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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

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• When gravimetry is debated by sponsors of clinical studies
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• http://orcid.org/0009-0002-6294-507X Aline Voidey 1 , 2 ,
• Isabelle Sommer 1 , 2 ,
• Alessia Marino 1 , 2 ,
• Laurent Carrez 1 , 2 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-5393 Farshid Sadeghipour 1 , 2
• 1 Pharmacy , CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
• 2 Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
• Correspondence to Dr Aline Voidey, Pharmacy, CHUV, lausanne, Switzerland; aline.voidey{at}chuv.ch

https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2024-004153

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• Clinical Trial
• Drug Compounding
• PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Cancer research has grown significantly in recent years with the advent of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Hospital pharmacies with clinical trials and production units need to manage and produce these new drugs. Unlike the industry, where processes are automated, hospital pharmacy processes are often manual. The flow of these experimental drugs should be secured. 1 Hospital pharmacies can choose from several production in-process control methods, the most common of which is human-visual double-checking or computer-assisted preparation with automated visual control by camera or automated gravimetric control by connected scales.

This method, which uses computer-assisted double-checking, has proved reliable and less error-prone in limited studies. 2 3 These controls are based on pre-entered weights (eg, content, container) and density values of the molecules. However, despite its effectiveness, clinical trial sponsors often do not mention the gravimetric production method as a safer method in their trial documents. This control method is already approved by the Swiss health authorities and is often accepted by the pharmaceutical industry in over 90% of cases during implementation or feasibility visits, following in-depth discussions.

Some sponsors are still reluctant, probably due to a lack of up to date knowledge of hospital practice, and refuse to provide exact density values of their molecules to enable the parameters to be set in the production software, arguing that these data are confidential. If the density value is missing it can be determined empirically; a default value of 1 g/mL is set in the software (most molecules are close to this value), then the exact volume is taken during the first production run and the density value is adjusted according to the requested volume by the software. However, using the confirmed density value gives a more accurate production.

This letter opens the debate on computer-assisted gravimetric production control methods. Why do some sponsors reject this method of production control when it is recognised by the scientific hospital community, the health authorities and one of the world’s top five pharmaceutical companies has approved it in every clinical trial document (eg, pharmacy manual) and provides the pharmacist with the exact density value? 4

How can we persuade pharmaceutical companies to adopt the gravimetric method over volumetry? The gravimetric method, being more innovative, safer, and reliable, presents a significant opportunity to enhance the safety of drug circuits in clinical trials, renowned for their high-risk nature. Despite the pioneering efforts of hospital pharmacies and their use of diverse software packages in this realm, there is a compelling case for pharmaceutical companies to embrace the superior capabilities of the gravimetric method. For us, the safety factor must be paramount and it is time to change practice.

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• Morbitzer KA , et al
• Bouchoud L ,
• Fleury-Souverain S , et al
• Climent-Ballester S ,
• García-Salom P ,
• Sanz-Valero J

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests None declared.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Genetic association and transferability for urinary albumin-creatinine ratio as a marker of kidney disease in four sub-saharan african populations and non-continental individuals of african ancestry.

• 1 Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 2 Strengthening Oncology Services Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 3 National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 4 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
• 5 Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 6 Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
• 7 Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, South Africa
• 8 SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 9 Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 10 African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
• 11 Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
• 12 Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
• 13 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• 14 Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
• 15 Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have predominantly focused on populations of European and Asian ancestry, limiting our understanding of genetic factors influencing kidney disease in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations. This study presents the largest GWAS for urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in SSA individuals, including 8,970 participants living in different African regions and an additional 9,705 non-resident individuals of African ancestry from the UK Biobank and African American cohorts. Methods: Urine biomarkers and genotype data were obtained from two SSA cohorts (AWI-Gen and ARK), and two non-resident African-ancestry studies (UK Biobank and CKD-Gen Consortium). Association testing and meta-analyses were conducted, with subsequent fine-mapping, conditional analyses, and replication studies. Polygenic scores (PGS) were assessed for transferability across populations. Results: Two genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) UACR-associated loci were identified, one in the BMP6 region on chromosome 6, in the meta-analysis of resident African individuals, and another in the HBB region on chromosome 11 in the meta-analysis of non-resident SSA individuals, as well as the combined meta-analysis of all studies. Replication of previous significant results confirmed associations in known UACR-associated regions, including THB53, GATM, and ARL15. PGS estimated using previous studies from European ancestry, African ancestry, and multi-ancestry cohorts exhibited limited transferability of PGS across populations, with less than 1% of observed variance explained. Conclusion: This study contributes novel insights into the genetic architecture of kidney disease in SSA populations, emphasizing the need for conducting genetic research in diverse cohorts. The identified loci provide a foundation for future investigations into the genetic susceptibility to chronic kidney disease in underrepresented African populations Additionally, there is a need to develop integrated scores using multi-omics data and risk factors specific to the African context to improve the accuracy of predicting disease outcomes.

Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, GWAS, UACR, African diversity, Polygenic risk score

Received: 18 Jan 2024; Accepted: 12 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Brandenburg, Chen, BOUA, Govender, Agongo, Micklesfield, Sorgho, Tollman, Asiki, Mashinya, Hazelhurst, Morris, Fabian and Ramsay. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Jean-Tristan Brandenburg, Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Michele Ramsay, Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Casting of steel from the tundish of a continuous caster with a sliding gate

• Casting and Solidification of Metal
• Published: 08 March 2013
• Volume 2012 , pages 1048–1052, ( 2012 )

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• A. N. Smirnov 1 , 2 ,
• A. S. Khobta 1 , 2 ,
• E. N. Smirnov 1 , 2 ,
• A. I. Serov 1 , 2 &
• A. P. Verzilov 1 , 2  

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The continuous casting of steel in a section continuous caster with a three-plate sliding gate placed in the tundish is considered. The main causes of casting-channel clogging in casting are shown to be related to the displacement of the central plate with respect to the two other plates and to high heat removal through the tundish nozzle walls. The results obtained are used to find the rational displacement of the central plate and to correct the casting channel diameter.

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Effect of the geometry of the metal conduits of a tundish and the casting parameters on the performance of continuous section casters1.

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Original Russian Text © A.N. Smirnov, A.S. Khobta, E.N. Smirnov, A.I. Serov, A.P. Verzilov, 2011, published in Elektrometallurgiya, 2011, No. 12, pp. 9–14.

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Smirnov, A.N., Khobta, A.S., Smirnov, E.N. et al. Casting of steel from the tundish of a continuous caster with a sliding gate. Russ. Metall. 2012 , 1048–1052 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029512120166

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Received : 01 September 2011

Published : 08 March 2013

Issue Date : December 2012

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029512120166

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9 facts about u.s. catholics.

Catholics are one of the largest religious groups in the United States, outnumbering any single Protestant denomination. The U.S. has more Catholics than all but three other countries – Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines – according to the Vatican’s Statistical Yearbook of the Church.

Here are nine key facts about the U.S. Catholic population.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to serve as a reference source on the basic demographic attributes, religious characteristics and political preferences of U.S. Catholics.

The analysis draws mainly on data from the Center’s National Public Opinion Reference Surveys (NPORS) conducted in 2022 and 2023. NPORS is an annual survey of U.S. adults who are selected for participation using address-based sampling from the U.S. Postal Service’s Delivery Sequence File. Respondents may answer either by paper or online.

This post also relies on a variety of surveys conducted online among respondents who are part of the Center’s American Trends Panel or other national survey panels recruited through random sampling (not “opt-in” polls).

All of the surveys used in this analysis are weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, education and other categories.

Today, 20% of U.S. adults describe themselves as Catholics, according to our latest survey. This percentage has been generally stable since 2014. But it is slightly lower than in 2007, when 24% of U.S. adults identified as Catholic.

Overall, there were about 262 million adults in the U.S. in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau . This suggests that there are roughly 52 million Catholic adults nationwide.

Most U.S. Catholics are White, but a third are Hispanic. The Catholic population is 57% White, 33% Hispanic, 4% Asian and 2% Black, while 3% are of another race.

Since 2007, the share of U.S. Catholics who are White has dropped by 8 percentage points, while the share who are Hispanic has ticked upward by 4 points.

This change has implications for the profile of Catholic Americans as a whole because White Catholics have distinctive social and political traits, as we’ll discuss in more detail below.

Catholics tend to be older than Americans overall. Nearly six-in-ten Catholic adults (58%) are ages 50 and older. Among all U.S. adults in the survey, by comparison, 48% fall in this age range.

But Hispanic Catholics tend to be a lot younger than White Catholics. Fewer than half of Hispanic Catholics (43%) are 50 and older, compared with about two-thirds (68%) of White Catholics. And just 14% of Hispanic Catholics are ages 65 and older, versus 38% of White Catholics.

Roughly three-in-ten U.S. Catholics (29%) live in the South, while 26% live in the Northeast, 24% in the West and 21% in the Midwest.

The racial and ethnic profile of the Catholic population varies considerably by region. For example, in the Midwest, 80% of Catholics are White and 17% are Hispanic. In the Northeast, 72% of Catholics are White and 19% are Hispanic.

In the South, 49% are White and 40% are Hispanic. And in the West, there are more Hispanic Catholics than White Catholics (55% vs. 30%).

About a third of U.S. Catholics (32%) have a bachelor’s degree. Another 28% have some college experience but not a bachelor’s degree, and 40% have a high school education or less. This distribution is similar to that of the general adult population.

On average, White Catholics have higher levels of educational attainment than Hispanic Catholics. Roughly four-in-ten White Catholics (39%) have at least a bachelor’s degree, while 32% have a high school education or less. Among Hispanic Catholics, 16% have a bachelor’s degree and 59% have a high school education or less.

About three-in-ten U.S. Catholics (28%) say they attend Mass weekly or more often. Larger shares of Catholics say they pray on a daily basis (52%) and say religion is very important in their life (46%).

Overall, 20% of U.S. Catholics say they attend Mass weekly and pray daily and consider religion very important in their life. By contrast, 10% of Catholics say they attend Mass a few times a year or less often and pray seldom or never and consider religion not too or not all important in their life.

By way of comparison, 40% of U.S. Protestants say they attend services at least weekly. And about two-thirds of Protestants pray daily (67%) and say religion is very important in their life (66%).

About half of Catholic registered voters (52%) identify with or lean toward the Republican Party, while 44% affiliate with the Democratic Party.

But partisan affiliation varies by race and ethnicity. Roughly six-in-ten White Catholic registered voters (61%) say they identify with or lean toward the GOP, compared with 35% of Hispanic Catholics.

Conversely, 60% of Hispanic Catholics who are registered voters say they identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, compared with 37% of White Catholics.

In the 2022 congressional midterm elections, 56% of Catholics said they voted for Republican candidates, while 43% backed Democrats. And in the 2020 presidential election, Catholic voters were split down the middle: 49% backed Donald Trump and 50% voted for Joe Biden.

These overall splits hide big differences between White and Hispanic Catholic voters. For example, White Catholics favored Trump over Biden by a 15-point margin in 2020, while Hispanic Catholics backed Biden over Trump by a 35-point margin.

While the Catholic Church opposes abortion , about six-in-ten Catholics say abortion should be legal. This includes 39% who say it should be legal in most cases and 22% who say it should be legal in all cases. Roughly four-in-ten Catholics say abortion should be illegal in most (28%) or all (11%) cases.

Catholics’ opinions about abortion tend to align with their political leanings. Among Catholic Democrats, 78% say abortion should be legal in most or all cases. Among Catholic Republicans, 43% say this.

Catholic Democrats are a little less likely than non-Catholic Democrats to say abortion should be legal in most or all cases (78% vs. 86%).

Three-quarters of Catholics view Pope Francis favorably, according to our February 2024 survey. That’s a little lower than the 80% of Catholics or more who expressed a positive view of Francis in many previous polls during his papacy, which began in 2013.

Catholic Democrats (89%) are much more likely than Catholic Republicans (63%) to view Francis favorably.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published Sept. 4, 2018.

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Under Pope Francis, the College of Cardinals has become less European

Two-thirds of u.s. catholics unaware of pope’s new restrictions on traditional latin mass, many catholics in latin america – including a majority in brazil – support allowing priests to marry, just one-third of u.s. catholics agree with their church that eucharist is body, blood of christ, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .