seminar presentation on nanotechnology

Nanotechnology PPT and Seminar with pdf report

Nanotechnology Seminar and PPT with pdf report : Nanotechnology has a great potential to transform society and molecular nanotechnology or nanotechnology is a unique type of manufacturing applied science, with the aid of this technology we can build things from the atom up and can rearrange the matter with atomic accuracy. In simple words, we can define nanotechnology as a three-dimensional structural control of materials and machines at the molecular level, it also deals with the manipulation of the objects or the things at the atomic level. You can find here Nanotechnology PPT with PDF Report.

Also See: Distributed Computing ppt

Nanotechnology Seminar and PPT with PDF Report

Introduction to nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is an engineering and not a science, the main feature of nanotechnology is that it can build any chemically stable structure that is allowed by the laws of physics. The theoretical models and computational models point out the possibility of molecular producing systems and they do not break the existing physical laws, nanotechnology is generally called as the science of small and it is related to the manipulation of the particles at the atomic level. At the time of designing the nanodevices, the scientist should know the parameters like size, shape and power, force, motion, and also other features, and really understand all these parameters is really a challenge for the scientist.

Also See: Artificial Eye ppt

The materials of nanoscale furnish various chemical properties than the materials that have the great size and all these chemical properties and physical properties form the foundation of new applied sciences. The word “nano” is derived from the Greek word and this means very tiny and the nanotechnology manages with the size range of 1-100nm and this applied science is an art and also the science of skillfully operating the matter at the nano size.

History of Nanotechnology:

The developed researchers normally have natural risks but when coming to nanotechnology it suffers a unique burden. In the year of 1959, Richard Feynman who was a noble prize winner initially designed the idea of molecular manufacturing in his speech “that there is plenty of room at the bottom.” Richard Feynman was the foremost scientist who suggested that the machines and materials could someday need atomic description. In the year of 1986, Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope and because of this invention, they were awarded the noble prize.

Also See: Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) ppt

Tools of the Nanotechnology:

The tools of nanotechnology are as follows:

• Positional control
• Self-assembly
• The positional devices and positional controlled reactions
• Scanning tunneling microscope
• Positional control: Positional control is the most important principle of nanotechnology and in the year 1959, Richard Feynman who was the noble prize winner said that in the laws of physics nothing stopped the people from arranging the atoms in the way that people want.
• Self-assembly: The self-assembly is a good setup and strong method of synthesizing intricate molecular structures.
• Positional devices and positional controlled reactions: The positional control and positional devices aids in making the things that become little complex if we don’t use the positional control.
• Stiffness: The stiffness is a measure of the capacity that how far a particular thing moves when we push it, if the particular thing moves more with a little push then it is not stiff and if it does not moves more though we apply much pressure on it then it is said to be very stiff.
• Scanning tunneling microscope: A scanning tunneling microscope is a machine that can position a tip to atomic accuracy near a surface and also can be moved around.

Also See: Autonomic Computing ppt

Applications of the Nanotechnology:

The applications of nanotechnology are as follows:

Nanotechnology has applications in the following fields:

• In the improved transportation like the intelligent cars
• In nanocomposites
• In the atom computers
• In the memories that have the high storage capacity
• In the molecular electronics
• In the military
• In the smart furniture
• In solar energy
• In the medical uses

These are some of the applications of nanotechnology and there are many fields in which nanotechnology is applied.

Also See: iPhone ppt

Advantages of the Nanotechnology:

The advantages of nanotechnology are as follows:

• Nanotechnology is suitable for low-cost and high-volume production.
• It has a reduced size, mass, and power consumption along with high functionality.
• It has advanced features like reliability and robustness.

Also See: Wireless Mesh Network Seminar and PPT with PDF Report

NanoTechnology Problems and Limitations:

Well, all the great developments come with the associated problems and a few of them are as follows:

Nanotechnology cannot solve all our present issues.

• There is a problem in testing a billion molecules electronic circuit.
• The computing of nanoscale is amorphous.
• It has the “price of programmability.”

Also See: Hadoop ppt

The Implication of Nanotechnology:

The implications of nanotechnology in the health and safety issues, political and social issues are as follows:

• Health and safety issues:
• The nanoparticles can cause severe illness and are hazardous to the human body.
• They have untraceable destructive weapons of mass damage.
• Political and social issues:
• It creates social strife by enhancing the wealth gap.
• The advisability of enhancing the scope of the applied science makes political dilemma.

Also See: FERROELECTRIC RAM (FRAM) ppt

Content of the Seminar and pdf report for Nanotechnology PPT Presentation

• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• NANOTECHNOLOGY TOOLS
• NANOTECHNOLOGY SIZE CONCERNS
• TRADITIONAL APPROACH “TOP-DOWN-APPROACH”
• ACCOMPLISHMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• APPLICATIONS
• ROLE FOR ENGINEERING
• INDIAN SCENARIO
• NANO PROBLEMS AND LIMITATION

Here we are giving you Nanotechnology Seminar and PPT with PDF report. All you need to do is just click on the download link and get it.

Nanotechnology PPT and Seminar Free Download

Nanotechnology pdf Report Free Download

It was all about Nanotechnology Seminar and PPT with pdf report. If you liked it then please share it or if you want to ask anything then please hit the comment button.

Related Posts

Chatgpt ppt: presentation seminar free download, 500+ bca project topics: projects ideas for bca students, information and communication technology (ict) ppt, green technology ppt presentation: definition and types, mobile ppt presentation free download: definition and uses, web development ppt: definition, classification and tools, 9 comments already.

That was wonderful matter given by you!?

Thanks Madhu 🙂

can U help me with this seminar topic….NANOTECHNOLOGY AS DISEASE RESISTANCE MECHANISM IN PLANT….. plz,help me with the outline and other stuffs….thank you.

Sir will u give brief explanation for nanotechnology

Sir can you help me to write seminar papers on nano technology

U gave us a good matter Sir about nanotechnology…. As we need to say seminar in our college I just told the matter u gave.. I got 1st rank for seminar tank u so much Sir

You made my day Dimpi 🙂

Hello sir thanks for u r matter which so helpful to me to get my rank and to get 1 rank in my college sir thanks

Is this paper published on IEEE ?

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

MIT.nano Seminar Series

A monthly lecture on topics related to nanoscience and nanotechnology given by an expert in the field..

The monthly MIT.nano seminar was first presented to the community in 2019 through the  " Perspectives in Nanotechnology " lectures, an introductory set of talks by experts who have played seminal roles in the progress of our understanding of the nanoscale in key areas over the past decades. Organized by assistant professor  Farnaz Niroui , the series was met with much enthusiasm from members of the MIT and nano communities, and so the MIT.nano seminar series continues to offer monthly talks from researchers across the spectrum of nanoscience and nanoengineering.

Talks last approximately 45 minutes and are followed by a 15-minute question-and-answer session. Once a year, MIT.nano will welcome a member of the MIT.nano Consortium  to give the seminar. Suggestions for guest speakers can always be sent to  [email protected] .

The November seminar is the Mildred S. Dresselhaus Lecture , named in honor of beloved MIT professor Mildred "Millie" Dresselhaus, the “queen of carbon science.” This annual event recognizes a significant figure in science and engineering from anywhere in the world whose leadership and impact echo Millie’s life, accomplishments, and values.

Spring 2024

All spring 2024 seminars will be held in person at MIT.

Monday, May 13, 2024 3:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Building 34, Room 401

Computing with Physical Systems Peter McMahon Assistant Professor in Applied & Engineering Physics Cornell University

Read the talk abstract 

-------------------------------------------- Monday, April 8, 2024 3:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Building 34, Room 401 Ferroelectric hafnia-on-semiconductor frequency control devices: Unleashing the power of nano-mechanics on chip Roozbeh Tabrizian Associate Professor, NELMS Rising Star Endowed Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida

Read the talk abstract

-------------------------------------------- Monday, March 11, 2024 3:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. Building 34, Room 401 The changing microelectronics landscape & opportunities for collaboration Keith Lynn Research Science Senior Manager, Advanced Electronics Lab, Lockheed Martin Space

-------------------------------------------- Monday, February 12, 2024 3 p.m. – 4 p.m. ET Building 34, Room 401 Engineering quantum properties of molecular circuits with chemistry Masha Kamenetska '05 Assistant Professor, Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Materials Science and Engineering Boston University

Past lectures and contact

Previous seminars are listed on our  archive page . Videos of previous seminars may be found on our  YouTube page .

Questions? Email [email protected] .

60 Nanotechnology Seminar Topics for Presentation

Nanotechnology Seminar Topics 2024: Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular and atomic scale, has emerged as a transformative force across various scientific disciplines and industries.

These seminar topics aim to provide a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge nanotechnology topics, exploring the latest advancements, applications, and potential impacts on society. Our distinguished speakers will delve into diverse areas of nanotechnology, from nanomedicine and nanoelectronics to nanomaterials and nanoscale manufacturing.

Nanotechnology Seminar Topics for Presentation

• Introduction to Nanotechnology: Concepts and Applications
• Nanomaterials: Properties and Synthesis Techniques
• Carbon Nanotubes: Structure, Properties, and Applications
• Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Systems
• Nanotechnology in Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy
• Nanoelectronics: From Theory to Applications
• Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Optical Properties
• Nanocomposites: Fabrication and Characteristics
• Nanophotonics: Light Manipulation at the Nanoscale
• Nanorobotics: Future Perspectives and Challenges
• Environmental Applications of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology in Energy Harvesting and Storage
• Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials
• Nanofluidics: Manipulation of Fluids at the Nanoscale
• Nanomaterials for Catalysis and Sensing
• Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Production
• Nanotoxicology: Assessing the Safety of Nanomaterials
• Nanomagnetics: Applications in Data Storage and Spintronics
• DNA Nanotechnology: Building Structures at the Molecular Scale
• Nanofabrication Techniques: Lithography and Beyond
• Nanoscale Heat Transfer and Thermal Management
• Nanosensors for Environmental Monitoring
• Nanotechnology in Textiles: Smart Fabrics and Wearables
• Nanobiosystems: Integration of Biology and Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology in Water Treatment and Purification
• Nanomaterials for Solar Cells and Photovoltaics
• Plasmonics: Manipulating Light with Nanostructures
• Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Packaging and Safety
• Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment
• Self-Assembly of Nanomaterials: Principles and Applications
• Nanotechnology in Construction: Smart Materials and Structures
• Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS): Devices and Applications
• Nanoscale Imaging Techniques: Microscopy and Spectroscopy
• Nanopharmaceuticals: Advancements in Drug Delivery
• Nanotechnology in Space Exploration: Challenges and Opportunities
• Quantum Computing with Nanoscale Components
• Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion: Fuel Cells and Beyond
• Nanomedicine: Personalized Healthcare at the Nanoscale
• Nanotechnology in Cosmetics: Formulation and Applications
• 3D Printing with Nanomaterials
• Nanotribology: Friction and Wear at the Nanoscale
• Nanomaterials for Flexible Electronics
• Nanotechnology in Sports: Performance Enhancement and Safety
• Nanotechnology in the Automotive Industry: Lightweight Materials and Sensors
• Nanofertilizers: Improving Nutrient Delivery in Agriculture
• Nanotechnology for Water Desalination
• Nanopharmacology: Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain
• Nanotechnology in Packaging: Extending Shelf Life and Safety
• Nanoelectronics for Quantum Information Processing
• Ethical and Societal Implications of Nanotechnology

So it was all about nanotechnology seminar topics, if you liked them then please share them with your friends.

More Topics

Latest Software Testing Presentation Topics

70 Social Seminar Topics For Ppt Presentation

Geotechnical Engg Seminar Topics For PPT Presentation PPT

100+ Seminar Topics for Instrumentation Engineering

100 Embedded Systems Seminar Topics

225 Latest Agriculture Seminar Topics For Presentation

300 Ethics Topics for Presentation: Ethics Seminar Topics

102 Best Audit Presentation Topics and Seminar Ideas

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Nanotechnology 101 Lecture Series

By Joseph M. Cychosz (editor)

Purdue Univeristy

View Series

Audio podcast Video podcast Slides/Notes podcast

Welcome to Nanotechnology 101 (nano101), a series of lectures designed to provide an undergraduate-level introduction to nanotechnology. In contrast, the Nanotechnology 501 series offers lectures directed at the graduate and professional level.

Cite this work

Researchers should cite this work as follows:

Joseph M. Cychosz (2024), "Nanotechnology 101 Lecture Series," https://nanohub.org/resources/101.

BibTex | EndNote

• education/outreach
• introductory
• Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS)
• nanoelectronics
• NCN Group - Nanotechnology

In This Series

CMOS Nanotechnology

4.5 out of 5 stars  

07 Jul 2004 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom

In non-specialist language, this talk introduces CMOS technology used for modern electronics. Beginning with an explanation of "CMOS," the speaker relates basic system considerations of transistor design and identifies future challenges for CMOS electronics. Anyone with an elementary...

Transistors

3.0 out of 5 stars  

04 Aug 2004 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom

The transistor is the basic element of electronic systems. The integrated circuits inside today's personal computers, cell phones, PDA's, etc., contain hundreds of millions of transistors on a chip of silicon about 2 cm on a side. Each technology generation, engineers shrink the size of...

Introduction to Nanometer Scale Science & Technology

18 Jan 2005 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Hersam

This seminar will provide an introductory overview for non-experts of the emerging field of nanometer scale science and technology. The following topics will be emphasized: (1) historical background and motivation for the study of nanometer scale phenomena; (2) strategies for controlling the...

Moore's Law Forever?

5.0 out of 5 stars  

13 Jul 2005 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom

This talk covers the big technological changes in the 20th and 21st century that were correctly predicted by Gordon Moore in 1965. Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a silicon chip doubles every technology generation. In 1960s terms that meant every 12 months and currently...

Nanomaterials: Quantum Dots, Nanowires and Nanotubes

15 Jul 2005 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Timothy D. Sands

What is a quantum dot? What is a nanowire? What is a nanotube? Why are these interesting and what are their potential applications? How are they made? This presentation is intended to begin to answer these questions while introducing some fundamental concepts such as wave-particle duality,...

Quantum Dots

21 Jul 2005 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck

Quantum Dots are man-made artificial atoms that confine electrons to a small space. As such, they have atomic-like behavior and enable the study of quantum mechanical effects on a length scale that is around 100 times larger than the pure atomic scale. Quantum dots offer application...

A Gentle Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanoscience

13 Feb 2006 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Ratner

While the Greek root nano just means dwarf, the nanoscale has become a giant focus of contemporary science and technology. We will examine the fundamental issues underlying the excitement involved in nanoscale research - what, why and how. Specific topics include assembly, properties,...

Nanoelectronics 101

0.0 out of 5 stars  

28 Aug 2006 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom

Semiconductor device technology has transformed our world with supercomputers, personal computers, cell phones, ipods, and much more that we now take for granted. Moore's Law, posited by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965, states that the number of transistors (the basic building blocks...

Why is Nanotechnology Multidisciplinary? A perspective of one EE

19 Oct 2006 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck

The field of nano science and nano-technology covers broad areas of expertise. Classical fields of Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Electrical/Mechanical/Chemical Engineering all are involved in the "new" field. Nano research and development is therefore multidisciplinary. This...

Nanoscience at Work: Creating Energy from Sunlight

13 Jun 2007 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): A. Paul Alivisatos

Professor Paul Alivisatos introduces the Helios Project for the 2007 'Science at the Theater' series at Berkeley Repertory Theater in Berkeley, California. He discusses how Helios Project researchers use nanotechnology in the efficient capture of sunlight, and its conversion to electricity to...

The Energy Problem: What the Helios Project Can Do About It

13 Jun 2007 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Steven Chu

Nobel Prize winner Steven Chu talks about the Helios Project for the 2007 'Science at the Theater' series at Berkeley Repertory Theater in Berkeley, California. He proposes an aggressive research program to transform the existing and future energy systems of the world away from technologies that...

Scientific Ethics and the Signs of Voodoo Science

4.0 out of 5 stars  

24 Sep 2007 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Andrew S. Hirsch

Until recently, the issue of research ethics had not been a subject of explicit discussion within the Physics community. Over the past ten years, however, documented cases of scientific fraud have brought this issue to center stage. Looking at case studies, this talk explores examples ranging...

Renewable Energy from Synthetic Biology

25 Sep 2007 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Jay D. Keasling

Jay Keasling, Co-Leader of The Helios Project, is the Director of the Physical Biosciences Division at Berkeley Lab, and a groundbreaking researcher in the new scientific field of synthetic biology. He is a UC Berkeley professor of Chemical and Bioengineering, and founder of Amyris...

Some Physics for Proteins

3.5 out of 5 stars  

03 Jun 2008 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Stephen M. Durbin

Nano*High: From Atoms to Electricity: An Introduction to Nuclear Power, Its Promise and Challenge

02 Feb 2010 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Brian D. Wirth

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Nano*High. Professor Brian Wirth from the UC Berkeley Dept. of Nuclear Engineering presents the basics of nuclear science, and discusses the technological challenges involved in generating nuclear power and dealing safely with the by-products.

Nano*High: Superconductivity, Trains and SQUIDs

02 Feb 2010 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): John Clarke

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Nano*High. Superconductivity is a unique phenomenon where the electric resistance of a material drops to zero. Until only a few decades ago, superconductivity was only observed at extremely low temperatures. Today however, a new class of exotic...

Energy and Nanoscience A More Perfect Union

29 Mar 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Ratner

Huge problems of energy and sustainability confront the science/engineering community, mankind, and our planet. The energy problem comes in many dimensions, including supply, demand, conservation, transportation, and storage. This overview will stress the nature of these problems, and offer a few...

ECET 499N: Nanoelectronics

30 Mar 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Supriyo Datta

How does the resistance of a conductor change as we shrink its length all the way down to a few atoms? This is a question that has only become answerable during the last twenty years of work by experimentalists, leading to enormous progress in transistor development. This introductory lecture...

Thermoelectric Nanotechnology

27 Jul 2010 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom

his talk is an undergraduate level introduction to the field. After a brief discussion of applications, the physics of the Peltier effect is described, and the Figure of Merit (FOM), ZT, which controls the efficiency of a thermoelectric refrigerator or electric power generator, is discussed. The...

The Secret Life of Electrons in High Temperature Superconductors

19 Jun 2013 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Erica W. Carlson

New Directions in MEMS for Wireless Harsh-Environment Sensors

14 Aug 2013 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Dimitrios Peroulis

Non-Conjugated Radical Polymers as an Emerging Class of Transparent Conductors for Flexible Polymer Thermoelectric Applications

21 Jul 2014 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Bryan W. Boudouris

Thermoelectric devices are capable of converting low-value waste heat energy into higher value electricity in a silent, direct manner and without the need for moving parts. As such, they present themselves as promising, environmentally-friendly energy conversion modules. Polymer-based...

Quantum Dots: Artificial Atoms & Molecules in the Solid-State

01 Aug 2014 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Rajib Rahman

In this lecture, I will describe how quantum dots are similar to atoms in the periodic table, with the exception that these artificial atoms can be engineered to suit the needs of various applications. Starting from the quantum mechanics of the Hydrogen atom, I will describe two simple models of...

Implantable Networks of Wireless Nanoelectronic Devices

20 Aug 2014 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Pedro Irazoqui

Overview of Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)

10 Sep 2014 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Ron Reifenberger

An introductory talk about scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) at the undergraduate level to explain what an SPM does and how it functions.

Introduction to Molecular Dynamics

21 Apr 2015 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Alejandro Strachan

This short presentation will describe the idea behind MD simulations and demonstrate its use in real applications.

Single Molecule Imaging in Live Cells

28 Aug 2015 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Kenneth Ritchie

Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus, are the most studied and perhaps best-understood organisms in biology. The advances in understanding of living systems gained from these organisms are immense....

Low Temperature Plasmas: A Foundation for Future Technologies

28 Aug 2015 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Sergey Macheret

11 Sep 2015 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Alejandro Strachan

Surprising Nanophotonic Phenomena in Nature and Photonic Modeling with S4

17 Aug 2016 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Peter Bermel

I will show how S4sim, a transfer matrix-based optical simulation tool available on nanoHUB.org can be used to precisely calculate these behaviors. A few exciting real-world applications of this work will also be briefly discussed.

Seminar On Nanotechnology

Jul 08, 2013

1.32k likes | 4.6k Views

Seminar On Nanotechnology. By Vijay.N Vishak.M 5 th Sem C.S.E. Seminar Contents. History of Nanotechnology. Introduction of Nanotechnology. Applications of Nanotechnology. Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Nanochip Designing. Carbon Nanotubes.

Share Presentation

• basic chip making process
• average desktop computer today
• silicon chip

Presentation Transcript

Seminar On Nanotechnology By Vijay.N Vishak.M 5th Sem C.S.E

Seminar Contents • History of Nanotechnology. • Introduction of Nanotechnology. • Applications of Nanotechnology. • Information and Communication Technology (ICT). • Nanochip Designing. • Carbon Nanotubes. • Practical applications of Nanotechnology.

The amount of space available to us for information storage (or other uses) is enormous. As first described in a lecture titled, 'There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom' in 1959 by Richard P. Feynman, there is nothing besides our clumsy size that keeps us from using this space. In his time, it was not possible for us to manipulate single atoms or molecules because they were far too small for our tools. He described how the laws of physics do not limit our ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules. Feynman explored the possibility of manipulating the materials at a scale of individual atoms and molecules, imagining the whole of the encyclopedia Britannica written on the head of the pin. Prof. Feynman described such atomic scale fabrication as a bottom-up approach, as opposed to the top-down approach that we are accustomed to. Top-down Manufacturing :- It involves the construction of parts through methods such as cutting, carving and molding. Using these methods, we have been able to fabricate a remarkable variety of machinery and electronics devices. Bottom-up manufacturing :- On the other hand, would provide components made of single molecules, which are held together by covalent forces that are far stronger than the forces that hold together macro-scale components. Further more, the amount of information that could be stored in devices build from the bottom up would be enormous History of Nanotechnology

Introduction to Nanotechnology • Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macro-molecule scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. • Nanotechnology is the branch of science and engineering which deals with creation of materials, devices, and systems through the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The original definition is technology that is built from single atoms and which depends on individual atoms for function. • The goal of nanotechnology is to control individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit. Current manufacturing processes use lithography to imprint circuits on semiconductor materials.

The prefix ‘nano’ is derived from the Greek word for dwarf. One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter, 10-9 m. • A human hair is approximately 80,000nm wide, and a red blood cell approximately 7000nm wide. Atoms are below a nanometer in size. A nanometer-sized particle is also smaller than living cell and can be seen only with the most powerful microscope available today. • Nanotechnology is the technology of preference to make things small, light and cheap, nanotechnology based manufacturing is a method conceived for processing and rearranging of atoms to fabricate custom products .if we rearrange the atoms in coal, we can get diamond. If we rearrange atoms of sand we can make computer chips etc. • The original definition this technology that is built from single atoms and which depends on individual atoms for function. • Click here to see the Nano-sized particle

Applications of Nanotechnology

Nanosystems It is small systems can be seen as an extension of biotechnology. For example, to create a molecular motor about the size of a virus, scientists have combined genetically engineered proteins with other chemically structured components.

Nanomaterials It is possible to create new kinds of materials by working at the nanolevel. One of the first nanomaterials was the “carbon nanotube”, which conducts electricity better than copper yet is stronger and lighter than steel.

Nanoelectronics Standard computer chips, which soon will have minimum feature sizes below 100 nanometers, will inevitably enter the realm of nanotechnology.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) • In IT industry the computer chips is formed by charting number of transistors, the building blocks of computer chips, over the past 30 years. • In 1971 there were just 2300 transistors on Intel’s 4004, their first computer chip, with a clock speed of 0.8 million cycles per second. • But because of nanotechnology by 2003 the Intel Xeon processor had 108 million transistors operating at clock speeds in excess of 3,000 million cycles per second. The increase in number of transistors on a chip coupled with increased speed have fuelled the economics of IT industry. • Nanotech and computer chips

The first integrated circuit in 1970 chips have become smaller, faster and more capable. Computer chips consist of "field-effect transistors" (FETs) that form the active circuits on most chips become smaller and smaller they begin to come up with certain problems. • In the computer-chip world, then, nanotech will be characterized by new types of transistor (such as the "single-electron transistor" or SET) and new types of semiconductor device (such as quantum-well and quantum-dot lasers) to operate in the nanotech environment. • In the optical communications industry there is already a commercially available device (wavelength selective switch) which consists of some 100'000 individually moveable mirrors mounted on the surface of a silicon chip about one cm square where each mirrors is few microns across. • The current 130nm technology node that produces the Intel Xeon processor defines the size of the DRAM (Dynamic random access memory) half-pitch (half the distance between two adjacent metal wires in a memory cell). In 1971 Intel 4004 chip used 10,000nm technology; the chips of 2007 and 2013 will require 65nm and 32nm technology, respectively.

Nanochip Designing • In 2000 the semiconductor industry quietly began producing "Nanochips"--chips with features measuring less than 100 nanometers (roughly one thousandth the thickness of a human hair). These devices are found in the average desktop computer today • Reducing the size of features boosts speed and improves the economics of manufacture by allowing more transistors (often more than 50 million) to be put on a single chip. In just a few years, a typical microprocessor will contain about 10 times that number. • INTEL AND INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR SEMICONDUCTORS

Basic Chip making Process • The basic chip making process involves three stages:- • SILICON-ON-INSULATOR technology • ATOMIC LAYER DECOMPOSITION • EXTREME ULTRAVOILET LITHOGRAPHY

Silicon-on-insulator Technology

Atomic Layer Decomposition

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL)

Intel’s 65 Nanometer SRAM chips • Intel has claimed to have produced fully functional 65 nanometer SRAM chips using 12-inch (300mm) silicon wafers. They are expected to go into production in 2005. • The chips use a second generation version of Intel's strained silicon, copper interconnect and low-k dielectrics. The 4Mbit SRAM cells are only .57µ2 in size which means that 10 million chips could fit inside the tip of a ball point pen.

Carbon Nanotubes • Carbon Nanotubes are hexagonally shaped arrangements of carbon atoms that have been rolled into tubes. These tiny straw-like cylinders of pure carbon have useful electrical properties. They have already been used to make tiny transistors and one-dimensional copper wire. • Carbon Nanotubes can route signals in microprocessor chips faster than traditional copper or aluminum wires at speeds of up to 10 GHz. Fig :- Multi – walled carbon nanotube

Carbon Nanotubes also have great significance for use in flat-panel displays, microwave generators, devices for electric surge protection, and high intensity lamps. • Carbon Nanotubes are also likely to be used in IT. These tubes can be either conducting or semi conducting and have the potential for memory and storage as well. • Nanotechnology also has prospective applications for display devices, such as the replacement of cathode ray tube (CRT) technology by electron-producing carbon Nanotubes. • Structure of Carbon nanotubes. Fig :-Single-walled carbon Nanotube

Practical Applications of Nanotechnology • Monitoring Patience • Electronics • Automobile • Optical transmission properties • Modern Telecommunications

Nanocomputer

Any Questions ?

• More by User

A Seminar by NUS Nanoscience Nanotechnology Initiative

146 views • 1 slides

Introduction :. Satellite is a microwave repeater in the space. There are about 750 satellite in the space, most of them are used for communication.They are wide area coverage of the earth's surface. Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec. Transmission cost is independent of distance.Satellite Commun

427 views • 26 slides

SEMINAR ON. WIRELESS INTERNET ACCESS. Wi-Fi. VS. CONTENT. INTRODUCTION TO 3G AND Wi-Fi HOW BOTH ARE SAME ? HOW DO BOTH DIFFERS FROM ONE ANOTHER ? ADVANTAGES OF 3G & Wi-Fi OVER ONE OTHER IMPLICATIONS OF 3G & Wi-Fi IN INDUSTRIES & PUBLIC POLICY CONCLUSION REFERENCES.

343 views • 22 slides

Seminar on. Financial Management. Office of Justice Programs. Office of the Chief Financial Officer. Welcome. &. Introductions. Introduction. 1. Name 2. Jurisdiction/Organization represented 3. Years in grants 4. Types of grants. Office Of Justice Programs. Community

967 views • 88 slides

SEMINAR on. EMISSION CONTROL-IC ENGINE. Introduction.

195 views • 18 slides

SEMINAR ON:

SEMINAR ON:. VIRTUAL KEYBOARD. PRESENTED BY BY KARTHIK ALVA 5 th sem cs. WELCOME. CONTENT. Introduction What can you do with virtual keyboard? How does virtual keyboard work? Reasons to use virtual keyboard Uses of virtual keyboards Advantages of virtual keyboard References.

422 views • 20 slides

seminar on CRYSTAL GROWTH AND ITS PREVENTION. By R.TULASI M.Pharmacy, Ist semester Department of pharmaceutics

498 views • 26 slides

Seminar on. Recent Advances in Formulation aspects And Manufacturing Of Monophasic Dosage Forms By Shilpa . Allabotharam M pharm ( І sem ) Department of pharmaceutics Blue Birds College Of Pharmacy Kakatiya University Bheemaram , Warangal. CONTENTS. Introduction

576 views • 26 slides

SEMINAR ON . Data Security in Local Network Using Distributed Firewall Presented By- Rahul N.Bais Guide Prof. Vinod Nayyar H.O.D Prof.Anup Gade. Intro to Security. Computer/Network Security - The prevention and detection of unauthorized actions by users of computer systems*

315 views • 9 slides

SEMINAR ON. BOILERS. WHAT IS A BOILER?. Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam .Thermal released by combustion of fuel is transferred to water which vaporizes and gets converted into steam at a desired pressure and temperature. BOILERS IN INDUSTRIES. BOILERS IN STEAM PLANTS.

488 views • 24 slides

Seminar on. Overview. Hibernate. What is it? Hibernate. How does it work? Hibernate Tools. Hibernate. What is it?. Definition. Hibernate is free as open source software

544 views • 30 slides

Seminar on. Game Playing in AI. Definition…. Game. Game playing is a search problem defined by: 1. Initial state 2. Successor function 3. Goal test 4. Path cost / utility / payoff function. Types of Games.

477 views • 27 slides

SEMINAR ON. RADAR JAMMING PRESENTED BY K PAVAN KUMAR SATEESH KUMAR P REG NO.:0501222118 REG NO.:0501222049. INTRODUCTION.

879 views • 29 slides

Seminar on. Financial Management. Office of Justice Programs. Office of the Chief Financial Officer. Financial Management Systems. Financial Management Systems. All recipients are required to: Establish/maintain auditable accounting records and

1.37k views • 110 slides

SEMINAR ON. E-WASTE. E-WASTE. Electronics waste comprises waste that are not fit for their original intended use or have reached their end of life. IT MAY INCLUDE:-. SERVERS MAINFRAMES MONITORS SCANNER COPIERS CALCULATORS FAX MACHINE BATTERY CELLS CELLULAR PHONES TV’S

382 views • 24 slides

SEMINAR ON. BY naser ur rahman 3gn09cv024. UNDERWATER CONCRETING. Topics covered. Introduction Concrete specification Laying techniques Repair works Conclusion. Introduction.

2.54k views • 21 slides

Seminar on. Financial Management. Effective Financial Management of Your Federal Grant. Reviewing Your Award Document. OJP’s Grants Management System (GMS) will email you notice of your award. Letter from the Assistant Attorney General (AAG) Letter from the Chief Financial Officer

1.01k views • 77 slides

Seminar on. Financial Management. Office of Justice Programs. Office of the Chief Financial Officer. Welcome. &. Introductions. Introduction. 1. Name 2. Jurisdiction represented 3. Years in grants 4. Types of grants. Eric H. Holder, Jr. Office Of Justice Programs.

744 views • 63 slides

Seminar on. Advanced Financial Management. Office of Justice Programs. Office of the Chief Financial Officer. Welcome. &. Introductions. Introduction. 1. Name/Title 2. Agency represented 3. Years in grants 4. Expectations. Learning Objectives.

1.39k views • 137 slides

824 views • 80 slides

SEMINAR ON EMERGING IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN INDIA - GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE PATENTS AT GLOBAL LEVEL & IMPORTANCE OF PATENT TRACKING - INDIAN CONTEXT By PADMIN BUCH B.Pharm; MBA; CMC Chief Consultant GITCO, Ahmedabad November 26, 2006. GITCO BACKGROUND.

344 views • 23 slides

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts

Past events

15 years of nature nanotechnology.

Nature Nanotechnology was launched in October 2006, and through the years it has achieved great success thank to the wonderful contribution of scientists around the world. We celebrated the 15th aniversary of Nature Nanotechnology  with a series of webinar covering a wide range of aspects of research in nanoscience and nanotechnology. 

Nature Nano Talks - Pablo Jarillo-Herrero and Polina Anikeeva   ( 1st December 2021)

In the 7 th and last webinar of the series, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero summarizes the latest progress on interaction-driven and topological quantum phenomena in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene and other emerging moiré systems. Polina Anikeeva describes bioelectronics approaches to control neural activity and provide potential future therapeutic avenues for neurological diseases.

In the 6th webinar of the series, Andreas Heinrich describes seminal developments to exploit quantum coherence in a variety of nanoscale systems and Claire Donnelly explores magnetism and its dynamics in 3D nanoscale systems.

Nature Nano Talks - Rich Masel and Yi Cui   ( 17th November 2021)

In the fifth event of the series, Rich Masel provides an industrial perspective of CO2 conversion, transforming CO2 into valuable chemicals, while Yi Cui discusses the importance of nanoscale understanding for developing viable batteries for the green energy transition.

Nature Nano Talks - Yamuna Krishnan and Hagan Bayley ( 10th November 2021)

In the fourth event of the series, Yamuna Krishnan tells us how DNA nanodevices can be used to investigate cell biology, while Hagan Bayley summarizes his work in single-molecule analysis with a nanopore, the commercialization of the nanopore technique, and his recent efforts on synthetic tissues

Nature Nano Talks - Menachem Elimelech and Melanie Kah   ( 3rd November 2021)

In the third event of the series, Menachem Elimelech talks about advantages and weak points of nanostructures in wastewater treatments while Melanie Kah discusses the potential of nanomaterials used in agriculture.  

Nature Nano Talks - Jennifer Dionne and Feng Gao ( 27th October 2021)

In the second event of the series, Feng Gao highlights recent advances in the development of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) from materials to devices and their characterization, while Jennifer Dionne explains how nanophotonics concepts can be used for applications in other fields, such as catalysis and biosensing.

Nature Nano Talks - Ben Feringa and Robert  Langer   (20th October 2021)

In this first event of the series, Ben Feringa summarizes efforts in which molecular motors are used in responsive materials, catalysis and photopharmaceutical applications, while Robert Langer provides a historical view of the development of nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery, from small molecules to nucleic acids

-----------------------------

Nature Nano Talks - Data reusability and the FAIR principles in nanotechnology (24th June 2021)

Fabio Pulizzi discussed about data reuse in nanotechnology during this panel discussion with Desiree Plata (MIT), Penny Nymark (Karolinska Institute), Iseult Lynch (University of Birmingham) and Heike Langenberg (Communications Earth & Environement) . 

Nature Nano Talks - An online panel discussion on Nanoplastic (19th May 2021)

Nature Nanotechnology and Nature Communications hosted a panel discussion on the environemntal implications of nanoplastic. Fabio Pulizzi and Melissa Plail discussed with Denise Mitrano (ETH Zurcih), Julien Gigault (TAKUVIK Laboratory,CNRS/Université Laval, Nanna Hartmann (DTU) and Martin Wagner (NTNU). 

Nature Nano Talks – Nanotechnology and global health, a virtual panel discussion  (21st April 2021)

Nature Nanotechnology hosted a virtual webinar with the authors of the focus pieces to examine opportunities and challenges offered by nanotechnology for fighting  infectious diseases. Join Chiara Pastore for a discussion with Kimberly Hamad-Shifferli (UMASS Boston), Giovanni Traverso (MIT, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School), Diana Bowman (ASU) and Fabio Salamanca-Buentello (Lunenfeld – Tanenbaum Research Institute). Registration is free and we welcome all your questions.

Nature Nano Talks – Our March highlights: Endocytosis, CRISPR in plants, Biological Recognition, Nanosensors in Food  (24th March 2021)

We have talked to the authors of some of the perspective and reviews published in our March issue. Fabio Pulizzi spoke to Markita Landry from UC Berkeley about the use of nanotechnology for CRISPR Cas gene editing in plants and to Tim Duncan from FDA about nanosensors in food. Chiara Pastore talked to Ken Dawson from University College Dublin about biological nanoscale recognition to Robert Parton from the University of Queensland about nanoparticle endocytosis . 

Nature Nano Talks - Nanocatalysts: A dialogue between academia and industry - virtual panel discussion hosted by Nature Nanotechnology (8 March 2021)

Wenjie Sun and Fabio Pulizzi from Nature Nanotechnology discussed with Nanfeng Zheng (Xiamen University), Kendra Kuhl (Opus-12), Javier Pérez-Ramirez (ETH Zurich) and Kensaku Kodama (Toyota Central R&D Labs) about challenges and opportunities for industrial application of nanocatalysts. 

Nature Nano Talks: Meet the editors (1 March 2021)

Chief Editor Fabio Pulizzi and Senior Editors Olga Bubnova and Benjamin Heinrich answered question about what Nature Nanotechnology publishes and what the role of the editor is. 

Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA delivery - A virtual Q&A hosted by Nature Nanotechnology and Nature Reviews Materials  (video) (17 February 2021)

Chiara Pastore from Nature Nanotechnology and Christine Horejs from Nature Reviews Materials hosted a with Q&A Katherina Whitehead (Carnegie Mellon University) and Yizhou Dong (Ohio State University) on the technology behind the COVID 19 vaccines.

Nature Nano Talks: Nanomaterials for Immunomodulation - A virtual panel discussion hosted by Nature Nanotechnology  (video) (3 February 2021)

Chiara Pastore from Nature Nanotechnology hosted a panel discussion with Angus Johnston (Monash University), Betty Kim (MD Anderson), Michael Mitchell (U. Penn) and Ankur Singh (Georgia Tech) on how nanotechnology can contribute to improve tolerogenic strategies, T cell modulation, cancer immunotherapies and nanovaccines.

Nanotechnology and COVID-19 research – a virtual Q&A hosted by Nature Nanotechnology  (video) (17 June 2020)

Christine Horejs from Nature Nanotechnology hosted a Q&A session with Nicole Steinmetz (University of California, San Diego) and Ronit Satchi-Fainaro (Tel Aviv University). Nicole and Ronit presented their work on a COVID-19 vaccine and discussed how nanotechnology can contribute to COVID-19 research, in particular for vaccine development, manufacturing and world-wide distribution.  

Tiny treasure: The future of nano-gold  (Animation) (28 January 2015)

This animation explores how gold nanoparticles could be used to kill cancer cells, improve the efficiency of solar cells and catalyse chemical reactions.

Lumps of gold moulded into rings, coins and ingots have been highly prized for millennia. But recently, scientists have realized that nanoparticles of the metal could also become a valued commodity. In labs around the world, gold nanoparticles are being tested as components in technology and medicines. See how gold could be used to kill cancer cells, improve the efficiency of solar cells and catalyse chemical reactions.

Produced with support from World Gold Council .

Animation by Nature Video and Dog and Rabbit .

Nature has full responsibility for all editorial content, including Nature Video content. This content is editorially independent of sponsors.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

FREE K-12 standards-aligned STEM

curriculum for educators everywhere!

Find more at TeachEngineering.org .

• TeachEngineering
• Nanotechnology as a Whole

Lesson Nanotechnology as a Whole

Grade Level: 11 (9-11)

Time Required: 45 minutes

Lesson Dependency: None

Subject Areas: Chemistry, Physics

NGSS Performance Expectations:

• Print lesson and its associated curriculum

Curriculum in this Unit Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum.

• What is a Nanometer?
• Magnetic Fluids
• Nanoparticles & Light Energy Experiment: Quantum Dots and Colors
• Thirsty for Gold

TE Newsletter

Engineering connection, learning objectives, worksheets and attachments, more curriculum like this, pre-req knowledge, introduction/motivation, associated activities, vocabulary/definitions, user comments & tips.

Working in the fields of nanotechnology and engineering requires an understanding of many classical materials engineering principles and fundamentals. However, due to the very small length scale, some classical fundamentals break down and new physics is necessary to fully understand nanotechnology. It is important for students to learn that to produce such technological applications, existing science has been modified to describe and replicate unique behaviors found at the extremely small scale. In addition, because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily interact with human cells. With access to so many areas of the body and their unique behaviors, they have the potential to detect disease and deliver treatment in ways never unimagined.

After this lesson, students should be able to:

• Describe ways nanotechnology is expected to influence society.
• List key areas of research in the nanotechnology field and real-world applications.
• Explain the length scale of nanotechnology relative to traditional length scales.
• Convert measurements to different units.

Educational Standards Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) , a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g. , by state; within source by type; e.g. , science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .

Ngss: next generation science standards - science, international technology and engineering educators association - technology.

View aligned curriculum

Do you agree with this alignment? Thanks for your feedback!

State Standards

Texas - science.

Students must be able to operate a basic scientific calculator, take measurements using measuring tapes, sticks or string, and complete unit and place value conversions.

(Be ready to show students the attached 21-slide Introduction to Nanotechnology Presentation PowerPoint file. In advance of class, make sure to download some of the PowerPoint images into the slides; see notes in the PowerPoint file. Ask students the following questions to stimulate their thinking about the topic of nanotechnology. Survey students' knowledge prior to giving the attached presentation. Expect the introduction and presentation to not exceed 25 minutes.)

What is nanotechnology? (Listen to student ideas and definitions.) Nanotechnology' is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. How small is that!? Nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from "the bottom up," using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, highly advanced products.

What types of technologies and goods (products, services) do you think nanotechnology is a part of? (Listen to student suggestions. Make a list on the board.) Examples: Car bumpers (nanocomposites), sporting goods (golf clubs, tennis rackets), quantum dots (optical beacons), cancer treatment, antibacterial dressings, photovoltaic devices (solar cells), sunscreens (similar to solar cells; want to absorb UV light), protein tracking, stain-repellant fabrics, rocket propellants, synthetic bone, organic light-emitting diodes (telephone and radio screens), nanostructured materials for engineering applications, nanocatalysts, filters.

(Proceed to show students the attached PowerPoint presentation.)

Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. While these materials have been around for decades, only recently—because of our improved capability to see at that scale—have they received so much attention. However, traditional material science and physics cannot explain, nor see, phenomena that occur at their tiny scale. With the birth of quantum mechanics and electron microscopes, engineers are able to model, predict and visually design specific material behaviors at those length scales. Nano materials are unique because of the relative size compared to the atomic scale. How small? The thickness of one sheet of loose-leaf notebook paper is equivalent to ~100,000 nm. This is extremely small and because of this relative size comparison, new interactions start occurring. All this is meaningless if one cannot visualize or comprehend how small the nano scale is in comparison to tangible, familiar objects. To start envisioning this scale, one nanometer is 1 millionth the size of a Skittle TM candy. Refer to the associated activity What is a Nanometer? so students obtain a simple reference framework to the nano-size length scale by measuring everyday objects and converting their length units to nanometers.

Note: The attached PowerPoint presentation provides information on topics such as: What is nanotechnology? What does nano really mean? and How old is nanotechnology? Other topics in the presentation include: types of nano phenomena, single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWNT properties and applications, the world's smallest radio, quantum dots and applications; ferrofluids (magnetic fluids) and applications, nano shells, gold nanoshell synthesis, nanoshell applications, misconceptions about nanotechnology, and consumer uses and projections.

Watch this activity on YouTube

crystalline: A solid with a periodic arrangement of atoms that make-up crystals.

engineer: A person who applies her/his understanding of science and math to creating things for the benefit of humanity and our world.

nanometer: Length measurement that is equal to 1 x 10^-9m.

Opening Questions: Survey students' knowledge about nanotechnology by asking them the following questions before showing the attached presentation. Listen to student ideas, definitions and suggestions. See the Introduction/Motivation section for discussion points and answers.

• What is nanotechnology?
• What types of technologies and goods (products, services) do you think nanotechnology is a part of?

Closing Questions: At lesson conclusion, ask students to take five minutes and write out and hand in their own answers to the following questions. Review their answers to gauge their comprehension of the material presented.

• What are some example products and technologies that take advantage of nanotechnology?

Research: Have students research online articles on nanotechnology and write a summary to share with the class. 

Through three teacher-led demonstrations, students are shown samplers of real-world nanotechnology applications involving ferrofluids, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. This nanomaterials engineering lesson introduces practical applications for nanotechnology and some scientific principles relate...

Students learn about the biomedical use of nanoparticles in the detection and treatment of cancer, including the use of quantum dots and lasers that heat-activate nanoparticles. They also learn about electrophoresis—a laboratory procedure that uses an electric field to move tiny particles through a ...

Students are introduced to the physical concept of the colors of rainbows as light energy in the form of waves with distinct wavelengths, but in a different manner than traditional kaleidoscopes. Looking at different quantum dot solutions, they make observations and measurements, and graph their dat...

Students are introduced to the technology of flexible circuits, some applications and the photolithography fabrication process. They are challenged to determine if the fabrication process results in a change in the circuit dimensions since, as circuits get smaller and smaller (nano-circuits), this c...

Sanders, Robert. "Single Nanotube Makes World's Smallest Radio." October 31, 2007. University of California-Berkeley. Accessed October 10, 2012. http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/10/31_NanoRadio.shtml

Contributors

Supporting program, acknowledgements.

This curriculum was created with the support of National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. 0840889. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.

Last modified: July 21, 2023

Powerpoint Templates

Icon Bundle

Kpi Dashboard

Professional

Business Plans

Swot Analysis

Gantt Chart

Business Proposal

Marketing Plan

Project Management

Business Case

Business Model

Cyber Security

Business PPT

Digital Marketing

Digital Transformation

Human Resources

Product Management

Artificial Intelligence

Company Profile

Acknowledgement PPT

PPT Presentation

Reports Brochures

One Page Pitch

Interview PPT

All Categories

Introduction to nanotechnology powerpoint presentation slides

Help the company enter into an innovative sphere of the nanotech industry by using Introduction To Nanotechnology PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The presentation covers the market overview of the nanotech industry at a global level. You can discuss the key players, growth drivers, attractive opportunities, and projected contribution of the nano industry to the US market with these PPT slides. Take advantage of the molecular mechanics’ PPT slideshow to showcase industry trends by applying electronics, energy, biomedical, defense, cosmetic, and automotive. Utilize this nanotechnology organization’s PowerPoint infographics to present the market entry strategies. This includes marketing campaigns with online & offline communication styles and market diversification to enter a new industry. This content-ready PowerPoint template has covered nanotechnology challenges and the solution to overcome them, such as set up duration, start-up costs, and low awareness. Calculate the five-year financial projection by covering the income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet.

Help the company enter into an innovative sphere of the nanotech industry by using Introduction To Nanotechnology PowerPoin..

These PPT Slides are compatible with Google Slides

Compatible With Google Slides

• Google Slides is a new FREE Presentation software from Google.
• All our content is 100% compatible with Google Slides.
• Just download our designs, and upload them to Google Slides and they will work automatically.
• Amaze your audience with SlideTeam and Google Slides.

Want Changes to This PPT Slide? Check out our Presentation Design Services

Get Presentation Slides in WideScreen

Get This In WideScreen

• WideScreen Aspect ratio is becoming a very popular format. When you download this product, the downloaded ZIP will contain this product in both standard and widescreen format.

• Some older products that we have may only be in standard format, but they can easily be converted to widescreen.
• To do this, please open the SlideTeam product in Powerpoint, and go to
• Design ( On the top bar) -> Page Setup -> and select "On-screen Show (16:9)” in the drop down for "Slides Sized for".
• The slide or theme will change to widescreen, and all graphics will adjust automatically. You can similarly convert our content to any other desired screen aspect ratio.
• Add a user to your subscription for free

You must be logged in to download this presentation.

Do you want to remove this product from your favourites?

PowerPoint presentation slides

Presenting Introduction To Nanotechnology Powerpoint Presentation Slides. You can easily modify the colors, font type, font size, and background of the slideshow and save it in formats like JPG, PNG, and PDF. It can be projected on a standard screen and widescreen size without any fear of pixelation. This PPT is compatible with Google Slides.

People who downloaded this PowerPoint presentation also viewed the following :

• Business Slides , IT , Nanotechnology , Flat Designs , Concepts and Shapes , Complete Decks , All Decks , Business Plan Development , IT
• Introduction To Nanotechnology ,
• Strategies ,

Content of this Powerpoint Presentation

Slide 1 : This slide introduces Introduction to Nanotechnology. State your Company name and begin Slide 2 : This slide displays Nano-technology Agenda Slide 3 : This slide displays Table of Contents. Slide 4 : This slide shows Objective of Our Nanotechnology Company Slide 5 : This slide also shows Objective of Our Nanotechnology Company Slide 6 : This slide shows Market Overview Slide 7 : This slide displays Global Nanotechnology Market Overview Slide 8 : This slide covers the key players of the nanotechnology industry along with the number of companies in each country. Slide 9 : This slide covers the growth drivers of nanotechnology such as favorable government support, rise in adoption, internet of nano things, affordable devices, and sensors. Slide 10 : This slide displays Growth Drivers for Nanotechnology. Slide 11 : This slide covers the roadmap of present and future trends in nanotechnology in the three-level horizon. Slide 12 : This graph shows the percentage market share by type such as nanomedicine, treatment, genetic engineering, agricultural etc. for five years. Slide 13 : This slide shows Industry Trends By Components, Nanomaterials, Nanotools, Nano sensors. Slide 14 : This slide covers significant nanotechnology applications such as electronics, energy, biomedical, defense, cosmetic, automotive, etc. Slide 15 : This slide covers the growth of the nanotechnology industry from 2015 to 2022 along with the factors driving the demand of nanomaterials in the industry. Slide 16 : This slide covers the global market for nanotools from 2013 to 2019, focusing on different tools like nanolithography tools, nano manipulators, near field optics, nanomachining tools. Slide 17 : This slide covers the global market for Nanosensors share from 2013 to 2019, wherein the focus is on incremental growth, key drivers, and regional growth. Slide 18 : This slide covers the details for nanomaterials and nanotools global share from 2013 to 2019 which includes nanoparticles, nanodevices, and other components. Slide 19 : This slide explains Business Model Slide 20 : This slide covers the nanotechnology business model to identify the products and services our company will sell, identify the target market, anticipate expenses, etc. Slide 21 : This slide displays Competitive Landscape Slide 22 : This slide covers the competitive landscape of nanotechnology along with the company’s market share , names and their industry type. Slide 23 : This slide covers the competitive landscape of nanotechnology along with the different features offered by the competitors in the market. Slide 24 : This slide explains Market Diversification Slide 25 : This slide covers the various marketing strategies wherein online and offline communication styles are considered such as search marketing, online PR, interactive ads, etc. Slide 26 : This slide covers the strategic alliance based commercialization strategy is a joint venture approach with two or more partners. Slide 27 : This slide displays Nanotechnology Market Diversification. Slide 28 : This slide depicts Nanotech Cost Analysis Slide 29 : This slide covers the cost analysis incurred by the nanotech company such as advertising and promotion, equipment and supplies, insurance, R&D, capital expenses etc. Slide 30 : This slide highlights Challenges and Solution Slide 31 : This slide covers the challenges faced in the nanotechnology industry along with the ways to overcome them. Slide 32 : This slide shows Financial Projection of Our Company Slide 33 : This slide covers the five year projection of our company covering income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. Slide 34 : This slide displays Financial Projection of Our Company. Slide 35 : This is Icons Slide for Introduction to Nanotechnology Slide 36 : This slide is titled as Additional Slides for moving forward. Slide 37 : This is About us slide to showcase Company specifications. Slide 38 : This slide displays Vision, Mission and Goals of the Company. Slide 39 : This slide highlights Timeline Slide 40 : This slide shows 30 60 90 Days Plan Slide 41 : This slide shows Roadmap processs.

Introduction to nanotechnology powerpoint presentation slides with all 41 slides:

Use our Introduction To Nanotechnology Powerpoint Presentation Slides to effectively help you save your valuable time. They are readymade to fit into any presentation structure.

Ratings and Reviews

by Damon Castro

December 27, 2021

by Dexter Weaver

by Clifton Jenkins

by Chauncey Ramos

by Darrick Simpson

September 16, 2020

by Delmer Black

by Clay Castillo

by Mason Thompson

• Skip to main content
• Skip to FDA Search
• Skip to in this section menu
• Skip to footer links

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

•   Search
•   Menu
• Science & Research
• About Science & Research at FDA
• FDA Grand Rounds
• Nanotechnology: Over a Decade of Progress and Innovation at FDA - 08/13/2020 - 08/13/2020

Webcast | Virtual

Event Title Nanotechnology: Over a Decade of Progress and Innovation at FDA August 13, 2020

About the presentation:.

Nanotechnology is the control of matter at the nanoscale, where unique phenomena and unusual properties enable novel applications. Nanomaterials are incorporated in many FDA regulated products, utilizing the unique advantages they offer, such as increased sensitivity of detection of biomarkers for early disease detection and diagnosis, generation of safer drug formulations and novel medical devices. Anticipating an increase in submissions to FDA of products that involve the application of nanotechnology, the then acting commissioner launched the Nanotechnology Task Force (NTF) in 2006. The mission of the NTF is to assess the state of science, provide recommendations to improve the FDA’s scientific knowledge of nanotechnology and to address the regulatory challenges with products that use nanotechnology.  Since then, the FDA has set up laboratory infrastructure, conducted regulatory science research, provided training to reviewers and scientific staff, issued draft and final guidance documents to support innovative development of beneficial nanotechnology products, and collaborated with other agencies and stake holders to promote responsible development of nanotechnology to advance public health. The immense amount of research from dedicated grant funding in nanotechnology through the National Nanotechnology Initiative over the past two decades has resulted in greater understanding of nanotechnology and nanomaterial.  It contributed to our understanding of nanomaterial critical quality attributes that contribute to the safety, biocompatibility and efficacy. As anticipated, these advances have resulted in a gradual increase of submission of products containing nanotechnology to FDA, over 600 drug products to date, many approved for clinical use. The FDA continues to monitor the scientific and technological advancements and the convergence of emerging technologies with nanotechnology to prepare its work force in responding to submissions through regulatory review.

This seminar is aimed at presenting the Nanotechnology Task Force report on the progress FDA made in nanotechnology since 2007. It will include the basics of nanotechnology, highlight the facilities, regulatory science research, guidance documents, standards, domestic and international collaborations, and emerging challenges in regulatory science.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily represent those of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

About the Speaker:

Anil K. Patri, Ph.D. Chair, Nanotechnology Task Force Director, Nanocore, NCTR/FDA

Dr. Anil Patri serves as the Chair, Nanotechnology Task, and as the Director of Nanocore, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). Nanocore conducts nanotechnology regulatory science research to understand material characteristics, what parameters contribute to their safety, and efficacy through internal research projects. Nanocore also offers staff training and develops consensus standards through stakeholder collaboration.  Dr. Patri serves on the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) NSET Subcommittee and NEHI working group for US government inter-agency coordination. He is as member of ISO TC229 and serves on the executive committee of ASTM E56 to facilitate standards development. He served on journal editorial and scientific advisory boards.

Prior to joining FDA in 2014, Dr. Patri served as the Deputy Director, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL) at the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research. In a decade long tenure at NCL, he managed over 85 projects for the preclinical evaluation of nanomaterial for cancer. He developed nanotechnology-based targeted drug delivery and imaging agents until 2004 at the University of Michigan Medical School. He is a synthetic chemist by training and earned his Ph.D., in Chemistry from the University of South Florida.

Recorded Presentation:

https://collaboration.fda.gov/pbbmodqwy8vc/

For technical assistance please contact [email protected] .

Nanotechnology

A collection of TED Talks (and more) on the topic of Nanotechnology.

Video playlists about Nanotechnology

The world of tiny things

Talks about nanotechnology.

New nanotech to detect cancer early

What you need to know about CRISPR

A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets

A new superweapon in the fight against cancer

Graphene: the impressive 2D material full of potential

Hidden miracles of the natural world

Zombie roaches and other parasite tales

Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper

Why our universe might exist on a knife-edge

Psychedelic science

A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager

One very dry demo

How a fly flies

An animated tour of the invisible

Meet your microbes

The levitating superconductor

ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst

Home > Centers and Institutes > STEM > Nanotechnology Teacher Summer Institutes > 2

Nanotechnology Teacher Summer Institutes

Nanotechnology Overview PowerPoint

Mark Tuominen , University of Massachusetts - Amherst Follow

Publication Date

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. This PowerPoint gives an overview of the field and introduces the teacher summer institute.

Since March 01, 2017

Included in

Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons , Chemistry Commons , Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons , Physics Commons

Advanced Search

• Notify me via email or RSS
• Collections
• Disciplines

Author Corner

• Login for Faculty Authors
• Faculty Author Gallery
• Expert Gallery
• University Libraries
• STEM Education Institute
• UMass Amherst

This page is sponsored by the University Libraries.

© 2009 University of Massachusetts Amherst • Site Policies

Privacy Copyright

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List

Insights from nanotechnology in COVID-19: prevention, detection, therapy and immunomodulation

Priya singh.

1 Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India

2 Regional Center for Biotechnology, Pali, Haryana, 121001, India

Deepika Singh

Pratikshya sa, priyanka mohapatra, auromira khuntia, sanjeeb k sahoo.

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection has presented the world with an urgent demand for advanced diagnostics and therapeutics to prevent, treat and control the spread of infection. Nanotechnology seems to be highly relevant in this emergency due to the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials which offer versatile chemical functionalization to create advanced biomedical tools. Here, nano-intervention is discussed for designing effective strategies in developing advanced personal protective equipment kits, disinfectants, rapid and cost-effective diagnostics and therapeutics against the infection. We have also highlighted the nanoparticle-based vaccination approaches and how nanoparticles can regulate the host immune system against infection. Overall, this review discusses various nanoformulations that have shown clinical relevance or can be explored in the fight against COVID-19.

COVID-19: A pandemic

The recent pandemic that has affected the globe is caused by a virus that was first detected in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on 11 February 2020 [ 1 , 2 ]. The WHO named the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Initial cases of the disease were reported as pneumonia of unknown origin, but after a detailed investigation, it was revealed that a type of coronavirus caused the disease [ 3 ]. The widespread human infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 triggered a high alert and forced the WHO to declare a pandemic in March 2020 [ 4 ]. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of 34 kb [ 5 ]. The first two-thirds of the genome encodes replicase genes, which are translated and processed into 15–16 nonstructural proteins. The other third consists of open reading frames for the four structural proteins – envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) – which are essential for assembly and budding, maintaining integrity, forming nucleocapsid and enabling the attachment of the virus to host cells by binding to ACE2, respectively [ 5–7 ]. The expression of ACE2 determines the uptake of the virus in different tissues; as the respiratory tract has the highest expression of ACE2, it is the main target of SARS-CoV-2 [ 8 ]. The entire life cycle of SARS-CoV2 and the pathophysiology, along with potential targets for inhibition of the virus, are illustrated in Figure 1 . COVID-19 is a very contagious disease and evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can spread through direct, indirect or close contact with an infected person, mainly by inhaling virion particles contained in respiratory fluid droplets which are expelled through sneezing, coughing or talking [ 9 ]. Furthermore, as these viruses can be active for hours on inanimate surfaces like metals, papers, plastics and cloths depending on temperature, humidity and the chemical and topological nature of the solid surface, the infection can also be transmitted by touching these virus-laden surfaces and then touching eyes, nose or mouth [ 6 ]. Common symptoms of the disease include fever, dry cough and tiredness, while body pain, nasal congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat or diarrhea are also observed in some patients. Serious symptoms, like difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath, chest pain and loss of speech or movement are also observed in a few cases [ 10 ]. In addition to these, the evidence is increasing for neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; symptoms and syndromes like dizziness, ataxia, neuropathic pain, headache, myopathy, epilepsy and ischemic stroke are getting commonly manifested in severe COVID-19 patients. However, not all SARS-CoV-2-infected people show symptoms, and some asymptomatic patients act as carriers. However, it has been reported that these carriers have hyposmia (decreased sense of smell), which can act as a marker for identifying asymptomatic patients [ 11 ].

1. Attachment of SARS-CoV-2 viral S protein with ACE2 receptor present on the host cell membrane. 2. Binding of viral S protein with the ACE2 receptor permits the entry of the virus into the host cell. 3. After entry of the virus into the cell, the viral envelope undergoes proteolytic cleavage and releases its genomic RNA into the cytoplasm. 4,5. The genomic RNA is then converted into smaller subgenomic mRNA, which is translated to S, E, M and other proteins that are required for the assembly of the virus. 6 and 7. Next, the S, E and M proteins enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), followed by the formation of mature virion by their combination with nucleocapsid (N) protein (which is synthesized in the cytoplasm) and positive-strand genomic RNA in the ER–Golgi compartment. 8. Finally, the completely formed virus particles are released out of the cells through exocytosis, to repeat the same cycle by infecting other cells.

It is observed that people with a history of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic lung disease or cardiovascular issues are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality. Further, patients aged >80 years are at a higher risk, with 14.8% mortality [ 12 ]. These give the impression that elderly people and those living with chronic diseases have higher mortality than healthy individuals when infected with SARS-CoV-2. At the time of writing (January 2021), SARS-CoV-2 has infected 105,470,677 people, among whom 2,296,064 have died due to the disease [ 13 ]. Further, so-called ‘second waves’ of the disease are happening, with mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 spreading in some countries. Reports suggest that the mutant strain emerging in the UK is more infectious than the previous strain: each infected individual could infect an average of 1.5 other people, rather than the 1.1 average for the earlier strain. However, as of now, there is no indication as to whether it could cause more severe disease-related complications or deaths [ 14 , 15 ]. This continued rise of both cases and deaths, with the emergence of variant strains, necessitates the development of new treatment methodologies to control and treat the infection. Though we are in the age of the highest technological advancements and are well aware of the complete structural details of SARS-CoV-2, we are still struggling to develop a cure for the disease [ 16 ]. This is mainly because the development of new drugs requires a long approval process to prove their efficacy and safety, whereas the effectiveness of conventional antiviral treatments fades with the emergence of viral mutations. Thus multidisciplinary research efforts are quintessential to combat this pandemic [ 17 ]. In this context nanotechnology, which is an amalgamation of physics, chemistry, biology and engineering, can offer several advantages due to its unique physicochemical properties [ 18 ]. This review gives comprehensive detail on the advantages of employing nanotechnology in the design of diagnostic tools, vaccines, therapy and immunomodulation.

Immunopathology & COVID-19

 The SARS-CoV-2 incubation period in the host varies from person to person; according to the WHO, it takes 2–14 days after the initial infection. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 often experience a local infection in cells that line the airways of the lungs, which in turn triggers the immune response to remove the virus and aid in recovery [ 19 ]. Pathological studies of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients showed the presence of both T cell and B cell immune responses. After the onset of infection, CD8 + T cells can directly kill the virus-infected cells, whereas CD4 + T cells prime both CD8 + T cells and B cells to generate an immune response. CD4 + T cells also drive the cytokine production that recruits other immune cells to the site of infection [ 20 ]. Activated B cells are also reported in the blood of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. These activated B cells produce antibodies initially against the nucleocapsid (N) protein and then against the S protein of the virus to generate an immune response against it [ 21 ].

Cytokines play a key role in initiating and orchestrating the host immune response upon viral infection as an antiviral defense mechanism. Some cytokines can directly induce an antiviral state or apoptosis in virus-infected cells, while others can mediate the activation of the immune system to kill the infected cell. Another class of cytokine, known as chemokines, controls the traffic of immune cells migrating toward the site of infection or inflammation [ 22 ]. Several studies have reported the dysregulated immune response with relevant changes of both innate and adaptive immunity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Modulation of total neutrophils along with a marked decline in the level of circulating CD4 + cells, CD8 + cells, B cells and natural killer cells is correlated with disease severity and death in COVID-19 patients [ 23–26 ]. Besides changes in blood cell counts, most patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection displayed a ‘cytokine storm’, as elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IP-10, MCP-1, CCL3 and TNF-α were observed in their serum [ 27 ]. Although a well-co-ordinated and rapid immune response is generated in patients which represents the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the excessive inflammatory innate response and dysregulated adaptive response may lead to severe tissue damage of the host, not only at the site of virus entry but also at the systemic level. This uncontrolled immune response is expected to result in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is a major concern for COVID-19 patients [ 24 , 28 ].

Role of nanotechnology in the COVID-19 pandemic

Nanotechnology is the design and application of materials one of whose dimensions is <100 nm [ 29 ]. It has made an immense contribution in many fields of science, including materials science, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering and computer science [ 30 ]. Recent years have witnessed the spur of nanotechnology in biomedical sciences, where it has been successfully employed for detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases [ 31 ]. The widespread use of nanotechnology in medical sciences can be attributed to its unique properties like small size, large surface area, multifunctionality, surface adaptability and enhanced solubility which helps in the development of safer and more efficient drug candidates, tissue-targeted therapies, personalized medicines and early diagnostic devices. In the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, the potential of nanotechnology is unquestionable. It can be used in various spheres in the fight against COVID-19, such as prevention, diagnosis and therapy [ 32 ]. For preventing the spread of the virus, it can be used in the development of effective disinfectants and surface coatings, self-sterilizing personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare personnel, and infection-safe masks [ 17 ]. As COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease, it is essential to develop specific and sensitive sensors that can quickly identify the infection or immunological response for rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of disease. Here nanotechnology, with its potential to develop simple, fast and cost-effective assays using gold-based nanoparticles and other inorganic nanoparticles, can be used to design assays to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and related biomarkers [ 18 ]. Apart from this, nanotechnology can be used to develop new antiviral drugs, promote codelivery of multiple drugs, enhance circulation time and achieve sustained release of drugs. Moreover, it can also be used for pulmonary targeting, which can reduce the side effects of drugs [ 33 ]. Further, as this disease is too infectious to be controlled by just the above strategies, it requires the development of a vaccine. Here, nanotechnology can be used as a delivery agent for mRNA and DNA vaccines as a means of protecting them from enzymatic degradation, thus overcoming the bottlenecks in their in vivo application [ 17 ]. The following sections of this review aim to describe the application of nano-sized materials for prevention, early diagnosis of infection and treatment modalities for people infected with COVID-19 ( Figure 2 ). This review may help in bringing forth the advantages of nanotechnology to make full use of its potential in overcoming this pandemic situation in the near future.

(A) Different nanoparticles can be integrated for prevention, detection or therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. (B) NPs that can deactivate the virus can be used in the manufacture of face masks, face shields, safety glasses, shoe covers, disposable gloves and gowns, which are routinely being used by healthcare workers. (C) For detection, (i)  NPs can be conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody, which can emit fluorescence when it encounters the virus or (ii) nanoparticle-coated chips can be made, which have the capacity to change their color when infected samples are loaded on them. (D)  NPs can also be used to deliver drugs directly into the virus-infected alveolar cells present in the lungs through inhalation.

NP: Nanoparticle.

Nanotechnology for preventing the spread of COVID-19

As COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease and presently there is a lack of effective treatment and vaccination for the same, preventing the spread of infection is of the utmost importance. Efforts have been made to prevent the transmission of the virus through social distancing, use of masks and PPE and reinforcement of hygiene methods [ 30 ]. In this context, several companies are investing in nanotechnology-based products for the development of effective cleaning products and PPE. Research evidence suggests that silver nanoparticles have potent antimicrobial effects and are one of the most useful metal disinfectants against viruses, bacteria and other micro-organisms [ 30 , 34 ]. Silver has been used to control infections since ancient times. The reported mechanisms for its antimicrobial activity are: inhibiting cellular respiration and disrupting metabolic pathways, leading to enhanced production of reactive oxygen species; forming pores and punctures on a bacterial cell wall by interacting with peptidoglycan molecules; and disrupting microbial DNA, thereby inhibiting viral replication [ 35 ]. Silver nanoparticles are better antimicrobial agents than their macro counterparts due to the larger surface-to-volume ratio that results from their nano size, which increases the area of reactivity with microbes and enhances cellular uptake and infiltration into biological membranes. Further, the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is size- and shape-dependent. It has been found that the smaller the size, the higher is the toxicity due to higher reactivity and ion release in cells [ 36 ].

Working in this direction SHEPROS, a Malaysian company, has developed Nano Silver sanitizer containing a suspension of silver nanoparticles of size 25 nm that kills a broad spectrum of micro-organisms, including viruses, by adversely affecting cellular metabolism and inhibiting cell growth through suppression of the basal metabolism of the electron transport system. This product is available on the market and can be used as a sanitizer against SARS-CoV-2 [ 37 , 38 ]. Similarly, Weinnovate Biosolutions, a startup supported jointly by the Indian Department of Science and Technology and Department of Biotechnology, has developed a nonalcoholic aqueous-based colloidal silver solution which shows its antiviral effect by preventing the synthesis of viral negative-strand RNA and viral budding [ 39 ]. Other silver-based nanoformulations marketed as sanitizers and disinfectants are listed in Table 1 . NanoTouch Materials, LLC, a USA-based company, has developed NanoSeptic ® Surface, which helps in disinfection of public touchpoints, such as door handles, elevator buttons and even the rear of phones, protecting them against SARS-CoV-2. This disinfectant is composed of mineral nanocrystals, which act as a catalyst in the presence of light to create a powerful oxidation reaction that oxidizes organic contaminants [ 40 ].

HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning; POC: Point of care; PPE: Personal protective equipment.

All the data mentioned in this table were obtained from the Nanotechnology Product Database https://statnano.com/ .

Studies suggest that surface contamination plays a significant role in the transmission of viruses. Several nanomaterials (e.g., titanium dioxide, copper oxide and silver nanoparticles), when associated with polymers and textiles, can reduce the viability of viruses on surfaces, especially in conditions of light exposure [ 41 ]. Working in this direction a Chilean/USA-based company, Copper 3D, has developed a nanocomposite face mask named NanoHack in which 5% copper oxide nanoparticles are impregnated in three layers of nonwoven polypropylene filters, bestowing them with excellent antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. This mask is popular throughout the globe [ 42 ]. Promethean Particles Ltd, a UK-based company, is developing copper nanoparticle-embedded polymer fibers in collaboration with leading research facilities and textile companies for use in PPE kits [ 43 ]. Further, the development of protective materials that can not only capture the viruses but also kill them would have a far-reaching effect in preventing the spread of COVID-19. For this, nanomaterials that have an inherent antiviral activity, such as silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO), copper oxide nanoparticles, two-dimensional carbides and nitrides can be employed. It was found that coating these nanomaterials on masks and PPE enhances their ability to capture and inactivate viruses [ 18 ]. In this context, RESPILON Group, a Czech Republic-based company, has developed ReSpimask ® VK, which is available on the market and has 99.9 % filtration efficiency for viruses and bacteria. The filter of the mask is enriched with accelerated copper oxide nanoparticles, due to which it not only intercepts the viruses but also actively kills them [ 44 ]. Further, a reusable and recyclable mask can also be developed by depositing a few layers of graphene on a low-melting-temperature unwoven mask. The excellent hydrophobic and photothermal properties of graphene help to repel the incoming aqueous droplets and allow for sunlight sterilization, respectively [ 45 ]. This product is still under development and is not yet available on the market. Apart from its usage in cleaning products and PPE, nanotechnology has also been employed in the development of air purifiers to prevent airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this context, the TeqAir 200 air ionizer developed by TEQOYA, a France-based company, is already on the market. As the size of SARS-CoV-2 is close to the median of the particle sizes for which TEQOYA air purifiers are efficient, they would be expected to reduce the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in the air [ 46 ]. Apart from those mentioned above, we have summarized other examples of nanotechnology-based products to prevent COVID-19 spread in Table 1 .

Past global experiences of viral outbreaks suggest that immunizing individuals is the only prevention from the future influence of viral infections, hence biomedical intervention toward vaccination is the prime focus of research. Vaccination has served as the most effective public health program that can prevent or control the spread of contagious disease and it seems to be the only hope to combat COVID-19. The uncontrolled increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected cases and the emergence of new strains of SARS-CoV-2 has emphasized the urgent global need for vaccine development. Vaccination is the process of immunization whereby the host immune system is activated to induce long-term immune memory, which protects against future infection by a pathogen. It prevents infectious diseases by inducing a controlled immune response against the pathogen by mimicking its natural interaction with the host immune system. Vaccines consist of two major components: an antigen, which targets the immune system to activate it, and an adjuvant, which is coadministered with vaccines to potentiate or modulate the immune system against the antigen [ 47 ].

Conventional vaccines include either live attenuated pathogens which have a risk of reversion to virulent strains, or inactivated pathogens which generally display weak immunogenicity. This has led to the development of next-generation subunit vaccines like RNA or DNA encoding viral antigens, which could overcome these limitations; however, they suffer from low immunogenicity [ 48 ]. Because all of these are proteins which are easily degraded in the body, successful vaccines are still difficult to achieve for various infectious diseases. Nanotechnology-based platforms have been used for specific delivery and sustainable release of antigens, adjuvants and immunoregulatory agents [ 49 ] as they can control improper immune stimulation, loss of bioactivity of immunoactive agents during circulation, and off-target side effects. Pharmaceutical companies are using nanoparticles for vaccine development and delivery ( Table 2 ). Companies like BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna have encapsulated their mRNA vaccines in lipid nanoparticles [ 50 , 51 ], whereas Oxford/AstraZeneca and CanSino [ 52 ] have incorporated the antigen-encoding sequence into the DNA of adenovirus [ 53 ]. On the other hand, Novavax, Inc., a nanotechnology-based company, has conjugated the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 onto the surface of nano-sized virus-like particles [ 54 ] for effective delivery of vaccines to the host body [ 55 ]. The next-generation vaccines like subunit vaccines rely on adjuvants that can enhance the vaccine’s potency in elevating the immune response against specific antigens. In this regard, the nano-scale adjuvant can be of great potential in encapsulating and presenting these antigens to the immune cells to improve the immunogenicity in groups that respond poorly to vaccines [ 56 ]. Clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants like aluminum-based nanoparticles have been studied for their dendritic cell (DC) cross-presentation efficiency and subsequent induction of cellular immunity. Aluminum adjuvants are known to promote strong default T helper 2 cell differentiation and antibody production through DCs but lack the ability to induce a T helper 1 cell immune response. This can be improved by the use of alum nanoparticles in combination with Toll-like receptor ligands to enhance the cross presentations by DCs [ 57 ]. Knudesen et al. compared and categorized different clinical-grade nanoparticle-based adjuvants like alum, MF59 (R), GLA-SE, IC31 (R) and CAF01 based on their immune profiles and protective efficacy to give insights for the rational development of next-generation vaccines for humans [ 58 ]. Recently, Novavax marked the entry of its coronavirus vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373, which includes the company’s proprietary Matrix-M™ adjuvant, to clinical trials [ 59 ]. Thus, owing to the flexible nature of nanotechnology, nanoparticles can be engineered to strengthen immune stimulation with desired adjuvant activities.

DMG: Dimyristoyl glycerol; DSPC: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; PEG: Polyethylene glycol.

All the data mentioned in this table were obtained from https://clinicaltrials.gov .

Nanotechnology in the detection of SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19 patients exhibit a wide range of clinical symptoms that are similar to those of influenza and other respiratory diseases, thus accurate detection of disease is essential to initiate proper treatment and prevent the spread of infection [ 60 ]. Nucleic acid-based testing was initially the primary detection tool for SARS-CoV-2, whereby nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs are used for detecting the presence of virus using RT-PCR. However, this technique is time consuming and labor intensive and requires expensive instruments. As COVID-19 cases are continuously increasing, with almost 130 million people already affected across the globe by end of March 2021, the current situation demands the development of detection techniques that are rapid, cost-effective and easy to handle. Thus research should be centered on developing rapid, sensitive and accurate nucleic acid or protein-based tests and point-of-care testing (POCT) [ 61 ]. In this context, nanotechnology can greatly aid in enhancing the sensitivity of already available detection techniques like RT-PCR and immunofluorescence assays by virtue of the nanoparticles’ high surface-to-volume ratio, high adsorption, quantum size effects and high reactivity, which allows for efficient interaction with sample analytes. In addition, nanoparticles offer ease of surface functionalization, meaning that numerous ligands can be attached via covalent or noncovalent bonding, which further enhances selectivity and specificity and reduces the time of detection. Moreover, nanomaterials can also be employed as labels for enhancing the signals, which helps in achieving the detection of very low-magnitude signals. This nanolabeling can be done by attaching metal nanoparticles, such as silver or gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) or quantum dots on targeted biorecognizing probes, which results in significant enhancement of signals [ 62–64 ]. Au-NPs have been incorporated in designing a wide range of virus detection tools due to their unique photonic, catalytic and electric properties, coupled with the molecular interaction specificity of various biomolecules such as antibodies, RNA aptamers and single-stranded DNA. In addition to this, they have excellent multiplexing capabilities, which further render them suitable for incorporation into state-of-the-art technologies for virus detection [ 77 ]. We have summarized nanotechnology-based diagnostic products available on the market in Table 1 .

Nanotechnology-based nucleic acid tests

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a process similar to RT-PCR, but it requires a simple heat block rather than a complex machine, which reduces the cost significantly [ 78 ]. This technique, coupled with Au-NPs, has been used for the development of colorimetric assays for rapid detection of hepatitis E virus, offering high sensitivity and cost–effectiveness compared with RT-PCR detection [ 79 ]. A similar detection method could be developed for SARS-CoV-2 by designing specific primers for the virus. Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 ) have been used for detection of Hepatitis B (HBV) and Epstein–Barr viruses, where they were found to be more rapid and sensitive than commercialized kits like Dynabeads. This is probably because of the much larger surface area of Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 nanoparticles as compared with Dynabeads, due to which it requires 15–20 s to attract these nanoparticles as compared with 2–3 min for Dynabeads using magnets. Further, as the surface area for these nanoparticles is higher, they can isolate DNA in samples with low virus concentrations [ 80 ]. Given that using these types of nanoparticles can possibly reduce the time required as well as increase the sensitivity, similar nanoparticles could be developed for isolation of RNA and detection of SARS-CoV-2. Two-dimensional gold nanoisland-based dual-functional plasmonic biosensors that integrate the plasmonic photothermal effect and the localized surface plasmon resonance sensing transduction technique have been developed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 [ 81 ]. Here, gold nanoislands functionalized with complementary DNA receptors are used to detect hybridized cDNAs of SARS-CoV-2. Because this technique uses two different angles of incidence, the plasmonic resonances for the plasmonic photothermal effect and localized surface plasmon resonance can be excited at two different wavelengths, which significantly enhances the sensitivity, stability and reliability compared with RT-PCR. Further, it can accurately discriminate similar sequences such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes from SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. However, the technique has yet not reached the market and is still in a developmental stage.

Nanotechnology-based protein tests

Antigens and antibodies generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be useful tools for diagnosis and surveillance of COVID-19 because they can be used to detect infected patients as well as recovered patients. In this context, UK-based SureScreen Diagnostics Ltd has developed its COVID-19 Rapid Test Cassette, which is available on the market for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This assay integrates Au-NPs with lateral flow devices: Au-NPs embedded in the nitrocellulose test strip detect COVID-19 biomarkers (IgG and IgM), which are released on interaction with antibodies embedded in the strip, eliciting a color change [ 82 ]. Another nanotechnology-based approach for detection of COVID-19 involves the development of graphene-based field-effect transistor biosensing devices. These sensors are coated with specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and can detect the spike protein at concentrations of 1 fg/ml in phosphate-buffered saline and 100 fg/ml in clinical transport medium, thus providing a highly sensitive, rapid and on-site detection method [ 83 ]. This technique is still in developmental stages.

Nanotechnology-based POCT

POCT can be utilized to diagnose infections in remote areas and provide instant care, which could assist in preventing the spread of infection. Further, data recorded can be transferred easily to central repositories, thus reducing the burden on central facilities. NanoComposix, a USA-based company, has developed a COVID-19 Rapid POC CE-IVD test, which integrates Au-NPs with lateral flow devices, as discussed above. This kit is available on the market for in vitro diagnosis [ 84 ]. Furthermore, systems that enable battery-operated excitation and capturing of emission signals via a smartphone camera can also be used for creating an effective and sensitive POC test [ 85 ]. Barcodes are designed to label different biomarkers to detect multiple analytes in one reaction tube using a sample from a single patient. Kim et al. have developed a quantum dot-based barcode assay for HBV infection demonstrating 91 and 95% clinical specificity and sensitivity, respectively, in diagnosing HBV after isothermal reverse polymerase amplification [ 85 ]. These could be tailored to develop a diagnostic method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Nanotechnology in the treatment of COVID-19

Presently, there is no specific drug recommended to prevent or treat COVID-19. However, specific treatments are under investigation, like remdesivir, which could be administered to patients diagnosed with severe disease [ 86–88 ]. This drug has been authorized by the US FDA for emergency use for the treatment of suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease [ 89 ]. COVID-19 adversely affects the respiratory system, so it would be beneficial to conduct research in the field of cytokines that protect the respiratory system and promote lung homeostasis during viral infections. One such important cytokine is leukemia inhibitory factor, which modulates severe adverse events during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Though they have not been studied in COVID-19, leukemia inhibitory factor nanoparticles have shown clinical importance in animal models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis [ 90 ]. These inhalable nanoparticles exert immunomodulatory effects and increase tolerance in acute respiratory distress syndrome. These results suggest that they could also play a protective role in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Blocking entry of the virus into the host is a successful strategy in several viral infections. As previously described, the virus enters into the host via interaction of the receptor-binding domain of its spike protein with ACE2; thus any drug which could disrupt the binding of SARS-CoV-2-RBD to ACE2 has the potential to inhibit the virus. Working in this direction, Zhang et al. have chemically synthesized SBP1, a 23-mer peptide fragment of the ACE2 peptidase domain α1 helix composed entirely of proteinogenic amino acids, which specifically and strongly binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thus inhibiting the virus [ 91 ]. This novel peptide-based drug appears potent, but the delivery of such drugs is very challenging because enzymes in the body rapidly degrade them, reducing their efficacy. For this reason, the authors collaborated with researchers from Northwestern University’s Simpson Querrey Institute for delivery of the peptide drug in nanostructures having water-filled channels that are prepared by ‘gluing’ millions of peptides. The similarity in the chemical composition of the drug and the carrier allows for the development of nanostructures that could protect the peptide drug from enzymatic degradation while it circulates in the body. These peptide nanostructures against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are in the preclinical trial stage [ 92 ]. Apart from this, some studies report that nanomaterials can bind to viral particles and prevent their interaction with the host cell. For example, carbon quantum dots prevent the entry of another human coronavirus (HCoV-229E strain) into the host cells by interacting with the S protein of the virus, which is then not available to bind with the host cells. These nanomaterials may also prove beneficial in inhibiting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the host [ 93 ]. Once the virus has entered the host, it is essential to contain the virus; thus inhibiting viral replication is also an important antiviral strategy. Several nanomaterials exhibit an intrinsic ability to inhibit viral replication, such as Ag 2 S nanoclusters and ZnO nanoparticles. These are reported to modulate the host immune response to enhance the secretion of antiviral cytokines and suppress inflammation. Exploring these types of nanomaterials in COVID-19 may result in an effective therapeutic response [ 93 ].

Because the respiratory tract is the main target for SARS-CoV-2 infection, airborne nanoparticles can be used for direct pulmonary delivery, which offers the benefits of rapid absorption due to high vascularization and circumvention of the first-pass metabolism effect [ 18 ]. Drug delivery of nanoparticles to the lungs depends primarily on particle size, surface area, electrical charge and surface morphology of the nanoparticles; given that all these properties can be tailored by using nanoparticles, they can be used to cross mucosal membranes through the transmucosal route using endocytosis, carrier-mediated or receptor-mediated transport processes. Several nanoformulations, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes, have been evaluated for various pulmonary diseases. These are coupled with devices such as nebulizers, pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers and soft mist inhalers for their delivery [ 94 ]. Working in this direction, Bioavanta LLC/Bosti Trading Ltd has developed Novochizol, an aerosol based on chitosan nanoparticles. This formulation strongly adheres to lung epithelial tissues and ensures sustained release without systemic distribution, making it an ideal intrapulmonary delivery system. Due to the above properties, the company is in the process of developing drug-loaded Novochizol for the treatment of COVID-19, and this is in the preclinical evaluation stage [ 92 ].

Nanotechnology in immunomodulation

Recent advances in designing nanomaterials that can directly modulate the immune system through their physical and chemical properties or deliver vaccines are novel approaches toward promoting immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nanotechnology platforms have emerged as promising tools for the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases by modulating the immune system, either by immunostimulation or immunosuppression [ 18 ]. Nanoimmunity-by-design possibly combines the safe-by-design concept, which is based on implementing the knowledge of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials in a structured way to develop safe nano-enabled products, and an immunity-by-design concept that functionalizes nanomaterials to fine-tune their physicochemical properties so that it can potentially modulate the immune system [ 95–97 ]. In the context of SARS-CoV-2, the application of these immunomodulatory nanosystems may be feasible to offer the development of novel antiviral therapeutics and vaccines ( Figure 3 ) [ 49 ].

Nanoparticles can act as immune stimulators, adjuvants or vaccines that activate the host immune system. When these NPs are administered in the host body, they activate macrophages and dendritic cells and further activate B cells and T cells to generate both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the pathogen. Research is focused on either virus-like NPs or lipid NPs for the delivery of vaccines. NPs can also act as immune suppressors by stimulating apoptosis of APCs, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. NPs are also known for their capacity to adsorb cytokines on their surface to control cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

APC: Antigen-presenting cell; NP: Nanoparticle.

The understanding of immune responses toward nanomaterials is an important factor in designing biocompatible nanomedicines. As the immune system senses pathogens, it can also sense the nanomaterials by the chemical functional groups engineered on their surface. Immune sensing is also a crucial part of the development of vaccines [ 98 ]. Carbon and carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and nanodiamonds are sensed by immune cells and their interaction with immune cells elicits either an immune stimulating or suppressing response [ 96 ]. Orecchioni et al. studied the effects of GO and GO functionalized with amino groups (GONH 2 ) on human immune cells. They observed that GONH 2  polarized T cells and activated monocytes toward a T helper-1/M1-mediated immune response with low systemic toxicity [ 99 ]. Different surface functionalization of nanodiamonds showed pronounced regulation of immune-modulatory transcripts and enhanced the immunological compatibility [ 100 ]. Polypropylene sulfide vaccine nanoparticles have been engineered for complement activation and their functionalization is associated with antigen-specific immune responses that induced antibody production, T cell proliferation and IFN-γ cytokine production upon antigen restimulation [ 101 ]. Moreover, it has been reported that nanoparticles induce NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation when internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The sequence of events that follows involves inflammasome complex formation with subsequent production of interleukins and activation of immune cells [ 102 ]. Another approach of stimulating immune cells like T cells involves the surface functionalization of nanoparticles with ligands that target specific APCs such as DCs, where the APC-targeting nanoparticles are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral responses. Uto et al. developed Ag-carrying biodegradable poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) nanoparticles that induced immune responses in vivo . The γ-PGA nanoparticles induced cytokine production, upregulated costimulatory molecules and enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity in DCs [ 103 ]. These nanoparticles could be explored to modulate the immune system of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

Studies have shown abnormal immune responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with moderate and severe disease, whereby macrophages, neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines accumulate in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [ 104 ]. This massive cytokine storm reflects the uncontrolled deregulation of the host immune defense, which limits the understanding of immune signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 28 ]. Nanomaterials can be exploited to control the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. The biomimetic macrophage-like nanoparticles that possess an antigenic exterior identical to that of macrophages have been used for cytokine sequestration because of their capability to bind to proinflammatory cytokines. This strategy of detoxification may provide a treatment option for suppressing cytokines and improving the clinical outcome for COVID-19 patients [ 105 ]. Zheng et al. demonstrated that graphene nanoplatelets rapidly and significantly removed proinflammatory cytokine markers from human plasma. The material was less cytotoxic and showed faster adsorption as compared with other carbon-based materials. They also developed a flexible freestanding graphene nanoplatelet–poly(tetrafluoroethylene) composite material with a high accessible surface area for targeted adsorption of cytokines [ 106 ]. Hence the intrinsic properties of nanoparticles can be manipulated as an immunomodulatory component for suppressing the immune system and their modulation toward immune cells to evoke an immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Rethinking nanotechnology against COVID-19

During this state of global emergency created by the COVID-19 pandemic, humans are facing unprecedented challenges. Developments in nanomaterials are promising huge possibilities in healthcare, but the potential risks of nanoparticles for both public health and the environment cannot be ignored. Despite having many advantages, nanotechnology suffers from certain pitfalls that may have mild to adverse consequences in clinics for COVID-19 patients, which have been inadequately reviewed. For COVID-19 patients, inhalation of lipid-based nanomedicines could be beneficial as this method can deliver drugs directly into the lungs, bypassing first-pass metabolism. However, it can encounter obstacles like variation in drug absorption due to changes in nasal physiology, difficulty in crossing the nasal epithelium and, most importantly, lack of knowledge of nasal drug absorption [ 107 , 108 ]. Studies have also demonstrated a high pulmonary inflammatory response in the case of some nanoparticles. Moreover, due to the increased surface area to size ratio, many nanoparticles can interact with cellular macromolecules and lead to oxidative stress, which can have severe health impacts [ 109 , 110 ]. Besides absorption, digestion and systemic circulation, renal excretion of nanomedicines is an expected phenomenon in which the kidney plays a major role; hence nephrotoxicity of nanoparticles cannot be overlooked. Several studies on animal models have demonstrated that nanoparticles exhibit severe nephrotoxicity at both the tubular and the glomerular level, major signs of which are degeneration of tubular epithelial cells, renal interstitial fibrosis, swollen glomeruli, change in Bowman’s space and proliferation of mesangial cells [ 111 ].

To address such complex challenges upon application of nanotechnology for COVID-19, co-operation among a diverse range of researchers, doctors, pharmaceutical companies and regulatory boards is required. The present concerns of nanotechnology in this pandemic should be taken as an opportunity to reform nanoparticles to increase the safety to risk ratio. This can be achieved by proposing strategies to evaluate nanotoxicology profiles through standardized assay protocols at the early stages of clinical development and to study their potential risks in patients. Designing smart nanoparticles, like the formulation of stimuli-sensitive nanoparticles for controlled drug release, can also be beneficial to achieve site-specific drug targeting with reduced systemic toxicity [ 112 ]. Coating nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol is known to enhance their drug delivery capacity to the target cells, as PEGylation of nanoparticles can protect them from aggregation, opsonization and phagocytosis and prolong their systemic circulation [ 113 ]. Besides this, encapsulating cargo-loaded nanoparticles into bacteria, which are internalized by the mammalian cell and deliver the cargo specifically into the cell, can be an amazing strategy to deliver therapeutics or vaccines into COVID-19 patients [ 114 ]. Moreover, in-depth study and exchange of knowledge among different countries are essential to achieve a scientific solution for the fight against the coronavirus [ 115 , 116 ].

In this review we have emphasized advances of nanotechnology and its clinical translation to counteract challenges related to the prevention, diagnosis, therapeutic delivery, vaccination, immunity generation and overall disease management of COVID-19. By now a lot is known about the life cycle, pathogenicity and the associated immune response of SARS-CoV-2, yet we lack strategies to prevent and treat the infection. Protection and diagnosis are important for preventing the spread of infection. Currently, drug repurposing is in high demand for therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection, but is not effective in all cases. The only hope to control the pandemic situation is the development of an effective vaccine that can prevent the infection. In this regard, nanotechnology seems to be highly relevant due to the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles that provide an opportunity to fine-tune them against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this milieu, nanotechnology can play a big role in developing PPE and sanitizers which can help to prevent the transmission of infection. As the symptoms of COVID-19 are very similar to those of other respiratory diseases, it is important to have accurate, sensitive and rapid diagnostic tools to detect the infection at an early stage. In this context, it is reasonable to believe that due to their smaller size and larger surface area, nanotechnology products can detect the disease with high accuracy. With the growing demand for drug repurposing to find therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is equally important to develop nanoplatforms for effective delivery of the same to the target site. In addition to this, strategies are proposed whereby nanoparticles can themselves be used as therapeutics or immune-modulating agents upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given that vaccination gives high hope to combat COVID-19, the role of nanotechnology in the development and delivery of suitable vaccines and adjuvants is emphasized.

Future perspective

Despite the advances achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19, a thorough knowledge of viral transmission and behavior is still required to completely contain the infection. The outbreak of COVID-19 has forced the world to depend upon the science and research community to find viable solutions to this problem by advancing research toward basic sciences and translational studies. Advances in the design and fabrication of nanotechnology have made research more flexible and creative toward dealing with present challenges. Many nanoformulations have already been repurposed against the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection, signifying the potential of nanotechnology. Presently, many nanoformulations are on the market for disease prevention (hand sanitizers, disinfectants, masks, etc.), and we anticipate that broad-spectrum nanoformulations will be developed for vaccination and therapeutics that can be easily modified according to the need of the hour. As nanomedicine has shown promising results in infectious and noninfectious disease management, we believe that nanomedicines will also be able to withstand future pandemic situations arising from microbial infections. Thus there must be a structured clinical investigation and research empowerment in the field of nanomedicines with regard to infectious disease biology. Additionally, studies should be focused on the development of relevant models for evaluating the toxicity profile of these nanomedicines and their large-scale production for commercial use.

Executive summary

• Silver nanoparticles have been used in successfully commercialized products as a disinfectant or sanitizer against SARS-CoV-2 due to their antimicrobial properties.
• Nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide, copper oxide and silver nanoparticles can be blended in either polymers or textiles on the surface of personal protective equipment for protection against the virus.
• Lipid nanoparticles, adenovirus nanoparticles and virus-like particle nanoparticles are under clinical investigation for vaccine delivery to the host as they are capable of specific delivery and sustainable release of antigens, adjuvants and immunoregulatory agents.
• Alum, MF59 (R), GLA-SE, IC31 (R) and CAF01 are nanoparticle-based adjuvants which can enhance the efficiency of next-generation vaccines.

Nanotechnology in the detection of SARS-CoV-2

• Gold nanoparticles can be used for designing biosensors that can provide rapid and sensitive SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis tools.
• Solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes can be coupled with nebulizers and inhalers for intrapulmonary delivery of therapeutics through the nasal route.
• The immune system can sense nanoparticles through the functional groups engineered on their surface, which can be useful for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
• Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and nanodiamonds are sensed by immune cells, which elicits or suppresses the immune response, modulating the host immune system.
• For implementing nanotechnology in clinical practices in this current pandemic situation, strong collaboration among researchers, doctors, pharmaceutical companies and regulatory boards is mandatory.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

S Sahoo thanks the Director, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) for core funding. D Singh and P Singh thank ILS for institutional fellowship. P Sa and A Khuntia thank CSIR for the fellowship. P Mohapatra thanks the Indian Department of Science and Technology for INSPIRE fellowship. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

Nano-technology Seminar

Nano technology for crop resilience to climate change, this seminar mainly related to crop response to applied nano particles in different environmental stresses like drought ,salt stress,etc,. Read less

Recommended

More related content, what's hot, what's hot ( 20 ), similar to nano-technology seminar, similar to nano-technology seminar ( 20 ), recently uploaded, recently uploaded ( 20 ).

• 3. outline Introduction History Propertiesof nanoparticles Methodsof production ENPs Applicationsof nanoparticlesinAgriculture ResearchPapers Summary
• 4. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Sources include: World Bank, United States Census Bureau
• 5. “Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale ( 1 to 100 nm) to create new and unique materials and products with enormous potential to change society.” (National Nanotechnology Initiative ) It is emerging as the sixth revolutionary technology in the current era
• 6. History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Eric Drexler: Wrote famous book “Engineer of Creation” (1986)
• 7. (British Standards Institution, 2005) Time Line of Nanotechnology
• 8. • Small size (1-100nm) • Large surface to volume ratio • High activity • Change in the chemical and physical properties with respect to size and shape Properties of Nano particles
• 9. • Nanoparticles are generated naturally by erosion, fires, volcanoes and marine wave action. • Nanoparticles are also produced by human activities such as coal combustion, vehicle exhaust and weathering rubber tires. o Engineered NPs (ENPs): • Nanoparticles are intentionally produced and designed with specific properties related to their shape, size, surface properties, and chemistry. o Natural nanoparticle Types of nanoparticles
• 10. Grinding C. Biological method
• 11. Nanomaterial in Agriculture
• 12. Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture • Crop improvement – For efficient gene transformation, nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticle-embedded carbon matrices as a carrier were used successfully for the delivery of genetic material • Seed technology - carbon nanotubes. • Bio-Nano sensors - Monitor soil conditions and crop growth over vast areas. • Removal of heavy metals – ligand based nano-particles. Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
• 13. • Degradation of pesticides residues • Smart packaging with nano silicon to enhance the shelf life of the food materials. • Zeolite NP’s can be used for improving the fertilizer use efficiency. • Nano particles such as CeO2, ZnO, TiO2 can be used for improving the crop resilience to climate change. Contd.,
• 14. Impacts of Nanoparticles on Drought stress
• 15. Impacts of Nanoparticles on Salinity stress
• 17. Objectives of the present study (i) Evaluate the effect of drought on the vegetative and reproductive performance and nutrient acquisition in sorghum. (ii) Assess the role of Zn as ZnO nanoparticles in modulating sorghum performance, nutrient acquisition and grain fortification under drought stress.
• 18. Materials and Methods • Chemical and soil : The ZnO nanoparticle (18 nm) product used in this study was purchased from US Research Nano materials. triplicate pots per treatment(1,3,5 mg ZnO/kg) • Plant growth conditions : A greenhouse pot experiment with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ) three sorghum seeds were planted per pot, Which was thinned out to one. D-Control- 40 per cent field moisture capacity(FMC) ND-(3mg/kg ZnO) Control- 80 per cent field capacity(FMC) • Plant analysis • Data analysis
• 19. Results and discussion Fig. (A) Days to development of flag leaf and grain head (GH) in sorghum under drought stress and ZnO nanoparticle fertilization (3 mg ZnO/kg). Bars on graphs are means and standard deviations. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among treatments, separately for flag leaf and grain head. (B): Representative sorghum plants at 51 days after planting showing the influence of drought and ZnO nanoparticle fertilization (3 mg ZnO/kg) on the development of grain head.
• 20. Effects of drought and ZnO nanoparticles (1, 3, and 5 mg ZnO/kg) on the vegetative and reproductive performance of sorghum. D = drought; ND = non- drought.
• 21. Effects of drought and ZnO nanoparticles (1, 3, and 5 mg ZnO/kg) on nitrogen acquisition in sorghum plant organs (root, shoot and grain). Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among treatments, D = drought; ND = non-drought.
• 22. Effects of drought and ZnO nanoparticles (1, 3, and 5 mg ZnO/kg) on sorghum grain concentrations of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Different letters after values indicate significant differences among treatments,. D = drought; ND = non-drought.
• 23. • ZnO nanoparticle alleviation of drought effects by improving plant phenological development was evaluated. • ZnO nanoparticle improved nitrogen acquisation by sorghum under drought stress. Conclusion
• 25. The main objectives of this study (1) To investigate CeO2-NPs at different concentrations (0, 200 and 1000 mg kg-1 dry sand and clay mixture) could affect the physiological and biochemical processes in canola. (2) To determine the synergistic presence of CeO2-NPs and NaCl (100 mM) could alleviate the plant oxidative stress induced by NaCl.
• 26. Materials and methods 1. CeO2-NPs most CeO2-NPs fell in the size range of 20 to110 nm, with an average size of 55.6 nm. 2. Plant species and growth conditions Brassica napus (canola) cv. ‘Dwarf Essex’ seeds were purchased, ten plants for each treatment (0,200,1000 mg/kg) was grown, in this after ten days five plants of each treatment are treated with 100mM NaCl. 3. Chlorophyll analysis. 4. Proline determination. 5. Mineral contents analysis.
• 27. The total chlorophyll was slightly increased by application of 1000mg/kg CeO2 NPs under salt stress. Chlorophyll-a was increased by 27% and 10% respectively in salt stressed plants exposed to 1000 mg/kg CeO2 NPs and 200 mg/kg CeO2 NPs compared with control plot treated with NaCl. Chlorophyll-b was unaffected except treatments under 200mg/kg CeO2 NPs in salt free . Result and discussion
• 28. Proline content in Brassica napus plants exposed to CeO2-NPs at 200 and 1000 mg kg-1 dry mixture and 100 mM NaCl.
• 29. Mineral contents in Brassica napus plants exposed to CeO2-NPs at 200 and 1000 mg kg-1 dry mixture and 100 mM NaCl. A: Nitrogen (%). B and C: Potassium and Calcium (ppm).D: Phosphorus(ppm), E: Sodium (log10).and F: Magnesium (ppm).
• 30. Fresh(A,C,E)and dry (B,D,F) weight of Brassica napus growing in the presence of 200 and 1000 mg/kg dry mixture of CeO2-NPs and 100mM NaCl . A and B: Total biomass, C and D: Leaf biomass, E and F: Root biomass
• 31. Conclusion • This study report that synergistic salt stress and CeO2-NPs effects on the physiological regulations in Brassica napus. • The findings suggest that positive role of CeO2-NPs in cultivated crops, likely through the enhanced chlorophyll performance and proline synthesis regulation. • The study provided insights on the potential applications of CeO2-NPs for the reduction of salt stress impact in agriculture.
• 32. • The ecotoxicology of nanomaterials in agroecosystem. • The sustainability and its biosafety of nanomaterials. • The development of carrier of nanomaterials . • Nanosensors – Smart Precision farming. • Establishment of regulatory body to decide the laws related to the utilization of maximum acceptable levels of ENMs in the environment. Challenges Ahead
• 33. • Nano structured formulations improve the efficiency of nutrient uptake ratio their by enhancing crop yield and also saves resources. • Nano sized formulations improve the solubility and dispersion insoluble nutrients in soil, reduces soil absorption and fixation their by increases the bioavailability. • Nanoparticles have a breakthrough applications in wide fields such as engineering, medicine, biotechnology, agriculture, etc., • Nanoparticles can help the crop plants to overcome the stress caused by climate change such as drought, salinity, high temperature. Summary