10 page research paper sample

How To Write A Research Paper

Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example - Examples for Different Formats

Published on: Jun 12, 2021

Last updated on: Oct 27, 2024

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Writing a research paper is the most challenging task in a student's academic life. researchers face similar writing process hardships, whether the research paper is to be written for graduate or masters.

A research paper is a writing type in which a detailed analysis, interpretation, and evaluation are made on the topic. It requires not only time but also effort and skills to be drafted correctly.

If you are working on your research paper for the first time, here is a collection of examples that you will need to understand the paper’s format and how its different parts are drafted. Continue reading the article to get free research paper examples.

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Research Paper Example for Different Formats

A research paper typically consists of several key parts, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and annotated bibliography .

When writing a research paper (whether quantitative research or qualitative research ), it is essential to know which format to use to structure your content. Depending on the requirements of the institution, there are mainly four format styles in which a writer drafts a research paper:

Let’s look into each format in detail to understand the fundamental differences and similarities.

Research Paper Example APA

If your instructor asks you to provide a research paper in an APA format, go through the example given below and understand the basic structure. Make sure to follow the format throughout the paper.

APA Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example MLA

Another widespread research paper format is MLA. A few institutes require this format style as well for your research paper. Look at the example provided of this format style to learn the basics.

MLA Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example Chicago

Unlike MLA and APA styles, Chicago is not very common. Very few institutions require this formatting style research paper, but it is essential to learn it. Look at the example given below to understand the formatting of the content and citations in the research paper.

Chicago Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example Harvard

Learn how a research paper through Harvard formatting style is written through this example. Carefully examine how the cover page and other pages are structured.

Harvard Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Examples for Different Research Paper Parts

A research paper is based on different parts. Each part plays a significant role in the overall success of the paper. So each chapter of the paper must be drafted correctly according to a format and structure.

Below are examples of how different sections of the research paper are drafted.

Research Proposal Example

A research proposal is a plan that describes what you will investigate, its significance, and how you will conduct the study.

Research Proposal Sample (PDF)

Abstract Research Paper Example

An abstract is an executive summary of the research paper that includes the purpose of the research, the design of the study, and significant research findings.

It is a small section that is based on a few paragraphs. Following is an example of the abstract to help you draft yours professionally.

Abstract Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Literature Review Research Paper Example

A literature review in a research paper is a comprehensive summary of the previous research on your topic. It studies sources like books, articles, journals, and papers on the relevant research problem to form the basis of the new research.

Writing this section of the research paper perfectly is as important as any part of it.

Literature Review in Research Sample (PDF)

Methods Section of Research Paper Example

The method section comes after the introduction of the research paper that presents the process of collecting data. Basically, in this section, a researcher presents the details of how your research was conducted.

Methods Section in Research Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Conclusion Example

The conclusion is the last part of your research paper that sums up the writer’s discussion for the audience and leaves an impression. This is how it should be drafted:

Research Paper Conclusion Sample

Research Paper Examples for Different Fields

The research papers are not limited to a particular field. They can be written for any discipline or subject that needs a detailed study.

In the following section, various research paper examples are given to show how they are drafted for different subjects.

Science Research Paper Example

Are you a science student that has to conduct research? Here is an example for you to draft a compelling research paper for the field of science.

Science Research Paper Sample (PDF)

History Research Paper Example

Conducting research and drafting a paper is not only bound to science subjects. Other subjects like history and arts require a research paper to be written as well. Observe how research papers related to history are drafted.

History Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Need to wite a research paper about history? Check out these history research paper topics to get started!

Psychology Research Paper Example

If you're writing on a psychology research topic , look into the example provided in the research paper to help you draft yours professionally.

Psychology Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example for Different Levels

Writing a research paper is based on a list of elements. If the writer is not aware of the basic elements, the process of writing the paper will become daunting. Start writing your research paper taking the following steps:

• Choose a topic
• Form a strong thesis statement
• Conduct research
• Develop a research paper outline

Once you have a plan in your hand, the actual writing procedure will become a piece of cake for you.

No matter which level you are writing a research paper for, it has to be well structured and written to guarantee you better grades.

If you are a college or a high school student, the examples in the following section will be of great help.

Research Paper Outline (PDF)

Research Paper Example for College

Pay attention to the research paper example provided below. If you are a college student, this sample will help you understand how a winning paper is written.

College Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example for High School

Expert writers of CollegeEssay.org have provided an excellent example of a research paper for high school students. If you are struggling to draft an exceptional paper, go through the example provided.

High School Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Examples are essential when it comes to academic assignments. If you are a student and aim to achieve good grades in your assignments, it is suggested to get help from  CollegeEssay.org .

We are the best writing company that delivers essay help for students by providing free samples and writing assistance.

Our research paper writing service has your back, whether you are looking for guidance in writing a lab report, college essay, or research paper.

Simply hire a writer by placing your order at the most reasonable price. You can also take advantage of our essay writer to enhance your writing skills.

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10 Page Essay: Examples, Topics, & Word Count

What does a ten page essay look like? If you’re a student, you’ve probably asked yourself this question. 10 page essays are usually assigned to check one’s ability to formulate their thoughts. A ten page essay word count is 2450 to 2500 words (12 pt double-spaced). A paper of 10 pages usually consists of 25 to 33 paragraphs.

When choosing a topic for a 10 pages essay, remember that it is quite a short piece. That’s why your topic shouldn’t be too complicated. You might want to focus on football, speeding, COVID-19, or respect.

If you’re searching for 10 page essay examples, look at the list below. We’ve gathered a collection of A+ samples for you to get inspired. Knock them dead!

10-page Essay Examples: 4237 Samples

Problems of everyday addictions in society.

• Subjects: Health & Medicine Public Health
• Words: 3048

Policies and Procedures: Managing Harbor Staff

• Subjects: Business Management
• Words: 2704

The Impact of Globalization in Malaysia

• Subjects: Economics Globalization
• Words: 2857

The Second Industrial Revolution and Its Social Consequence

• Subjects: History World History
• Words: 3120

Role of Technology in Business and Advertising

• Subjects: Business Case Study
• Words: 2508

Green Consumers and Its Characteristics

• Subjects: Business Marketing
• Words: 2830

Cultural and Racial Inequality in Health Care

• Subjects: Health & Medicine Medical Ethics
• Words: 2661

McDonald’s Corporation: Analyzing Fast Food Industry

• Subjects: Business Industry
• Words: 2731

Singing River Education Association

• Subjects: Education Study Courses and Education Programs
• Words: 2744

The Evolution of Electricity

• Subjects: Physics Sciences
• Words: 2790

The Question of African Agency in Colonial Courts and Social Conflict

• Subjects: History Western Europe
• Words: 3051

The Catholic Church and the Black Death in the 14th Century

• Subjects: History Medieval History
• Words: 2655

Marketing the Human Microchip

• Words: 2690

Organizational Behavior and Theory

• Subjects: Business Management Theories
• Words: 5509

How Can Teachers Teach Critical Thinking?

• Subjects: Education Pedagogical Skills
• Words: 2742

Branding as a Significant Business Strategy

• Subjects: Brand Management Business
• Words: 2763

Women in US Armed Forces

• Subjects: Gender Studies Sociology
• Words: 3133

A Modern Cinderella and Other Stories

• Subjects: Comparative Literature Literature
• Words: 2970

Trading on the Stock Markets

• Subjects: Economics Finance
• Words: 2684

Legal & Ethical Issues in Global Business: Shell and Topshop

• Subjects: Business Business Ethics
• Words: 2975

Comparative Analysis of Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo

• Words: 2829

If Every Person in the World Understood Basic Principles of Psychology, the World Would Be A Better Place

• Subjects: Psychological Principles Psychology
• Words: 2703

Creationism vs. Evolution

• Subjects: Religion Religious Education
• Words: 2746

Contemporary Issues in the Middle East

• Subjects: Asia History
• Words: 3572

History of the Networking Technology

• Subjects: Internet Tech & Engineering
• Words: 2699

McDonald’s: Planned Change Project

• Subjects: Business Strategy
• Words: 3020

Work-Life Balance in the Military

• Words: 2732

The “Great” Humanitarian/Utopianist

• Subjects: Art Musicians
• Words: 2607

Theme of Knowledge in Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley

• Subjects: British Literature Literature
• Words: 2934

Groupthink in a Virtual Environment Work Team

• Words: 2724

The Role of Marketing and Research in Managing Customers and Markets

• Words: 2946

Music in Pre-Reformation and Post-Tridentine Generation

• Words: 2668

The Legacy of George W. Bush

• Subjects: American Ex-Presidents History
• Words: 2817

Strawberries History

• Subjects: Biology Sciences
• Words: 1484

Six Creative Positions on Production: The Role and Job Description

• Subjects: Design Fashion
• Words: 2595

Themes in A Farewell to Arms

• Subjects: American Literature Literature
• Words: 2743

Customer Service Coordination

• Words: 2654

US History of US health care

• Subjects: Government Politics & Government
• Words: 2769

Neo-liberalism in Latin America: Brazilian and Cuban Models

• Subjects: History Latin America
• Words: 2845

Improving Economic Opportunity of the US

• Subjects: Economic Systems & Principles Economics
• Words: 2752

Color and Sexual Attraction: The Clothes that People Wear

• Subjects: Psychology Psychology of Abuse
• Words: 2721

The changing nature of US in the global political economy

• Subjects: International Relations Politics & Government
• Words: 2951

The location of hazardous waste facilities in poor communities

• Subjects: Ecology Environment

Business Plan of Creation of Laptop Store Within the Campus

• Subjects: Business Company Missions
• Words: 2526

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mail Advertising

• Subjects: Entertainment & Media Social Media Advertising
• Words: 2867

Purchasing or Leasing Computer Equipment: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Subjects: Computer Science Tech & Engineering

Should Huck Finn Be Banned in Schools? Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay

• Words: 2756

Theory of the Impacts of Scarcity on Modern Society

• Subjects: Sociological Issues Sociology
• Words: 3112

National Fuel Company

• Subjects: Business Company Analysis
• Words: 2720

Company Analysis

• Words: 2489

The Causes, Characteristics, and Aims of Revolutions

• Subjects: Politics & Government Social & Political Theory
• Words: 2900

The St. Croix Chippewa Ojibwa Indians and the Somali Population

• Subjects: Ethics Sociology
• Words: 2824

The Role of Teacher Improvement in Modern Education

• Subjects: Education Teacher Career
• Words: 2838

The Great Mosque of Cordoba or Mezquita

• Subjects: Design Worldwide Architecture
• Words: 2451

Women and Consumption in Japan

• Words: 2771

Organizational Psychology: Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors

• Subjects: Psychological Issues Psychology
• Words: 2791

Bipolar Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Facts

• Subjects: Health & Medicine Psychiatry

The Concept of Environmental Sustainability in the Hotel Industry

• Subjects: Business Strategic Management
• Words: 2267

Innocence of Frankenstein’s Monster

• Words: 2984

Urbanization and the Environment

• Words: 2711

Family Influences on the Development of a Child’s Behavior

• Words: 2577

Developing Economy in Russian Federation After World War II

• Words: 2788

Assistive Technology in Education

• Subjects: Education Educational Resources
• Words: 2712

Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation Impact on African Americans in the US

• Subjects: African American Studies History
• Words: 3108

American Education: A Critical Discussion of Values Education Trend

• Subjects: Culture and Education Education
• Words: 2978

Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath

• Subjects: Warfare World War II
• Words: 2793

Economic Journal: Current Microeconomic Events

• Subjects: Economics Microeconomics
• Words: 3332

The Effects of Nuclear Weapons on Plants, Animals and Humans

The lightly heavy load: women in colonial america.

• Subjects: History Women Studies
• Words: 2777

Balance of Power in International Relations

Napoleon bonaparte, his rise and fall.

• Words: 3123

How Technology Affects Our Lives – Essay

• Subjects: Tech & Engineering Technology Effect

The Film “One Flew Over Cuckoo’s Nest”

• Subjects: Entertainment & Media Movies
• Words: 2950

Hokkaido Island of Japan

• Subjects: Geography Sciences

The Role of Human Resource Management in the Implementation of Successful Total Quality Management in Hospitality Industry

• Words: 2825

Mama Mancini Restaurant

• Subjects: Business Company Structure
• Words: 2647

What is the Real Relationship between Jesus and God? The Bottom-Line Between God the Son and God the Father

• Subjects: Concepts of God Religion
• Words: 2875

Overview on the World’s History

• Words: 2877

US – Iran Conflict

• Words: 3107

Identifying and Evaluating Marketing Opportunities

• Subjects: Business Financial Marketing
• Words: 2683

Historical US Relationships With Native American

• Subjects: Culture Ethnicity Studies
• Words: 1387

Biometric Technologies and Security

• Subjects: Other Technology Tech & Engineering

Food Retailing Industry in Turkey: Self-Sufficient Economics

• Words: 2840

New York Times vs. Sullivan Case

• Subjects: Entertainment & Media Journalism
• Words: 3189

American Dream and Unfulfilling Reality

• Subjects: Immigration Sociology
• Words: 2397

Recidivism and Incarceration

• Subjects: Criminology Law

The Horror that Steals Your Breath: Japanese Horror Movies and Their Peculiarities

• Subjects: Art Film Studies
• Words: 3097

History of American Transcendentalism

• Subjects: Philosophers Philosophy
• Words: 2695

Latinos and African Americans: Friends or Foes?

• Words: 2976

Running Speed in Dinosaurs

• Subjects: Sciences Zoology
• Words: 3537

The Effect of Plastic Water Bottles on the Environment

• Subjects: Air Pollution Environment
• Words: 2836

Food Safety Risk Assessment

• Subjects: Diet & Nutrition Food Safety

Politics of developing Nations

• Words: 2797

World Hunger Essay: Causes of World Hunger & How to Solve It

• Subjects: Agriculture Sciences
• Words: 2989

Thomas Aquinas and the Proof of Gods Existence

• Subjects: Religion Theology
• Words: 2754

HTC Corporation Setting and Strategies

International trade between china and africa.

• Subjects: Economics International Trade Policy

American History (1492-1870)

• Subjects: History United States
• Words: 2821

Quality and Performance Management: Value Chain

• Words: 2751

Einstein’s Success in “Einstein’s Dreams” by Alan Lightman

• Words: 2735

The Battle of Pharsalus

• Subjects: Ancient History History
• Words: 3043

Tom Sawyers through perspective of Don Quixote

• Words: 2982

The Virgin Blue Company-Australia

• Words: 2780

Baseball and Urbanization

• Words: 2716

History and Role of the UNDP in Modern World

• Words: 2864

Social Problem: Abortion

• Subjects: Society's Imperfections Sociology
• Words: 2082

Natural Gas Drilling and Health Effects on the Community

• Words: 2835

Organizational Development: Concepts & Theories

• Words: 2662

Today’s Business Trends

• Words: 2666

Concept of the Budget Management

• Subjects: Budget Economics
• Words: 2726

Bally Total Fitness: Sports Organizations Industry

The hip-hop genre origin and influence.

• Subjects: Art Music
• Words: 2904

Development of New Space Vehicles: Manned Flight to the Moon and Mars

• Subjects: Sciences Space Studies
• Words: 2908

Beef, Mutton, and Chicken in Terms of Price

• Words: 2896

Prices of Milk Powder, Cooking Oil and Rice

• Words: 2706

Regulation in the Financial Crisis 2008

• Words: 2698

Postmodernist Trends in Projects by Ashton Raggatt McDougall

• Subjects: Architecture Design
• Words: 2516

Car Washing and Our Life

• Words: 2758

How Extensive Is the Drug Problem Among American Youth Today?

• Subjects: Drug and Alcohol Addiction Sociology
• Words: 3168

Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company

• Words: 2707

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10 Page Research Paper Outline

• Research Paper Writing

At some point along your academic journey, your college instructors will require you to demonstrate good research paper writing skills.

The research paper is usually considered a higher level of writing that demands high competency and skills levels.

A good understanding of the steps for writing a research paper come in handy.

Organization

1. it enhances organization, 2. it helps avoid stagnation, 3. it helps in alignment, 4. it helps produce in-depth work, 5. it enhances motivation, 6. it acts as schedule, introduction (2 paragraphs: 125-140 words per paragraph), body (18 paragraphs: 3 sections, 6 paragraphs each), conclusion (2 paragraphs), introduction, summary of a 10 page research paper outline template, topic: lead poisoning.

• Step 1: Choosing the Topic[nbsp]

Step 2: Determining the Research Problem

Step 3: determining the audience, step 4: conducting research, step 5: creating the main category, step 6: creating the subcategories.

Note that one key element of research paper writing is proper organization.

In such organization, there is a particularly focus on the appropriate research paper format.

This organization is the basis of a well-developed research paper. An organized research paper should:

• Be focused on a thesis statement
• Use sources to support the thesis
• Apply different sources to use different ideas and information to support an argument
• Cite the sources used

Usually, a 10 page research paper should be crafted in a manner that optimizes the respective research paper topics.

This involves adopting an organization that enhances effective articulation of the different ideas supporting the research topics.

Such organization can be realized through the 10 page research paper outline.

It is important to note that college research papers could assume different formats.

Particularly, research papers in business and social sciences are likely to adopt different research paper formats from those in life and physical sciences.

Accordingly, the 10 page research paper outline is more common among business and social science research papers.

Importance of a 10 Page Research Paper Outline

The 10 page research paper outline plays an important role in developing the appropriate research paper format.

Adhering to this outline is likely to accord you some advantages throughout the process of writing your college research paper.

Some of these advantages include:

The outline is central to organization of ideas in the research paper.

Such organization helps to enhance the coherence of ideas in the research paper.

In this, the outline acts as a guide on the ideas to be included, how they will be developed, and their sequence.

It is acts as a solid guide on how to writer your college research paper.

The 10 page research paper outline is very effective in reducing incidences where you are likely to get stuck when writing the college research paper.

This is because it facilitates the development of a structure on how to navigate through the target research paper topics.

The outline is key in ensuring that you remain on course when writing the research paper.

Herein, it can act as research paper template that guides you through the writing process to ensure you remain within the context of the entailed research paper topics.

The outline comes in handy when you want to evaluate different perspectives in the research paper.

It is important to note that a good research paper should evaluate different ideas within a particular context.

As such, by relying on the outline, you can easily determine the most appropriate approach in the analysis of these perspectives.

The 10 page research paper outline can help you remain focused and motivated throughout the college research paper writing process.

With the outline, it is possible subdivide the research paper into sections and milestones, where achievement of each milestone can act as a source of motivation.

As noted above, the outline can be used to mark respective milestones in the writing process.

You can use it to mark and adhere to deadlines on the different tasks requisite to the whole writing process.

Note that in some cases, you may be required to submit the work in bits.

Structure of a 10-Page Research Paper

Breaking a 10-page research paper into smaller sections helps make the writing process easy.

Note that hypothetically, a ten-page paper should be between 20 and 22 paragraphs.

This is the same for a 10 pages essay.

So, how should a 10 page paper outline look like?

What sections should you include?

What should be the length of each section?

These are pertinent questions and their answers are explored below.

As evidenced in a typical 10 page research paper example, a research paper should have 3 main parts, including:

The breakdown of each part is as expounded below:

A 10 page paper outline should have a 2 paragraphs’ introduction.

An ideal paragraph should be about 125 words.

In some cases, it could be as much as 140 words.

As shown in a typical 10 page research paper example, the introduction should be between 250 and 280 words in total.

The first paragraph should:

• Stipulate the research question
• Provide a brief background and
• Explain what requires to be interpreted

The second paragraph should:

• Explain how the 10 page paper will answer the research question
• Highlight the thesis statement (in one sentence)  

The body of a 10 page essay or research paper should be divided into about 3 sections.

Accordingly, each section in a good 10 page paper outline should have up to 6 paragraphs.

• Section III

Section I could focus on one position of the argument.

Section II could explore the opposing position.

Section III could expound on how the conflict between the two positions was resolved.

Each paragraph of a 10 page paper body should begin with a topic sentence that aligns with both the section’s point/ argument and the research paper’s thesis.

To make writing easy and coherent, you should create a 10 page paper outline with about 18 topic sentences (6 for each section).  

As reflected in a good 10 page research paper example, the conclusion should have two paragraphs (125- 140 words each).

• Reiterate the thesis
• Show why the thesis presented the most effective way of exploring the evidence presented in the body.

The second paragraph should explain:

• Why the argument matters
• How the research paper and derived interpretations help understand the issue under study

Template of a 10 Page Research Paper Outline

A good research paper is founded on a solid template. The research paper template looks at different parts of the research paper.

Precisely, the template of a 10 page research paper outline covers three key areas. These areas include:

The introduction is usually two paragraphs in length. It encompasses a brief story about the entailed research paper topic, where it stipulates the reason why the story requires exploration.

The body should encompass different parts with clear subheadings.

For a 10 page research paper outline, the body could be in as many parts as 4, 5, or even more, depending on the number of ideas being advanced and their requisite depth. [nbsp]

The conclusion should be 2 paragraphs long. The first paragraph should recapture the thesis statement in relation to the evidence adduced in the college research paper.

On the other hand, the second paragraph should explain why the paper’s argument(s) is/are characteristic to the understanding of the entailed phenomenon.

General overview of the topic

Statement of relevance

Thesis statement

Transition to the first Body paragraph

Key argument #1

Topic sentence

Evidence (quote)[nbsp]

Transition to the next Body paragraph

Key argument #2

Evidence (quote)

Key argument #3

Transition to the Conclusion

Restatement of the thesis statement

Summary of the key points

Food for thought

Bibliography

Sample Research Paper Template

-Lead poisoning definition

-Importance of the study

-Key terms and their definitions

-Symptoms of lead poisoning

-Effects of lead poisoning

-Treatments for lead poisoning

-Summary of key points

-Recommendations (Handling lead poisoning hazards).

Steps in Developing a 10 Page Research Paper Outline

Developing the 10 page research paper outline is a systematic process. The process is defined by numerous steps as illustrated below.

Step 1: Choosing the Topic [nbsp]

This step requires you to identify the topic to write about or issue to investigate.

It is important to ensure that you choose a topic that is interesting to you. Where the topic is chosen for you, you can go ahead and determine the viewpoint you intend to assume.

After selecting the research topic, it is time to identify the main argument in your research paper.

This entails the point around which the research paper will be built around. To do this, you should sum up the point in a single short phrase.

Developing a good 10 page research paper outline requires you to clearly identify your target audience.

It is important to ensure that the target audience will relate with or appreciate your point of view.

A good outline must be founded on in-depth research. This research is supposed to give you a thorough idea on all issues relating to your topic.

In this step, you should investigate and note down different views about the topic. Collect adequate evidence on all these views.

With details on the topic, it is time to create the key categories that characterize the 10 page research paper outline.

This requires you to note down each of the major points you intend to cover in the research paper. These points should derive from the research earlier conducted.

This step entails developing a list of different points meant to support the major points.

The number of subcategories should be determined by the amount of details you intend to provide in the major points.

APA Research Paper Outline: Examples and Template

Table of contents

• 1 Why Is Research Paper Format Necessary?
• 2.1 Purpose of research paper outline
• 2.2 APA outline example
• 3.1 APA paper outline example
• 3.2 Introduction:
• 3.4 Conclusion:
• 4 The Basic APA Outline Format
• 5 APA Style Outline Template Breakdown
• 6.1 APA Research Paper Outline Example
• 6.2 APA Paper Outline Format Example
• 7.1 First Paragraph: Hook and Thesis
• 7.2 Main Body
• 7.3 Conclusion
• 7.4 Decimal APA outline format example
• 7.5 Decimal APA outline format layout
• 8.1 A definite goal
• 8.2 Division
• 8.3 Parallelism
• 8.4 Coordination
• 8.5 Subordination
• 8.6 Avoid Redundancy
• 8.7 Wrap it up in a good way
• 8.8 Conclusion

Formatting your paper in APA can be daunting if this is your first time. The American Psychological Association (APA) offers a guide or rules to follow when conducting projects in the social sciences or writing papers. The standard APA fromat a research paper outline includes a proper layout from the title page to the final reference pages. There are formatting samples to create outlines before writing a paper. Amongst other strategies, creating an outline is the easiest way to APA format outline template.

Why Is Research Paper Format Necessary?

Consistency in the sequence, structure, and format when writing a research paper encourages readers to concentrate on the substance of a paper rather than how it is presented. The requirements for paper format apply to student assignments and papers submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed publication. APA paper outline template style may be used to create a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation . If you plan to use the style for other types of work like a website, conference poster, or even PowerPoint presentation, you must format your work accordingly to adjust to requirements. For example, you may need different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the formatting rules provided by your institution or publication to ensure its formatting standards are followed as closely as possible. However, to logically structure your document, you need a research paper outline in APA format. You may ask: why is it necessary to create an outline for an APA research paper? Crafting a well-organized APA outline is crucial for any research paper. If you’re struggling with this process, consider seeking help from a professional research paper writer , who can guide you through each step.

Concept & Purposes of Research Paper Outline

A path, direction, or action plan! Writing short essays without a layout may seem easy, but not for 10,000 or more words. Yet, confusing a table of contents with an outline is a major issue. The table of contents is an orderly list of all the chapters’ front matter, primary, and back matter. It includes sections and, often, figures in your work, labeled by page number. On the other hand, a research APA-style paper outline is a proper structure to follow.

Purpose of research paper outline

An outline is a formalized essay in which you give your own argument to support your point of view. And when you write your apa outline template, you expand on what you already know about the topic. Academic writing papers examine an area of expertise to get the latest and most accurate information to work on that topic. It serves various purposes, including:

• APA paper outline discusses the study’s core concepts.
• The research paper outlines to define the link between your ideas and the thesis.
• It provides you with manageable portions that you can handle.
• The research paper’s APA outline enables the detection of structural faults or gaps.
• As shown in the example, it must clearly comprehend the subject at hand.

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APA outline example

This research paper outline example will guide you in formatting the layout for a clear direction to work on. It eliminates the inconsistency along with lacking proper substance in the paper.

Understanding the APA Outline Format

It would not be wrong to say there is no standard outline format. The official publishing handbook does not give precise guidelines for preparing an outline. But, it requires certain basic guidelines to follow regarding typeface, font size, structure, margins, etc.

APA paper outline example

Moreover, the final shape of your work relies on your instructor’s specifications and your particular preferences for APA citation format. Though, it would be better to follow some standards for formatting your outline, for instance:

Times New Roman is a widely accessible standard typeface for an APA essay format in 12-point font. However, serif and sans serif fonts like Arial and Georgia are acceptable in font size 11pt.

The text of your paper format should be double-spaced.

The primary headlines use Roman and Arabic numerals to write an outline.

Headings & Subheadings

While writing an APA essay, there are particular standards for utilizing headings in your outline: I – Main headings are numbered by Roman numerals like I, II, III, IV A  – Subheadings are numbered with Capital letters (A, B, C, D) 1  – The APA outline uses Arabic numerals (1-9 type numbers) within those subheadings. a  – Below Arabic number subheadings, lower-case letters are used (a, b, a). [1] – Headings below those subheadings use Arabic numbers enclosed in parenthesis.

APA format offers a standard layout for each paper, such as

• 1-inch margins on the top, bottom, left, and right.
• The page number on the upper right corner.

The structure of writing an outline consists of three major sections:

• Introduction

Introduction:

This section highlights crucial background information.

Explain the primary points that support your ideas.

Conclusion:

• Summarize your key arguments.
• Explain how these concepts support your ultimate stance, as shown in APA outline example below.

An outline in APA has three common formats that vary in the numeric sequence of all. To make it easier for you, we have compiled all three templates. You can format your document using these examples for added coherence and structure.

The Basic APA Outline Format

APA Style Outline Template Breakdown

Numbering the APA style format follows five levels of headings that use different alphabets and numbers. For instance, I – Headings use Roman numerals like I, II, and III. A – CAPITAL ALPHABETS”, such as A, B, C, etc. 1 – Headings and subheadings use Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3). a – If there are further headings (the fourth level), use lower-case alphabets. [1] – Headings below that (the fifth level) use Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses, such as [1], [2], [3].

Full Sentence Outline Format

As the name specifies, the full-sentence style outline format requires every line to be a proper sentence. Full-sentence APA style outline is best recommended for essays and speeches. It gives your writing process an idea or a logical path to follow.

APA Research Paper Outline Example

If you are looking for how to write a research paper outline APA in Full Sentence Format, here is an example:

Full Sentence APA format heading utilizes Roman numerals I, II, and III. Every heading must be a full sentence. Here is an APA style paper outline template for the full-sentence format that will clear all your confusion on how to write an outline in full-sentence format.

APA Paper Outline Format Example

I. Introduction

III. Conclusion

Decimal Outline Format

The decimal outline format for APA research papers differs from other formats. The decimal APA style is simple and uses paragraphs for structure. It contains three main paragraphs, introduction, main body, and conclusion.

First Paragraph: Hook and Thesis

• The first paragraph is a sentence or two that introduces the central concept of your article.
• Introduce your topic or subject of study where your research is applicable as a context for further research.
• Explain why the mentioned issue is essential or relevant to the audience.
• A thesis statement is a claim that you make throughout your whole essay.
• The topic phrase is the first point in any writing to support a thesis statement.
• Give an explanation or provide evidence to support your point.
• Provide verifiable facts, figures, and/or citations from credible sources in your writing. It helps in the substantiating assertion.
• Include as many supporting statements and related evidence in your decimal outline.

Finally, when you write an outline, provide a concluding remark to support your claims.

Decimal APA outline format example

1.0 The main heading 1.1 Subheading under the main heading 1.2 Second digit is represented by subheadings under the main headings 1.2.1 Further division adds another digit in decimal format 1.2.2 You can number them as per the number of paragraphs or points, or lines An easy way to write in decimal APA outline format is to remember the structure, i.e.; 1.1.1 = Heading.Paragraph.Sentence/point under paragraph.”

Decimal APA outline format layout

1.0 Main heading 1.1 First paragraph for first heading. 1.2 Second paragraph for first heading. 1.2.1 First point or sentence for the second paragraph. 2.0 Second heading 2.1 Second heading, first paragraph. 2.2 Second heading, second paragraph. 2.2.1 Second, heading, second paragraph, first sentence, or point. 3.0 Decimal working 3.1 You must remember that each digit represents a segment. 3.2 It is easier to remember the placement of numbers. 3.2.1 First digit represents the heading 3.2.2 Second digit represents the paragraph under the main heading <3.2.3 The third digit represents any point or sentence under the paragraph.

Tips for Writing an Outline: Organize Your Ideas

You may feel it is easier to write without outlines, but once you start writing, organizing your ideas or thoughts becomes hard. Even if you have some fantastic ideas, producing an engaging story is practically hard. If you are not first creating an outline or conceptual guides while writing a research paper, you may lose track. A well-written outline is essential in completing your paper and maintaining quality. Establishing your point in paper writing is easy if you create an outline first. You can find an APA research paper outline template that best suits your requirement. Moreover, these tips can help you polish your writing. These tips and sample papers can help you write outstanding outlines without making any hassle.

A definite goal

For better expression, make a list of primary objectives on a title page in a single phrase or less. Your goal should be specific and measurable. If it is too broad or imprecise, you will not achieve anything. If you are working on a large paper format that covers a variety of themes or topics, you may have a more general purpose in mind. But, if you plan to write an essay, the aim should be as specific and clear as possible to be effective.

Breaking things up rather than allowing them to become verbose is known as the division rule. Make sure that each subsection in the document corresponds to its parent heading. If it doesn’t compare to the section, removing it or moving it to another location is better.

Parallelism

It is mainly related to the consistency and structure of the document. It keeps your paper’s layout tidy and also ensures relevancy. For instance, if you begin one heading with a verb, make sure all other headings and subheadings also start with a verb.

Coordination

Having headings aligned is critical to creating a well-organized outline. This rule also applies to subheadings, which is a good thing. If one title is less important than another, consider changing your layout by incorporating it into a subsection instead.

Subordination

Subordination deals with maintaining a connection between your paper’s headings and subheadings. It helps in the proper sequencing of headings and subheadings. Headings should be broad at the outset. At the same time, the subheadings become more particular as they go further into the document.

Avoid Redundancy

While writing a paper outline, look through it many times and cross out any items that aren’t necessary or have no significance. While outlining, make sure to be specific and concise. It will prevent you from adding information that does not supporting your final essay. Remove all the extra information and points while c that weighs you down while you write.

Wrap it up in a good way

Creating an outline does not only help in writing a coherent term paper, but it also helps in ending with precise understanding. Be considerate of your audience’s time and effort when you write an outline in APA, and ensure it serves its purpose. If you still have any doubts about formatting your paper outline, you can use this APA-style research paper outline template to write your document. We have provided Outline Format Example for every style.

People find it hard to write an outline in APA, but if you are aware of the requirements and structure, it’s no breeze. Sometimes, your instructor may alter your paper format by introducing or removing existing sections. As a result, if you come across any templates for an outline in APA, pay close attention to them. If you are looking for a quick answer to how to outline an APA paper, here’s a standard logical sequence of typical parts to include when writing an outline in APA:

• Thesis statement
• Techniques employed
• Body of paper
• Conclusions section
• List of references

A well-written outline is an excellent tool for presenting an outstanding paper. Including the key components while writing an outline for a research paper is necessary.

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Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey

How to Write a Research Paper Outline (with Examples)

Writing a research paper is an essential part of an academic career. However, the task can be quite challenging especially for early career researchers unfamiliar with the nuances of academic research and writing. Creating an impactful research paper demands meticulous attention to detail, an in depth understanding of the topic and research methodology, and the ability to communicate the findings in an accurate and easy to understand way. This is where a research paper outline becomes useful. Writing a research paper can be made simpler and more efficient with a well-organized plan. A well-structured research paper outline offers the fundamental foundation on which researchers can construct their narratives logically, ensuring that the study report is well-presented and interesting for readers.   

Table of Contents

This article takes a look now at the benefits of having a good research paper outline and also provides guidance on creating one.  

4 steps to create a well-structured research paper outline    

List the key components  .

To begin with, researchers must list down the key components that should be included in the research paper outline . Start with identifying your research question. Organize your key ideas and thoughts so that you are able to clearly convey the various aspects of your research question or thesis statement. Create separate points for the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, significance of your research along with its limitations. These sections will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that all relevant information is included in your research manuscript.  

Structure the outline logically  

As you create your outline, make sure that there is logical flow of ideas and arguments. Think through the sequence in which you will present your topic and ideas. Structure the research paper outline in a way that allows a clear and continuous narrative that is easy to understand. For example, the introduction must be concise and engaging and must clearly introduce the research topic. The main paragraphs must focus on the research problem and arguments with supporting evidence. Experts suggest using headings and sub-heads to help organize ideas and data into sub-groups. The concluding section should have a summary of your study’s main points and key takeaways with recommendations for future research.   

Provide supporting evidence  

It is important to provide adequate supporting evidence and examples that underpin your key idea or argument. This helps to fit your study into the larger context of your subject area. It may be a good idea to collect all your data and relevant sources right from the start. Experts suggest providing at last three supporting evidences for each of your main ideas and including appropriate and accurate citations in the research paper outline .  

Review and edit  

Finally, take time to review the outline and make necessary modifications as you come across new data and information. To do so, you must have sufficient knowledge of the existing and current literature on the topic. Make sure that your ideas are in a logical order, and you have not missed out anything from your research notes.  

3 tips to draft a great research paper outline   

• Be concise and clear: Avoid adding unnecessary details to your research paper outline . Try instead, to focus only on the key ideas, information and supporting evidence for your study. Experts suggest avoiding the use of lengthy sentences and recommend the use of short phrases, sub-heads, and bullet points to outline ideas.  
• Stay consistent with formatting: To ensure consistency in formatting, researchers can choose from different kinds of research paper outline templates. The most commonly used ones are:
• The alpha-numerical template where the points are written as short sentences,   
• The full sentence format where whole sentences are written with specific points   
• The decimal format where the main point is presented as a whole number (1, 2) and sub-points are given as decimal points (1.1, 1.2).   
• Seek feedback from supervisors: Once you have completed the outline, it is a good idea to share it with your supervisors and mentors and seek their insights. Their inputs will help ensure that your research paper outline is on track.   

Research paper outline example

Given below is a research paper outline example that you can use as a starting point.

I. Introduction

• Background and context of the research topic
• Problem statement and research question  
• Significance of the study

II. Literature Review

• Overview of relevant literature  
• Discussion of previous research and findings  
• Identification of gaps and areas for further exploration  

III. Methodology 

• Explanation of the research design  
• Description of data collection methods  
• Discussion of data analysis techniques

IV. Results

• Presentation of research findings  
• Data visualization (tables, graphs, charts, etc.)  
• Explanation of key results

V. Discussion

• Interpretation of the results  
• Comparison with existing literature  
• Addressing limitations and implications of the study

VI. Conclusion

• Summary of the research paper  
• Final remarks and suggestions for future research   

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How to Write a 10-Page Research Paper

• Writing Research Papers
• Writing Essays
• English Grammar
• M.Ed., Education Administration, University of Georgia
• B.A., History, Armstrong State University

A large research paper assignment can be scary and intimidating. As always, this large assignment becomes more manageable (and less scary) whenever you break it down into digestible bites.

Start Early

The first key to writing a good research paper is starting early. There are a few good reasons to get an early start:

• The best sources for your topic might be taken by other students, or they might be located in a faraway library.
• It will take time to read the sources and write those note cards.
• You will find that every rewrite of your paper makes it better. Give yourself plenty of time to polish your paper.
• If you wait until the last minute, you could find that there is no information available to support your topic or thesis. You might need to find a new topic.

Write in Stages

The timeline below should help you get to the number of pages you desire. The key to writing a long research paper is writing in stages: You will need to establish a general overview first and then identify and write about several subtopics.

The second key to writing a lengthy research paper is to think of the writing process as a cycle. You will alternate researching, writing, reordering, and revising.

You will need to revisit each subtopic to insert your own analysis and arrange the proper order of your paragraphs in the final stages. Be sure to cite all information that is not common knowledge. Consult a style guide to make sure you are always citing properly.

Use a Timeline

Develop your own timeline with the tool below. If possible start the process four weeks before the paper is due.

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Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

• Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
• Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
• Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
• Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
• Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
• Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
• Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
• Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

• How often do you use social media per day?
• Less than 30 minutes
• 30 minutes to 1 hour
• 1 to 2 hours
• 2 to 4 hours
• More than 4 hours
• Which social media platforms do you use?
• Others (Please specify)
• How often do you experience the following on social media?
• Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
• Cyberbullying
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
• Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
• Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
• Very positive
• Somewhat positive
• Somewhat negative
• Very negative
• In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Social comparison
• In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Education on healthy social media use
• Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
• Social media detox programs
• Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

• Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
• Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
• Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
• Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

• For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
• For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
• To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

• To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
• To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
• To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
• To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

• Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
• Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
• Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
• Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
• Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

• Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
• Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
• Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
• Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
• Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

• Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
• Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
• Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
• Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
• Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

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Crafting a comprehensive research paper can be daunting. Understanding diverse citation styles and various subject areas presents a challenge for many.

Without clear examples, students often feel lost and overwhelmed, unsure of how to start or which style fits their subject.

Explore our collection of expertly written research paper examples. We’ve covered various citation styles and a diverse range of subjects.

So, read on!

• 1. Research Paper Example for Different Formats
• 2. Examples for Different Research Paper Parts
• 3. Research Paper Examples for Different Fields
• 4. Research Paper Example Outline

Research Paper Example for Different Formats

Following a specific formatting style is essential while writing a research paper . Knowing the conventions and guidelines for each format can help you in creating a perfect paper. Here we have gathered examples of research paper for most commonly applied citation styles :

Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Review

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APA Research Paper Example

APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used in social sciences, psychology, and education. This format is recognized for its clear and concise writing, emphasis on proper citations, and orderly presentation of ideas.

Here are some research paper examples in APA style:

Research Paper Example APA 7th Edition

Research Paper Example MLA

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is frequently employed in humanities disciplines, including literature, languages, and cultural studies. An MLA research paper might explore literature analysis, linguistic studies, or historical research within the humanities. 

Here is an example:

Found Voices: Carl Sagan

Research Paper Example Chicago

Chicago style is utilized in various fields like history, arts, and social sciences. Research papers in Chicago style could delve into historical events, artistic analyses, or social science inquiries. 

Here is a research paper formatted in Chicago style:

Chicago Research Paper Sample

Research Paper Example Harvard

Harvard style is widely used in business, management, and some social sciences. Research papers in Harvard style might address business strategies, case studies, or social policies.

View this sample Harvard style paper here:

Harvard Research Paper Sample

Examples for Different Research Paper Parts

A research paper has different parts. Each part is important for the overall success of the paper. Chapters in a research paper must be written correctly, using a certain format and structure.

The following are examples of how different sections of the research paper can be written.

Research Proposal

The research proposal acts as a detailed plan or roadmap for your study, outlining the focus of your research and its significance. It's essential as it not only guides your research but also persuades others about the value of your study.

Example of Research Proposal

An abstract serves as a concise overview of your entire research paper. It provides a quick insight into the main elements of your study. It summarizes your research's purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions in a brief format.

Research Paper Example Abstract

Literature Review 

A literature review summarizes the existing research on your study's topic, showcasing what has already been explored. This section adds credibility to your own research by analyzing and summarizing prior studies related to your topic.

Literature Review Research Paper Example

Methodology

The methodology section functions as a detailed explanation of how you conducted your research. This part covers the tools, techniques, and steps used to collect and analyze data for your study.

Methods Section of Research Paper Example

How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper

The research paper conclusion summarizes your findings, their significance and the impact of your research. This section outlines the key takeaways and the broader implications of your study's results.

Research Paper Conclusion Example

Research Paper Examples for Different Fields

Research papers can be about any subject that needs a detailed study. The following examples show research papers for different subjects.

History Research Paper Sample

Preparing a history research paper involves investigating and presenting information about past events. This may include exploring perspectives, analyzing sources, and constructing a narrative that explains the significance of historical events. Check out the history research paper topics blog to get inspired and motivated by these amazing ideas.

View this history research paper sample:

Many Faces of Generalissimo Fransisco Franco

Sociology Research Paper Sample

In sociology research, statistics and data are harnessed to explore societal issues within a particular region or group. These findings are thoroughly analyzed to gain an understanding of the structure and dynamics present within these communities. 

Here is a sample:

A Descriptive Statistical Analysis within the State of Virginia

 For more insights and inspiration, explore the sociology research topics blog to discover intriguing ideas and relevant issues.

Science Fair Research Paper Sample

A science research paper involves explaining a scientific experiment or project. It includes outlining the purpose, procedures, observations, and results of the experiment in a clear, logical manner.

Here are some examples:

Science Fair Paper Format

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Psychology Research Paper Sample

Writing a psychology research paper involves studying human behavior and mental processes. This process includes conducting experiments, gathering data, and analyzing results to understand the human mind, emotions, and behavior. However, the key to a successful psychology paper is selecting the right topic. Make sure to pick an intriguing psychology research paper topic that captivates your interest and aligns with your research objectives.

Here is an example psychology paper:

The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance

Art History Research Paper Sample

Studying art history includes examining artworks, understanding their historical context, and learning about the artists. This helps analyze and interpret how art has evolved over various periods and regions.

Check out this sample paper analyzing European art and impacts:

European Art History: A Primer

Need an expert-written research paper? We can help!

Research Paper Example Outline

Before you plan on writing a well-researched paper, make a rough draft. An outline can be a great help when it comes to organizing vast amounts of research material for your paper.

Here is a research paper outline template:

Here is a downloadable sample of a standard research paper outline:

Research Paper Outline

Good Research Paper Examples for Students

Here are some more samples of research papers for students to learn from:

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Now that you have explored the research paper examples, you can start working on your research project. Hopefully, these examples will help you understand the writing process for a research paper.

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Paper and report design and layout templates

Pen perfect looking papers and reports every time when you start your assignment with a customizable design and layout template. whether you want your paper to pop off the page or you need your report to represent your data in the best light, you'll find the right template for your next paper..

Perfect your papers and reports with customizable templates

Your papers and reports will look as professional and well put together as they sound when you compose them using customizable Word templates . Whether you're writing a research paper for your university course or putting together a high priority presentation , designer-created templates are here to help you get started. First impressions are important, even for papers, and layout can make or break someone's interest in your content. Don't risk it by freestyling, start with a tried-and-true template. Remember, though: Papers and reports don't have to be boring. Professional can still pop. Tweak your favorite layout template to match your unique aesthetic for a grade A package.

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Research Paper Template

The fastest (and smartest) way to craft a research paper that showcases your project and earns you marks. 

Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format 4.9 star rating, 5000 + downloads

Step-by-step instructions

Tried & tested academic format

Fill-in-the-blanks simplicity

Pro tips, tricks and resources

What It Covers

This template’s structure is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for academic research papers. Its structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your paper has a smooth, logical flow from chapter to chapter. Here’s what’s included:

• The title page/cover page
• Abstract (or executive summary)
• Section 1: Introduction 
• Section 2: Literature review 
• Section 3: Methodology
• Section 4: Findings /results
• Section 5: Discussion
• Section 6: Conclusion
• Reference list

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover within each section. 

You can download a fully editable MS Word File (DOCX format), copy it to your Google Drive or paste the content to any other word processor.

download your copy

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I agree to receive the free template and other useful resources.

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FAQs: Research Paper Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The research paper template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of research papers can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard best-practice structure for formal academic research papers, so it is suitable for the vast majority of degrees, particularly those within the sciences.

Some universities may have some additional requirements, but these are typically minor, with the core structure remaining the same. Therefore, it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Masters or PhD-level research paper?

This template can be used for a research paper at any level of study. It may be slight overkill for an undergraduate-level study, but it certainly won’t be missing anything.

How long should my research paper be?

This depends entirely on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. We include generic word count ranges for each section within the template, but these are purely indicative. 

What about the research proposal?

If you’re still working on your research proposal, we’ve got a template for that here .

We’ve also got loads of proposal-related guides and videos over on the Grad Coach blog .

How do I write a literature review?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack how to write a literature review from scratch. You can check out the literature review section of the blog here.

How do I create a research methodology?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack research methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. You can check out the methodology section of the blog here.

Can I share this research paper template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template. If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Can Grad Coach help me with my research paper?

Within the template, you’ll find plain-language explanations of each section, which should give you a fair amount of guidance. However, you’re also welcome to consider our private coaching services .

Additional Resources

If you’re working on a research paper or report, be sure to also check these resources out…

1-On-1 Private Coaching

The Grad Coach Resource Center

The Grad Coach YouTube Channel

The Grad Coach Podcast

How Can You Create a Well Planned Research Paper Outline

You are staring at the blank document, meaning to start writing your research paper . After months of experiments and procuring results, your PI asked you to write the paper to publish it in a reputed journal. You spoke to your peers and a few seniors and received a few tips on writing a research paper, but you still can’t plan on how to begin!

Writing a research paper is a very common issue among researchers and is often looked upon as a time consuming hurdle. Researchers usually look up to this task as an impending threat, avoiding and procrastinating until they cannot delay it anymore. Seeking advice from internet and seniors they manage to write a paper which goes in for quite a few revisions. Making researchers lose their sense of understanding with respect to their research work and findings. In this article, we would like to discuss how to create a structured research paper outline which will assist a researcher in writing their research paper effectively!

Publication is an important component of research studies in a university for academic promotion and in obtaining funding to support research. However, the primary reason is to provide the data and hypotheses to scientific community to advance the understanding in a specific domain. A scientific paper is a formal record of a research process. It documents research protocols, methods, results, conclusion, and discussion from a research hypothesis .

Table of Contents

What Is a Research Paper Outline?

A research paper outline is a basic format for writing an academic research paper. It follows the IMRAD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). However, this format varies depending on the type of research manuscript. A research paper outline consists of following sections to simplify the paper for readers. These sections help researchers build an effective paper outline.

1. Title Page

The title page provides important information which helps the editors, reviewers, and readers identify the manuscript and the authors at a glance. It also provides an overview of the field of research the research paper belongs to. The title should strike a balance between precise and detailed. Other generic details include author’s given name, affiliation, keywords that will provide indexing, details of the corresponding author etc. are added to the title page.

2. Abstract

Abstract is the most important section of the manuscript and will help the researcher create a detailed research paper outline . To be more precise, an abstract is like an advertisement to the researcher’s work and it influences the editor in deciding whether to submit the manuscript to reviewers or not. Writing an abstract is a challenging task. Researchers can write an exemplary abstract by selecting the content carefully and being concise.

3. Introduction

An introduction is a background statement that provides the context and approach of the research. It describes the problem statement with the assistance of the literature study and elaborates the requirement to update the knowledge gap. It sets the research hypothesis and informs the readers about the big research question.

This section is usually named as “Materials and Methods”, “Experiments” or “Patients and Methods” depending upon the type of journal. This purpose provides complete information on methods used for the research. Researchers should mention clear description of materials and their use in the research work. If the methods used in research are already published, give a brief account and refer to the original publication. However, if the method used is modified from the original method, then researcher should mention the modifications done to the original protocol and validate its accuracy, precision, and repeatability.

It is best to report results as tables and figures wherever possible. Also, avoid duplication of text and ensure that the text summarizes the findings. Report the results with appropriate descriptive statistics. Furthermore, report any unexpected events that could affect the research results, and mention complete account of observations and explanations for missing data (if any).

6. Discussion

The discussion should set the research in context, strengthen its importance and support the research hypothesis. Summarize the main results of the study in one or two paragraphs and show how they logically fit in an overall scheme of studies. Compare the results with other investigations in the field of research and explain the differences.

7. Acknowledgments

Acknowledgements identify and thank the contributors to the study, who are not under the criteria of co-authors. It also includes the recognition of funding agency and universities that award scholarships or fellowships to researchers.

8. Declaration of Competing Interests

Finally, declaring the competing interests is essential to abide by ethical norms of unique research publishing. Competing interests arise when the author has more than one role that may lead to a situation where there is a conflict of interest.

Steps to Write a Research Paper Outline

• Write down all important ideas that occur to you concerning the research paper .
• Answer questions such as – what is the topic of my paper? Why is the topic important? How to formulate the hypothesis? What are the major findings?
• Add context and structure. Group all your ideas into sections – Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion/Conclusion.
• Add relevant questions to each section. It is important to note down the questions. This will help you align your thoughts.
• Expand the ideas based on the questions created in the paper outline.
• After creating a detailed outline, discuss it with your mentors and peers.
• Get enough feedback and decide on the journal you will submit to.
• The process of real writing begins.

Benefits of Creating a Research Paper Outline

As discussed, the research paper subheadings create an outline of what different aspects of research needs elaboration. This provides subtopics on which the researchers brainstorm and reach a conclusion to write. A research paper outline organizes the researcher’s thoughts and gives a clear picture of how to formulate the research protocols and results. It not only helps the researcher to understand the flow of information but also provides relation between the ideas.

A research paper outline helps researcher achieve a smooth transition between topics and ensures that no research point is forgotten. Furthermore, it allows the reader to easily navigate through the research paper and provides a better understanding of the research. The paper outline allows the readers to find relevant information and quotes from different part of the paper.

Research Paper Outline Template

A research paper outline template can help you understand the concept of creating a well planned research paper before beginning to write and walk through your journey of research publishing.

1. Research Title

A. Background i. Support with evidence ii. Support with existing literature studies

B. Thesis Statement i. Link literature with hypothesis ii. Support with evidence iii. Explain the knowledge gap and how this research will help build the gap 4. Body

A. Methods i. Mention materials and protocols used in research ii. Support with evidence

B. Results i. Support with tables and figures ii. Mention appropriate descriptive statistics

C. Discussion i. Support the research with context ii. Support the research hypothesis iii. Compare the results with other investigations in field of research

D. Conclusion i. Support the discussion and research investigation ii. Support with literature studies

E. Acknowledgements i. Identify and thank the contributors ii. Include the funding agency, if any

F. Declaration of Competing Interests

5. References

Download the Research Paper Outline Template!

Have you tried writing a research paper outline ? How did it work for you? Did it help you achieve your research paper writing goal? Do let us know about your experience in the comments below.

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Research Paper Thesis

Ai generator.

In the realm of academic writing, a well-structured research paper thesis is a cornerstone. This article provides a comprehensive guide on crafting a research paper thesis, with over 21 examples in various formats such as PDF, Word, and Google Docs. We will also delve into the step-by-step process of writing a research paper thesis, answer some frequently asked questions, and provide links to related articles for further reading.

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22. Research Paper Thesis Checklist

What is a Research Paper Thesis?

A research paper thesis is a concise statement that articulates the central argument or claim of your research paper. It serves as a roadmap, guiding the direction of your paper and keeping your argument focused. It is typically located at the end of the introduction section.

How to Write a Research Paper Thesis

Before we delve into the steps of creating a research paper thesis, it’s essential to understand its importance. A well-crafted thesis statement can make your research paper more effective and impactful.

Step 1: Understand your research topic:

Before you can write a thesis statement, you need to have a clear understanding of your research topic. This involves conducting preliminary research and identifying the key issues or questions related to your topic.

Step 2: Formulate your argument:

Based on your understanding of the topic, formulate a clear and concise argument that your research paper will explore.

Step 3: Write the thesis statement:

Your thesis statement should clearly articulate your argument. It should be specific, concise, and arguable. For more guidance, refer to our article on ‘ 26+ Research Paper Introduction Examples in PDF, Word, Google Docs, Apple Pages ‘.

Step 4: Revise and refine:

As your research progresses, you may need to revise and refine your thesis statement to ensure it accurately reflects the content of your paper.

What is a research paper thesis?

A research paper thesis is a concise statement that articulates the central argument or claim of your research paper.

How do I write a research paper thesis?

To write a research paper thesis, you need to understand your research topic, formulate your argument, write the thesis statement, and revise and refine as necessary.

Where can I find examples of research paper theses?

You can find examples of research paper theses in our ’21+ Research Paper Thesis Example in PDF, Word, Google Docs’ article.

In conclusion, a well-crafted research paper thesis is crucial for an effective and impactful research paper. By following the steps outlined in this guide and utilizing the provided examples, you can create a strong thesis statement that guides your research and strengthens your argument. For more information, check out our articles on ‘ 26+ MLA Research Paper in PDF ‘, ‘ 24+ Research Paper Abstract Examples in Word, Google Docs, PDF ‘, ‘ Research Paper Format ‘, ‘ 10+ Research Paper Checklist Examples [College, Grading, School ]’, ‘ 10+ APA Research Paper Examples ‘, ‘ Chicago Style Paper ‘, ‘ MLA Paper Format ‘, ‘ Research Design ‘, and ‘ 10+ Research Outline Examples in MS Word | PDF ‘.

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Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation

Jack l turban , md, mhs, dana king , alm, jeremi m carswell , md, alex s keuroghlian , md, mph.

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Dr Turban conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, and incorporated all revisions and comments; Ms King conducted statistical analyses and reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, with a focus on statistical aspects of the manuscript; Dr Carswell assisted in the design of the study and in interpretation of the data analyses and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, with a focus on relevant clinical endocrinology; Dr Keuroghlian supervised and contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study and the design of the statistical analyses and reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content as it relates to mental health considerations for transgender people; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Address correspondence to Jack L. Turban, MD, MHS, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman St, WAC 812, Boston, MA 02114. [email protected]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues are commonly prescribed to suppress endogenous puberty for transgender adolescents. There are limited data regarding the mental health benefits of this treatment. Our objective for this study was to examine associations between access to pubertal suppression during adolescence and adult mental health outcomes.

Using a cross-sectional survey of 20 619 transgender adults aged 18 to 36 years, we examined self-reported history of pubertal suppression during adolescence. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations between access to pubertal suppression and adult mental health outcomes, including multiple measures of suicidality.

Of the sample, 16.9% reported that they ever wanted pubertal suppression as part of their gender-related care. Their mean age was 23.4 years, and 45.2% were assigned male sex at birth. Of them, 2.5% received pubertal suppression. After adjustment for demographic variables and level of family support for gender identity, those who received treatment with pubertal suppression, when compared with those who wanted pubertal suppression but did not receive it, had lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio = 0.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.2–0.6).

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the first study in which associations between access to pubertal suppression and suicidality are examined. There is a significant inverse association between treatment with pubertal suppression during adolescence and lifetime suicidal ideation among transgender adults who ever wanted this treatment. These results align with past literature, suggesting that pubertal suppression for transgender adolescents who want this treatment is associated with favorable mental health outcomes.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, ∼1.8% of adolescents in the United States identify as transgender. 1 These youth suffer mental health disparities that include higher rates of internalizing psychopathology (ie, anxiety and depression) and suicidality, theorized to be due to a combination of dysphoria toward their bodies and minority stress. 2 – 5 In a large study of transgender adults in the United States, 40% endorsed a lifetime suicide attempt. 6

Over the past 2 decades, protocols have been developed to provide transgender adolescents with gender-affirming medical interventions that align their bodies with their gender identities. Most prominent among these are the Endocrine Society guidelines 7 and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care. 8 Both sets of guidelines recommend that transgender adolescents be offered gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHas), colloquially referred to as “puberty blockers,” once they reach Tanner 2 of puberty. These medications are provided as subcutaneous implants or are administered as either 1- or 3-month depot injections. GnRHa therapy effectively halts the production of gonadal sex steroids (testosterone and estrogen) by persistently activating and thereby desensitizing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, which in turn leads to suppression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland. 9 This process inhibits endogenous puberty for the duration of GnRHa use. Once further pubertal development is delayed, youth are able to explore gender identities without the pressure of dysphoria associated with gender-incongruent physical development. 10 GnRHa therapy is unique among gender-affirming medical interventions in that the resultant pubertal suppression is fully reversible, with the resumption of endogenous puberty after their discontinuation. 7 , 8

Since the publication of the WPATH Standards of Care and the Endocrine Society guidelines, the use of pubertal suppression for transgender youth has become more common in the United States 9 There are limited data, however, regarding the mental health outcomes of pubertal suppression. To date, there have been 2 published studies in which the effects of this treatment on the mental health of transgender youth were examined. In the first study, the authors assessed changes in mental health among 55 Dutch adolescents who received pubertal suppression. 11 This study, which notably lacked a control group, revealed that internalizing psychopathology improved after treatment with pubertal suppression. In the second study, researchers followed a group of 201 adolescents with gender dysphoria and found that those who received pubertal suppression in addition to psychological support ( n = 101) had superior global functioning, measured by the Children’s Global Assessment Scale, when compared with those who received psychological support alone ( n = 100). 12

In the current study, we use the largest survey of transgender people to date, a community-recruited sample of transgender adults in the United States, to conduct the first-ever investigation into associations between pubertal suppression and suicidality.

Transgender youth present to clinicians with a range of concerns. Some have minimal body dysphoria and do not desire pubertal suppression, whereas others report significant dysphoria around the physical changes related to puberty. Because not all transgender and gender-diverse youth desire medical interventions, we examined only those youth who desired pubertal suppression because these are the young people who would present to care and for whom clinicians would need to decide about whether to initiate pubertal suppression. We specifically examined measures of past-year suicidality, lifetime suicidality, past-month severe psychological distress, past-month binge drinking, and lifetime illicit drug use. We hypothesized that among those who wanted pubertal suppression, those who received it would have superior mental health outcomes when compared with those who wanted but did not receive it.

Study Design and Data Source

The 2015 US Transgender Survey (USTS) was conducted over a 1-month period in 2015 by the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE). It is, to our knowledge, the largest existing data set of transgender adults and includes data regarding demographics, past gender-affirming medical treatment, family support, and mental health outcomes. Participants were recruited through community outreach in collaboration with >400 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender organizations and were provided with a Web address to complete the survey online. Details regarding outreach efforts are further described in the NCTE report on the survey. 6 The USTS protocol was approved by the University of California, Los Angeles Institutional Review Board. For the purposes of the current study, data were obtained via a data-sharing agreement with the NCTE, and the current protocol was reviewed by The Fenway Institute Institutional Review Board and determined to not comprise human subjects research.

Study Population

The USTS data set contains responses from 27 715 US transgender adults, with respondents from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and US military bases overseas. Given that pubertal suppression for transgender youth was not available in the United States until 1998, 4 only participants who were 17 or younger in 1998 would have had health care access to GnRHa for pubertal suppression. We thus restricted the analysis to participants who were 36 or younger at the time of the survey, resulting in a sample of 20 619 participants. Data were further restricted to those who selected “puberty blocking hormones (usually used by youth ages 9–16)” in response to the question “Have you ever wanted any of the health care listed below for your gender identity or gender transition? (Mark all that apply).” Response options for this question were “counseling/therapy,” “hormone treatment/HRT,” “puberty blocking hormones (usually used by youth ages 9–16),” or “none of the above.” This resulted in a sample of 3494 individuals between the ages of 18 and 36 who ever wanted pubertal suppression as part of their gender-affirming medical care.

Exposure to pubertal suppression was defined as selecting “puberty blocking hormones (usually used by youth ages 9–16)” in response to the question “Have you ever had any of the health care listed below for your gender identity or gender transition? (Mark all that apply).” Response options for this question were “counseling/therapy,” “hormone treatment/HRT,” “puberty blocking hormones (usually used by youth ages 9–16),” and “none of the above.” Participants who reported having pubertal suppression were also asked, “At what age did you begin taking Puberty Blocking Hormones?” Those who reported beginning treatment after age 17 were excluded to only include participants who likely had pubertal suppression during active endogenous puberty. The vast majority of adolescents would have reached Tanner 5, the final stage of puberty, by age 17. 13 , 14

Comparing those who received pubertal suppression with those who did not, we examined past-month severe psychological distress (defined as a score of ≥13 on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K6], a cutoff previously validated among US adults 15 ), past-month binge drinking (operationalized as drinking ≥5 standard alcoholic beverages during 1 occasion; the rationale for this threshold when studying alcohol use among transgender people has been discussed previously 16 ), lifetime illicit drug use (not including marijuana), past-year suicidal ideation, past-year suicidal ideation with a plan, past-year suicide attempts, past-year suicide attempts resulting in inpatient care, lifetime suicidal ideation, and lifetime suicide attempts.

Control Variables

Demographic variables collected included age, age of social transition, age of initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy, current gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, race, education level, employment status, relationship status, total household income at the time of data collection in 2015, family support for gender identity, and current hormone treatment.

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 25 (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Descriptive statistics were conducted and are presented as frequency (percentage) or mean (SD). Analysis of variance and χ 2 tests were used to assess significance by age, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, race, education level, employment status, relationship status, total household income, family support for gender identity, and current hormone treatment between those who received pubertal suppression and those who did not. We used univariate logistic regression to examine associations between receiving pubertal suppression and each mental health outcome, as well as between age and both ever wanting and receiving pubertal suppression. P < .05 defined statistical significance. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for using the demographic variables associated with each outcome at the level of P ≤ .20. Because all outcomes were associated with level of family support, sexual orientation, education level, employment status, and total household income, all models were adjusted for these variables. Lifetime suicide attempts were associated with gender identity, and this model was therefore additionally adjusted for this variable. Past-month severe psychological distress and past-year suicidal ideation were additionally associated with age, gender identity, and relationship status, and therefore models were adjusted for these variables as well. Race was found to be associated with lifetime suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts; therefore models were therefore additionally adjusted for race.

Of the 20 619 survey respondents 18 to 36 years of age, 3494 (16.9%) reported that they had ever wanted pubertal suppression. Of those who wanted pubertal suppression, only 89 (2.5%) had received this treatment. The following variables were found to be associated with those who wanted and received pubertal suppression compared with those who wanted pubertal suppression but did not receive it: younger age, age of social transition, age of initiation of hormone therapy, feminine gender identity, male sex assigned at birth, heterosexual sexual orientation, higher total household income, and greater family support of gender identity ( Table 1 ).

Sample Demographics

Descriptive statistics for transgender adults in the United States who ever wanted pubertal suppression for their gender identity or gender transition when comparing those who received this treatment with those who did not receive this treatment (total N = 3494). Percentages were calculated from the total of nonmissing values.

Indicates statistical significance.

In univariate analyses, when comparing those who received pubertal suppression with those who did not, receiving pubertal suppression was associated with decreased odds of past-year suicidal ideation, lifetime suicidal ideation, and past-month severe psychological distress ( Table 2 ). After controlling for demographic variables from Table 1 , pubertal suppression was associated with decreased odds of lifetime suicidal ideation. Raw frequency outcomes are presented in Table 3 .

Mental Health Outcomes Among Those Who Received Pubertal Suppression

Univariate and multivariable analyses of mental health outcomes among transgender adults in the United States who ever wanted pubertal suppression when comparing those who received this treatment with those who did not. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for using the demographic variables associated with each outcome at the level of P ≤ .20. Because all outcomes were associated with family support, sexual orientation, education level, employment status, and total household income, all models were adjusted for these variables. Lifetime suicide attempts were associated with gender identity, and this model was additionally adjusted for this variable. Past-month severe psychological distress and past-year suicidal ideation were additionally associated with age, gender identity, and relationship status, and thus these models were adjusted for these variables as well. Race was found to be associated with lifetime suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts, and thus these models were additionally adjusted for race. Models for psychological distress and past-year suicidal ideation were also adjusted for age, gender identity, and relationship status. aOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Raw Frequencies of Outcome Variables

Raw frequencies of mental health outcomes among transgender adults in the United States who ever wanted pubertal suppression. Percentages were calculated from the total of nonmissing values.

To examine associations between age, ever wanting, and ever receiving pubertal suppression, we divided participants into 2 age groups with the cutoff point at the median, 18 to 22 and 23 to 36, in light of the skewed distribution of age. 17 The younger age group had increased odds both of ever wanting pubertal suppression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, P < .001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–3.5) and of receiving pubertal suppression (OR = 2.1, P = .001, 95% CI: 1.4–3.4).

Among those who had ever received pubertal suppression, 60% reported traveling, 25 miles for gender-affirming health care, 29% traveled between 25 and 100 miles, and 11% traveled .100 miles.

This study is the first in which the association between access to pubertal suppression and measures of suicidality is examined. Treatment with pubertal suppression among those who wanted it was associated with lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation when compared with those who wanted pubertal suppression but did not receive it. Suicidality is of particular concern for this population because the estimated lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts among transgender people is as high as 40%. 6 Approximately 9 of 10 transgender adults who wanted pubertal suppression but did not receive it endorsed lifetime suicidal ideation in the current study ( Table 3 ). Access to pubertal suppression was associated with male sex assignment at birth, heterosexual sexual orientation, higher total household income, and higher level of family support for gender identity.

Results from this study suggest that the majority of transgender adults in the United States who have wanted pubertal suppression did not receive it. Of surveyed transgender adults in the current study, 16.9% reported ever desiring pubertal suppression as part of their gender-related care; however, only 2.5% of these respondents indicated they had in fact received this wanted treatment. This was the case even for the youngest survey respondents, who were 18 years old at the time of data collection in 2015. Only 4.7% of 18-year-olds who wanted the treatment reported receiving it.

Although rates both of desiring and of receiving pubertal suppression were higher among younger respondents, results from the current study indicate that still only 29.2% of the youngest participants in the study (ie, those who were 18 years of age in the year 2015) reported ever desiring pubertal suppression as part of gender-related care. No individuals <18 years of age were captured by this data set; future research should investigate the rate of desiring pubertal suppression among younger populations. Some respondents may have simply never been aware of the possibility of puberty suppression while still within the range of developmentally suitable candidates for receiving this treatment, or they may have believed that they were not suitable candidates. This finding may also reflect the diversity of experience among transgender and gender-diverse people, highlighting that not all will want every type of gender-affirming intervention. 7 , 8 Future research is needed to understand why younger participants reported desiring pubertal suppression at higher rates; we hypothesize that this is likely due in part to recent increased public awareness about and access to gender-affirming interventions. 5

Access to pubertal suppression was associated with a greater total household income. Without insurance, the annual cost of GnRHa therapy ranges from $4000 to $25 000. 18 Among adolescents treated with pubertal suppression at the Boston Children’s Hospital Gender Management Service before 2012, <20% obtained insurance coverage. 19 More recently, insurance coverage for these medications has increased: a study from 2 academic medical centers in 2015 revealed that insurance covered the cost of GnRHa therapy in 72% of cases. 18 This is 1 potential explanation for why younger age was found to be associated with accessing pubertal suppression in the current study ( Table 1 ). It is also plausible that those who receive pubertal suppression experience more improvement in mental health, which in turn may contribute to greater socioeconomic advancement. 20 This study’s cross-sectional design limits further interpretation.

Participants who endorsed a heterosexual sexual orientation were more likely to have received pubertal suppression. This is in line with past research revealing that nonheterosexual transgender people are less likely to access gender-affirming surgical interventions. 21 Some clinicians may be biased against administering pubertal suppression to patients whose sexual orientation identities do not align with society’s heteronormative assumptions. 21 In the current study, nonbinary and genderqueer respondents were also less likely to have accessed pubertal suppression, suggesting that clinicians may additionally be uncomfortable with delivering this treatment to patients whose gender identities defy more traditional binary categorization. Of note, because research on gender-affirming hormonal interventions for adolescents has been focused on transgender youth with binary gender identities, 11 some clinicians have reservations about prescribing pubertal suppression interventions to nonbinary youth in the event of a potentially prolonged state of low sex-steroid milieu.

Family support was also associated with receiving pubertal suppression among those who wanted this treatment. This finding is unsurprising given that most states require parental consent for adolescents to receive pubertal suppression. 22 Past studies have revealed that family support of gender identity is associated with favorable mental health outcomes. 6 Of note, treatment with pubertal suppression in the current study was associated with lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation, even after adjustment for family support ( Table 2 ).

We did not detect a difference in the odds of lifetime or past-year suicide attempts or attempts resulting in hospitalization. It is possible that we were underpowered to detect these differences given that suicide attempt items were less frequently endorsed than suicidal ideation items ( Table 3 ). Given this study’s retrospective self-report survey design, we were unable to capture information regarding completed suicides, which may have also reduced the number of suicide attempts we were able to account for. Given that suicidal ideation alone is a known predictor of future suicide attempts and deaths from suicide, the current results warrant particular concern. 23

This study adds to the existing literature 11 , 12 on the relationship of pubertal suppression to favorable mental health outcomes. The theoretical basis for these improved mental health outcomes is that pubertal suppression prevents irreversible, gender-noncongruent changes that result from endogenous puberty (eg, bone structure, voice changes, breast development, and body hair growth) and that may cause significant distress among transgender youth. Pubertal suppression allows these adolescents more time to decide if they wish to either induce exogenous gender-congruent puberty or allow endogenous puberty to progress. 7 , 8 Some have also theorized that gender-affirming medical care may have mental health benefits that are separate from its physical effects because it provides implied affirmation of gender identity from clinicians, which may in turn buffer against minority stress. 24

Strengths of this study include its large sample size and representation of a broad geographic area of the United States. It is the first study in which associations between pubertal suppression for transgender youth and suicidality are examined. Limitations include the study’s cross-sectional design, which does not allow for determination of causation. Longitudinal clinical trials are needed to better understand the efficacy of pubertal suppression. Because the 2015 USTS data do not contain the relevant variables, we were unable to examine associations between access to pubertal suppression and degree of body dysphoria in this study. Notably, past studies have revealed that body image difficulties persist through pubertal suppression and remit only after administration of gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen or testosterone. 11 It is also limited by its nonprobability sample design. Future researchers should work toward the collection of population-based survey data that include variables related to gender-affirming medical interventions. Of note, because pubertal suppression for transgender youth is a relatively recent intervention, some participants might not have known that these interventions existed and thus would not have reported ever wanting them. Had these individuals known about pubertal suppression, it is possible that they might have desired it. Because we do not have data on whether individuals who did not desire pubertal suppression would have wanted it had they known about it, we restricted our analysis to those who reported ever desiring pubertal suppression. Reverse causation cannot be ruled out: it is plausible that those without suicidal ideation had better mental health when seeking care and thus were more likely to be considered eligible for pubertal suppression. The Endocrine Society guidelines for pubertal suppression eligibility recommend that other mental health concerns be “reasonably well controlled.” 7 Because this study includes only adults who identify as transgender, it does not include outcomes for people who may have initiated pubertal suppression and subsequently no longer identify as transgender. Notably, however, a recent study from the Netherlands of 812 adolescents with gender dysphoria revealed that only 1.9% of adolescents who initiated pubertal suppression discontinued this treatment without proceeding to gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen or testosterone. 25

CONCLUSIONS

Among transgender adults in the United States who have wanted pubertal suppression, access to this treatment is associated with lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation. This study strengthens recommendations by the Endocrine Society and WPATH for this treatment to be made available for transgender adolescents who want it.

WHAT’S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues are commonly used to suppress endogenous puberty for transgender adolescents. Small studies have revealed that pubertal suppression results in favorable mental health outcomes. No studies to date have examined associations between pubertal suppression and suicidality.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:

In this study, using the largest survey of transgender adults to date, we show that access to pubertal suppression during adolescence is associated with lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation among transgender young adults.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank the NCTE for conducing the 2015 USTS and for allowing us access to these data.

FUNDING: Supported by grant U30CS22742 from the Health Resources and Services Administration Bureau of Primary Health Care to Dr Keuroghlian, the principal investigator, by contract AD-2017C1-6271 from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to Dr Kenneth H. Mayer, the principal investigator (Dr Keuroghlian is co-investigator), and by a Pilot Research Award for General Psychiatry Residents from The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry to Dr Turban.

ABBREVIATIONS

confidence interval

gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue

Kessler Psychological Distress Scale

National Center for Transgender Equality

US Transgender Survey

World Professional Association for Transgender Health

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.

POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Dr Turban reports receiving royalties from Springer for a textbook on pediatric gender identity; and Ms King and Drs Carswell and Keuroghlian have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

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