ehi 05 assignment question paper 2020 21

IGNOU EHI 5 Question Papers

• 1.1 How to get IGNOU EHI 5 Solved Question Papers?
• 1.2 Important detail about IGNOU EHI 5 previous year question paper
• 1.3 Download IGNOU EHI 5 Question Papers

The course code of IGNOU BA History course “Elective Course: History EHI-5 : India Mid 18th Century to Mid-19th Century” is EHI-5. Here you can download IGNOU EHI 5 question papers of June 2019, Dec 2018, June 2018, Dec 2017, June 2017, Dec 2016, June 2016, Dec 2015, June 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012.

Are you pursuing Bachelor Degree Programme (BDP) / BA History from Indira Gandhi National Open University? If yes, then you have to study a course known as EHI-5: India Mid 18th Century to Mid-19th Century.

Related Post: IGNOU EHI 5 Solved Assignment For IGNOU EHI 5 help book  containing last 10 year solved question papers & Solved assignment , you can contact us on   WhatsApp at 7428482160

To prepare for upcoming June or December term end examination, students may require IGNOU EHI 5 previous year question papers of last 5 years.These old question papers are provided by university totally free of cost.

Students do not need to spend any penny for it.They can easily download IGNOU BA History EHI 5 old question papers of last ten years from the university official website at www.ignou.ac.in.

Related Post: Ignou EHI 1 Question Papers Ignou EHI 2 Question Papers Ignou EHI 3 Question Papers Ignou EHI 4 Question Papers Ignou EHI 6 Question Papers Ignou EHI 7 Question Papers IGNOU EHI Question Papers

The IGNOU previous question papers of EHI-5 can be easily downloaded in the PDF format. There are two options to download these IGNOU EHI 5 question papers. Either the students can download it by selecting the program code or they can directly download it by clicking on year/session.

How to get IGNOU EHI 5 Solved Question Papers?

After downloading BA History EHI 5 previous papers, they should try to solve them. It is something extra which students can do to obtain good marks in their June and December examination. In case, if student faces any difficulty in solving EHI 5 question papers, they can take a help of reference books.

Students can buy IGNOU EHI-5 reference/ help books online.These books contains IGNOU previous year questions of last 5 years along with important questions and answers. In case, if you find any difficulty in getting reference books, You can send email at [email protected] . The representative will guide you how to buy it online.

Important detail about IGNOU EHI 5 previous year question paper

To help out students, we have collected some important points from previous year question papers of EHI-5 course.These are mentioned below:

• IGNOU EHI 5 question paper carries 70% Weightage of the total marks of this course.The remaining 30% weightage is given to Tutor Marked Assignments which the students have to solve and submit to their concerned study centre.
• The total marks of EHI-5 term end examination question paper is 100.
• The maximum duration of exam is 3 hours.

Download IGNOU EHI 5 Question Papers

Sometimes, students find it difficult to search and download the last 10 year question papers from the university official website.So, we have provided below the direct links to download EHI 5 question papers in PDF format.These are as follows:

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Subscribe With Us

Enter your email address:

Delivered by FeedBurner

Recent Posts

• IGNOU CLIS Solved Assignment 2020
• IGNOU DPLAD Study Material
• IGNOU BHDC 132 Solved Assignment July 2020
• IGNOU BCOC 134 Solved Assignment 2019-20
• IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignment 2019-20
• IGNOU BCOC 133 Solved Assignment 2019-20
• IGNOU BHDAE 182 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BHDLA 136 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BEGLA 136 Solved Assignment 2021-22
• IGNOU BEGC 132 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BEGAE 182 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU ACC 1 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU ACS 1 Solved Assignment 2019-20
• IGNOU MLIS Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BRPA 101 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BHDA 101 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU BPCC 131 Solved Assignment 2020-21
• IGNOU AHE 1 Solved Assignment 2022
• IGNOU 10 Digit Enrollment Number 2020

Follow my blog with Bloglovin

Disclaimer: The information provided here is just for reference. We do not guarantee the accuracy and relevance of the information. All the visitors are advised to verify the information mentioned here with the official source.

Privacy Policy | Follow Us on: Google Plus | Twitter

• IGNOU CBCS BAG SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-2024
• IGNOU CBCS BCOM(G) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-2024
• IGNOU CBCS BSC(G) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-2023
• IGNOU BA Hindi (BAHDH) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A English SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A Sociology SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A History SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A Psychology SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A Public Administration SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A Political Science SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU BAECH (Economics) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU B.A Philosophy SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A Hindi SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A English SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A History SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A Sociology SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A Public Administration SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A Political Science SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A Psychology SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A Economics SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU M.A RURAL DEVELOPMENT SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• BCA 1st Semester
• BCA 2nd Semester
• BCA 3rd Semester
• BCA 4th Semester
• BCA 5th Semester
• BCA Question Papers
• Study Material

EHI-05 India From Mid-18th Century To Mid -19th Century in English SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2020-2021

Ehi-05 india from mid-18th century to mid -19th century, solved assignment 2020-2021.

DOWNLOAD NOW

EHI-05 : India From Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century Assignment (TMA) AssignmentCode:EHI-05/AST/TMA/2020-21 Total Marks:100

Note: All questions are compulsory. DCQ: Answer any two questions in about 500 words each. 1. Discuss the main features of the ryotwari settlement.What was (20 marks). its impact on the peasantry? 2. Discuss the different views of various historians on the Maratha (20 marks). state system.What was the role of fitna in this system? 3. Highlight the main aspects of Mysore state formation. (20 marks). How was this different from Hyderabad? 4. Was the 18th century a ‘Dark Age’? Discuss with reference to (20 marks). the views of various historians. MCQ: Answer any four questions in about 300 words each. 5. What was the role of the utilitarians in shaping the British policy (12 marks). in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? 6. What was the impact of the 1857 revolt? (12 marks). 7. What were the main features of the mahalwari system? (12 marks). 8. What were the main features of the Charter Act of 1833? (12 marks). 9. Did the British succeed in establishing the rule of law in the 18th and 19th centuries? (12 marks). 10. Were the Afghan wars able to fulfil the objectives of the British? (12 marks). 11. Discuss the role of Raja Ram Mohun Roy in taking forward the (12 marks). social reforms in India. 12. Comment on the Hindi-Urdu controversy. (12 marks). SCQ: Answer any two in about 100 words each. 6+6 marks 13. (a) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (b) Bengal Under Alivardi Khan (c) Permanent Settlement (d) Formation of the civil services under the British

EHI-05, EHI-5, EHI 05, EHI 5, EHI05, EHI

RELATED ARTICLES

IGNOU CBCS BA(G) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-2023

IGNOU TENTATIVE DATE SHEET FOR DECEMBER 2021 TERM-END EXAMINATION

BECC-107 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ECONOMICS in English Solved Assignment 2020-2021

No comments, leave a reply cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Terms & Condition
• Privacy Policy
• Refund & Cancellation
• Paid Solved Assignment

IGNOU EHI-05 Study Material India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century|Solved Assignment| |Question Paper|

India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century

We Provide  All the IGNOU Books And Study Material Here.

All The Free Assignment In This Site Guruignou.com

इग्नू की यह बुक आपको फ्री मे यहां से उपलब्ध हो सकती है

100% Satisfaction or Money Back Guarantee Know More

• Question Papers

IGNOU EHI-05 Question Papers - India from Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century

भारत 18वीं शताब्दी के मध्य से 19वीं शताब्दी के मध्य तक

Download ignou ehi-05 previous year question papers (june 2022 - june 2011), about ignou ehi-05 question papers.

Check out the previous years IGNOU Question Papers from our most updated data-bank for EHI-05 (India from Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century) Program and get an overview of how the questions are framed so you can score well in your upcoming term-end IGNOU examinations.

IGNOU History previous years question papers will help you in getting used to the pattern as well as the type of questions that are asked in the IGNOU BA exams. It is a great way of checking your existing knowledge, preparation for the upcoming India from Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century exam, and your shortcomings in the subject.

Solving these EHI-05 - India from Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century questions will boost your confidence and also make sure that you’re studying in the right direction and make new information available to you.

Find your course from the list of programs available on our website and then click on the question papers that you require such as BA Previous Years Question Papers and all other Previous Years Question Papers of the different courses offered by IGNOU.

The BA EHI-05 Previous Year Question Papers have been named according to the session ( June 2022 - June 2011 ), thereby making the Download Process easy for the students.

Practicing EHI-05 previous years question papers is a great way of tackling the upcoming examinations as it provides an idea of how the future question paper would be.

You can easily boost your score by getting a better understanding of the EHI-051 question paper framework and other BA Previous year question papers. With this, you can be at your best in preparation for the exams.

EHI-05 Code Details

• Title India from Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century
• Language(s) English and Hindi
• Session(s) June 2022 - June 2011
• Code EHI-05
• Subject History
• Degree(s) BA
• Course Core Courses (CC)

Related Codes

• EHI-01 आधुनिक भारत 1857-1964 - Modern India 1857-1964
• EHI-02 भारत: आरंभ से लेकर 8वीं शताब्दी ई. तक - India: Earliest Times to the 8th Century A.D.
• EHI-03 भारत: 8वीं सदी से 15वीं सदी तक - India: From 8th to 15th Century A.D.
• EHI-04 भारत: 16वीं से 18वीं शताब्दी के मध्य तक - India from 16th to Mid 18th Century
• EHI-06 चीन और जापान का इतिहास - 1840-1949 - History of China and Japan: 1840-1949
• EHI-07/BHIE-107 आधुनिक यूरोप: मध्य अठारहवीं से मध्य बीसवीं शताब्दी तक Modern Europe - Modern Europe - Mid Eighteenth to Mid Twentieth Centuries
• Why Name GullyBaba?
• GPH Writers
• Affiliate Program
• Become Our Distributor

Student Support

• Help and FAQs
• Join WhatsApp Groups
• Scholarship
• Jobs and Hiring

Important Links

• How to Buy & Download Assignments?
• How to Buy & Download Project/Synopsis?
• How to Buy Books?
• How to Change or Cancel My Order?

Popular Links

• IGNOU Solved Assignments
• IGNOU Help Books
• IGNOU Question Papers
• IGNOU Handwritten Assignments
• IGNOU MEG-05 Help Book
• IGNOU MEG-10 English Help Book & Assignment
• IGNOU MCO-01 Solved Assignments 2023-2024

• IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT
• IGNOU STUDY MATERIAL
• IGNOU PREVIOUS PAPER
• IGNOU ADMIT CARD

EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 in Hindi Medium

EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 : All IGNOU Assignment Free of Cost available at our website. IGNOU University always being in picture due to its IGNOU Assignment Date Extended. In this post Student Will Get EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 Easily.

Candidates got to download the IGNOU Assignment for appearing withing the Term End Examination [TEE] of IGNOU BA Programme.

For Students - EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 Students are advised that after successfully downloading their Assignments, you'll find each and each course assignments of your downloaded Programme. EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 Candidates need to create separate assignment for the IGNOU Master Course, in order that it's easy for Evaluators to see your assignments.

IGNOU Assignment Status 2020-21

EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 Along side assignment status, they will also checkout their assignment marks & result. All this is often available in a web mode. EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 After submitting the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare.

EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 Once the TEE assignments are submitted to the Centres, it's send to the evaluation department. After which the evaluation of IGNOU Assignment Solutions takes place.

Related Links :

EHI 04 Solved Assignment 2020-21

FKD 01 Solved Assignment 2020-21

FMT 01 Solved Assignment 2020-21

EHI 01 Solved Assignment 2020-21

EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 :-  Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Alongside --assignment status, they will also checkout their assignment marks & result. All this is often available in a web mode. After submitting the assignment, you'll check you EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 only after 3-4 weeks. EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21 it'd take 40 days to declare EHI 05 Solved Assignment 2020-21

For IGNOU Solved Assignment PDF & Hand Written

Subscribe YouTube :  My IGNOU Solution s

You may like these posts

Popular posts.

The Nature of State and Sovereignty in Ancient India

Describe the main features of modern political theory

Discuss the relationship between education and politics

Featured post.

AFW 1 Solved Assignment 2024-25

AFW 1 Solved Assignment 2024-25 Feature Writing in English AFW 1 Solved Assignme…

Subscribe Us

Popular Post

MEG 07 Solved Assignment 2022-23

MEG 05 Solved Assignment 2022-23

Fascist World view

• IGNOU RESULT

Menu Footer Widget

IGNOU EHI-05 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century

Ignou ehi-05 solved assignment free download 2020 2021:.

EHI-05 India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century

If you come to this page to download  BA Solved Assignment Of IGNOU  then you come to the right place. This is the best place to Download to Ignou Solved Assignment

This Solved Assignment is Latest to BA Course in  IGNOU EHI-05 India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century.

We are here to easily download the  Solved Assignmen t of this course EHI-05 India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century .

This course is an important course in the BA Programme.

students and our team have started to upload the new   Solved Assignment  of this Program.

Assignment Code: EHI-05/AST/TMA/2019-20

Section 1: Answer each question in about 500 words each.

1. Was the 18th century in India a ‘Dark Age’? Discuss. 20 Or Did the Charter Act of 1833 fulfill is purpose? Elaborate. 20

2. Compare and contrast the processes of state formation in Mysore and Hyderabad. 20 Or How did western knowledge shape the Indian mind? Discuss.

Section 2: Answer each question in about 250 words each.

3. Discuss in brief the Hindi-Urdu controversy. 12 Or Did the Burma wars of the British meet their objectives? Comment.

4. How were the utilitarians different from the orientalists? Discuss in brief. 12 Or What were the objectives of the Permanent Settlement? Discuss.

5. Was the rule of law successful in India? Comment. 12 Or Why did the Revolt of 1857 fail? Discuss.

6. Discuss the evolution of the civil services in India. 12 Or What is deindustrialization? Discuss.

Section 3: Answer in about 100 words each.

7. Write short notes on any two of the following: 6+6 i) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar ii) Fitna iii) Awadh in the 18th century iv) Sanyasi Rebellion

Click Here For Download 

Is it necessary to Download EHI-05 India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century Question Paper, Assignments & Books?

Yes because if you want

To Participate in the IGNOU Bachelor of Arts Programs TEE (Term End Exam) Examination, You Have this Course EHI-05 India from Mid-18th to Mid-19th Century you are lucky. You Download the Question Paper,  Assignments & Books  Easily You can solve your BA Assignments by using Books. you can use it for the preparation of Examination and you can get good marks in your Annual Exams with good Marks & Grades.

IGNOUHelp.in

A Leading Portal for IGNOU Students

IGNOU EHI-05 Study Material

IGNOU EHI-05 Study Materials/Books – If you come to this page for download each course of EHI-05 Study Material so you are come at right place. Here you will get everything for which you have come to here. We have downloaded all available Study Materials of EHI-05 to our System and it is ready and available for all EHI-05 Students.

We provide all study materials to IGNOU BA student with free of cost and it can download easily and without registration need.

List of Available EHI-05 Study Materials:

Is it required to download EHI-05 Materials?

For attend IGNOU EHI-05 TEE Examination, it is necessary to first submit your Assignments to IGNOU and it is possible from IGNOU Study Material . You can solve your EHI-05 Assignments with using Books/Materials. Not only Assignments, but you can use it for preparation of Examination and you can get good marks in your Bachelor of Arts Programme Annual Exams with good grade.

Related Posts:

• IGNOU EHI-04 Study Material
• IGNOU EHI-03 Study Material
• IGNOU EHI-02 Study Material
• IGNOU BAEGH Study Material
• IGNOU BPSE-142 Study Material
• IGNOU EHI-07 Study Material

One thought on “IGNOU EHI-05 Study Material”

Plz upload ba course of history.. Geography.. Economics..in hindi medium

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Shopping cart

• Your cart is empty
• Continue Shopping

Recently Viewed

Showing all 2 results

EHI-05 18वीं शताब्दी के मध्य से 19वीं शताब्दी के मध्य तक in Hindi Solved Assignment 2020-2021

EHI-05 India From Mid-18th Century To Mid -19th Century in English SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2020-2021

Origin not known. Check the value and select between results suggested.

Destination not known. Check the value and select between results suggested.

You should at least select 1 adult passenger.

Additional Luggage?

Children + -

Please indicate child age.

Each passenger may carry one standard piece of luggage and one small item of hand luggage (for example a handbag or laptop). If you have additional or extra large baggage or sporting equipment, select from the options below:

Please insert the date and time of your flight arrival (not take off), as informed by the airline. The driver will take into account luggage collection and immigration formalities.

Please select hours.

Please select mins.

Please insert the date and time the flight takes off, as informed by the airline. The pick-up time will be calculated automatically taking into account journey time and check-in time at airport.

Moscow Vnukovo Airport Transfers

Need help? Contact us

The driver was most professional and took us straight to where we wanted to go.

Mr P O from South Africa

You’re in Moscow to take in the sights and sounds of Russia’s capital city, but instead, you’re in the arrivals terminal struggling to organise a safe and affordable transfer to your accommodation. This would not happen with Shuttle Direct. Our reputation is built on reliability, affordability, and world-class service. Our team are here to help you start your visit on the right foot. That means a safe, comfortable, and direct transfer from the airport to your destination of choice. We have shared rides, private rides, shuttle buses, and even limited care hire options. Find the right fit for you and experience airport transfers that make travel easy. Get a quote.

Low-Cost Transfers from Moscow Airport

Are you tired of expensive and unreliable taxis? Select one of our transfer packages, and you’ll never pay more than you have to again. Our services are ultra-competitive so that you have more spending power on your trip.

Getting a quote from us is easy. Simply use our website to pick your dates, and you will be offered a wide selection of transportation services. Choose the best fit for your particular needs (and budget) and secure your booking. You could travel in comfort with our chauffeur-driven private transfer or take a shared taxi. We also provide limited vehicle hire for those who want to go it alone, as well as shuttle buses that travel along predefined routes for those who wish to save as much money to spend in Moscow as possible. Whatever transportation you choose, know that our reliability, service and affordability are never compromised. We are here to do everything we can to make your Moscow visit as smooth and hassle-free as possible. This is the Shuttle Direct difference. Book today.

Arriving at Moscow Vnukovo (VKO) Airport

Avoid the typical headaches and hassle when you land by choosing Shuttle Direct. We’ll arrange everything so that your arrival is smooth and hassle-free. You’ll be enjoying Moscow in no time at all.

Private transfer with driver

• Private hire with driver
• Door to Door Service
• Driver meets you personally
• Vehicle exclusively for you

Shared ride Shuttle Service

• Shuttle Bus Service
• Shared ride
• Predefined meeting point
• Shuttle Service or similar

Travel suggestions from Moscow - Vnukovo Airport (VKO)

Explore russia’s capital city.

Moscow is a vibrant mix of old and new: Mother Russia meets Modern Russia. Visitors can enjoy cultural artefacts like the treasures found in the Armoury or the varied delights of the Kremlin Museums. High-brow, low-brow, any-brow will be raised in amazement at one of the performances at the world-renowned Bolshoi Theatre. The six-tier auditorium is the perfect place to take in an evening of dance and music. To really get in touch with the modern Russia, there is a thriving nightlife that has something for everyone. On a warm summer day a trip to the city’s green lung, Gorky Park, is truly essential.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long will my driver wait for me to clear customs? Your driver will wait for you for 60 minutes after you land. If you are held up for whatever reason, your driver won’t just leave you behind. They will contact immigration, customs and the airline to find out where you could possibly be. Your driver will only leave if, after these attempts, there is no sign of your whereabouts. If your arrival is delayed, please contact your supplier on the numbers provided on your voucher. This way we can inform your driver to ensure they are there to pick you up when you finally arrive.

Independent verified customer feedback

ShuttleDirect Moscow - Vnukovo Airport (VKO) Reviews

Shuttle Direct booking service

étant dans une zone sans connexiion => je n'étais pas atteignable, et ne recevais pas de messagerie. Shuttle s'est aperçu du retard de l'avion, le chauffeur était présent, comme convenu. j'ai reçu un sms,, mais n'ai étè connectée que juste a la sortie de l'aèroport,.. précisions donnes sur le sms, contrôle phonique fait par la centrale avec le chauffeur (qui parlait anglais) voiture impeccable, et conduite délicate et confortable dans le traffic , donc,

Transport company service

the booking form is not clear, resulting in having to give flight details that do not exist

prompt and professional service

The driver was waiting right at the door and took us straight tot he car

Puntuación del servicio : muy facil acceso Producto : muy puntuales muy buen coche

Service-Bewertung : DANKE! Produkt : hat alles bestens geklappt - vielen Dank dafür!!!

Service-Bewertung : Ich konnte, da mein Flug ausgefallen war, ohne Umstände den Shuttle Service auf den nächsten Tag verlegen! Ich bin sehr zufrieden!! Produkt : Der Fahrer hat am Flughafen mit einem Schild mit meinem Namen auf mich gewartet. Den vorher gebuchten Kindersitz hatte er auch dabei. Bin skr zufrieden und würde hier sofort wieder buchen.

Easy website to use

Very good and pleasant driver

dificult because the round trip was nt from to the same airport.

Session timed out

Session has timed out, you should fill in the form again and request a new quote.

IGNOU EHI-05 Assignment Question Paper Download (2022-23)

Valid for july 2022 and january 2023 sessions, if you are looking to download ehi-05: india from mid 18th to mid 19th century assignment question paper for 2022-23 sessions, you have come to the right place. click on the image or button below to download the question paper for free. alternatively, if you are looking for the solved assignment reference material for this subject, you may download that using the button below as well. this content is verified by professors and are plagiarism-free, so you can be assured to learn well and get the highest marks.

EHI-05: India from Mid 18th to Mid 19th Century

EHI-05 assignment question paper and solved assignment is applicable for 2022-23 sessions in IGNOU. In case you took admission or re-registered in a previous session but did not submit your assignments last time, you must use this latest question paper for submission as the old question papers are no longer valid. If you are looking to pass your exams easily, you can also check out the below guidebook which provides students with the most important questions that are most likely to appear in your final term end exams! Click on the image or button below to learn more about this.

100% verified solved assignments from ₹ 40  written in our own words so that you get the best marks.

Don't have time to write your assignment neatly? Get it written by experts and get free home delivery

Get Guidebooks and Help books to pass your exams easily. Get home delivery or download instantly!

Download IGNOU's official study material combined into a single PDF file absolutely free!

Download latest Assignment Question Papers for free in PDF format at the click of a button!

Download Previous year Question Papers for reference and Exam Preparation for free!

Need More Help?

To get additional help, please post your question in our student community forum. Our IGNOU Advisors will respond to you within 48 hours.

Advertisement

Rainstorms impacts on water, sediment, and trace elements loads in an urbanized catchment within Moscow city: case study of summer 2020 and 2021

• Published: 07 December 2022
• Volume 151 , pages 871–889, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Sergey Chalov   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6937-7020 1 , 2 ,
• Vladimir Platonov 1 ,
• Oxana Erina 1 ,
• Vsevolod Moreido 1 , 3 ,
• Mikhail Samokhin 1 ,
• Dmitriy Sokolov 1 ,
• Maria Tereshina 1 ,
• Yulia Yarinich 1 &
• Nikolay Kasimov 1  

335 Accesses

7 Altmetric

Explore all metrics

In 2020 and 2021, the city of Moscow, Russia, has experienced two historical rainfall events that had caused major flooding of small rivers. Based on long-term observation datasets from the surrounding weather stations, regional mesoscale COSMO-CLM climate model results, and a detailed hydrological and water quality monitoring data, we performed a pioneer assessment of climate change and urbanization impact on flooding hazard and water quality of the urban Setun River as a case study. Statistically significant rise of some moderate ETCCDI climate change indices (R20mm and R95pTOT) was revealed for the 1966–2020 period, while no significant trends were observed for more extreme indices. The combined impact of climate change and increased urbanization is highly non-linear and results in as much as a fourfold increase in frequency of extreme floods and shift of water regime features which lead to formation of specific seasonal flow patterns. The rainstorm flood wave response time, involving infiltrated and hillslope-routed fraction of rainfall, is accounted as 6 to 11 h, which is more than twice as rapid as compared to the non-urbanized nearby catchments. Based on temporal trends before and after rainfall flood peak, four groups of dissolved chemicals were identified: soluble elements whose concentrations decrease with an increase in water discharge; mostly insoluble and well-sorted elements whose concentrations increase with discharge (Mn, Cs, Cd, Al); elements negatively related to water discharge during flood events (Li, B, Cr, As, Br and Sr); and a wide range of dissolved elements (Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb, Ba, La, Cs, U) which concentrations remain stable during rainfall floods. Our study identifies that lack of research focused on the combined impacts of climate change and urbanization on flooding and water quality in the Moscow urban area is a key problem in water management advances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

The effects of urbanization on runoff pollutant concentrations, loadings and their seasonal patterns under cold climate.

Marjo Valtanen, Nora Sillanpää & Heikki Setälä

The effects of climate variability and land-use change on streamflow and nutrient loadings in the Sesan, Sekong, and Srepok (3S) River Basin of the Lower Mekong Basin

Dao Nguyen Khoi, Pham Thi Loi, … Pham Thi Thao Nhi

Influence of Diverse Urban Pressures on Water Characteristics in a Small Eastern Mediterranean Watershed

E. Maatouk, A. El Samrani, … Z. Matar

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Ahammed F (2017) A review of water-sensitive urban design technologies and practices for sustainable stormwater management. Sustain Water Resour Manag 33(3):269–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40899-017-0093-8

Article   Google Scholar  

Alekseeva AA, Bukharov VM, Losev VM (2022) The convective storm in the Moscow Region on June 28, 2021. Hydrometeorol Res Forecast 1:22–42. (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.37162/2618-9631-2022-1-22-42

Aleshina MA, Semenov VA, Chernokulsky AV (2021) A link between surface air temperature and extreme precipitation over Russia from station and reanalysis data. Environ Res Lett 16:105004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1cba

Arakawa A, Lamb VR (1977) Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. In: Chang J (ed) Methods in Computational Physics: Advances in Research and Applications, Vol 17: General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere. Academic Press, Oxford, pp 173–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-460817-7.50009-4

Ashley RM, Balmfort DJ, Saul AJ, Blanskby JD (2005) Flooding in the future - Predicting climate change, risks and responses in urban areas. Water Sci Technol 52(5):265–273. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0142

Barbosa AE, Fernandes JN, David LM (2012) Key issues for sustainable urban stormwater management. Water Res 46:6787–6798. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2012.05.029

Bedan ES, Clausen JC (2009) Stormwater runoff quality and quantity from traditional and low impact development watersheds. J Am Water Resour Assoc 45:998–1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1752-1688.2009.00342.X

Bohman A, Glaas E, Karlson M (2020) Integrating Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urban Planning: Ways Forward towards Institutional Change and Collaborative Action. Water 12:203. https://doi.org/10.3390/W12010203

Brown RR, Keath N, Wong THF (2009) Urban water management in cities: historical, current and future regimes. Water Sci Technol 59:847–855. https://doi.org/10.2166/WST.2009.029

Cettner A, Ashley R, Viklander M, Nilsson K (2013) Stormwater management and urban planning: Lessons from 40 years of innovation. J Environ Plan Manag 56:786–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.706216

Chernokulsky A, Kozlov F, Zolina O et al (2019) Observed changes in convective and stratiform precipitation in Northern Eurasia over the last five decades. Environ Res Lett 14:045001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/AAFB82

Chubarova N, Smirnov A, Holben B (2011) Aerosol properties in Moscow according to 10 years of AERONET measurements at the meteorological observatory of Moscow State University. Geogr Environ Sustain 4(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2011-4-1-19-32

Contractor S, Donat MG, Alexander LV (2021) Changes in observed daily precipitation over global land areas since 1950. J Clim 34:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0965.1

Damodaram C, Giacomoni MH, Prakash Khedun C et al (2010) Simulation of combined best management practices and low impact development for sustainable stormwater management1. J Am Water Resour Assoc 46:907–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1752-1688.2010.00462.X

Darnthamrongkul W, Mozingo LA (2021) Toward sustainable stormwater management: Understanding public appreciation and recognition of urban Low Impact Development (LID) in the San Francisco Bay Area. J Environ Manage 300:113716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2021.113716

Donat MG, Lowry AL, Alexander LV et al (2016) More extreme precipitation in the world’s dry and wet regions. Nat Clim Chang 6:508–513. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2941

Erina O, Tereshina M, Shinkareva G et al (2021) Natural background and transformation of water quality in the Moskva River. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 834:12055. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/834/1/012055

Erina O, Sokolov D, Tereshina M et al (2020) Seasonal dynamics of nutrients and organic matter in urban stream. E3S Web Conf 163:03004. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016303004

Faccini F, Luino F, Sacchini A et al (2015) Geohydrological hazards and urban development in the Mediterranean area: An example from Genoa (Liguria, Italy). Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:2631–2652. https://doi.org/10.5194/NHESS-15-2631-2015

Gal-Chen T, Somerville RCJ (1975) On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. J Comput Phys 17:209–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(75)90037-6

Gasperi J, Zgheib S, Cladière M et al (2012) Priority pollutants in urban stormwater: part 2 – case of combined sewers. Water Res 46:6693–6703. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.09.041

Goulden S, Portman ME, Carmon N, Alon-Mozes T (2018) From conventional drainage to sustainable stormwater management: Beyond the technical challenges. J Environ Manage 219:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2018.04.066

Groisman PY, Knight RW, Easterling DR et al (2005) Trends in intense precipitation in the climate record. J Clim 18:1326–1350. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3339.1

Hale RL (2016) Spatial and temporal variation in local stormwater infrastructure use and stormwater management paradigms over the 20th century. Water 8:310. https://doi.org/10.3390/W8070310

Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al (2020) The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc 146:1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803

Herzog HJ, Vogel G, Schubert U (2002) LLM – a nonhydrostatic model applied to high-resolving simulations of turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous terrain. Theor Appl Climatol 731(73):67–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00704-002-0694-4

Karl TR, Nicholls N, Ghazi A (1999) CLIVAR/GCOS/WMO Workshop on Indices and Indicators for Climate Extremes Workshop Summary. Weather and Climate Extremes. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 3–7

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Klimanova OA, Illarionova OI (2020) Green infrastructure indicators for urban planning: applying the integrated approach for Russian largest cities. Geogr Environ Sustain 13:251–259. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-123

Kosheleva NE, Vlasov DV, Timofeev IV et al (2022) Benzo[a]pyrene in Moscow road dust: pollution levels and health risks. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01287-9

Lappalainen HK, Altimir N, Kerminen V-M et al (2018) Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Program: an overview of the first 5 years in operation and future prospects. Geogr Environ Sustain 11:6–19. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-1-6-19

Lappalainen HK, Petäjä T, Vihma T et al (2022) Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective. Atmos Chem Phys 22:4413–4469. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022

Lee JH, Bang KW (2000) Characterization of urban stormwater runoff. Water Res 34:1773–1780. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00325-5

Liang P, Ding Y (2017) The long-term variation of extreme heavy precipitation and its link to urbanization effects in Shanghai during 1916–2014. Adv Atmos Sci 34:321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6120-0

Lu J, Liu J, Fu X, Wang J (2021) Stormwater hydrographs simulated for different structures of urban drainage network: dendritic and looped sewer networks. Urban Water J 18:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2021.1893369

Maragno D, Gaglio M, Robbi M et al (2018) Fine-scale analysis of urban flooding reduction from green infrastructure: An ecosystem services approach for the management of water flows. Ecol Modell 386:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.08.002

Masson V, Lemonsu A, Hidalgo J, Voogt J (2020) Urban climates and climate change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 45:411–444

McPhillips LE, Matsler M, Rosenzweig BR, Kim Y (2021) What is the role of green stormwater infrastructure in managing extreme precipitation events? Sustain Resilient Infrastruct 6:133–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2020.1754625

Miller JD, Hutchins M (2017) The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. J Hydrol Reg Stud 12:345–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006

Mokhov II, Roekner E, Semenov VA, Khon VC (2005) Extreme precipitation regimes in Northern Eurasia in the 20th century and their possible changes in the 21st century. Dokl Earth Sci 403:767–770

Google Scholar  

Nikiforova EM, Kasimov NS, Kosheleva NE, Timofeev IV (2022) Main features and contamination of sealed soils in the east of Moscow city. Environ Geochem Health 44:1697–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01132-5

Popovicheva O, Chichaeva M, Kovach R et al (2022) Seasonal, weekly, and diurnal black carbon in moscow megacity background under impact of urban and regional sources. Atmos 13(4):563. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040563

Praskievicz S, Chang H (2009) A review of hydrological modelling of basin-scale climate change and urban development impacts. Prog Phys Geogr 33:650–671. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309348098

Prudencio L, Null SE (2018) Stormwater management and ecosystem services: a review. Environ Res Lett 13:033002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/AAA81A

Qiao XJ, Liu L, Kristoffersson A, Randrup TB (2019) Governance factors of sustainable stormwater management: A study of case cities in China and Sweden. J Environ Manag 248:109249. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2019.07.020

Qiao XJ, Liao KH, Randrup TB (2020) Sustainable stormwater management: a qualitative case study of the Sponge Cities initiative in China. Sustain Cities Soc 53:101963. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2019.101963

Ritter B, Geleyn J-F (1992) A comprehensive radiation scheme for numerical weather prediction models with potential applications in climate simulations. Mon Weather Rev 120:303–325. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120%3c0303:ACRSFN%3e2.0.CO;2

Rockel B, Will A, Hense A (2008) The Regional Climate Model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). Meteorol Zeitschrift 17:347–348. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0309

Rosenberger L, Leandro J, Pauleit S, Erlwein S (2021) Sustainable stormwater management under the impact of climate change and urban densification. J Hydrol 596:126137. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2021.126137

Schär C, Leuenberger D, Fuhrer O et al (2002) A new terrain-following vertical coordinate formulation for atmospheric prediction models. Mon Weather Rev 130:2459–2480. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130%3c2459:ANTFVC%3e2.0.CO;2

Schubert-Frisius M, Feser F, von Storch H, Rast S (2017) Optimal spectral nudging for global dynamic downscaling. Mon Weather Rev 145:909–927. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0036.1

Schulz JP, Vogel G (2020) Improving the processes in the land surface scheme TERRA: Bare soil evaporation and skin temperature. Atmosphere (basel) 11:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050513

Semenov V, Bengtsson L (2002) Secular trends in daily precipitation characteristics: greenhouse gas simulation with a coupled AOGCM. Clim Dyn 19:123–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00382-001-0218-4

Sokolov D, Chalov S, Tereshina M et al (2021) Hydrological regime of the urban Setun River. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 834:12024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/834/1/012024

Sokolov D, Erina O, Tereshina M, Chalov S (2020) Human impact on organic matter distribution in the Moskva River. E3S Web Conf 163:05013. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016305013

Tereshina M, Erina O, Sokolov D et al (2021) Longitudinal patterns of different pollutant concentrations in the Setun River. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 834:12051. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/834/1/012051

Tereshina M, Erina O, Sokolov D et al (2020) Nutrient dynamics along the Moskva River under heavy pollution and limited self-purification capacity. E3S Web Conf 163:05014. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016305014

Tiedtke M (1989) A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon Weather Rev 117:1779–1800. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117%3c1779:ACMFSF%3e2.0.CO;2

Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47:123–138. https://doi.org/10.3354/CR00953

Varentsov M, Wouters H, Platonov V, Konstantinov P (2018) Megacity-induced mesoclimatic effects in the lower atmosphere: a modeling study for multiple summers over Moscow. Russia Atmosphere (basel) 9:50. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9020050

Varentsov M, Samsonov T, Demuzere M (2020) Impact of urban canopy parameters on a megacity’s modelled thermal environment. Atmosphere (basel) 11:1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121349

Vlasov D, Eremina I, Shinkareva G et al (2021) Daily variations in wet deposition and washout rates of potentially toxic elements in Moscow during spring season. Geogr Environ Sustain 14:219–233. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-162

Vlasov D, Kasimov N, Eremina I et al (2021) Partitioning and solubilities of metals and metalloids in spring rains in Moscow megacity. Atmos Pollut Res 12:255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.09.012

Vlasov D, Kosheleva N, Kasimov N (2021) Spatial distribution and sources of potentially toxic elements in road dust and its PM10 fraction of Moscow megacity. Sci Total Environ 761:143267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143267

Vlasov D, Vasil’chuk J, Kosheleva N, Kasimov N (2020) Dissolved and suspended forms of metals and metalloids in snow cover of megacity: partitioning and deposition rates in western Moscow. Atmos. 11

Voevodin VV, Antonov AS, Nikitenko DA et al (2019) Supercomputer Lomonosov-2: large scale, deep monitoring and fine analytics for the user community. Supercomput Front Innov 6:4–11. https://doi.org/10.14529/JSFI190201

Vorobevskii I, Al JF, Schneebeck F et al (2020) Urban floods: linking the overloading of a storm water sewer system to precipitation parameters. Hydrology 7:35. https://doi.org/10.3390/HYDROLOGY7020035

Walling DE, Collins AL, Stroud RW (2008) Tracing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus sources in catchments. J Hydrol 350:274–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.047

Wouters H, Demuzere M, Blahak U et al (2016) The efficient urban canopy dependency parametrization (SURY) v1.0 for atmospheric modelling: Description and application with the COSMO-CLM model for a Belgian summer. Geosci Model Dev 9:3027–3054. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3027-2016

Wouters H, Demuzere M, Ridder K De, van Lipzig NPM (2015) The impact of impervious water-storage parametrization on urban climate modelling. Urban Clim 11:24–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.11.005

Yang L, Smith JA, Wright DB et al (2013) Urbanization and Climate Change: An Examination of Nonstationarities in Urban Flooding. J Hydrometeorol 14:1791–1809. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-095.1

Ye H, Fetzer EJ, Wong S, Lambrigtson BH (2017) Rapid decadal convective precipitation increase over Eurasia during the last three decades of the 20th century. Sci Adv 3:e1600944. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600944

Zhou X, Bai Z, Yang Y (2017) Linking trends in urban extreme rainfall to urban flooding in China. Int J Climatol 37:4586–4593. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5107

Zolina OG, Bulygina ON (2016) Current climatic variability of extreme precipitation in Russia. Fundam Appl Climatol 1:84–103. https://doi.org/10.21513/2410-8758-2016-1-84-103

Download references

Field studies were supported by Russian Science Foundation project 19–77-30004. The analytical experiments were done under Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation project 075–15-2021–574. COSMO-CLM model setup is a part of RFBR project 21–55-53039. The methodology of this study is developed under the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Lomonosov Moscow State University «Future Planet and Global Environmental Change» and Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (“PRIORITY-2030”). The research is carried out using the equipment of the shared research facilities of HPC computing resources at Lomonosov Moscow State University. Streamflow patterns analysis was carried out under Governmental Order to Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, subject no. FMWZ-2022–0003, project 3.7.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991 GSP-1, Moscow, Russia

Sergey Chalov, Vladimir Platonov, Oxana Erina, Vsevolod Moreido, Mikhail Samokhin, Dmitriy Sokolov, Maria Tereshina, Yulia Yarinich & Nikolay Kasimov

Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia

Sergey Chalov

Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str., 3, 119333, Moscow, Russia

Vsevolod Moreido

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization, original draft preparation—Sergey Chalov; numerical experiments conducting and evaluation, precipitation data analysis, writing—Vladimir Platonov; the rainfall-runoff patterns analysis—Vsevolod Moreido; methodology, validation, writing—Oxana Erina, Dmitriy Sokolov, Maria Tereshina, Mikhail Samokhin; precipitation data preparation and visualization—Yulia Yarinich; review, editing—Nikolay Kasimov. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sergey Chalov .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval, consent to participate, consent for publication, competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Conflict of interest

Additional information, publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 714 KB)

Supplementary file2 (pdf 824 kb), supplementary file3 (pdf 112 kb), supplementary file4 (pdf 488 kb), supplementary file5 (pdf 668 kb), rights and permissions.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Chalov, S., Platonov, V., Erina, O. et al. Rainstorms impacts on water, sediment, and trace elements loads in an urbanized catchment within Moscow city: case study of summer 2020 and 2021. Theor Appl Climatol 151 , 871–889 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04298-9

Download citation

Received : 31 August 2022

Accepted : 23 November 2022

Published : 07 December 2022

Issue Date : January 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04298-9

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

• Share full article

Advertisement

Supported by

A Coronavirus Mystery Explained: Moscow Has 1,700 Extra Deaths

Russia’s government has boasted of a low coronavirus mortality rate, but figures from an obscure city agency cast doubt on those claims.

By Ivan Nechepurenko

MOSCOW — Ever since the coronavirus took hold globally, researchers have been puzzled by Russia’s mortality rate of only about 13 deaths per million, far below the world average of 36 in a country with an underfunded health system .

With the arrival of data for April, however, the mystery appears to be clearing up.

Data released by Moscow’s city government on Friday shows that the number of overall registered deaths in the Russian capital in April exceeded the five-year average for the same period by more than 1,700. That total is far higher than the official Covid-19 death count of 642 — an indication of significant underreporting by the authorities.

A similar picture has been observed in many other countries. In neighboring Belarus, for example — where the authoritarian leader Aleksandr G. Lukashenko has rejected calls for a lockdown as “frenzy and psychosis” — the reported death rate is about 10 per million. In Mexico, officials have recorded more than three times as many deaths in the capital as the government has acknowledged.

“Mortality figures in Moscow seem to be much higher than average for Aprils over the last decade,” said Tatiana N. Mikhailova, a senior researcher at the Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration in Moscow. “One thing is clear: The number of Covid-19 victims is possibly almost three times higher than the official toll,” she said in an interview, adding that additional calculations needed to be made to come up with a precise number.

The new figures contrast sharply with the line that has been peddled by the Kremlin.

Speaking to President Vladimir V. Putin at the end of April, Anna Popova, the head of Russia’s consumer rights and human well-being watchdog, boasted that the country’s mortality rate was “among the lowest in the world.” Russian state-run television channels have been relentlessly advertising the country’s effort to fight the virus as superior to Western nations’.

On Monday, claiming success at slowing the spread of the coronavirus despite a sharp rise in infections, Mr. Putin ordered the end of a nationwide “non-working period” in force since late March.

Mr. Putin, speaking on state television shortly after the health authorities reported the biggest one-day rise in infections, acknowledged that the pandemic had not yet been defeated but said it was now up to regional governors to decide whether to lift or strengthen restrictions in their territories.

While the official number of deaths attributed to the coronavirus in Russia stood at 1,124 for Moscow and 2,009 nationwide as of Monday, arriving at a more accurate estimate will be highly complicated.

Thousands of people have left Moscow since the city government declared a lockdown in March, an exodus that would lower the number of deaths in the city. And many people could have died of other causes as at least 37 Moscow hospitals have been converted to treat only coronavirus patients.

Over all, about 70 percent of coronavirus-related deaths have not been reported in Moscow and about 80 percent in the country’s regions, said Aleksei I. Raksha, an independent demographer in Moscow. He was among the first to spot the April data, buried in an obscure government statistics website, as he has been studying mortality rates in the Russian capital and the country’s regions and comparing them with official death tolls.

The lower numbers, according to Mr. Raksha, can be attributed to the way that causes of death are registered in Russia.

“For most deaths, the registered cause will be the disease of the organ that directly caused it,” he said in an interview. “This is the way the system has worked for a long time,” he said, adding that he believes it is highly likely that the authorities at some level are manipulating this system to yield the result they want.

Speaking to the Echo of Moscow radio station last week, Georgi A. Frank, a senior Russian coroner, acknowledged that health officials have wide leeway in registering causes of death.

“In a number of cases, Covid-19 might not be the main cause of death — sometimes it can be just a background to the main disease,” Mr. Frank said . “Of course, there can be some manipulations, but decent doctors never allow it.”

Russia reported its first coronavirus death on March 19, when a 79-year-old woman died in Moscow. Shortly afterward, the death was reclassified as having resulted from a blood clot and the case was removed from the official Covid-19 death toll.

More than 11,800 people died in Moscow this April, far more than during any other April since 1995, when Russia was engulfed in a post-Soviet economic crisis worse than the Great Depression. The number was posted by the Moscow government, which collects reports from the city’s civil registration offices that record vital events, such as births, marriages and deaths.

The death toll will be updated by the Russian State Statistics Service by the end of this month, but is unlikely to change much. On average, the Russian capital has about 10,000 deaths each April.

Being by far the busiest point of entry into the county, Moscow has been the first area in Russia to be hit by the coronavirus. Still, it has lagged behind most other European capitals, registering only a few deaths before the middle of April.

Russian regions, in turn, have lagged behind Moscow. As of Monday morning, Moscow accounted for 52 percent of all reported coronavirus cases in Russia, with more than 109,000 people infected.

An even clearer picture of the true coronavirus death toll is likely to be revealed in the mortality data for May, when the virus began to grip Russia in earnest, experts said. About 45 deaths and more than 5,000 new cases have been registered in Moscow daily over the past week.

Ivan Nechepurenko has been a reporter with the Moscow bureau since 2015, covering politics, economics, sports, and culture in Russia and the former Soviet republics. He was born and raised in St. Petersburg, Russia. More about Ivan Nechepurenko