionary war, american revolutionary war and the changes it caused on political, social and cultural levels, the american revolutionary war: the battles of lexington and concord, let us write you an essay from scratch.

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The Tremendous Battle at Germantown

The effects of the american revolution, smallpox role in the revolutionary war, the goals of the colonists in the revolutionary war, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

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The Second American Revolution: Its Impact and Legacy

The problems the united states had with paying debts after the revolutionary war, the boston siege: american revolution war, the context of the american revolutionary war from a historical perspective, the features that contribute to the unique character of the american revolutionary war, the difference between american and french revolutions, the battle of saratoga, insurgency and asymmetric warfare in the american revolutionary war  , joseph plumb martin and his role in the revolutionary war, war on the colonies: french, indian war and american revolution, what influenced the patriots' win in the revolutionary war, causes of the american revolution: political, economic and ideolodical, an analytical dive into the battle of yorktown, women's participation in the american revolutionary war, revolutionary war geographic advantages, valley forge: a test of resilience.

April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783

Eastern North America, North Atlantic Ocean, the West Indies

Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Monmouth, Battles of Saratoga, Battle of Bemis Heights

United States War of Independence, Revolutionary War

Before the flare-up of the American Revolutionary War, there had been growing tensions and conflicts between the British crown and its thirteen colonies. Attempts by the British government to raise revenue by taxing the colonies met with heated protest among many colonists. The Stamp Act and Townshend Acts provoked colonial opposition and unrest, leading to the 1770 Boston Massacre and 1773 Boston Tea Party.

By June 1776, a growing majority of the colonists had come to favor independence from Britain. On July 4, the Continental Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson.

In March 1776, the British led by General William Howe retreated to Canada to prepare for a major invasion of New York. A large British fleet was sent to New York with the aim to crush the rebellion. Routed by Howe’s Redcoats on Long Island, Washington’s troops were forced to evacuate from New York City. However, the surprise attack in Trenton and the battle near Princeton, New Jersey after that, marked another small victory for the colonials and revived the flagging hopes of the rebels.

British strategy in 1777 involved two main prongs of attack aimed at separating New England from the other colonies. Following the American victory in Battle of Saratoga, France and America signed treaties of alliance on February 6, 1778, in which France provided America with troops and warships.

On September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by Great Britain and by the United States of America, officially ended the American Revolutionary War.

Britain recognized the United States of America as an independent country. The Constitution was written in 1787 to amend the weak Articles of Confederation and it organized the basic political institutions and formed the three branches of government: judicial, executive, and legislative.

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• Essays on the American Revolution

In this Book

• Stephen G. Kurtz
• Published by: The University of North Carolina Press
• Series: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia

Table of Contents

• Title page, Copyright
• pp. vii-viii
• Introduction
• 1. The Central Themes of the American Revolution: An Interpretation
• BERNARD BAILYN
• 2. An Uneasy Connection: An Analysis of the Preconditions of the American Revolution
• JACK P. GREENE
• 3. Violence and the American Revolution
• RICHARD MAXWELL BROWN
• 4. The American Revolution: The Military Conflict Considered as a Revolutionary War
• pp. 121-156
• 5. The Structure of Politics in the Continental Congress
• H. JAMES HENDERSON
• pp. 157-196
• 6. The Role of Religion in the Revolution: Liberty of Conscience and Cultural Cohesion in the New Nation
• WILLIAM G. McLOUGHLIN
• pp. 197-255
• 7. Feudalism, Communalism, and the Yeoman Freeholder: The American Revolution Considered as a Social Accident
• ROWLAND BERTHOFF AND JOHN M. MURRIN
• pp. 256-288
• 8. Conflict and Consensus in the American Revolution
• EDMUND S. MORGAN
• pp. 289-310
• pp. 311-318
• Notes on the Contributors
• pp. 319-320

Additional Information

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American Revolution Summary and Essay Topics

American Revolution Definition & Importance 

If you have been assigned to write an American revolution essay and feel a little overwhelmed by the amount of information available on this subject, you have come to the right place. In this article, we are going to discuss everything from the American revolution date to crucial events necessary for a comprehensive paper.  

For background information, let's clarify when was the American Revolution and move on to discuss the American revolution definition. A colonial revolt happened during the American revolution (note the American Revolution timeline 1775 to 1783 when the war begins). They defeated the mother country in the war with help from France and other countries. As a result, the thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, establishing the United States of America. 

The American Revolution was just as a significant turning point for the entire world as the battle of Hastings 1066 was for England. It marked the end of the European colonial empires in the Americas and the beginning of the United States as a world power. It significantly impacted the world, including the spread of democracy. The Revolution was the culmination of the political American Enlightenment and the American War of Independence.

American Revolution Essay Outline

If you are struggling to figure out the American revolution essay outline and still debating whether to hire a college essay writer or do it on your own, let us offer you a little blueprint on how to write an essay on the American Revolution.

Remember that you are about to discuss a widely known and debated historic event. Your essay should be based on credible information and stick to the point. Start by establishing the historical background with the American Revolution summary, provide the American Revolution timeline and describe the causes of the Revolution. Don't forget to mention the end of the Revolution and its effects on the rest of the world. 

American Revolution Summary

Essentially you are assigned to write about 'how revolutionary was the American revolution?' essay. To achieve the goal, you need to provide an easy-to-digest American revolution map of the essential events that you can turn into a comprehensive American revolution summary. 

Don't freak out because we will show you how simple it is. Here is an outline that you can use to get inspired and start to write an A+ essay on the American Revolution:  

• The American Revolution started with a revolt by North American colonies in 1765 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783
• The American Patriots of the American Colonies wanted to gain independence from the mother country, Great Britain.
• Founding Fathers including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin signed and published the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The document declared the colonies to be independent states and justified the Revolution.
• Major American Revolution battles include the battle of Camden, the battle of Cowpens, the siege of Yorktown, the battles of Saratoga, etc.
• The Patriots won the American Revolutionary War in alliance with the French government.
• The American revolution era ended with the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and of the Bill of Rights in 1791.
• The Revolution marked the end of British rule in the American continent and the beginning of the United States as a political superpower.

American Revolution Timeline 

Your A+ essay about the Revolution will not be complete without the American Revolution timeline. Ensure that your readers clearly understand when the thirteen colonies started the revolt and what major events occurred before the American nation celebrated independence.  

Here you can find the American revolution timeline 1765 to 1783: 

• 1765: The Sugar Act was followed by the Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament, imposing taxes on the colonies.
• 1770: The Boston Massacre occurs, in which British soldiers kill five American colonists.
• 1773: The Tea Act is passed, leading to the Boston Tea Party.
• 1775: The American Revolutionary War begins with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
• 1776: The Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress.
• 1777: The Patriots win a major victory at the Battle of Saratoga, leading France to enter the war on their side.
• 1778: The Patriots win several essential battles of the American Revolution against the British Empire.
• 1783: The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the war and recognizing the United States as a sovereign nation.

Causes of American Revolution 

Your readers must be wondering what caused the American Revolution. In your essay, answer their questions by providing a handful of causes of American Revolution. There has never been a historic event that occurred only for one reason, so include all the various critical factors.

Below you will find the most significant factors that led to the American Revolution war:

• Political : The British government imposed taxes on the colonies without providing any representation for colonial interests. 
• Military : The British army had stationed troops in the colonies, which was seen as a provocative move by the colonists.
• Economic : The British government had also implemented a number of trade regulations that were detrimental to the economic interests of the colonies.
• Social : There were social and cultural differences between the colonies and Great Britain contributed to the growing rift between the two sides.
• Intellectual : The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that emphasized the importance of reason and individual rights, strongly influenced the colonists and shaped their ideas about freedom and self-governance. 

When Did the American Revolution End

Probably the most challenging question you will have to answer is how long did the American Revolution last? Technically the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 finished the American Revolutionary war, but was it the end of the American Revolution era?

To keep your readers engaged, close your essay by making conclusive points about when did the American Revolution end. Below we have listed events that marked the end of the Revolution:

• 1783: The Treaty of Paris was signed, officially ending the war and recognizing the United States as a sovereign nation.
• 1787: The Constitution is written and ratified, establishing the United States government.
• 1789: George Washington is elected as the first President of the United States
• 1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified. 
• 1795: Jay's treaty is signed, which should have fixed the unresolved issues between the States and the British crown.  

American Revolution Essay Topics

Writing about every nuanced detail that occurred during the American Revolution in one paper is next to impossible. Instead, choose a specific theme and tell a story through a certain lens. Your essay on American Revolution will provide a fresh view and be easier to digest.

Next, we will discuss several interesting topics you can turn into a stellar essay, or use as a hook for American Revolution essay.

How Revolutionary Was the American Revolution?

You open your assignment, and it says: 'how revolutionary was the American Revolution 5 paragraph essay', or look at an exam paper, and it asks you to write 'how revolutionary was the American Revolution dbq essay?' – you don't have to worry, because we have you covered. 

Start your American Revolution essay by mentioning that the American Revolution was a highly influential and significant event not just for American history but also for the rest of the world. Don't forget that it marked the first time a colony had successfully revolted against its colonial oppressor and established itself as an independent new nation. 

Tell readers that the ideas and principles that supported the Revolution, such as the right to self-governance and individual rights, were highly innovative. To demonstrate its influence, the American victory encouraged the French Revolution.

How Radical Was the American Revolution? 

The assignment may require you to write 'how radical was the American Revolution essay' instead of 'was the American Revolution revolutionary essay' - we've got you covered, too.

Instead of jumping to conclusions from the very beginning, start answering your American revolution essay questions gradually. But first, make a case for your point of view. Start with stating that by battling against Great Britain, American colonies renovated the political, economic, and social systems of the past. In addition, the ideas behind the Revolution, such as 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,' were radical and significantly impacted the development of modern societies.

Don't forget to also make a case for the opposing view. Even though the Revolution introduced basic human rights to the political realm, it did not affect everyone. How did radical ideas and the American Revolution affect slaves? One might assure that slavery stayed a strong institution for many years after the Revolution. 

Was the American Revolution Virtuous? 

Let's discuss one of the most interesting American Revolution essay topics: 'was the American revolution virtuous?' essay.

Start by stating that many factors should be considered when discussing whether the American Revolution was virtuous. On the one hand, the thirteen colonies fought for democracy and individual rights, which are values that are commonly considered to be virtuous. But on the other hand, they were motivated by a sense of justice, and their fight against British colonies resulted in the decline of European colonial empires. 

On the other hand, while fighting against English colonization, the patriots overlooked the rights of African Americans, Native Americans, and women. In your essay, you should elaborate on how the neglect of minorities might have undermined the virtuous nature of the American Revolution. 

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution

If you are searching for an exciting topic, consider writing the Causes and Effects of the American Revolution essay. You and your readers will take a journey through American history, how the independent nation came into existence and how it affects modern American citizens. 

In your paper, mention that the American Revolutionary war was preceded by the Seven Years War fought by Great Britain, France, Prussia, and Austria over various colonies worldwide, including North America. The global conflict ended with Great Britain emerging as the dominant world power. However, it left British colonists in deep debt and contributed to the tensions that eventually led to the American Revolution. 

The chosen theme allows you to mention the Stamp Act, the British taxation system, and the Enlightenment ideas that set political upheaval in motion. When discussing the effects of the Revolution don't forget to note that the former war colonies put up inspired the French Revolution. The ideas that united the Patriots shaped the world we know now.  

Why Was There an American Revolution? 

Suppose you want to move on from simple questions such as when did the American Revolution start? In that case, you can always answer the more difficult questions in the 'why was there an American Revolution essay.'

To answer the question of why the American Revolution happened:

• Make sure your audience sees a clear connection between American history and the rest of the world.
• Explain how the Seven Years War and the French and Indian War over colonial territories affected the American colonies.
• Indicate the link between British policies and the intolerable acts that led to the Revolutionary War. 

In addition, note the role of revolutionary minds such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Samuel Adams in creating the spirit of the Revolution. Finally, don't forget the contributions of people like Benedict Arnold, who led the American continental army.  

Was the American Revolution Justified? 

'Was the American Revolution justified?' essay will cover more challenging topics about the Revolution. If you don't have time to write a paper, you can buy an essay online or use our outline to create a comprehensive report. 

As the justification of the American Revolution is up to interpretation and can be controversial, you should provide arguments for all sides. Explain that the Patriots who fought the British colonists did it for the sake of freedom and justice. The Boston Tea Party served a noble purpose. The Declaration of Independence shows the values the Founding Fathers tried to build the new nation on. 

However, the American national government turned a blind eye to African Americans and other minorities. In addition, while bringing freedom, the Revolution was a violent event that caused a lot of suffering. Therefore, when writing an essay about the justification of the Revolution take all of this into consideration.  

Additional Facts about the American Revolution 

In search of the most suitable theme for your American Revolution essay, you will come across many well-known American historical events. Let's talk about a few interesting and less-known facts about the history of the American Revolution.

Sons of the American Revolution

The Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) was founded in 1889 and is a hereditary society that promotes the principles of the American Revolution and honors the people who fought in the American Revolution War.

To be eligible for membership, an individual must be a direct descendant of a person who served in the Revolutionary War or provided support for the cause of independence. The SAR has a membership of over 30,000 and has headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky. The organization supports educational programs, patriotic events, and historical research. The SAR also awards scholarships and grants to support the study of American history and the ideals of the Revolution. 

Daughters of the American Revolution 

Whether you are writing an essay on the American Revolution or competing in the Daughters of the American Revolution essay contest, the information below will help you write a more comprehensive paper. 

Just like SAR, Daughters of the American Revolution is a hereditary society uniting the women who are direct heirs of people who fought during the Revolutionary War, signed the United States Declaration of Independence, served as civil servants of State governments or continental congress, or provided other support during the Revolutionary War. 

Founded in 1890, the DAR has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and unites over 185,000 members. DAR volunteers to help U.S. veterans and America's service personnel. The organization also awards scholarships and grants to students interested in studying American history.  

American Revolution Museum at Yorktown 

The American Revolution Museum at Yorktown, Virginia, is a valuable site for those interested in learning more about what the American Revolution refers to. It is located on the site of the decisive Battle of Yorktown, fought in 1781 by the combined army of Americans and French led by General Washington. The museum is dedicated to preserving the history of the American Revolutionary War. 

The museum shows a number of items from the Revolutionary War, many exhibits that explore the causes of the Revolution, and the experiences of the people who lived through it. You can also find a re-creation of the Continental Army encampment where visitors can learn about the daily lives of the soldiers. In addition, you can enjoy a film that tells a story of the events of the Revolution.  

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If the American Revolution essay example is not enough and you need a little more help, we've got you.  

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The American Revolutionary War, Essay Example

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The American Revolutionary War, also referred to as the American War of Independence, was commenced by the thirteen American protectorates’ delegates in opposition to Great Britain. The thirteen colonies objected to the congress’s taxation guidelines and the absence of colonial representatives. The conflicts between expatriate militiamen and British multitudes started in April 1775 in Lexington. Before beginning the preceding summer, the protesters had instigated an all-out war to gain their liberation. The French offered their support to the Continental militia and compelled the British to capitulate in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia. Although the Americans successfully achieved their liberation, the War did not officially conclude till 1783. The War was deemed an internal battle within the Great Britain Empire until 1778, after which it advanced to a global war and involved other nations[1]. The initial objective of the American colonists was to gain control of their affairs, particularly tax regulations. The Britain Empire had the most control over the thirteen colonies’ affairs until 1776 when the American colonies attained independence[2]. However, the War lasted until 1783 and turned out with British multitudes losing influence on the colonies due to their incompetence. This paper looks at the reasons as to why the American War of Independence turned out the way it did.

The American colonies believed that the British administration’s role was to safeguard their liberties and freedoms. However, after the Indian and French War, the colonists began experiencing several occasions of violation of their sovereignty and privileges by the British government. The lack of colonist representatives within the parliament made them believe that they were not eligible for taxation. This was because British citizens were granted the liberty to choose their parliamentary representatives who had the power to vote on suggested taxes. The revolution’s progression resulted in a government’s formation by the Americans founded on the Confederation Articles’ provisions, which received ratification in 1781. The formulated government provided for individual states’ creation since most Americans did not believe in a robust centralized authority as they were fighting for liberation from Great Britain. The notion established by this provision was to retain power and prevent their subjection to effective controls separate from their states. However, this governmental regime proved to be incompetent and resulted in the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in Philadelphia.

During the onset of the War, the British had more militiamen in their troops. The armed forces’ growth was slow initially. After the Prime Minister, Lord North, received information on French troops’ augmentation, more individuals were recruited and added to existing units. However, the effort made by the British military changed drastically after the French involvement in the War[3]. A common belief on why Britain lost to the American colonies is due to their overconfidence and arrogance. However, the British army knew how tough it would be to conquer the rebellion. They had no particular hope of overcoming America due to the territory’s largeness and the meager nature of attainable resources. Given this, they established a tactic that they anticipated would produce disproportionate outcomes due to diligent efforts. This plan was referred to as the Hudson strategy since it integrated activities across the Hudson River, which runs up to Canada from New York. The British army anticipated to separate New England rebels from the southern and Middle colonies that were moderate. Britain was of the view that such isolation would strangle the American rebels’ right to submission[4]. The main setback was the poor execution of the plan and not the strategy itself. The outstanding leadership skills portrayed by George Washington and the British leader’s strategic errors promoted the conquest of the American colonies.

The British tactic aimed at destroying the Northern rebellion, and they came close to defeating the Continental militiamen several times. However, the triumphs at Princeton and Trenton in 1776 and the beginning of 1777 reestablished patriotic expectations. Further, the Saratoga triumph, which stopped the British from advancing from Canada, resulted in a French intervention in the colonies’ support[5]. The beginning of the War saw the absence of an expert army for the American colonies. The militiamen were casually armed, underwent slight training, and lacked uniforms. The militia units occasionally served and did not go through adequate training nor learn the discipline expected from skilled soldiers. Furthermore, native militias were hesitant to leave their homes, thus making them unreachable for comprehensive operations. The continental army endured drastically due to the absence of efficient training schedules and inexperienced sergeants and officers.

The British army had successfully operated in America before the Revolutionary War. It was tempting for the British to assume that similar logistics would apply during the American Revolution. There were differences in the British structure of logistical management[6]. The logistics during the eighteenth century were accountable to several executive sectors, including the Navy Board, the War Office, and the Board of Ordnance. However, the most considerable portion of accountability rested on the treasury. The revolution onset collapsed this system drastically. An example of patriotic boards’ action was cutting off the provisions intended for the Boston army. This significantly impacted their involvement in the War. The situation made it necessary for the British military to seek Europe’s assistance since preserving massive armed forces over great distances was largely difficult. It would take three months for ships to convey across the Atlantic Ocean; thus, briefings emanating from London were mostly nonoperational when they arrived. Before the War, American colonies were autonomous political and socio-economic entities and lacked a distinct region of definitive strategic significance. This illustrates that a city’s collapse in America did not stop wars all the more so after the forfeiture of main commune areas such as New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia.

The British influence relied on the Noble Navy, whose supremacy allowed for their resupply of expeditionary powers while averting admittance to adversary ports. However, most of the American populace was agricultural, received France’s support, and barricade runners grounded within the Dutch Caribbean, hence protecting their economy. The American colonies’ terrestrial extent and inadequate human resources indicated the British incompetence to concurrently carry out military processes and inhabit the region while lacking local maintenance. The campaign held in 1775 portrayed how Britain overrated their troops’ capabilities and undervalued the colonial militiamen, making it necessary to reassess their strategies and tactics. However, it guaranteed the Patriots an opportunity to undertake resourcefulness, which led to the rapid loss of British influence over most colonies.

Several intercontinental contexts of the American Revolution contributed to its outcomes. The first context was Britain’s political agenda[7]. The British avoided the intervention of foreign states during the War since it would lower their chances of conquering the battle. They isolated themselves from other allies since they could not afford to reimburse them[8]. Additionally, Britain was becoming extremely powerful and failed to locate partners who would threaten the Spanish or French Home Front. The second aspect was France’s plan to reduce British influence and avenge them. The French also offered their support to the American colonies in numerous ways. They provided material backing in May 1776, established a treaty of Commerce and Amity in February 1778, which resulted in recognition and trade, and formed an alliance treaty in 1778 for a military agreement[9]. There was martial intervention between the French and American colonies. The third international aspect of the War was Spain’s plan, which integrated numerous tactics. Their main objectives were to bring back Gibraltar and lower British influence and authority. Spain formed a military intervention in 1779 and joined the War, not as America’s allies, but France’s supporters.

The fourth aspect was the circumstances in Holland. The Anglo-Dutch associations turned sour as the Dutch were not in support of Britain due to their trade relations with France and America. This resulted in War raging between Britain and Holland. The British anticipated doing away with Holland’s support to the French and the rebels, which was unsuccessful[10]. The enlightenment notions also promoted the turn of events during the War. The enlightenment was a scientific and cultural movement initiated in Europe that emphasized aspects of rationality and reason over misconception. Thomas Hobbes, an English theorist, developed the social contract idea. Additionally, John Locke, another theorist, established that individuals have the liberty to the preservation of life, property, and other additional attributes from the governing administration. These notions influenced the American Revolution’s outcomes as the colonists were dedicated to achieving the right to liberty, life, and the search for contentment.

The primary revolution outcome was the liberty of the thirteen once British protectorates in North America. Additionally, the revolution served as a philosophical refinement of monarchists in the thirteen former British protectorates. Most of these royalists were forced to move to Canada after the War, and among them were several slaves who fought as British allies in the War. The Revolutionary War had several consequences, including the death of approximately 7,200 Americans due to the War. An additional 10,000 succumbed to disease and similar exposure while roughly 8,500 perished in the British jails[11]. Another consequence was the escape of some slaves in Georgia and South Carolina. The nations also implemented transcribed constitutions that ensured religious liberty, heightened the powers and form of the legislature, transformed inheritance regulations, and advanced the tax system.

[1] Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J Albert. 1981. “France and the American Revolution Seen as Tragedy”. In Diplomacy And Revolution , 73-105. Charlottesville: Published for the United States Capitol Historical Society by the University Press of Virginia.

[2] Spring, Matthew H. 2014. “The Army’s Task”. In With Zeal And With Bayonets Only, 3-23. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

[3] Resch, John, and Walter Sargent. 2007. “Incompatible Allies”. In  War & Society In The American Revolution , 191-214. Northern Illinois University Press.

[4] Moyer, Paul, History 309. “The International Dimensions Of The Revolutionary War”. Presentation.

[5] Resch, John, and Walter Sargent. 2007. “Incompatible Allies”. In  War & Society In The American Revolution , 191-214. Northern Illinois University Press.

[6] Bowler, Arthur. n.d. “Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution”. In Logistics And The Failure Of The British Army In America, 1775-1783, 55-71.

[7] Moyer, Paul, History 309. “The International Dimensions Of The Revolutionary War”. Presentation.

[8] Resch, John, and Walter Sargent. 2007. “Incompatible Allies”. In  War & Society In The American Revolution , 191-214. Northern Illinois University Press.

[9] Tiedemann, Joseph S, Eugene R Fingerhut, and Robert W Venables. 2009. “Loyalty is Now Bleeding in New Jersey, Motivations and Mentalities of the Disaffected”. In The Other Loyalists , 45-77. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

[10] Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J Albert. 1981. “France and the American Revolution Seen as Tragedy”. In Diplomacy And Revolution , 73-105. Charlottesville: Published for the United States Capitol Historical Society by the University Press of Virginia.

[11] Spring, Matthew H. 2014. “The Army’s Task”. In With Zeal And With Bayonets Only, 3-23. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

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Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? Argumentative Essay

Introduction, works cited.

The role of the American Revolution in history seems to be great indeed: in spite of the fact that some historians define it as a successful American attempt to reject the ideas set by the British government, this event has much more significant aspects and impacts on human lives.

By its nature, a revolution is an effort to change something in order to improve the conditions under which people have to live; it is a change from one constitution to another; it is a beginning of the way that should considerably improve everything. In fact, such definitions are close to those offered by Gordon Wood and Howard Zinn.

These writers made effective attempts to define the nature of the American Revolution as well as to help the reader build a personal opinion.

The nature of the American Revolution is considered to be better understandable relying on the ideas offered by Wood because one of the main purposes which should be achieved are connected with an idea of radical ideological change so strongly supported by Wood:

The Americans did not want to follow the rules dictated by the British people but to create their own constitution and live in accordance with their own demands; and Zinn’s approach based on the material needs is poorer as the results of the American Revolution did not prevent the development of poverty but spread it on the American citizens only regarding British interruptions.

To understand whether the American Revolution was really revolutionary, it is necessary to comprehend the essence of each word in this phrase. The idea of revolution is certainly based on some changes to be achieved. The main goal of the Americans was to gain independence from the British Empire and to become a powerful country in the world.

The results of this revolution were all about American independence and the improvements of living conditions for American people, in other words, it was obligatory to decrease the poverty rates. However, the methods and purposes set during the revolution deserve more attention to be paid. There was a necessity to compare the American and British styles of life (Wood).

Americans were eager to defend their rights as well as to prove their liberty out of the British Empire. What they achieved was the possibilities to develop manufacturing, to establish their own government, to expand any kind of religion, and to vote relying on their own interests.

Wood and Zinn evaluate these achievements from different perspectives: Wood’s ideas seem to be more radical, and Zinn’s ideas are regarded as conservative ones to protect wealth of the country.

As it has been mentioned above, Wood’s approach is based on the radical ideas according to which a revolution presupposes an idea of an ideological shift under which human rights may be recovered and salvation of liberty will be achieved.

He tries to explain that changes which have been achieved influenced considerably the relations between Americans as well as between family members and even between the governmental representatives (Wood).

Zinn, in his turn, focuses on the material backgrounds which are inherent to people: as there is a considerable extent of rich and poor people, supporters of the revolution should get the right to have the same opportunities and develop their knowledge.

The main achievements of Americans were based on the creation of the Constitution under the conditions of which people should be divided again into the representative of the elite and those members of the middle class. The point is that Zinn is more attentive to the examples from the history to support his position. However, the simple facts used are not as possible as the sophisticated arguments offered by Wood.

The language of the American Revolution is based on rebellions, burdens, and attacks which made people be united for some period of time only in order to win the enemy (Zinn). This is why it was more important to concentrate on the moral or even ideological dimension that should lead to the required political separation (Wood).

So, the evaluation of the American Revolution and the attention to the approaches offered by Wood and Zinn help to comprehend a true essence of the event under analysis. Wood’s approach concerning the ideological shift of the conditions defines a revolutionary nature of the events which took place at the end of the 18 th century. Americans were in need of being separated from the tyranny of the British Empire.

Their main purpose was all about separation and independence, and the elimination of poverty among people should be considered as an additional outcome. Wood’s definition of the revolution seems to be correct; however, at the same time, it is wrong to say that Zinn’s attempt was not correct, it is better to admit that his idea was not as powerful and persuasive as the one of Wood is.

In general, the success of Wood’s argumentation of the American Revolution and its nature helps to understand that this event played a very important role in the American history. People should realize that during that period of time, Americans made one of the most powerful and influential attempts to prove their dignity, their rights, and possibilities.

It was possible to achieve the desirable success only by means of the ideological shift described by Wood, and Zinn’s ideas are focused on the consequences which may be observed after the revolution was over.

Still, the American Revolution changed American society considerably and make Americans more confident in personal powers and abilities to change ideologies and follow their own interests to become one of the largest and the richest countries in the whole world.

Wood, Gordon. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library, Random House Publishing Group, 2002. Print.

Zinn, Howard. “ Tyranny is Tyranny .” In A People’s History of the United States. History Is a Weapon . n.d. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2019, June 6). Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? https://ivypanda.com/essays/was-the-american-revolution-really-revolutionary/

"Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary?" IvyPanda , 6 June 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/was-the-american-revolution-really-revolutionary/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary'. 6 June.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary?" June 6, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/was-the-american-revolution-really-revolutionary/.

1. IvyPanda . "Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary?" June 6, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/was-the-american-revolution-really-revolutionary/.

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The Permanent Counterrevolution

On politics and government in a fascist america.

“Does fascism intend to restore state authority or subvert it? Is it order or disorder? Can you be conservatives and subversives at the same time?” Six months before the March on Rome in October 1922, when Benito Mussolini was the head of the Fascist Party and its decentralized militia movement, he isolated the contradictions at the heart of fascism that remain fundamental to authoritarianism today.

During his 21 years in power, 18 of them as dictator, Il Duce framed fascism as a revolution of reaction against the left, against liberal democracy, and against any group that threatened the survival of white Christian civilization. Carrying out a violent destabilization of society in the name of a return to social order and national tradition, fascism pioneered the autocratic formula in use today of disenfranchising and repressing the many to allow the few to exploit the workforce, women’s bodies, the environment, and the economy.

Trumpism is in this tradition. It started in 2015 as a movement fueled by conservative alarm and white rural rage at a multiracial and progressive America. It continued as an authoritarian presidency envisioned as “a shock to the system” that unleashed waves of hate crimes against nonwhites and non-Christians. It culminated in the January 6 assault on the Capitol, which was a counterrevolutionary operation in the spirit of fascism. Its goal in deploying violence was not just to keep Donald Trump in office, but to prevent the representatives of social and racial progress from taking power.

PROJECT 2025 AS COUNTERREVOLUTION

The fascists believed that you have to destroy to create, and this is what a second Trump administration would do. Project 2025 is a plan for an authoritarian takeover of the United States that goes by a deceptively neutral name. It preserves Trumpism’s original radical intent in its goals to “[d]ismantle the administrative state” and “decentralize and privatize as much as possible,” allowing the American people to “live freely.” “[T]he Trump administration, with the best of intentions, simply got a slow start,” Heritage Foundation head Kevin Roberts told The New York Times in January. “And Heritage and our allies in Project 2025 believe that must never be repeated.” The solution to this “slow start”—code for the restraints imposed by operating in a democracy—is counterrevolution.

The plan promises the abolition of the Department of Education and other federal agencies. The intent here is to destroy the legal and governance cultures of liberal democracy and create new bureaucratic structures, staffed by new politically vetted cadres, to support autocratic rule. So new agencies could appear to manage parents’ and family rights, Christian affairs, and other pillars of the new order. The Department of Health and Human Services is poised to have a central role in governance, given the priorities Trumpism places on policing sexuality, weaponizing motherhood, persecuting transgender people and LGBTQ communities, and criminalizing abortion.

During Trump’s presidency, far-right Roman Catholic attorney Roger Severino headed the Office of Civil Rights in the Department of Health and Human Services, transforming it into an office that prioritized the protection of the rights of white Christians and the “natural family.” During his tenure, the department banned the use of the words “fetus” and “transgender” in government communications and made other moves long embraced by evangelical Christians and their far-right allies in politics. In the future, this office could be elevated into an autonomous entity. Appropriating civil rights for white Christians furthers the Trumpist goal of delegitimizing the cause of racial equality while also making Christian nationalism a core value of domestic policy. Doing away with the separation of church and state is the goal of many architects of Trumpism, from Project 2025 contributor Russ Vought to far-right proselytizer Michael Flynn, who uses the idea of “spiritual war” as counterrevolutionary fuel.

Even if the Department of Education is abolished, some other entity would appear to take its place, since it is unlikely that the task of undoing liberal democratic models of pedagogy would be left entirely to individual states. Not everyone will be able to homeschool their children—the preferred extremist option , since it removes children from exposure to the multifaith and multiracial environments of public schools. It is not so far-fetched to imagine the special Bible Trump has been hawking , which includes the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Pledge of Allegiance, as a required text in a Christian nationalist curriculum.

Mussolini kicked off his counterrevolutionary police state in the 1920s with new “public security” laws that justified the arrest of anyone deemed a security threat—meaning anyone who opposed fascism from a liberal democratic or leftist point of view. Trump’s assertion a century later that “people within our country” pose “the greatest threat” to the United States, and his desire to “root [them] out,” could translate into counterterror and counterinsurgency operations. These would require a recasting or expansion of existing federal and state security agencies—for example, if the National Guard is federalized or the promised mass deportations of undocumented immigrants come into being.

The counterrevolution will be televised. Given Trump’s repeated threats to carry out “retribution” against his enemies, expect prompt and showy announcements of trials and investigations of the political opposition, members of the January 6 Select Committee, and anyone who sought to hold him accountable. “He’ll start throwing people in jail, and I’d be at the top of the list,” said Gen. Mark Milley, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff—a man not given to hyperbole, who understands how autocrats operate.

THE LEADER CULT AND PERSONALIST RULE

Authoritarianism is a political system in which the executive branch of government is able to exercise disproportionate or total power over the legislature and the judiciary. This gives the leader the ability to minimize or abolish restrictions on his behavior and also avoid accountability for his corrupt and violent actions. Maintaining that culture of impunity is why strongmen go after the press, prosecutors, opposition politicians, and judges, all of whom can expose their crimes or send them to jail, and why their personality cults present them as victims of “witch hunts” meant to stop them from saving the nation. Project 2025 takes an openly autocratic stance in asserting an “existential need for aggressive use of the vast powers of the executive branch” in America, as though the nation would fail if the democratic system, which is built on checks to presidential authority, were to continue.

Trump has worked hard since 2015 to condition the public to see the strongman brand of leadership as the only choice for America. To that end, he has repeatedly sung the praises of authoritarians around the world. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán is a muse of Trump, the GOP, and the Heritage Foundation for his success at a brand of authoritarian governance that Trump’s first administration introduced to America and his second administration would seek to consolidate: personalist rule.

Personalist leaders organize government institutions around their self-preservation. Their private interests and needs shape party politics, legislative action, and national policy, just as their relationships with foreign autocrats influence foreign affairs. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who served as the translator of Vladimir Putin’s views and desires in Europe for a decade, was able to personalize Italy’s foreign policy. He excluded Italian diplomats from meetings with Putin, allowing only his private translator-envoy, Valentino Valentini, to be present. An Italian parliamentary investigation later revealed that Berlusconi would have received a kickback from the profits of a planned Italy-and-Russia-built South Stream pipeline.

Trump holds a similarly proprietary vision of governance, which is why classified national security documents ended up in the bathroom of his private residence in Florida. Like most autocrats, Trump sees holding public office as a means of personal enrichment. That is why he spent one-third of his time between 2017 and the end of 2019 visiting Trump-branded properties. Such self-dealing would likely expand massively in a second administration, given his boasts on the campaign trail about receiving more than $7 million from China and other foreign governments for “doing services” while he was president.

THE INNER SANCTUM AND THE PARTY

A staple of authoritarian governance is the inner sanctum: a small circle of insiders, who often include sons-in-law and other relatives, who keep the leader’s secrets, conspire in his corruption, and prevent any criticism from reaching his ears. This informal cabinet often includes people the leader has known for years. Putin’s inner circle includes people he has known since his St. Petersburg days. Berlusconi’s was helmed by Marcello Dell’Utri, a senator in his party who was in charge of his advertising firm, Publitalia, and served as his liaison to Opus Dei and to the Mafia.

Trump’s inner sanctum included Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner, who had offices in the White House and earned up to $640 million in outside income during Trump’s presidency. In a future administration, fewer federal agencies would mean a smaller presidential Cabinet of congressionally confirmed officials and a larger role for die-hard loyalists. Extremists whom Trump pardoned in 2020 and 2021 for their crimes on his behalf, from Flynn to Steve Bannon, could return to positions of influence, as the guides of the counterrevolution for secular and religious constituencies. Some MAGA loyalists are already auditioning for Cabinet jobs. Richard Grenell, who is visiting foreign leaders as Trump’s “envoy,” has advised clients in Iran and China and has close ties to pro-Orbán circles in Hungary—his PR firm worked for a Hungarian government–funded nonprofit (a fact he failed to disclose while serving as Trump’s acting director of national intelligence).

For the personalist ruler , the party exists to defend, avenge, and enrich him. The GOP has filled these roles in conspiring to help Trump overthrow the government, and in elevating Trump’s personal legal and financial struggles to the forefront of party business. So it should be no surprise that daughter-in-law Lara Trump has been tasked with optimizing the Republican National Committee for the ends of personalist rule. The RNC has long been a Trump tool: It continued to pay Trump’s legal expenses long after he left office. Now Lara Trump has vowed that “every single penny” of RNC money will be spent on getting her father-in-law back into office. Soon the RNC could well become Trump’s private bank, bereft of any political purpose, and then its transformation into an autocratic instrument will be complete.

THE CIVIL SERVICE

Every counterrevolution needs disciplined cadres. Project 2025 is readying a civilian army of bureaucrats to transform U.S. government. During Mussolini’s regime, policymakers and ideologues debated how to form a new political elite inculcated with fascist values. Orbán has his Mathias Corvinus Collegium Brussels, founded in 2022 to train far-right thinkers and managers for Hungary and Europe. Trumpism has its little-known Presidential Administration Academy, which aims to groom “Political Appointees to Be Ready on Day One”—when the cascade of counterrevolutionary executive orders will presumably commence. The academy’s civil servant training is in “Conservative Governance,” but the intent of vanquishing the ideal of an apolitical civil service and jump-starting the counterrevolution by firing thousands of nonloyalists hews to the history of fascism.

Trump’s presidency provides precedent for the many ways to drive civil servants out. Creating hostile workplaces for critics, and hiring scores of zealots and bullies—Sean Lawler, Trump’s chief of protocol, carried a horsewhip around to intimidate co-workers—Trumpism achieved a passive purge that saw over 79,000 civil servants retire or leave their jobs in his first nine months. In 2018, retired Ambassador Nancy McEldowney compared this process to a “hostile takeover and occupation.” In 2024, it looks like a rehearsal for a counterrevolutionary cleanse of anyone still attached to liberal democratic ethics and norms.

Americans may believe that all this sounds fantastical. Yet the strongman’s special talent is to bring the unthinkable into being. People around the world and throughout history have been caught by surprise at their methods and the scale at which they operate. Bannon, Roberts, Stephen Miller, and other American incarnations of fascism are convinced that counterrevolution leading to autocracy is the only path to political survival for the far right, given the unpopularity of their positions (especially on abortion) and their leader’s boatload of legal troubles. This is why Project 2025 declares that that there is an “existential need” to make “aggressive” use of executive power. The alternative could be defeat.

Mussolini understood that situation well. In 1923, when he was still prime minister of a democracy, he mused about the problem of having one’s destiny decided by the whims of an electorate. “Consent is as changeable as the sands of the seashore,” he wrote, noting there was only one way to deal with “discontented people” who might vote you out: “You prevent it by means of force; by surrounding the mass with force; by employing this force without pity when it is necessary to do so.” Less than two years later, Il Duce announced the start of dictatorship in Italy, ending the right of the population to express its political will.

From the noisy crowds with MAGA hats that fill Trump’s rallies to the quiet fanatics in suits such as Miller and Roberts to a party leader who announces he will act as a dictator on “day one” of his administration, Trumpism is what fascism looks like in twenty-first-century America. If Trump returns to the White House, get ready for a new round of “shocks to the system.” Authoritarians often tell us what they are going to do, and Trump, the GOP, and the political operators of Project 2025 are open about their plans to occupy power and carry out a counterrevolution designed to keep them there indefinitely.

Ruth Ben-Ghiat is a professor of history and Italian studies at New York University and author of Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present .

The Remarkable Surge of the Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S.

This essay about the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States describes a period of dramatic transformation that occurred from the late 19th to the early 20th century, fundamentally changing the American economic and technological landscape. It highlights the pivotal role of electricity in enhancing factory productivity and the expansion of the railroad and automobile industries, which revolutionized transportation. The essay also examines the evolution of communication technologies like the telephone and telegraph that reshaped business operations. Furthermore, it discusses the rise of corporations, the migration of populations to urban centers, and the emergence of labor movements advocating for workers’ rights. Additionally, the environmental impact of rapid industrialization is considered, noting the significant ecological costs associated with progress. Overall, the essay presents the Second Industrial Revolution as a key period that propelled the United States into global industrial prominence while also introducing complex social and environmental challenges.

How it works

In American history, the Second Industrial Revolution, which lasted from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, was revolutionary. It was a momentous time for the nation’s economy and technological landscape, paving the way for the creation of the modern America we know today.

Using innovative technologies was essential to this change. The revolution was literally lighted up by electricity, unlike anything that had come before it. It provided factory electricity, enabling them to run continuously and greatly increasing output.

Imagine the shift from dimly lit assembly lines by candlelight to well-lighted production rooms; this wasn’t merely an improvement, but a total reconstruction of industrial productivity.

Transportation too leaped forward. The railroad, already a game-changer from the previous century, expanded even further, knitting together a nation from coast to coast. The emergence of the automobile and the truck soon after, thanks to the internal combustion engine, transformed personal and commercial transport. They didn’t just make travel easier; they fueled whole new industries, from oil to road construction.

Then there was the communication revolution, spurred by the invention of the telephone and the telegraph. These weren’t just novelties; they were essential tools for businesses that needed to communicate across vast distances, dramatically changing how businesses operated and grew.

But this era was more than a saga of technological triumphs. It reshaped the very fabric of American business. The rise of the corporation introduced a new era in business organization, with sprawling enterprises operated under complex managerial hierarchies. This was the age of the magnates and tycoons—men like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller—who didn’t just build businesses; they built empires that would dominate the American economy.

This industrial boon drew millions from the countryside to burgeoning urban areas, fueling a massive shift in population. Cities swelled and morphed, filled with new workers, including a rising tide of immigrants drawn by the promise of factory jobs. This rapid urbanization brought its own set of challenges, including overcrowded living conditions and serious social strife.

The labor force began to organize, spurred by the harsh realities of factory life. The fight for fair wages, reasonable hours, and safer working conditions gave rise to labor unions and strikes, setting the stage for the labor rights movements that would follow.

Yet, the revolution wasn’t without its dark sides. The environmental toll was heavy, with industrial waste and unchecked resource extraction leaving lasting scars on the landscape—a reminder of the costs of unchecked progress.

Looking back, the Second Industrial Revolution was a period of dramatic change that set the United States on a path to becoming a global industrial power. It was an era marked by incredible innovation and growth, but also by significant challenges and transformations in the social and environmental fabric of the nation. It’s a reminder of how progress can reshape a country in ways that are profound, promising, and sometimes problematic.

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Remarkable Surge of the Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S. . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-remarkable-surge-of-the-second-industrial-revolution-in-the-u-s/ [Accessed: 17-May-2024]

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