xor assignment operator

O.2 — Bitwise operators

The bitwise operators

C++ provides 6 bit manipulation operators, often called bitwise operators:

Author’s note

In the following examples, we will largely be working with 4-bit binary values. This is for the sake of convenience and keeping the examples simple. In actual programs, the number of bits used is based on the size of the object (e.g. a 2 byte object would store 16 bits).

For readability, we’ll also omit the 0b prefix outside of code examples (e.g. instead of 0b0101, we’ll just use 0101).

The bitwise operators are defined for integral types and std::bitset. We’ll use std::bitset in our examples because it’s easier to print the output in binary.

Avoid using the bitwise operators with signed operands, as many operators will return implementation-defined results prior to C++20 or have other potential gotchas that are easily avoided by using unsigned operands (or std::bitset).

Best practice

To avoid surprises, use the bitwise operators with unsigned operands or std::bitset.

Bitwise left shift (<<) and bitwise right shift (>>) operators

The bitwise left shift (<<) operator shifts bits to the left. The left operand is the expression to shift the bits of, and the right operand is an integer number of bits to shift left by.

So when we say x << 1 , we are saying “shift the bits in the variable x left by 1 place”. New bits shifted in from the right side receive the value 0.

0011 << 1 is 0110 0011 << 2 is 1100 0011 << 3 is 1000

Note that in the third case, we shifted a bit off the end of the number! Bits that are shifted off the end of the binary number are lost forever.

The bitwise right shift (>>) operator shifts bits to the right.

1100 >> 1 is 0110 1100 >> 2 is 0011 1100 >> 3 is 0001

Note that in the third case we shifted a bit off the right end of the number, so it is lost.

Here’s an example of doing some bit shifting:

This prints:

For advanced readers

Bit-shifting in C++ is endian -agnostic. Left-shift is always towards the most significant bit, and right-shift towards the least significant bit.

What!? Aren’t operator<< and operator>> used for input and output?

They sure are.

Programs today typically do not make much use of the bitwise left and right shift operators to shift bits. Rather, you tend to see the bitwise left shift operator used with std::cout (or other stream objects) to output text. Consider the following program:

This program prints:

In the above program, how does operator<< know to shift bits in one case and output x in another case? The answer is that std::cout has overloaded (provided an alternate definition for) operator<< that does console output rather than bit shifting.

When the compiler sees that the left operand of operator<< is std::cout, it knows that it should call the version of operator<< that std::cout overloaded to do output. If the left operand is an integral type, then operator<< knows it should do its usual bit-shifting behavior.

The same applies for operator>>.

Note that if you’re using operator << for both output and left shift, parenthesization is required:

The first line prints the value of x (0110), and then the literal 1. The second line prints the value of x left-shifted by 1 (1100).

We will talk more about operator overloading in a future chapter, including discussion of how to overload operators for your own purposes.

Bitwise NOT

The bitwise NOT operator (~) is perhaps the easiest to understand of all the bitwise operators. It simply flips each bit from a 0 to a 1, or vice versa. Note that the result of a bitwise NOT is dependent on what size your data type is.

Flipping 4 bits: ~0100 is 1011

Flipping 8 bits: ~0000 0100 is 1111 1011

In both the 4-bit and 8-bit cases, we start with the same number (binary 0100 is the same as 0000 0100 in the same way that decimal 7 is the same as 07), but we end up with a different result.

We can see this in action in the following program:

This prints: 1011 11111011

Bitwise OR (|) works much like its logical OR counterpart. However, instead of applying the OR to the operands to produce a single result, bitwise OR applies to each bit! For example, consider the expression 0b0101 | 0b0110 .

To do (any) bitwise operations, it is easiest to line the two operands up like this:

and then apply the operation to each column of bits.

If you remember, logical OR evaluates to true (1) if either the left, right, or both operands are true (1) , and 0 otherwise. Bitwise OR evaluates to 1 if either the left, right, or both bits are 1 , and 0 otherwise. Consequently, the expression evaluates like this:

Our result is 0111 binary.

We can do the same thing to compound OR expressions, such as 0b0111 | 0b0011 | 0b0001 . If any of the bits in a column are 1 , the result of that column is 1 .

Here’s code for the above:

Bitwise AND

Bitwise AND (&) works similarly to the above. Logical AND evaluates to true if both the left and right operand evaluate to true . Bitwise AND evaluates to true (1) if both bits in the column are 1 . Consider the expression 0b0101 & 0b0110 . Lining each of the bits up and applying an AND operation to each column of bits:

Similarly, we can do the same thing to compound AND expressions, such as 0b0001 & 0b0011 & 0b0111 . If all of the bits in a column are 1, the result of that column is 1.

Bitwise XOR

The last operator is the bitwise XOR (^), also known as exclusive or .

When evaluating two operands, XOR evaluates to true (1) if one and only one of its operands is true (1) . If neither or both are true, it evaluates to 0 . Consider the expression 0b0110 ^ 0b0011 :

It is also possible to evaluate compound XOR expression column style, such as 0b0001 ^ 0b0011 ^ 0b0111 . If there are an even number of 1 bits in a column, the result is 0 . If there are an odd number of 1 bits in a column, the result is 1 .

Bitwise assignment operators

Similar to the arithmetic assignment operators, C++ provides bitwise assignment operators in order to facilitate easy modification of variables.

For example, instead of writing x = x >> 1; , you can write x >>= 1; .

As an aside…

There is no bitwise NOT assignment operator. This is because the other bitwise operators are binary, but bitwise NOT is unary (so what would go on the right-hand side of a ~= operator?). If you want to flip all of the bits, you can use normal assignment here: x = ~x;

Summarizing how to evaluate bitwise operations utilizing the column method:

When evaluating bitwise OR , if any bit in a column is 1, the result for that column is 1. When evaluating bitwise AND , if all bits in a column are 1, the result for that column is 1. When evaluating bitwise XOR , if there are an odd number of 1 bits in a column, the result for that column is 1.

In the next lesson, we’ll explore how these operators can be used in conjunction with bit masks to facilitate bit manipulation.

Question #1

a) What does 0110 >> 2 evaluate to in binary?

Show Solution

0110 >> 2 evaluates to 0001

b) What does the following evaluate to in binary: 0011 | 0101?

c) What does the following evaluate to in binary: 0011 & 0101?

d) What does the following evaluate to in binary (0011 | 0101) & 1001?

Question #2

A bitwise rotation is like a bitwise shift, except that any bits shifted off one end are added back to the other end. For example 0b1001 << 1 would be 0b0010 , but a left rotate by 1 would result in 0b0011 instead. Implement a function that does a left rotate on a std::bitset<4> . For this one, it’s okay to use test() and set().

The following code should execute:

and print the following:

We have named the function “rotl” rather than “rotateLeft”, because “rotl” is a well-established name in computer science and also the name of the standard function, std::rotl .

Question #3

Extra credit: Redo quiz #2 but don’t use the test and set functions (use bitwise operators).

Bitwise XOR assignment (^=)

The bitwise XOR assignment operator ( ^= ) uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable.

The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples and send us a pull request.

Using bitwise XOR assignment

Specifications, browser compatibility.

Assignment operators in the JS guide
Bitwise XOR operator
JavaScript basics
JavaScript first steps
JavaScript building blocks
Introducing JavaScript objects
Introduction
Grammar and types
Control flow and error handling
Loops and iteration
Expressions and operators
Numbers and dates
Text formatting
Regular expressions
Indexed collections
Keyed collections
Working with objects
Details of the object model
Using promises
Iterators and generators
Meta programming
JavaScript modules
Client-side JavaScript frameworks
Client-side web APIs
A re-introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript data structures
Equality comparisons and sameness
Inheritance and the prototype chain
Strict mode
JavaScript typed arrays
Memory Management
Concurrency model and Event Loop
References:
AggregateError
ArrayBuffer
AsyncFunction
BigInt64Array
BigUint64Array
FinalizationRegistry
Float32Array
Float64Array
GeneratorFunction
InternalError
ReferenceError
SharedArrayBuffer
SyntaxError
Uint16Array
Uint32Array
Uint8ClampedArray
WebAssembly
decodeURI()
decodeURIComponent()
encodeURI()
encodeURIComponent()
parseFloat()
Addition (+)
Addition assignment (+=)
Assignment (=)
Bitwise AND (&)
Bitwise AND assignment (&=)
Bitwise NOT (~)
Bitwise OR (|)
Bitwise OR assignment (|=)
Bitwise XOR (^)
Comma operator (,)
Conditional (ternary) operator
Decrement (--)
Destructuring assignment
Division (/)
Division assignment (/=)
Equality (==)
Exponentiation (**)
Exponentiation assignment (**=)
Function expression
Greater than (>)
Greater than or equal (>=)
Grouping operator ( )
Increment (++)
Inequality (!=)
Left shift (<<)
Left shift assignment (<<=)
Less than (<)
Less than or equal (<=)
Logical AND (&&)
Logical AND assignment (&&=)
Logical NOT (!)
Logical OR (||)
Logical OR assignment (||=)
Logical nullish assignment (??=)
Multiplication (*)
Multiplication assignment (*=)
Nullish coalescing operator (??)
Object initializer
Operator precedence
Optional chaining (?.)
Pipeline operator (|>)
Property accessors
Remainder (%)
Remainder assignment (%=)
Right shift (>>)
Right shift assignment (>>=)
Spread syntax (...)
Strict equality (===)
Strict inequality (!==)
Subtraction (-)
Subtraction assignment (-=)
Unary negation (-)
Unary plus (+)
Unsigned right shift (>>>)
Unsigned right shift assignment (>>>=)
async function expression
class expression
delete operator
function* expression
in operator
new operator
void operator
async function
for await...of
function declaration
import.meta
try...catch
Arrow function expressions
Default parameters
Method definitions
Rest parameters
The arguments object
Private class fields
Public class fields
constructor
Error: Permission denied to access property "x"
InternalError: too much recursion
RangeError: argument is not a valid code point
RangeError: invalid array length
RangeError: invalid date
RangeError: precision is out of range
RangeError: radix must be an integer
RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity
RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative
ReferenceError: "x" is not defined
ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x"
ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration "x" before initialization
ReferenceError: deprecated caller or arguments usage
ReferenceError: invalid assignment left-hand side
ReferenceError: reference to undefined property "x"
SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals and octal escape seq. are deprecated
SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters
SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier
SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing
SyntaxError: Malformed formal parameter
SyntaxError: Unexpected token
SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead
SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer
SyntaxError: applying the "delete" operator to an unqualified name is deprecated
SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers
SyntaxError: function statement requires a name
SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal
SyntaxError: illegal character
SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x"
SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list
SyntaxError: missing ) after condition
SyntaxError: missing : after property id
SyntaxError: missing ; before statement
SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration
SyntaxError: missing ] after element list
SyntaxError: missing formal parameter
SyntaxError: missing name after . operator
SyntaxError: missing variable name
SyntaxError: missing } after function body
SyntaxError: missing } after property list
SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x"
SyntaxError: return not in function
SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)?
SyntaxError: unterminated string literal
TypeError: "x" has no properties
TypeError: "x" is (not) "y"
TypeError: "x" is not a constructor
TypeError: "x" is not a function
TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object
TypeError: "x" is read-only
TypeError: "x" is not iterable
TypeError: More arguments needed
TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value
TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type
TypeError: can't access dead object
TypeError: can't access property "x" of "y"
TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object
TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible
TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element
TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x"
TypeError: cannot use "in" operator to search for "x" in "y"
TypeError: cyclic object value
TypeError: invalid "instanceof" operand "x"
TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument
TypeError: invalid arguments
TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x"
TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted
TypeError: setting getter-only property "x"
TypeError: variable "x" redeclares argument
URIError: malformed URI sequence
Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one
Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant
Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated
Warning: JavaScript 1.6's for-each-in loops are deprecated
Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead
Warning: expression closures are deprecated
Warning: unreachable code after return statement
JavaScript technologies overview
Lexical grammar
Enumerability and ownership of properties
Iteration protocols
Transitioning to strict mode
Template literals
Deprecated features

Skip to main content
Select language
Skip to search
Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Simple assignment operator which assigns a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

This is an experimental technology, part of the ECMAScript 2016 (ES7) proposal. Because this technology's specification has not stabilized, check the compatibility table for usage in various browsers. Also note that the syntax and behavior of an experimental technology is subject to change in future version of browsers as the spec changes.

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

Arithmetic operators

Document Tags and Contributors

JavaScript basics
JavaScript first steps
JavaScript building blocks
Introducing JavaScript objects
Introduction
Grammar and types
Control flow and error handling
Loops and iteration
Expressions and operators
Numbers and dates
Text formatting
Regular expressions
Indexed collections
Keyed collections
Working with objects
Details of the object model
Iterators and generators
Meta programming
A re-introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript data structures
Equality comparisons and sameness
Inheritance and the prototype chain
Strict mode
JavaScript typed arrays
Memory Management
Concurrency model and Event Loop
References:
ArrayBuffer
AsyncFunction
Float32Array
Float64Array
GeneratorFunction
InternalError
Intl.Collator
Intl.DateTimeFormat
Intl.NumberFormat
ParallelArray
ReferenceError
SIMD.Bool16x8
SIMD.Bool32x4
SIMD.Bool64x2
SIMD.Bool8x16
SIMD.Float32x4
SIMD.Float64x2
SIMD.Int16x8
SIMD.Int32x4
SIMD.Int8x16
SIMD.Uint16x8
SIMD.Uint32x4
SIMD.Uint8x16
SharedArrayBuffer
StopIteration
SyntaxError
Uint16Array
Uint32Array
Uint8ClampedArray
WebAssembly
decodeURI()
decodeURIComponent()
encodeURI()
encodeURIComponent()
parseFloat()
Array comprehensions
Bitwise operators
Comma operator
Comparison operators
Conditional (ternary) Operator
Destructuring assignment
Expression closures
Generator comprehensions
Grouping operator
Legacy generator function expression
Logical Operators
Object initializer
Operator precedence
Property accessors
Spread syntax
async function expression
class expression
delete operator
function expression
function* expression
in operator
new operator
void operator
Legacy generator function
async function
for each...in
function declaration
try...catch
Arguments object
Arrow functions
Default parameters
Method definitions
Rest parameters
constructor
element loaded from a different domain for which you violated the same-origin policy.">Error: Permission denied to access property "x"
InternalError: too much recursion
RangeError: argument is not a valid code point
RangeError: invalid array length
RangeError: invalid date
RangeError: precision is out of range
RangeError: radix must be an integer
RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity
RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative
ReferenceError: "x" is not defined
ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x"
ReferenceError: deprecated caller or arguments usage
ReferenceError: invalid assignment left-hand side
ReferenceError: reference to undefined property "x"
SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals and octal escape seq. are deprecated
SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters
SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier
SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing
SyntaxError: Malformed formal parameter
SyntaxError: Unexpected token
SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead
SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer
SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated
SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers
SyntaxError: function statement requires a name
SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal
SyntaxError: illegal character
SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x"
SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list
SyntaxError: missing ) after condition
SyntaxError: missing : after property id
SyntaxError: missing ; before statement
SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration
SyntaxError: missing ] after element list
SyntaxError: missing formal parameter
SyntaxError: missing name after . operator
SyntaxError: missing variable name
SyntaxError: missing } after function body
SyntaxError: missing } after property list
SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x"
SyntaxError: return not in function
SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)?
SyntaxError: unterminated string literal
TypeError: "x" has no properties
TypeError: "x" is (not) "y"
TypeError: "x" is not a constructor
TypeError: "x" is not a function
TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object
TypeError: "x" is read-only
TypeError: More arguments needed
TypeError: can't access dead object
TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible
TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x"
TypeError: cyclic object value
TypeError: invalid 'in' operand "x"
TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument
TypeError: invalid arguments
TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x"
TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted
TypeError: setting getter-only property "x"
TypeError: variable "x" redeclares argument
URIError: malformed URI sequence
Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one
Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant
Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated
Warning: JavaScript 1.6's for-each-in loops are deprecated
Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead
Warning: expression closures are deprecated
Warning: unreachable code after return statement
JavaScript technologies overview
Lexical grammar
Enumerability and ownership of properties
Iteration protocols
Transitioning to strict mode
Template literals
Deprecated features
ECMAScript 2015 support in Mozilla
ECMAScript 5 support in Mozilla
ECMAScript Next support in Mozilla
Firefox JavaScript changelog
New in JavaScript 1.1
New in JavaScript 1.2
New in JavaScript 1.3
New in JavaScript 1.4
New in JavaScript 1.5
New in JavaScript 1.6
New in JavaScript 1.7
New in JavaScript 1.8
New in JavaScript 1.8.1
New in JavaScript 1.8.5
Documentation:
All pages index
Methods index
Properties index
Pages tagged "JavaScript"
JavaScript doc status
The MDN project

Java - Home
Java - Introduction
Java - Syntax
Java - Comments
Java - Data Types
Java - Type Casting
Java - Operators
Java - Strings
Java - Booleans
Java - If Else
Java - Switch
Java - While Loop
Java - For Loop
Java - Continue Statement
Java - Break Statement
Java - Label Statement
Java - Arrays
Java - Methods
Java - Exceptions
Java - Classes/Objects
Java - Constructors
Java - Encapsulation
Java - Inheritance
Java - Polymorphism
Java.lang Package
Java Utility Package
Java - Keywords
Java - String Methods
Java - Math Methods
Java - Data Structures
Java - Examples
Java - Interview Questions

Programming Languages
Web Technologies
Database Technologies
Microsoft Technologies
Python Libraries
Data Structures
Interview Questions
PHP & MySQL
C++ Standard Library
C Standard Library
Java Utility Library
Java Default Package
PHP Function Reference

Java - Bitwise XOR and assignment operator

The Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise XOR operation of two operands.

(x ^= y) is equivalent to (x = x ^ y)

The Bitwise XOR operator (^) is a binary operator which takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. It returns 1 if only one of the bits is 1, else returns 0.

The example below describes how bitwise XOR operator works:

The code of using Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) is given below:

The output of the above code will be:

Example: Swap two numbers without using temporary variable

The bitwise XOR and assignment operator can be used to swap the value of two variables. Consider the example below.

The above code will give the following output:

Data Structures Tutorial
Algorithms Tutorial
JavaScript Tutorial
Python Tutorial
MySQLi Tutorial
Java Tutorial
Scala Tutorial
C++ Tutorial
C# Tutorial
PHP Tutorial
MySQL Tutorial
SQL Tutorial
PHP Function reference
C++ - Standard Library
Ruby Tutorial
Rust Tutorial
Swift Tutorial
Perl Tutorial
HTML Tutorial
CSS Tutorial
AJAX Tutorial
XML Tutorial
Online Compilers
QuickTables
NumPy Tutorial
Pandas Tutorial
Matplotlib Tutorial
SciPy Tutorial
Seaborn Tutorial

TutorialKart
SAP Tutorials
Salesforce Admin
Salesforce Developer
Visualforce
Informatica
Kafka Tutorial
Spark Tutorial
Tomcat Tutorial
Python Tkinter

Programming

Bash Script
Julia Tutorial
CouchDB Tutorial
MongoDB Tutorial
PostgreSQL Tutorial
Android Compose
Flutter Tutorial
Kotlin Android

Web & Server

Selenium Java
Java Basics
Java Tutorial
Java HelloWorld Program
Java Program Structure
Java Datatypes
Java Variable Types
Java Access Modifiers
Java Operators
Java Decision Making
Print array
Initialize array
Array of integers
Array of strings
Array of objects
Array of arrays
Iterate over array
Array For loop
Array while loop
Append element to array
Check if array is empty
Array average
Check if array contains
Array ForEach
Array - Find Index of Item
Concatenate arrays
Find smallest number in array
Find largest number in array
Array reverse
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Method Overloading
Method Overriding/
Abstraction
Abstract methods and classes
Encapsulation
Print string
Read string from console
Create string from Char array
Create string from Byte array
Concatenate two strings
Get index of the first Occurrence of substring
Get index of nth occurrence of substring
Check if two strings are equal
Check if string ends with specific suffix
Check if string starts with specific prefix
Check if string is blank
Check if string is empty
Check if string contains search substring
Validate if string is a Phone Number
Character Level
Get character at specific index in string
Get first character in string
Get last character from string
Transformations
Replace first occurrence of string
Replace all occurrences of a string
Join strings
Join strings in string array
Join strings in ArrayList
Reverse a string
Trim string
Split string
Remove whitespaces in string
Replace multiple spaces with single space
Comparisons
Compare strings lexicographically
Compare String and CharSequence
Compare String and StringBuffer
Java Exception Handling StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
Convert string to int
Convert string to float
Convert string to double
Convert string to long
Convert string to boolean
Convert int to string
Convert int to float
Convert int to double
Convert int to long
Convert int to char
Convert float to string
Convert float to int
Convert float to double
Convert float to long
Convert long to string
Convert long to float
Convert long to double
Convert long to int
Convert double to string
Convert double to float
Convert double to int
Convert double to long
Convert char to int
Convert boolean to string
Create a file
Read file as string
Write string to file
Delete File
Rename File
Download File from URL
Replace a String in File
Filter list of files or directories
Check if file is readable
Check if file is writable
Check if file is executable
Read contents of a file line by line using BufferedReader
Read contents of a File line by line using Stream
Check if n is positive or negative
Read integer from console
Add two integers
Count digits in number
Largest of three numbers
Smallest of three numbers
Even numbers
Odd numbers
Reverse a number
Prime Number
Print All Prime Numbers
Factors of a Number
Check Palindrome number
Check Palindrome string
Swap two numbers
Even or Odd number
Java Classes
ArrayList add()
ArrayList addAll()
ArrayList clear()
ArrayList clone()
ArrayList contains()
ArrayList ensureCapacity()
ArrayList forEach()
ArrayList get()
ArrayList indexOf()
ArrayList isEmpty()
ArrayList iterator()
ArrayList lastIndexOf()
ArrayList listIterator()
ArrayList remove()
ArrayList removeAll()
ArrayList removeIf()
ArrayList removeRange()
ArrayList retainAll()
ArrayList set()
ArrayList size()
ArrayList spliterator()
ArrayList subList()
ArrayList toArray()
ArrayList trimToSize()
HashMap clear()
HashMap clone()
HashMap compute()
HashMap computeIfAbsent()
HashMap computeIfPresent()
HashMap containsKey()
HashMap containsValue()
HashMap entrySet()
HashMap get()
HashMap isEmpty()
HashMap keySet()
HashMap merge()
HashMap put()
HashMap putAll()
HashMap remove()
HashMap size()
HashMap values()
HashSet add()
HashSet clear()
HashSet clone()
HashSet contains()
HashSet isEmpty()
HashSet iterator()
HashSet remove()
HashSet size()
HashSet spliterator()
Integer bitCount()
Integer byteValue()
Integer compare()
Integer compareTo()
Integer compareUnsigned()
Integer decode()
Integer divideUnsigned()
Integer doubleValue()
Integer equals()
Integer floatValue()
Integer getInteger()
Integer hashCode()
Integer highestOneBit()
Integer intValue()
Integer longValue()
Integer lowestOneBit()
Integer max()
Integer min()
Integer numberOfLeadingZeros()
Integer numberOfTrailingZeros()
Integer parseInt()
Integer parseUnsignedInt()
Integer remainderUnsigned()
Integer reverse()
Integer reverseBytes()
Integer rotateLeft()
Integer rotateRight()
Integer shortValue()
Integer signum()
Integer sum()
Integer toBinaryString()
Integer toHexString()
Integer toOctalString()
Integer toString()
Integer toUnsignedLong()
Integer toUnsignedString()
Integer valueOf()
StringBuilder append()
StringBuilder appendCodePoint()
StringBuilder capacity()
StringBuilder charAt()
StringBuilder chars()
StringBuilder codePointAt()
StringBuilder codePointBefore()
StringBuilder codePointCount()
StringBuilder codePoints()
StringBuilder delete()
StringBuilder deleteCharAt()
StringBuilder ensureCapacity()
StringBuilder getChars()
StringBuilder indexOf()
StringBuilder insert()
StringBuilder lastIndexOf()
StringBuilder length()
StringBuilder offsetByCodePoints()
StringBuilder replace()
StringBuilder reverse()
StringBuilder setCharAt()
StringBuilder setLength()
StringBuilder subSequence()
StringBuilder substring()
StringBuilder toString()
StringBuilder trimToSize()
Arrays.asList()
Arrays.binarySearch()
Arrays.copyOf()
Arrays.copyOfRange()
Arrays.deepEquals()
Arrays.deepToString()
Arrays.equals()
Arrays.fill()
Arrays.hashCode()
Arrays.sort()
Arrays.toString()
Random doubles()
Random ints()
Random longs()
Random next()
Random nextBoolean()
Random nextBytes()
Random nextDouble()
Random nextFloat()
Random nextGaussian()
Random nextInt()
Random nextLong()
Random setSeed()
Math random
Math signum
Math toDegrees
Math toRadians
Java Date & Time
❯ Java Tutorial

Java Bitwise XOR Assignment (^=) Operator

Java bitwise xor assignment.

In Java, Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is used to compute the Bitwise XOR operation between left and right operands, and assign the result back to left operand.

In this tutorial, we will learn how to use Bitwise XOR Assignment operator in Java, with examples.

The syntax to compute bitwise XOR a value of 2 and value in variable x , and assign the result back to x using Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is

In the following example, we take a variable x with an initial value of 9 , add bitwise XOR it with value of 2 , and assign the result to x , using Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator.

In this Java Tutorial , we learned about Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator in Java, with examples.

Bitwise and shift operators (C# reference)

9 contributors

The bitwise and shift operators include unary bitwise complement, binary left and right shift, unsigned right shift, and the binary logical AND, OR, and exclusive OR operators. These operands take operands of the integral numeric types or the char type.

Unary ~ (bitwise complement) operator
Binary << (left shift) , >> (right shift) , and >>> (unsigned right shift) operators
Binary & (logical AND) , | (logical OR) , and ^ (logical exclusive OR) operators

Those operators are defined for the int , uint , long , and ulong types. When both operands are of other integral types ( sbyte , byte , short , ushort , or char ), their values are converted to the int type, which is also the result type of an operation. When operands are of different integral types, their values are converted to the closest containing integral type. For more information, see the Numeric promotions section of the C# language specification . The compound operators (such as >>= ) don't convert their arguments to int or have the result type as int .

The & , | , and ^ operators are also defined for operands of the bool type. For more information, see Boolean logical operators .

Bitwise and shift operations never cause overflow and produce the same results in checked and unchecked contexts.

Bitwise complement operator ~

The ~ operator produces a bitwise complement of its operand by reversing each bit:

You can also use the ~ symbol to declare finalizers. For more information, see Finalizers .

Left-shift operator <<

The << operator shifts its left-hand operand left by the number of bits defined by its right-hand operand. For information about how the right-hand operand defines the shift count, see the Shift count of the shift operators section.

The left-shift operation discards the high-order bits that are outside the range of the result type and sets the low-order empty bit positions to zero, as the following example shows:

Because the shift operators are defined only for the int , uint , long , and ulong types, the result of an operation always contains at least 32 bits. If the left-hand operand is of another integral type ( sbyte , byte , short , ushort , or char ), its value is converted to the int type, as the following example shows:

Right-shift operator >>

The >> operator shifts its left-hand operand right by the number of bits defined by its right-hand operand. For information about how the right-hand operand defines the shift count, see the Shift count of the shift operators section.

The right-shift operation discards the low-order bits, as the following example shows:

The high-order empty bit positions are set based on the type of the left-hand operand as follows:

If the left-hand operand is of type int or long , the right-shift operator performs an arithmetic shift: the value of the most significant bit (the sign bit) of the left-hand operand is propagated to the high-order empty bit positions. That is, the high-order empty bit positions are set to zero if the left-hand operand is non-negative and set to one if it's negative.

If the left-hand operand is of type uint or ulong , the right-shift operator performs a logical shift: the high-order empty bit positions are always set to zero.

Use the unsigned right-shift operator to perform a logical shift on operands of signed integer types. This is preferred to casting a left-hand operand to an unsigned type and then casting the result of a shift operation back to a signed type.

Unsigned right-shift operator >>>

Available in C# 11 and later, the >>> operator shifts its left-hand operand right by the number of bits defined by its right-hand operand. For information about how the right-hand operand defines the shift count, see the Shift count of the shift operators section.

The >>> operator always performs a logical shift. That is, the high-order empty bit positions are always set to zero, regardless of the type of the left-hand operand. The >> operator performs an arithmetic shift (that is, the value of the most significant bit is propagated to the high-order empty bit positions) if the left-hand operand is of a signed type. The following example demonstrates the difference between >> and >>> operators for a negative left-hand operand:

Logical AND operator &

The & operator computes the bitwise logical AND of its integral operands:

For bool operands, the & operator computes the logical AND of its operands. The unary & operator is the address-of operator .

Logical exclusive OR operator ^

The ^ operator computes the bitwise logical exclusive OR, also known as the bitwise logical XOR, of its integral operands:

For bool operands, the ^ operator computes the logical exclusive OR of its operands.

Logical OR operator |

The | operator computes the bitwise logical OR of its integral operands:

For bool operands, the | operator computes the logical OR of its operands.

Compound assignment

For a binary operator op , a compound assignment expression of the form

is equivalent to

except that x is only evaluated once.

The following example demonstrates the usage of compound assignment with bitwise and shift operators:

Because of numeric promotions , the result of the op operation might be not implicitly convertible to the type T of x . In such a case, if op is a predefined operator and the result of the operation is explicitly convertible to the type T of x , a compound assignment expression of the form x op= y is equivalent to x = (T)(x op y) , except that x is only evaluated once. The following example demonstrates that behavior:

Operator precedence

The following list orders bitwise and shift operators starting from the highest precedence to the lowest:

Shift operators << , >> , and >>>

Use parentheses, () , to change the order of evaluation imposed by operator precedence:

For the complete list of C# operators ordered by precedence level, see the Operator precedence section of the C# operators article.

Shift count of the shift operators

For the built-in shift operators << , >> , and >>> , the type of the right-hand operand must be int or a type that has a predefined implicit numeric conversion to int .

For the x << count , x >> count , and x >>> count expressions, the actual shift count depends on the type of x as follows:

If the type of x is int or uint , the shift count is defined by the low-order five bits of the right-hand operand. That is, the shift count is computed from count & 0x1F (or count & 0b_1_1111 ).

If the type of x is long or ulong , the shift count is defined by the low-order six bits of the right-hand operand. That is, the shift count is computed from count & 0x3F (or count & 0b_11_1111 ).

The following example demonstrates that behavior:

As the preceding example shows, the result of a shift operation can be non-zero even if the value of the right-hand operand is greater than the number of bits in the left-hand operand.

Enumeration logical operators

The ~ , & , | , and ^ operators are also supported by any enumeration type. For operands of the same enumeration type, a logical operation is performed on the corresponding values of the underlying integral type. For example, for any x and y of an enumeration type T with an underlying type U , the x & y expression produces the same result as the (T)((U)x & (U)y) expression.

You typically use bitwise logical operators with an enumeration type that is defined with the Flags attribute. For more information, see the Enumeration types as bit flags section of the Enumeration types article.

Operator overloadability

A user-defined type can overload the ~ , << , >> , >>> , & , | , and ^ operators. When a binary operator is overloaded, the corresponding compound assignment operator is also implicitly overloaded. A user-defined type can't explicitly overload a compound assignment operator.

If a user-defined type T overloads the << , >> , or >>> operator, the type of the left-hand operand must be T . In C# 10 and earlier, the type of the right-hand operand must be int ; beginning with C# 11, the type of the right-hand operand of an overloaded shift operator can be any.

C# language specification

For more information, see the following sections of the C# language specification :

Bitwise complement operator
Shift operators
Logical operators
Numeric promotions
C# 11 - Relaxed shift requirements
C# 11 - Logical right-shift operator
C# operators and expressions
Boolean logical operators

Coming soon: Throughout 2024 we will be phasing out GitHub Issues as the feedback mechanism for content and replacing it with a new feedback system. For more information see: https://aka.ms/ContentUserFeedback .

Submit and view feedback for

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

Simple assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

Bitwise XOR assignment

Bitwise OR assignment

Left operand with another assignment operator

Arithmetic operators

Document Tags and Contributors

JavaScript basics
JavaScript first steps
JavaScript building blocks
Introducing JavaScript objects
Introduction
Grammar and types
Control flow and error handling
Loops and iteration
Expressions and operators
Numbers and dates
Text formatting
Regular expressions
Indexed collections
Keyed collections
Working with objects
Details of the object model
Using promises
Iterators and generators
Meta programming
JavaScript modules
Client-side web APIs
A re-introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript data structures
Equality comparisons and sameness
Inheritance and the prototype chain
Strict mode
JavaScript typed arrays
Memory Management
Concurrency model and Event Loop
References:
ArrayBuffer
AsyncFunction
Float32Array
Float64Array
GeneratorFunction
InternalError
Intl.Collator
Intl.DateTimeFormat
Intl.ListFormat
Intl.Locale
Intl.NumberFormat
Intl.PluralRules
Intl.RelativeTimeFormat
ReferenceError
SharedArrayBuffer
SyntaxError
Uint16Array
Uint32Array
Uint8ClampedArray
WebAssembly
decodeURI()
decodeURIComponent()
encodeURI()
encodeURIComponent()
parseFloat()
Array comprehensions
Bitwise operators
Comma operator
Comparison operators
Conditional (ternary) operator
Destructuring assignment
Expression closures
Generator comprehensions
Grouping operator
Legacy generator function expression
Logical operators
Object initializer
Operator precedence
(currently at stage 1) pipes the value of an expression into a function. This allows the creation of chained function calls in a readable manner. The result is syntactic sugar in which a function call with a single argument can be written like this:">Pipeline operator
Property accessors
Spread syntax
async function expression
class expression
delete operator
function expression
function* expression
in operator
new operator
void operator
Legacy generator function
async function
for await...of
for each...in
function declaration
import.meta
try...catch
Arrow functions
Default parameters
Method definitions
Rest parameters
The arguments object
constructor
element loaded from a different domain for which you violated the same-origin policy.">Error: Permission denied to access property "x"
InternalError: too much recursion
RangeError: argument is not a valid code point
RangeError: invalid array length
RangeError: invalid date
RangeError: precision is out of range
RangeError: radix must be an integer
RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity
RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative
ReferenceError: "x" is not defined
ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x"
ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration`X' before initialization
ReferenceError: deprecated caller or arguments usage
ReferenceError: invalid assignment left-hand side
ReferenceError: reference to undefined property "x"
SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals and octal escape seq. are deprecated
SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters
SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier
SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing
SyntaxError: Malformed formal parameter
SyntaxError: Unexpected token
SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead
SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer
SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated
SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers
SyntaxError: function statement requires a name
SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal
SyntaxError: illegal character
SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x"
SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list
SyntaxError: missing ) after condition
SyntaxError: missing : after property id
SyntaxError: missing ; before statement
SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration
SyntaxError: missing ] after element list
SyntaxError: missing formal parameter
SyntaxError: missing name after . operator
SyntaxError: missing variable name
SyntaxError: missing } after function body
SyntaxError: missing } after property list
SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x"
SyntaxError: return not in function
SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)?
SyntaxError: unterminated string literal
TypeError: "x" has no properties
TypeError: "x" is (not) "y"
TypeError: "x" is not a constructor
TypeError: "x" is not a function
TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object
TypeError: "x" is read-only
TypeError: 'x' is not iterable
TypeError: More arguments needed
TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value
TypeError: can't access dead object
TypeError: can't access property "x" of "y"
TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object
TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible
TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element
TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x"
TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y'
TypeError: cyclic object value
TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x'
TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument
TypeError: invalid arguments
TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x"
TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted
TypeError: setting getter-only property "x"
TypeError: variable "x" redeclares argument
URIError: malformed URI sequence
Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one
Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant
Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated
Warning: JavaScript 1.6's for-each-in loops are deprecated
Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead
Warning: expression closures are deprecated
Warning: unreachable code after return statement
X.prototype.y called on incompatible type
JavaScript technologies overview
Lexical grammar
Enumerability and ownership of properties
Iteration protocols
Transitioning to strict mode
Template literals
Deprecated features
ECMAScript 2015 support in Mozilla
ECMAScript 5 support in Mozilla
Firefox JavaScript changelog
New in JavaScript 1.1
New in JavaScript 1.2
New in JavaScript 1.3
New in JavaScript 1.4
New in JavaScript 1.5
New in JavaScript 1.6
New in JavaScript 1.7
New in JavaScript 1.8
New in JavaScript 1.8.1
New in JavaScript 1.8.5
Documentation:
All pages index
Methods index
Properties index
Pages tagged "JavaScript"
JavaScript doc status
The MDN project

Learn the best of web development

Get the latest and greatest from MDN delivered straight to your inbox.

Thanks! Please check your inbox to confirm your subscription.

If you haven’t previously confirmed a subscription to a Mozilla-related newsletter you may have to do so. Please check your inbox or your spam filter for an email from us.

PrepBytes Blog

ONE-STOP RESOURCE FOR EVERYTHING RELATED TO CODING

Sign in to your account

Forgot your password?

Login via OTP

We will send you an one time password on your mobile number

An OTP has been sent to your mobile number please verify it below

Register with PrepBytes

Assignment operator in python.

Last Updated on June 8, 2023 by Prepbytes

To fully comprehend the assignment operators in Python, it is important to have a basic understanding of what operators are. Operators are utilized to carry out a variety of operations, including mathematical, bitwise, and logical operations, among others, by connecting operands. Operands are the values that are acted upon by operators. In Python, the assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operator is represented by the equals sign (=), and it is the most commonly used operator in Python. In this article, we will explore the assignment operator in Python, how it works, and its different types.

What is an Assignment Operator in Python?

The assignment operator in Python is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operator is represented by the equals sign (=), and it is used to assign a value to a variable. When an assignment operator is used, the value on the right-hand side is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. This is a fundamental operation in programming, as it allows developers to store data in variables that can be used throughout their code.

For example, consider the following line of code:

Explanation: In this case, the value 10 is assigned to the variable a using the assignment operator. The variable a now holds the value 10, and this value can be used in other parts of the code. This simple example illustrates the basic usage and importance of assignment operators in Python programming.

Types of Assignment Operator in Python

There are several types of assignment operator in Python that are used to perform different operations. Let’s explore each type of assignment operator in Python in detail with the help of some code examples.

1. Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The simple assignment operator is the most commonly used operator in Python. It is used to assign a value to a variable. The syntax for the simple assignment operator is:

Here, the value on the right-hand side of the equals sign is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value 25 is assigned to the variable a using the simple assignment operator. The variable a now holds the value 25.

2. Addition Assignment Operator (+=)

The addition assignment operator is used to add a value to a variable and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the addition assignment operator is:

Here, the value on the right-hand side is added to the variable on the left-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is incremented by 5 using the addition assignment operator. The result, 15, is then printed to the console.

3. Subtraction Assignment Operator (-=)

The subtraction assignment operator is used to subtract a value from a variable and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the subtraction assignment operator is

Here, the value on the right-hand side is subtracted from the variable on the left-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is decremented by 5 using the subtraction assignment operator. The result, 5, is then printed to the console.

4. Multiplication Assignment Operator (*=)

The multiplication assignment operator is used to multiply a variable by a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the multiplication assignment operator is:

Here, the value on the right-hand side is multiplied by the variable on the left-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is multiplied by 5 using the multiplication assignment operator. The result, 50, is then printed to the console.

5. Division Assignment Operator (/=)

The division assignment operator is used to divide a variable by a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the division assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is divided by 5 using the division assignment operator. The result, 2.0, is then printed to the console.

6. Modulus Assignment Operator (%=)

The modulus assignment operator is used to find the remainder of the division of a variable by a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the modulus assignment operator is

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and the remainder is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is divided by 3 using the modulus assignment operator. The remainder, 1, is then printed to the console.

7. Floor Division Assignment Operator (//=)

The floor division assignment operator is used to divide a variable by a value and round the result down to the nearest integer, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the floor division assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is rounded down to the nearest integer. The rounded result is then stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is divided by 3 using the floor division assignment operator. The result, 3, is then printed to the console.

8. Exponentiation Assignment Operator (**=)

The exponentiation assignment operator is used to raise a variable to the power of a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the exponentiation assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is raised to the power of the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is raised to the power of 3 using the exponentiation assignment operator. The result, 8, is then printed to the console.

9. Bitwise AND Assignment Operator (&=)

The bitwise AND assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise AND operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise AND assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is ANDed with the value on the right-hand side using the bitwise AND operator, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is ANDed with 3 using the bitwise AND assignment operator. The result, 2, is then printed to the console.

10. Bitwise OR Assignment Operator (|=)

The bitwise OR assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise OR operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise OR assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is ORed with the value on the right-hand side using the bitwise OR operator, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is ORed with 3 using the bitwise OR assignment operator. The result, 7, is then printed to the console.

11. Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator (^=)

The bitwise XOR assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise XOR operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise XOR assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is XORed with the value on the right-hand side using the bitwise XOR operator, and the result are stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is XORed with 3 using the bitwise XOR assignment operator. The result, 5, is then printed to the console.

12. Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator (>>=)

The bitwise right shift assignment operator is used to shift the bits of a variable to the right by a specified number of positions, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise right shift assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side has its bits shifted to the right by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is shifted 2 positions to the right using the bitwise right shift assignment operator. The result, 2, is then printed to the console.

13. Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator (<<=)

The bitwise left shift assignment operator is used to shift the bits of a variable to the left by a specified number of positions, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise left shift assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side has its bits shifted to the left by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Conclusion Assignment operator in Python is used to assign values to variables, and it comes in different types. The simple assignment operator (=) assigns a value to a variable. The augmented assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=) perform a specified operation and assign the result to the same variable in one step. The modulus assignment operator (%) calculates the remainder of a division operation and assigns the result to the same variable. The bitwise assignment operators (&=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=) perform bitwise operations and assign the result to the same variable. The bitwise right shift assignment operator (>>=) shifts the bits of a variable to the right by a specified number of positions and stores the result in the same variable. The bitwise left shift assignment operator (<<=) shifts the bits of a variable to the left by a specified number of positions and stores the result in the same variable. These operators are useful in simplifying and shortening code that involves assigning and manipulating values in a single step.

Here are some Frequently Asked Questions on Assignment Operator in Python:

Q1 – Can I use the assignment operator to assign multiple values to multiple variables at once? Ans – Yes, you can use the assignment operator to assign multiple values to multiple variables at once, separated by commas. For example, "x, y, z = 1, 2, 3" would assign the value 1 to x, 2 to y, and 3 to z.

Q2 – Is it possible to chain assignment operators in Python? Ans – Yes, you can chain assignment operators in Python to perform multiple operations in one line of code. For example, "x = y = z = 1" would assign the value 1 to all three variables.

Q3 – How do I perform a conditional assignment in Python? Ans – To perform a conditional assignment in Python, you can use the ternary operator. For example, "x = a (if a > b) else b" would assign the value of a to x if a is greater than b, otherwise it would assign the value of b to x.

Q4 – What happens if I use an undefined variable in an assignment operation in Python? Ans – If you use an undefined variable in an assignment operation in Python, you will get a NameError. Make sure you have defined the variable before trying to assign a value to it.

Q5 – Can I use assignment operators with non-numeric data types in Python? Ans – Yes, you can use assignment operators with non-numeric data types in Python, such as strings or lists. For example, "my_list += [4, 5, 6]" would append the values 4, 5, and 6 to the end of the list named my_list.

C Variables and Constants

C Variables
Constants in C
Const Qualifier in C
Different ways to declare variable as constant in C
Scope rules in C
Internal Linkage and External Linkage in C
Global Variables in C

C Data Types

Data Types in C
Literals in C
Escape Sequence in C
Integer Promotions in C
Character Arithmetic in C
Type Conversion in C

C Input/Output

Basic Input and Output in C
Format Specifiers in C
printf in C
Scansets in C
Formatted and Unformatted Input/Output functions in C with Examples

C Operators

Operators in C
Arithmetic Operators in C
Unary operators in C
Relational Operators in C

Bitwise Operators in C

C Logical Operators
Assignment Operators in C
Increment and Decrement Operators in C
Conditional or Ternary Operator (?:) in C
sizeof operator in C
Operator Precedence and Associativity in C

C Control Statements Decision-Making

Decision Making in C (if , if..else, Nested if, if-else-if )
C - if Statement
C if...else Statement
C if else if ladder
Switch Statement in C
Using Range in switch Case in C
while loop in C
do...while Loop in C
For Versus While
Continue Statement in C
Break Statement in C
goto Statement in C
C Functions
User-Defined Function in C
Parameter Passing Techniques in C
Function Prototype in C
How can I return multiple values from a function?
main Function in C
Implicit return type int in C
Callbacks in C
Nested functions in C
Variadic functions in C
_Noreturn function specifier in C
Predefined Identifier __func__ in C
C Library math.h Functions

C Arrays & Strings

Properties of Array in C
Multidimensional Arrays in C
Initialization of Multidimensional Array in C
Pass Array to Functions in C
How to pass a 2D array as a parameter in C?
What are the data types for which it is not possible to create an array?
How to pass an array by value in C ?
Strings in C
Array of Strings in C
What is the difference between single quoted and double quoted declaration of char array?
C String Functions
Pointer Arithmetics in C with Examples
C - Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer)
Function Pointer in C
How to declare a pointer to a function?
Pointer to an Array | Array Pointer
Difference between constant pointer, pointers to constant, and constant pointers to constants
Pointer vs Array in C
Dangling, Void , Null and Wild Pointers in C
Near, Far and Huge Pointers in C
restrict keyword in C

C User-Defined Data Types

C Structures
dot (.) Operator in C
Structure Member Alignment, Padding and Data Packing
Flexible Array Members in a structure in C
Bit Fields in C
Difference Between Structure and Union in C
Anonymous Union and Structure in C
Enumeration (or enum) in C

C Storage Classes

Storage Classes in C
extern Keyword in C
Static Variables in C
Initialization of static variables in C
Static functions in C
Understanding "volatile" qualifier in C | Set 2 (Examples)
Understanding "register" keyword in C

C Memory Management

Memory Layout of C Programs
Dynamic Memory Allocation in C using malloc(), calloc(), free() and realloc()
Difference Between malloc() and calloc() with Examples
What is Memory Leak? How can we avoid?
Dynamic Array in C
How to dynamically allocate a 2D array in C?
Dynamically Growing Array in C

C Preprocessor

C Preprocessors
C Preprocessor Directives
How a Preprocessor works in C?
Header Files in C
What’s difference between header files "stdio.h" and "stdlib.h" ?
How to write your own header file in C?
Macros and its types in C
Interesting Facts about Macros and Preprocessors in C
# and ## Operators in C
How to print a variable name in C?
Multiline macros in C
Variable length arguments for Macros
Branch prediction macros in GCC
typedef versus #define in C
Difference between #define and const in C?

C File Handling

Basics of File Handling in C
C fopen() function with Examples
EOF, getc() and feof() in C
fgets() and gets() in C language
fseek() vs rewind() in C
What is return type of getchar(), fgetc() and getc() ?
Read/Write Structure From/to a File in C
C Program to print contents of file
C program to delete a file
C Program to merge contents of two files into a third file
What is the difference between printf, sprintf and fprintf?
Difference between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche()

Miscellaneous

time.h header file in C with Examples
Input-output system calls in C | Create, Open, Close, Read, Write
Signals in C language
Program error signals
Socket Programming in C
_Generics Keyword in C
Multithreading in C

C Interview Questions

C Programming Interview Questions (2024)
Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 1
Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 2
Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 3

In C, the following 6 operators are bitwise operators (also known as bit operators as they work at the bit-level). They are used to perform bitwise operations in C.

The & (bitwise AND) in C takes two numbers as operands and does AND on every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1.
The | (bitwise OR) in C takes two numbers as operands and does OR on every bit of two numbers. The result of OR is 1 if any of the two bits is 1.
The ^ (bitwise XOR) in C takes two numbers as operands and does XOR on every bit of two numbers. The result of XOR is 1 if the two bits are different.
The << (left shift) in C takes two numbers, the left shifts the bits of the first operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift.
The >> (right shift) in C takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift.
The ~ (bitwise NOT) in C takes one number and inverts all bits of it.

Let’s look at the truth table of the bitwise operators.

Example of Bitwise Operators in C

The following program uses bitwise operators to perform bit operations in C.

Time Complexity: O(1) Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Interesting Facts About Bitwise Operators

1. The left-shift and right-shift operators should not be used for negative numbers .

If the second operand(which decides the number of shifts) is a negative number, it results in undefined behavior in C. For example, results of both 1 <<- 1 and 1 >> -1 are undefined. Also, if the number is shifted more than the size of the integer, the behavior is undefined. For example, 1 << 33 is undefined if integers are stored using 32 bits. Another thing is NO shift operation is performed if the additive expression (operand that decides no of shifts) is 0. See this for more details.

2. The bitwise OR of two numbers is just the sum of those two numbers if there is no carry involved, otherwise, you just add their bitwise AND.

Let’s say, we have a=5(101) and b=2(010), since there is no carry involved, their sum is just a|b. Now, if we change ‘a’ to 6 which is 110 in binary, their sum would change to a|b + a&b since there is a carry involved.

3. The bitwise XOR operator is the most useful operator from a technical interview perspective.

It is used in many problems. A simple example could be “Given a set of numbers where all elements occur an even number of times except one number, find the odd occurring number” This problem can be efficiently solved by doing XOR to all numbers.

Below program demonstrates the use XOR operator to find odd occcuring elements in an array.

Time Complexity: O(n) Auxiliary Space: O(1)

The following are many other interesting problems using the XOR operator.

Find the Missing Number
Swap two numbers without using a temporary variable
A Memory-Efficient Doubly Linked List
Find the two non-repeating elements
Find the two numbers with odd occurrences in an unsorted array
Add two numbers without using arithmetic operators .
Swap bits in a given number
Count the number of bits to be flipped to convert a to b
Find the element that appears once
Detect if two integers have opposite signs

4. The Bitwise operators should not be used in place of logical operators.

The result of logical operators (&&, || and !) is either 0 or 1, but bitwise operators return an integer value. Also, the logical operators consider any non-zero operand as 1. For example, consider the following program, the results of & & && are different for the same operands.

The below program demonstrates the difference between & and && operators.

5. The left-shift and right-shift operators are equivalent to multiplication and division by 2 respectively.

As mentioned in point 1, it works only if numbers are positive.

The below example demonstrates the use of left-shift and right-shift operators.

6. The & operator can be used to quickly check if a number is odd or even.

The value of the expression (x & 1) would be non-zero only if x is odd, otherwise, the value would be zero.

The below example demonstrates the use bitwise & operator to find if the given number is even or odd.

7. The ~ operator should be used carefully.

The result of the ~ operator on a small number can be a big number if the result is stored in an unsigned variable. The result may be a negative number if the result is stored in a signed variable (assuming that the negative numbers are stored in 2’s complement form where the leftmost bit is the sign bit).

The below example demonstrates the use of bitwise NOT operator.

Note The output of the above program is compiler dependent

Bits manipulation (Important tactics)
Bitwise Hacks for Competitive Programming
Bit Tricks for Competitive Programming

Please Login to comment...

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

IMAGES

Applicable Uses of the XOR Operator
XOR Operator
PPT
PPT
Assignment Operators in C
XOR operator

VIDEO

Decision Theory
BHIC-131 / Discuss the various aspects of the society and religion of the Harappan people
I Got Disconnected and Still Got My One #valorant #shorts #competitive
एक परिवार एक नौकरी फॉर्म शुरू
How to Clean a Mattress That Stinks : Mattresses
UPP मे आये ऐसे प्रश्न।।।#shorts #short #uppolice #uppoliceconstable

COMMENTS

Bitwise XOR assignment (^=)
The bitwise XOR assignment (^=) operator performs bitwise XOR on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. Try it. Syntax. js. x ^= y Description. x ^= y is equivalent to x = x ^ y, except that the expression x is only evaluated once. Examples. Using bitwise XOR assignment. js.
Bitwise XOR Operator in Programming
Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the logical XOR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. The result in each position is 1 if only one of the two bits is 1 but will be 0 if both are 0 or both are 1. The truth table for the XOR (exclusive OR) operation is as ...
Bitwise XOR Assignment (^=) Operator in JavaScript
The Javascript Bitwise XOR assignment is represented by (^=). It is used to perform a bitwise XOR operation on both operands and assign the result to the left operand. Syntax: a ^= b. // a = a ^ b. Where -. a = First operand. b = Second operand.
Logical XOR operator in C++?
There are two important things about these operators: 1) they guarantee short-circuit evaluation, 2) they introduce a sequence point, 3) they evaluate their operands only once. XOR evaluation, as you understand, cannot be short-circuited since the result always depends on both operands. So 1 is out of question.
C++ Bitwise XOR Assignment (^=) Operator
In C++, Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is used to compute the Bitwise XOR operation between left and right operands, and assign the result back to left operand. The syntax to compute bitwise XOR a value of 2 and value in variable x, and assign the result back to x using Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is. x ^= 2.
O.2
The bitwise operators are defined for integral types and std::bitset. We'll use std::bitset in our examples because it's easier to print the output in binary. ... Similar to the arithmetic assignment operators, C++ provides bitwise assignment operators in order to facilitate easy modification of variables. Operator Symbol Form Operation ...
Bitwise XOR assignment (^=)
The bitwise XOR assignment operator ( ^=) uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. JavaScript Demo: Expressions - Bitwise XOR assignment. 9.
Expressions and operators
Expressions and operators. This chapter describes JavaScript's expressions and operators, including assignment, comparison, arithmetic, bitwise, logical, string, ternary and more. A complete and detailed list of operators and expressions is also available in the reference.
Assignment operators
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.. Overview. The basic assignment operator is equal (=), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand.That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x.The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.
Bitwise XOR (^)
The ^ operator is overloaded for two types of operands: number and BigInt.For numbers, the operator returns a 32-bit integer. For BigInts, the operator returns a BigInt. It first coerces both operands to numeric values and tests the types of them. It performs BigInt XOR if both operands become BigInts; otherwise, it converts both operands to 32-bit integers and performs number bitwise XOR.
Java Bitwise XOR and assignment operator
The Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise XOR operation of two operands. (x ^= y) is equivalent to (x = x ^ y) The Bitwise XOR operator (^) is a binary operator which takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of ...
Java Bitwise XOR Assignment (^=) Operator
In Java, Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is used to compute the Bitwise XOR operation between left and right operands, and assign the result back to left operand. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use Bitwise XOR Assignment operator in Java, with examples. The syntax to compute bitwise XOR a value of 2 and value in variable x, and assign ...
Assignment Operators In C++
In C++, the addition assignment operator (+=) combines the addition operation with the variable assignment allowing you to increment the value of variable by a specified expression in a concise and efficient way. Syntax. variable += value; This above expression is equivalent to the expression: variable = variable + value; Example.
Boolean logical operators
For the complete list of C# operators ordered by precedence level, see the Operator precedence section of the C# operators article. Operator overloadability. A user-defined type can overload the !, &, |, and ^ operators. When a binary operator is overloaded, the corresponding compound assignment operator is also implicitly overloaded.
Bitwise and shift operators
Unsigned right-shift operator >>> Available in C# 11 and later, the >>> operator shifts its left-hand operand right by the number of bits defined by its right-hand operand. For information about how the right-hand operand defines the shift count, see the Shift count of the shift operators section.. The >>> operator always performs a logical shift. That is, the high-order empty bit positions ...
Assignment operators
The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x. The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples. Name. Shorthand operator.
XOR(^) Bitwise Operator in JavaScript
In JavaScript, the bitwise XOR (^) Operator is used to compare two operands and return a new binary number which is 1 if both the bits in operators are different and 0 if both the bits in operads are the same. The operation is represented by the "|" symbol. This operator can be used to find the missing numbers in an array of natural numbers.
Assignment Operator in Python
The bitwise XOR assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise XOR operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise XOR assignment operator is: variable ^= value.
Bitwise Operators in C
Bitwise Operators in C. In C, the following 6 operators are bitwise operators (also known as bit operators as they work at the bit-level). They are used to perform bitwise operations in C. The & (bitwise AND) in C takes two numbers as operands and does AND on every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1.

O.2 — Bitwise operators

Using bitwise XOR assignment

Addition assignment

Subtraction assignment

Multiplication assignment

Division assignment

Remainder assignment

Exponentiation assignment

Left shift assignment

Right shift assignment

Unsigned right shift assignment

Bitwise AND assignment

Bitwise XOR assignment

Bitwise OR assignment

Left operand with another assignment operator

Specifications

Document Tags and Contributors

Java - Bitwise XOR and assignment operator

Example: Swap two numbers without using temporary variable

Programming

Web & Server

Java Bitwise XOR Assignment (^=) Operator

Popular Courses by TutorialKart

Bitwise and shift operators (C# reference)

Left-shift operator <<

Right-shift operator >>

Unsigned right-shift operator >>>

Operator precedence

Shift count of the shift operators

Enumeration logical operators

Operator overloadability

C# language specification

Specifications

Addition assignment

Subtraction assignment

Multiplication assignment

Division assignment

Remainder assignment

Exponentiation assignment

Left shift assignment

Right shift assignment

Unsigned right shift assignment

Bitwise AND assignment

Bitwise XOR assignment

Bitwise OR assignment

Left operand with another assignment operator

Document Tags and Contributors

Learn the best of web development

Thanks! Please check your inbox to confirm your subscription.

Sign in to your account

Login via OTP

Register with PrepBytes

What is an Assignment Operator in Python?

Types of Assignment Operator in Python

1. Simple Assignment Operator (=)

2. Addition Assignment Operator (+=)

3. Subtraction Assignment Operator (-=)

4. Multiplication Assignment Operator (*=)

5. Division Assignment Operator (/=)

6. Modulus Assignment Operator (%=)

7. Floor Division Assignment Operator (//=)

8. Exponentiation Assignment Operator (**=)

9. Bitwise AND Assignment Operator (&=)

10. Bitwise OR Assignment Operator (|=)

11. Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator (^=)

12. Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator (>>=)

13. Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator (<<=)

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Related Post

C Variables and Constants

C Data Types

C Input/Output

C Operators

Bitwise Operators in C

C Control Statements Decision-Making

C Arrays & Strings

C User-Defined Data Types

C Storage Classes

C Memory Management

C Preprocessor