presentation about skeletal system

The Skeletal System

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, �Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Overview of the Skeletal System
• Skeleton (Greek) = “dried up body”
• Two subdivisions of the skeleton
• Axial skeleton – longitudinal axis of body
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs & girdles
• Parts of the skeletal system:
• Bones (skeleton)
• Functions of Bones
• Form internal framework: supports body & cradles soft organs
• Ex: skull bones fused to enclose the brain
• Ex: vertebrae surround spinal cord
• Ex: rib cage encloses thoracic organs
• Skeletal muscles attached to bone via tendons, move body and its parts
• Results in full body locomotion, fine movements, internal movements

Functions of Bones, continued…

• Fat (marrow) in medullary cavities
• Bones store minerals: calcium & phosphorus
• Ca 2+ needed for nervous impulses, muscle contraction, blood clotting
• Hormones control movement of calcium to and from bones and blood
• Blood cell formation
• AKA hematopoesis
• Within marrow/medullary cavities

Classification of Bones

• The adult skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue:
• Compact bone
• Dense, smooth, homogeneous
• Spongy bone
• AKA cancellous bone
• Small needle-like �pieces of bone, called trabeculae
• Many open spaces
• Site of hematopoesis
• Filled with red marrow

Figure 5.2b

Structure of Cancellous Bone

Structure of Compact Bone

Classification of Bones on the basis of Shape

• Classification of bones on the basis of shape
• 4 shapes of bone: long, short, flat, irregular
• Longer than they are wide
• Shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
• All the bones of the limbs (except patella, ankle & wrist)

Classification of Bones, continued…

• Short bones
• Generally cube-shaped
• Contain mostly cancellous bone
• Bones of the wrist (carpal) & ankle (tarsal)
• Sesamoid bones – bones which form within tendons; e.g. patella
• Thin, flattened, and usually curved
• Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of cancellous bone
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification categories
• Pelvic bones
• Facial bones

Answer “Did You Get It?” Questions #1-2

Figure 5.1d

• Anatomy of a Long Bone

Gross Anatomy

• Diaphysis/es
• Length of the bone
• Composed of compact bone
• Outside covering of the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Anatomy of a Long Bone, continued…

• Perforating/Sharpey’s fibers
• Connective tissue fibers
• Secure periosteum to underlying bone
• Epiphysis/es
• Ends of the bone
• Thin layer of compact bone enclosing cancellous bone
• Articular cartilage
• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
• Made of hyaline cartilage
• Decreases friction at joint surfaces
• Supply bone cells with nutrients
• Epiphyseal line
• Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
• Seen in adult bones
• Epiphyseal plate
• Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
• Hormones inhibit long bone growth by the end of puberty
• Epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, leaving epiphyseal line behind

Proximal End of a Long Bone

Epiphyseal Plate

• Medullary cavity
• Cavity inside of the shaft
• Contains yellow marrow (mostly adipose tissue) in adults
• In infants, contains red marrow (for blood cell formation)
• In adults, red marrow is in cavities of cancellous bone (flat bones) and in epiphyses (long bones)

Bone Markings

• Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings
• Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface
• All begin with T
• Depressions or cavities—indentations
• All begin with F (except facet)

Table 5.1 (1 of 2)

Table 5.1 (2 of 2)

Bone Markings – Major Features

• Body/shaft/diaphysis
• Humerus, femur
• Femoral neck
• Distal femur, posterior mandible, occipital condyles
• Thoracic vertebral bodies
• Sagittal crest
• Mastoid process (temporal), styloid process (distal radius & ulna)
• Tubercle/tuberosity
• Tubercle: greater & lesser tubercle on humerus, conoid tubercle (inferior edge of lateral clavicle)
• Tuberosity: radial tuberosity, tibial tuberosity, deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
• Greater & lesser trochanters on proximal femur
• Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Foramen/foramina
• Mental foramen (lateral mandible)
• Canal/meatus
• Canal: carotid canal (base of skull)
• Meatus: external auditory meatus
• Superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure
• Frontal sinus
• Olecranon fossa (posterior, distal humerus)
• Fovea capitus on femoral head (fovea smaller than fossa)

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

• Osteocytes – mature bone cells
• Lacunae – tiny cavities housing osteocytes
• Lamellae – concentric circles (layers) of lacunae & matrix
• Central (Haversian) canals – passageway for blood vessels & nerves
• Canaliculi – tiny canals
• Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
• Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to nutrient supply
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canals
• Canal perpendicular to the central canal
• Carries blood vessels and nerves

Figure 5.3b–c

Answer “Did You Get It?” Questions #3-4

• Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
• Bridge of the nose
• Parts of ribs

Bone starting�to replace�cartilage

Epiphyseal�plate�cartilage

Articular�cartilage

Spongy�bone

In an embryo

New bone�forming

Growth�in bone�width

Growth�in bone�length

Epiphyseal�plate cartilage

Blood�vessels

Hyaline�cartilage

New center of�bone growth

Medullary�cavity

Bone collar

Hyaline�cartilage�model

Bone Growth (Ossification)

• Ossification = process of bone formation
• Flat bones form on fibrous membranes
• Other bones develop from hyaline cartilage models
• Two phases:
• Hyaline cartilage model covered with bone matrix
• Done by osteoblasts = bone-forming cells
• Hyaline cartilage model digested away, forming a medullary cavity
• Two locations remain as cartilage after birth: articular cartilages (covering ends of bones) and epiphyseal plates

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

• Growth in Bone Length
• New cartilage is continuously formed on external surface of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
• Older cartilage becomes ossified
• Cartilage is broken down
• Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity
• Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts
• Growth in Bone Width; AKA appositional growth
• Osteoblasts (from periosteum) add bone to outside of diaphysis
• Osteoclasts (in endosteum) remove bone from inside of diaphysis
• Both occur at approximately the same rate, resulting in larger diameter
• Long-bone growth controlled by hormones; ends in puberty
• Growth hormone
• Sex hormones
• Bones are continually remodeled in response to two factors
• Blood calcium levels
• Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

Types of Bone Cells

• Osteocytes — mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts — bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts — bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone
• Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts & osteoclasts

Bone & Calcium Homeostasis

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH): releases Ca 2+ in blood
• ↑’s blood Ca 2+ by ↑’g osteoclast activity
• ↑ Ca resorption from urine in kidney back into blood
• Stimulates vitamin D production
• Stimulated by ↓ blood Ca 2+
• Calcitonin – stores Ca 2+ in bone
• Hypercalcemia = high blood calcium, decreases osteoclast activity
• ↓’s Ca 2+ by ↓’g osteoclast activity
• Stimulated by ↑ Ca 2+

Bone Remodeling

• Bone Remodeling = depositing new bone matrix in a mature bone
• In order to retain normal proportions & strength during long-bone growth
• In order to form projections where muscles attach
• Atrophy in bedridden or physically inactive people
• Homeostatic Imbalances

Growth & Development

• Giantism: abnormally increased size, excessive endochondral growth @ epiphyseal plates
• Dwarfism: person is abnormally small, improper growth @ epiphyseal plates
• Osteogenesis imperfecta: (bone + production + imperfect) – genetic disorders causing brittle bones with insufficient collagen; easily fractured, especially in fetus; poor healing/misalignment
• Failure of bones to calcify
• Softening & bowing of bones
• Children with lack of calcium or Vitamin D in diet

Homeostatic Imbalance

Bacterial Infection

• Osteomyelitis: bone marrow inflammation, can be caused by Stapholococcus (type of bacterium) through wounds or tuberculosis

Decalcification

• Osteomalacia: (bone softness) – due to calcium depletion from bones; pregnancy or “Adult Rickets” from vitamin D deficiency
• Bone Fractures – Homeostatic Imbalance
• Fracture — break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture — break that does not penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture — broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization: realignment of the broken bone ends
• Closed reduction : bones realigned via external means
• Open reduction : bones realigned via internal surgery and secured with pins/wires/plates

Common Types of Fractures

More on Fractures

complete – two bone fragments are separate

incomplete – two bone fragments are not separated

comminuted - > 2 fragments

impacted – 1 fragment pushed into cancellous portion of another fragment

oblique /spiral – at an angle other than perpendicular

greenstick – partly broken and partly bent

linear – parallel to long axis of bone

transverse – perpendicular to long axis

More Fracture Pics…

• Incomplete/Greenstick
• Longitudinal
• Dislocation

A Few More Notes on Fractures…

• Note: joint immobilization during mid-late bone healing results in 3x decrease in strength
• Muscles lose mass (atrophy)
• Bone not subject to the stresses that helps it form
• Solution = walking cast
• Repair of Bone Fractures
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) forms
• Blood vessels rupture when bone breaks
• Bone cells die due to lack of nutrition
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
• New capillaries grow into clot
• Phagocytes remove dead tissue
• Fibrocartilage callus forms; contains cartilage matrix, bony matrix, collagen fibers
• Callus “splints” the bone
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
• Osteoclasts remove fibrocartilage callus
• Osteoblasts build bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
• Done in response to mechanical stresses
• Occurs over next few weeks-months

Answer “Did You Get It?” Questions #5-8

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

External�callus

Bony�callus of�spongy�bone

Healed�fracture

New�blood�vessels

Internal�callus�(fibrous�tissue and�cartilage)

Spongy�bone�trabecula

Hematoma�formation

Fibrocartilage�callus formation

Bony callus�formation

Bone remodeling

• The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
• Divided into three parts
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax

Axial Skeleton

• Skull (28 bones including auditory ossicles)
• Hyoid bone (1 bone)
• Vertebral column (26 bones)
• Cervical (7 vertebrae)
• Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
• Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
• Sacrum (1 – 5 fused vertebrae)
• Coccyx (1 -~4 fused vertebrae)
• Thoracic Cage (25 bones)
• Sternum (1 – 3 parts)

80 total bones in axial skeleton

• Two sets of bones: cranium & facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures : interlocking, immovable joints
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
• Braincase – encloses cranial cavity
• Surrounds & protects brain
• 6 bones, 8 when paired
• Facial bones – forms facial structure
• 8 bones, 14 when paired
• Auditory ossicles – form the middle ear
• These bones transmit vibration to eardrum
• Malleus, incus, & stapes

Braincase bones – 8 bones

• 2 parietals
• 2 temporals
• 1 occipital

The Skull, continued…

• Cranium: encloses & protects brain
• Frontal bone
• Parietal bones ( wall) – sagittal & coronal sutures
• Most of sides & roof of cranial cavity
• Joined to temporal by squamous suture (scale-like)
• Joined to frontal by coronal suture (crown)
• Joined to occipital by lambdoid suture (λ)
• Sagittal suture joins two parietals
• Temporal bones (time) – squamous sutures
• Inferior part of cranium & part of cranial floor
• Joined to occipital and parietal by squamous suture
• External acoustic (auditory) meatus – sound waves travel through to eardrum
• Styloid process– muscle attachment for tongue, hyoid, & pharynx movement
• Zygomatic process– articulates with zygomatic
• Mastoid process– neck muscle attachment for head rotation
• Jugular foramen
• Internal acoustic meatus
• Carotid canal
• Other landmarks:
• Mandibular Fossa – articulates with mandible
• Occipital bone (back of the head)
• Lambdoid suture - joined to parietals by lambdoid suture
• Foramen magnum– passage of spinal cord (connects to brain)
• Occipital condyles– articulate with vertebral column
• Posterior part & prominent portion of the base of the cranium
• Sphenoid bone (wedge-shaped)
• Sella turcica – contains pituitary gland
• Foramen ovale
• Optic canal
• Superior orbital fissure
• Sphenoid sinuses
• Connects to all other cranial bones
• Ethmoid bone
• Crista galli
• Cribriform plate
• Superior nasal concha & middle nasal concha – form lateral walls of nasal cavity
• Light, spongy bone that increases surface area of nasal cavity
• Moistens & warms inhaled air
• Anterior floor of the cranium between the orbits
• Composes much of nasal cavity & part of nasal septum
• Perpendicular Plate – part of nasal septum (with vomer)

Human Skull, Lateral View

Human Skull, Superior View

Human Skull, Inferior View

Human Skull, Anterior View

Figure 5.11

• Facial bones: holds eyes & support facial muscles
• Maxillae/maxilla
• Maxillary bones
• Alveolar margin
• Palatine processes
• Paranasal sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice

Facial Bones, continued…

• Palatine bones
• Zygomatic bones
• Lacrimal bones
• Nasal bones
• Inferior nasal conchae

Paranasal Sinuses

Figure 5.10a

Figure 5.10b

• The Hyoid Bone
• Not really part of the skull
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
• Attachment point for neck muscles that raise/lower the larynx during swallowing and speech

The Fetal Skull

• Infant’s face is very small compared to cranium size
• Fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length
• Fontanels — fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones; AKA soft spots
• Allow skull to be compressed during child birth
• Allow the brain to grow during latter pregnancy and early infancy
• Convert to bone within 22-24 months after birth

Answer “Did You Get It?” Questions #9-13

Figure 5.13a

Figure 5.13b

The Vertebral Column (Spine)

• Axial support for the body
• Extends from skull (support) to pelvis (transmits body weight to lower limbs)
• Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
• Allows spinal nerves to exit spinal cord
• Site for muscle attachment
• Permits head & trunk movement

Composition:

• Composed of 26 irregular bones, connected by ligaments, creating a flexible and curved structure
• 33 vertebrae before birth
• 9 fuse to become the sacrum and coccyx
• 24 vertebral bones
• Neck: 7 cervical vertebrae
• Chest/thorax: 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Lower back: 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrocartilage in between vertebrae
• Absorb shock
• Provide flexibility
• Loses function with age

The Vertebral Column

• Homeostatic Imbalance: Herniated (slipped) discs
• Drying of discs
• Weakening of ligaments of vertebral column
• Exceptional twisting forces
• If disc presses on spinal cord or spinal nerves, can cause numbness and pain

Vertebral Column Damage

• “Broken Tailbone”
• Fractured coccyx
• Can occur during childbirth and from falls
• Spinal curvatures
• S-shaped curve
• Prevents shock to head
• Make body trunk flexible
• Primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions
• Present from birth
• Produce C-shape in newborns’ spine
• Secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions
• Develop after birth
• Lumbar curvature provides ability to center body weight on lower limbs; develops as a baby begins to walk
• Cervical curvature develops as a baby begins to raise its head

Figure 5.16

• Homeostatic Imbalance: Abnormal Spine Curvatures
• Scoliosis : abnormal lateral curvature
• Kyphosis: abnormal posterior curvature
• Usually upper thoracic
• Lordosis: abnormal anterior curvature
• Causes : congenital, due to disease, poor posture, unequal muscle pull on spine

Vertebral Column Defects

• Vertebral Anatomy
• Body/centrum – bears weight; faces anteriorly
• Vertebral arch – created by posterior extensions; forms vertebral foramen
• Lamina – extend from transverse process to spinous process
• Pedicle – extend from body to transverse process (feet)
• Vertebral foramen – houses spinal cord
• Transverse process – extend laterally from the vertebral arch between pedicle & lamina
• Spinous process - project dorsally from laminae; can feel externally
• Articular processes – area of vertebral articulation
• Superior and inferior
• Lateral to vertebral foramen
• Articular facet – smooth surface articulates with ribs
• Intervertebral foramina - notches formed by adjacent vertebrae; spinal nerves exit here
• Vertebral canal – formed by all vertebral foramina; spinal cord passage/protection

Vertebral Anatomy, continued…

Differences in Vertebrae

• Cervical (7: C 1 -C 7 )
• Atlas (C 1 )
• Large articular facets that articulate with occipital condyles (holds head up)
• Axis (C 2 )
• Pivot for rotation of atlas & skull
• Dens – large upright process
• Shake your head “no”

Cervical Vertebrae, continued…

• Smallest, lightest vertebrae
• Short spinous processes; some have branched spinous processes
• Transverse processes contain foramina for vertebral arteries going to brain; only present in cervical vertebrae
• Small bodies (except atlas)
• Thoracic (12: T 1 -T 12 )
• Only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs
• ~Heart-shaped body
• 2 lateral articular facets for rib articulation
• Transverse processes articulate with rib tubercles
• Long, thick spinous processes hooks sharply down: giraffe head
• Lumbar (5: L 1 -L 5 )
• Large, thick bodies
• Heavy, rectangular spinous process; moose head
• Medially facing superior articular facets (“locks” vertebrae together for stability)

A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View

Figure 5.17

• 5 fused vertebrae
• Articulates with L 5 superiorly and coccyx inferiorly
• Alae articulate with ilia (hip bones) laterally at the sacroiliac (SI) joint
• Forms posterior wall of pelvis
• Median sacral crest – fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
• Sacral foramina: posterior & anterior
• Sacral canal – continuation of vertebral canal
• Sacral hiatus – large inferior opening
• Site of anesthetic injection prior to childbirth
• Sacral promontory – bulge in anterior edge of body of 1 st vertebra in sacrum
• Palpated before childbirth to determine pelvic opening size
• Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae
• “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have
• Reduced vertebral bodies
• No foramina or processes
• The Bony Thorax
• Consists of three parts:
• Thoracic vertebrae
• AKA thoracic cage
• Forms a cage to protect heart, lungs, and major vessels

The Bony Thorax, continued…

• Sternum, AKA breastbone
• Fusion of manubrium, body, and xiphoid (sword) process
• Attached to 1 st 7 pair of ribs
• Jugular notch – concave superior border of manubrium; @ T 3
• Sternal angle – junction of manubrium & body; @ 2 nd intercostal space (heart valve auscaultation @ heart’s apex )
• Xiphisternal joint – junction of body & xiphoid process; @ T 9
• 12 pair form walls of bony thorax
• Articulate posteriorly with vertebrae, then curve downward anteriorly
• True ribs: pairs 1-7; attach to sternum via costal cartilages
• False ribs: pairs 8–12; attach indirectly to sternum or not at all
• Floating ribs: pairs 11–12; no sternal attachment
• Intercostal spaces – spaces between ribs are filled with muscles that air in breathing

Answer “Did You Get It?” #14-17

• The Appendicular Skeleton
• Composed of 126 bones
• Pectoral girdle
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pelvic girdle

Appendicular = “to hang something on”

• The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of two bones
• Clavicle—collarbone
• Scapula—shoulder blade
• Doubly curved
• Articulates with the manubrium medially an with the scapula laterally
• Forms shoulder joint with scapula
• Braces arm away from top of thorax

Pectoral Girdle

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, continued…

Figure 5.21c–d

• Acromion process : enlarged end of scapula’s spine
• Connects with clavicle laterally at acromioclavicular joint
• Coracoid process : beaklike
• Points over top of shoulder; anchors some arm muscles
• Suprascapular notch : nerve passageway

Scapulae, continued…

• Scapula not attached directly to skeleton
• Held in place by trunk muscles
• Superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)
• Glenoid cavity : receives head of humerus (forms lateral angle)
• Shoulder girdle is light and provides free movement:
• One attachment point to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint
• Scapula slides back and forth over the thorax
• Glenoid cavity is shallow and shoulder is poorly reinforced by ligaments
• BUT, shoulder is easily dislocated
• Bones of the Upper Limbs
• 30 bones form each upper limb
• Upper limb: arm, forearm, hand

Bones of the Upper Limbs, continued…

• Humerus (makes up arm)
• Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
• Anatomical neck: slight constriction of humerus
• Intertubercular sulcus lies between greater and lesser tubercles: sites of muscle attachment
• Surgical neck: distal to tubercles; commonly fractured
• Deltoid tuberosity: roughened area of attachment of deltoid muscle

Arm, continued…

• Radial groove: runs obliquely down posterior aspect of diaphysis; site of radial nerve
• Trochlea: spool-like structure on the medial aspect of distal end of humerus; articulates with forearm (medial condyle)
• Capitulum: ball-like structure on lateral aspect of distal end of humerus; articulates with forearm (lateral condyle)
• Coronoid fossa: depression superior to trochlea on anterior surface; articulates with ulna
• Olecranon fossa: depression superior to trochlea on posterior surface; articulates with ulna
• Medial and lateral epicondyles: lie superior to condyles
• Lateral bone in anatomical position (thumb side)
• Articulates with ulna at radioulnar joint proximally and distally
• Connected to ulna via interosseous membrane along the lengths of the bones
• Styloid process at distal end
• Articulates with capitulum of humerus with disc-shaped head
• Radial tuberosity: site of attachment of biceps muscle

Forearm, continued…

• Medial bone in anatomical position (little finger side)
• Coronoid process on anterior surface of proximal end; articulates with trochlea of humerus (coronoid fossa)
• Olecranon process on posterior surface of proximal end; articulates with trochlea of humerus (olecranon fossa)
• Trochlear notch separates coronoid and olecranon processes

Elbow Bone Landmarks

• Carpals — AKA wrist
• 8 bones arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each
• Form the carpus (wrist)
• Ligaments bind carpals together and limit movement
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Hand, continued…

• Metacarpals — AKA palm
• Numbered 1-5 from thumb toward pinky
• Heads of metacarpals form knuckles
• Digit – one finger or thumb, composed of 2-3 phalanges
• Numbered 1-5 from thumb
• Phalanges — bones of the fingers
• 14 phalanges per hand
• 3 phalanges per finger; 2 phalanges per thumb
• Distal, middle, & proximal phalanx
• Thumb lacks the middle phalanx

Answer “Did You Get It?” Questions # 18-21

• Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones, AKA hip bones
• Bony pelvis = coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx
• Pelvic girdle = coxal bones
• Large, heavy bones
• Strong attachments to axial skeleton (@ SI joint)
• Femur firmly attached to pelvic girdle by ligaments

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle, continued…

Functions :

• Total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• It protects several organs:
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine
• Composed of three pairs of fused bones
• Ilium: large, flaring bone; forms most of hip bone
• Connects posteriorly to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
• Alae: wing-like portion of the ilia
• Iliac crest: upper edge of the ala
• Anterior superior iliac spine: anterior edge of iliac crest
• Posterior superior iliac spine: posterior edge of iliac crest
• Ischium: “sit down” bone
• Most posterior part of coxal bone
• Ischial tuberosity: origin of your hamstring muscles ; receives body weight in sitting position
• Ischial spine: superior to ischial tuberosity; narrow portion of pelvic outlet (birth canal)
• Greater sciatic notch: passageway for blood vessels and sciatic nerve from posterior pelvis to thigh; avoid injections
• Pubis/Pubic Bone
• Most anterior part of coxal bone
• Obturator foramen: formed by fusion of pubis rami anteriorly and ischium posteriorly
• Passageway for blood vessels and nerves toward anterior thigh
• Pubic symphysis: anterior cartilaginous (fibrocartilage) joint between pubic bones
• AKA “vinegar cup”
• Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Deep socket which receives head of femur
• False pelvis – superior to true pelvis; area medial to alae
• True pelvis – inferior to alae and pelvic brim; forms birth canal
• Pelvic outlet: inferior opening between ischial spines
• Pelvic inlet: superior opening between left & right sides of pelvic brim
• Gender Differences of the Pelvis
• Female inlet is larger and more circular
• Female pelvis is shallower; bones are lighter and thinner
• Female ilia flare more laterally

Gender Differences of the Pelvis, continued…

• Female sacrum is shorter and less curved
• Female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger
• Female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

Answer “Did You Get It?” Questions #22-23

• Bones of the Lower Limbs
• Carry total body weight
• Lower limb bones much thicker and stronger than upper limb bones

Bones of the Lower Limbs, continued…

• Thigh (1 bone only)
• Heaviest, strongest bone in the body
• Proximal epiphysis:
• Ball-like head
• Neck (commonly fractured)
• Sites of muscle attachment:
• Greater and Lesser trochanters
• Intertrochanteric line
• Intertrochanteric crest
• Gluteal tuberosity
• Slants medially toward knee; more so in women with wider pelvis

Femur, continued…

• Lateral and medial condyles on distal epiphysis articulate with tibia
• Intercondylar fossa separates the condyles
• Patellar surface on anterior aspect of distal epiphysis; forms joint with patella
• Tibia and fibula connected along their lengths by interosseous membrane

Composition :

• AKA Shinbone
• Larger and medially oriented
• Medial and lateral condyles at proximal epiphysis; articulate with femoral condyles to form knee joint
• Intercondylar eminence separates condyles

Tibia, continued…

• Tibial tuberosity: site of attachment for patellar ligament
• Medial malleolus on medial aspect of distal epiphysis; forms inner ankle bulge
• Anterior border: sharp ridge on anterior surface; unprotected by muscles
• Lateral to tibia
• Forms joints with tibia proximally and distally
• Thin, stick-like
• Not involved with knee joint
• Lateral malleolus on lateral aspect of distal epiphysis forms outer ankle bulge
• Support body weight
• Act as lever to propel body forward during locomotion
• Posterior half of foot
• 7 tarsal bones
• Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform
• Most weight carried by calcaneus and talus; talus articulates with tibia

Foot, continued…

• Metatarsals (5)
• Form the sole
• Phalanges (14)
• Form the toes
• 3 phalanges per toe; great toe has 2 phalanges
• Distal, middle, and proximal phalanx
• Arches of the Foot
• Bones are arranged to form three arches
• 2 longitudinal: medial and lateral
• 1 transverse
• Ligaments and tendons keep bones in place while allowing springiness
• “Fallen arches” or “flat feet” are caused by weak arches

Answer “Did You Get It?” Question #’s 24-26

• Articulation/joint = point where two bones meet
• Functions of joints:
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified:
• Functionally – based an amount of movement
• Structurally – based on type of tissue between the bones

Functional Classification of Joints

• Synarthroses
• Immovable joints
• Axial skeleton
• Some cartilaginous & fibrous joints
• Amphiarthroses
• Slightly moveable joints
• Cartilaginous & some fibrous joints
• Diarthroses
• Freely moveable joints
• Common in the limbs
• Synovial joints

Structural Classification of Joints

• Fibrous joints
• Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Freely moveable
• Fibrous Joints
• Bones united by fibrous tissue
• Connective tissue fibers binding skull bones
• Syndesmoses :
• Allows more movement than sutures
• Distal end of tibia and fibula
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Bone ends covered by cartilage
• Amphiarthrotic Examples (slightly movable):
• Pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)
• Intervertebral joints (fibrocartilage discs between)
• Synarthrotic Examples (immovable):
• Epiphyseal plates (hyaline cartilage) of long bones
• Costal cartilages between first ribs and sternum (hyaline)
• Synovial Joints
• Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• All the joints of the limbs
• Features of synovial joints:
• Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers the ends of bones
• A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces; lined with synovial membrane
• Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint

Synovial Joints, continued…

• Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
• Bursae (AKA purses) – flattened fibrous sacs
• Act like ball bearings by reducing friction
• Lined with synovial membranes
• Filled with synovial fluid
• Not actually part of the joint
• Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
• Tendon sheath
• Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Summary of Joint Classes

[Insert Table 5.3 here]

• Dislocation – bone forced out of normal position in the joint cavity
• Reduction – process of returning the bone to its proper position

Types of Synovial Joints

• Plane Joint
• Flat articular surfaces
• Short slipping or gliding movements
• Nonaxial movements
• Intercarpal joints of wrist
• Hinge Joint
• Cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface of another bone
• Angular movement in one plane (hinge)
• Uniaxial (one axis)
• Elbow, ankle, phalanges
• Pivot Joint
• Rounded end of one bone fits into sleeve or ring of bone
• Uniaxial – one long axis
• Proximal radioulnar joint and joint between atlas and dens of axis
• Condyloid Joint
• AKA knuckle-like
• Egg-shaped surface of one bone fits into oval concavity of another bone
• Allow moving bone to travel
• Side to side, or
• Back and forth
• Biaxial = movement around two axes; but, not around long axis
• Knuckle (metacarpophalangeal) joints
• Saddle Joint
• Articular surfaces have convex and concave surfaces
• Biaxial – similar movements as condyloid joints
• Carpometacarpal joints in thumb
• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
• Multiaxial joint – movement in all axes, including rotation
• Most freely moving synovial joints
• Shoulder and hip

Figure 5.30d–f

• Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints
• Bursitis (AKA “water on the knee”): inflammation of a bursa or synovial membrane usually caused by a blow or friction
• Sprains: ligaments or tendons of joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn from bone
• Heal slowly due to poor vascular supply
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths

Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints, continued…

• Arthritis: inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
• arth = joint; itis = inflammation
• Over 100 different types; most widespread crippling disease in the United States
• Pain, stiffness, swelling of joint
• Acute arthritis caused by bacterial infection; treated with antibiotics
• Chronic arthritis: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis
• Chronic forms of arthritis
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Chronic degenerative condition related to normal aging processes
• Erosion of articular cartilages, formation of bone spurs, restricts joint movement, crepitus, painful
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Chronic inflammatory disorder occurring between the ages of 40-50; affects more women than men
• Mostly in hand, wrist, foot, and ankle joints (symmetrical)
• An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with inflammation of synovial membranes, accumulation of synovial fluid; inflammatory cells destroy tissues
• Often leads to deformities
• Gouty arthritis (AKA Gout)
• Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood
• Extremely painful
• Typically affects a single joint, such as the great toe
• More common in men; after age of 30; probably genetic
• Can usually be controlled with diet

Answer “Did You Get It?” Question #’s 27-30

• Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System
• Fetal Changes
• First long bones made of hyaline cartilage
• Earliest flat bones are fibrous membranes
• During fetal development both are converted to bone
• Fontanels remain upon birth to allow for brain growth, but ossify by 2 years of age

12-week old fetus

• Skeletal Changes Throughout Life
• Adolescence
• Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends
• Size of cranium in relationship to body
• 2 years old—skull is ¾ of adult size
• 8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion
• Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull
• Jaws increase in size
• Cheekbones & nose become prominent
• Respiratory passages expand
• Permanent teeth develop

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life, continued…

• Curvatures of the spine
• Primary curvatures are present at birth and are convex posteriorly
• Secondary curvatures are convex anteriorly and are associated with a child’s later development
• Result from reshaping of the intervertebral disks
• Abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis and lordosis) are often congenital, but can result from injuries
• Skeletal growth changes body proportions
• Birth—head & trunk = 1.5x longer than lower limbs
• Lower limbs grow faster than trunk; reach ~= length as head & trunk by age of 10
• Puberty—female pelvis broadens; male skeleton becomes more robust
• Osteoporosis
• Bone-thinning disease afflicting
• 50% of women over age 65
• 20% of men over age 70
• Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture
• Especially vertebrae and neck of femur
• Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (AKA dowager’s hump)
• Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton after menopause
• Other contributing factors: diet low in calcium and protein, low vitamin D, smoking, insufficient weight-bearing exercise
• Elderly often suffer from pathologic fractures by avoiding doing anything too physical
• Osteoarthritis also occurs in weight-bearing joints

Answer “Did You Get It?” Question #’s 31-34

If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser.

High school biology

Course: high school biology   >   unit 8, skeletal structure and function.

• Ligaments, tendons, and joints
• Three types of muscle
• Anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell
• LeBron Asks: What muscles do we use when shooting a basket?
• The musculoskeletal system review
• The musculoskeletal system

Want to join the conversation?

• Upvote Button navigates to signup page
• Downvote Button navigates to signup page
• Flag Button navigates to signup page

Video transcript

Got any suggestions?

We want to hear from you! Send us a message and help improve Slidesgo

Top searches

Trending searches

11 templates

20 templates

holy spirit

36 templates

9 templates

25 templates

memorial day

12 templates

Bones Presentation templates

The skeleton of a human adult is composed of exactly 206 bones. we've counted them you can also count on these google slides themes and powerpoint templates for topics related to bones, radiology or anatomy.

It seems that you like this template!

Bone marrow donation center.

Download the Bone Marrow Donation Center presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Hospitals, private clinics, specific wards, you know where to go when in need of medical attention. Perhaps there’s a clinic specialized in treating certain issues, or a hospital in your area that is well-known for its state-of-the-art technology....

Bone Traumatism Rehabilitation Center

Crack! What was that noise? Oh, no, did you fracture a bone? Quickly, to the hospital... and then, to the rehab center! Bone fractures are quite common, but luckily they can also be treated. Are you a doctor? Let us "treat" you with a new template for presentations on medical...

Types of Bandages in Nursing

Download the Types of Bandages in Nursing presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Healthcare goes beyond curing patients and combating illnesses. Raising awareness about diseases, informing people about prevention methods, discussing some good practices, or even talking about a balanced diet—there are many topics related to medicine that you could...

Biology Subject for Pre-K: Bones

Bone-jour! Bones are extremely important for the body, but also for history! Or haven’t you heard about Napoleon Bone-a-part? Prepare a fun lesson for your primary schoolers and help them learn the bones they’re made of with this creative template filled with illustrations and exercises. The designs are completely editable...

Premium template

Unlock this template and gain unlimited access

Effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Bone Breakthrough

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness that usually affects the joints. It is a common disease that causes pain to lots of patients worldwide. Investigating about its causes and new possible treatments is a vital task for the well-being of those affected, and when it comes to a breakthrough, it’s...

Bones Anatomy Breakthrough

The body is made up of 206 bones. That's a lot! So, the skeletal system is a complicated structure to understand and under constant scientific study. For this reason, if you have new discoveries to show to the scientific community, you can do it with this template that we propose...

Fractured Bone Case Study

Download the Fractured Bone Case Study presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. A clinical case is more than just a set of symptoms and a diagnosis. It is a unique story of a patient, their experiences, and their journey towards healing. Each case is an opportunity for healthcare professionals to...

Anatomy & Physiology Lesson for College

Download the Anatomy & Physiology Lesson for College presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. As university curricula increasingly incorporate digital tools and platforms, this template has been designed to integrate with presentation software, online learning management systems, or referencing software, enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of student work. Edit...

Muscular System Infographics

The muscular system is the one that allows us to be mobile, active and healthy. Explain what this important system of the human body consists of with this template that contains 30 different infographics that you can customize to use as you need. They are designed in red, black and...

Scary Skulls & Bones Pattern Newsletter Infographics

Are you looking for a spooktacular design to add to your collection? This set of infographics inspired by skulls and bones is terrific! This design is not for the faint of heart. It's creepy, eerie, and downright bone-chilling! But don't fear, it's also completely editable! You have the freedom to...

X-Ray Style Portfolio

Download the "X-Ray Style Portfolio" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. When a potential client or employer flips through the pages of your portfolio, they're not just looking at your work; they're trying to get a sense of who you are as a person. That's why it's crucial to curate...

Articular Cartilage Disorders

Download the Articular Cartilage Disorders presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Taking care of yourself and of those around you is key! By learning about various illnesses and how they are spread, people can get a better understanding of them and make informed decisions about eating, exercise, and seeking medical...

Mandibular Fracture Case Report

Download the Mandibular Fracture Case Report presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. A clinical case is more than just a set of symptoms and a diagnosis. It is a unique story of a patient, their experiences, and their journey towards healing. Each case is an opportunity for healthcare professionals to...

Anatomy Lesson

The word anatomy comes from Greek (“anatomē”, which means dissection). This natural science studies the structure of the human body and their parts. It is a very complex matter: we have 640 skeletal muscles and 270 bones. That sounds like a lot! Why don’t you try our anatomy template to...

X-Ray Style Disease

Need to prepare a presentation where X-rays are the protagonists? Look no further. Here's the perfect proposal for you. This template is inspired by X-ray illustrations, with blue color, traditionally associated with health topics, as it conveys reliability. You can use it to talk about certain diseases or to explain...

Cell Biology of Bone Metabolism Breakthrough

Download the Cell Biology of Bone Metabolism Breakthrough presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides.Treating diseases involves a lot of prior research and clinical trials. But whenever there’s a new discovery, a revolutionary finding that opens the door to new treatments, vaccines or ways to prevent illnesses, it’s great news. Should...

Bone Marrow Donation Campaign

Download the "Bone Marrow Donation Campaign" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Improve your campaigns’ management with this template that will definitely make a difference. It will empower you to organize, execute, and track the effectiveness of your campaign. Enriched with innovative resources, it facilitates seamless communication, meticulous planning, and...

Osteoporosis Clinical Case

Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the bones, causing a decrease in bone density. To talk about the causes or consequences of this disease, it can be very useful to present a clinical case, because in this way you can illustrate with graphs, tables or illustrations, the information about the...

• Page 1 of 5

Great presentations, faster

Slidesgo for Google Slides :

The easy way to wow

The Skeletal System (Bones and Joints)

Jul 26, 2012

1k likes | 1.94k Views

The Skeletal System (Bones and Joints). Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 7. Bone as a Tissue. osteology – the study of bone skeletal system - composed of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments form strong flexible framework of the body cartilage – forerunner of most bones

Share Presentation

• connects blood
• brittle bone disease
• internal surfaces
• blood vessels
• blood cells

Presentation Transcript

The Skeletal System (Bones and Joints) Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 7

Bone as a Tissue • osteology – the study of bone • skeletal system - composed of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments • form strong flexible framework of the body • cartilage – forerunner of most bones • covers many joint surfaces of mature bone • ligaments – hold bones together at the joints • tendons – attach muscle to bone

Functions of the Skeleton • support – hold the body up, supports muscles, mandible and maxilla support teeth • protection – brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs • movement – limb movements, breathing, action of muscle on bone • electrolyte balance – calcium and phosphate ions • acid-base balance – buffers blood against excessive pH changes • blood formation – red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells

Bones and Osseous Tissue • bone (osseous tissue) - connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals • mineralization or calcification – the hardening process of bone • individual bones consist of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue • continually remodels itself and interacts physiologically with all of the other organ systems of the body • permeated with nerves and blood vessels, which attests to its sensitivity and metabolic activity

The Matrix of Bone • matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter • organic matter – synthesized by osteoblasts • collagen, carbohydrate – protein complexes, such as proteoglycans and glycoproteins • inorganic matter • 85% calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) • 10% calcium carbonate • other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium) • bone is a composite – combination of two basic structural materials, a ceramic and a polymer • combines optimal mechanical properties of each component • bone combines the polymer, collagen, with the ceramic, hydroxyapatite and other minerals • ceramic portion allows the bone to support the body weight, and protein portion gives bone some degree of flexibility • rickets – soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts • osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease – excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein, collagen

Bone Structure Types of osseous (bone) tissue • Compact bone - Dense outer layer • Spongy (cancellous) bone - Honeycomb of trabeculae • Bone marrow • Red marrow • Yellow marrow • Bone membranes • Periosteum • Endosteum

Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae

Structure of a Long Bone • Diaphysis (shaft) • Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity • Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow) • Epiphyses • Expanded ends • Spongy bone interior • Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate) • Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces Articular cartilage Epiphysis Red bone marrow Epiphyseal line Marrow cavity Yellow bone marrow Periosteum Nutrient foramen Diaphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Epiphysis Articular cartilage Living Dried

Structure of a Long Bone Articular cartilage Compact bone Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis

Membranes of Bone • Periosteum • Outer fibrous layer • Inner osteogenic layer • Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) • Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) • Osteogenic cells (stem cells) • Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina • Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers

Membranes of Bone • Endosteum • Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone • Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones • Periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside • Endosteum-covered spongy bone within • Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones • Bone marrow between the trabeculae

Bone Marrow • bone marrow – general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone • red marrow (myeloid tissue) • in nearly every bone in a child • hemopoietic tissue - produces blood cells and is composed of multiple tissues in a delicate, but intricate arrangement that is an organ to itself • in adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur • yellow marrow found in adults • most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow • no longer produces blood

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) • Red marrow cavities of adults • Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus • Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones • Red marrow of newborn infants • Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Cells of bones • Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells – give rise to osteoblasts • Stem cells in periosteum, endosteum and central canals • Osteoblasts – manufacture bone matrix • Bone-forming cells • Osteocytes – maintain and repair existing bone matrix • Mature bone cells • Osteoclasts – breakdown (resorb) bone matrix • Cells that break down and release minerals from bone matrix

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone • Haversian system, or osteon—structural unit • Lamellae • Weight-bearing • Column-like matrix tubes • Central (Haversian) canal • Contains blood vessels and nerves

Compact bone tissue

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone • Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals • At right angles to the central canal • Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal • Lacunae—small cavities that contain osteocytes • Canaliculi—hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Spongy bone Compact bone Compact Bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteal blood vessel Lamellae Periosteum Nerve Vein Lamellae Artery Central canal Lacuna (with osteocyte) Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Interstitial lamellae

Compact Bone Nerve Vein Lamellae Artery Central canal Canaliculus Lacunae Osteocyte in a lacuna

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth • Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity • Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone • Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty) • Promote adolescent growth spurts • End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

Bone Deposit • Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed • Requires a diet rich in protein; vitamins C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; and manganese

Bone Resorption • Osteoclasts secrete • Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix) • Acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms) • Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood

Control of Remodeling • What controls continual remodeling of bone? • Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood • Mechanical and gravitational forces

Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ • The level of blood calcium (Ca2+) must be maintained (homeostasis) • Calcium is necessary for • Transmission of nerve impulses • Muscle contraction • Blood coagulation • Secretion by glands and nerve cells • Cell division • Which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood calcium?

Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ • Primarily controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Blood Ca2+ levels  Parathyroid glands release PTH  PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+  • Blood Ca2+ levels When blood calcium levels fall, PTH is released causing blood calcium levels to increase.

Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ • May be affected to a lesser extent by calcitonin  Blood Ca2+ levels  Parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin  Osteoblasts deposit calcium salts   Blood Ca2+ levels When blood calcium levels rise, calcitonin is released causing blood calcium levels to decrease.

Response to Mechanical Stress • Wolff’s law: A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it • Observations supporting Wolff’s law: • Handedness (right or left handed) results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger • Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle • Trabeculae form along lines of stress • Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach

Bone Markings • Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons • Joint surfaces • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Bone Markings: Projections • Sites of muscle and ligament attachment • Tuberosity—rounded projection • Crest—narrow, prominent ridge • Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface • Line—narrow ridge of bone • Tubercle—small rounded projection • Condyle – rounded projection • Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle • Spine—sharp, slender projection • Process—any bony prominence

Bone Markings: Projections • Projections that help to form joints • Head • Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck • Facet • Smooth, nearly flat articular surface • Condyle • Rounded articular projection • Ramus • Armlike bar

Meatus Canal-like passageway Sinus Cavity within a bone Fossa Shallow, basinlike depression Groove Furrow Fissure Narrow, slitlike opening Foramen Round or oval opening through a bone Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings

The skeleton

Bones of the Axial Skeleton Two main groups of bones • Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk • Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

Framework of the Skull • Cranial bones • Facial bones • Infant skull

Framework of the Skull, cont’d • Cranial bones • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Ethmoid • Sphenoid • Occipital

Framework of the Skull, cont’d • Facial bones • Mandible • Maxillae • Zygomatic • Nasal • Lacrimal • Vomer • Palatine • Inferior nasal conchae • Ossicle • Hyoid

Framework of the Skull, cont’d • Infant skull • Anterior fontanel

The skull ZOOMING IN • What type of joint is between bones of the skull?

The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN • What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?

Floor of cranium, superior view. ZOOMING IN • What is a foramen?

The skull, sagittal section.

Infant skull, showing fontanels ZOOMING IN • Which is the largest fontanel?

Framework of the Trunk • Vertebral column • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae • Lumbar vertebrae • Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) • Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) • Thorax • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs • False ribs • Manubrium • Clavicular notch • Sternal angle • Xiphoid process

The Vertebral Column (Spine) Anterior view Posterior view • five vertebral groups • 7 cervical in the neck • 12 thoracic in the chest • 5 lumbar in lower back • 5 fused sacral at base of spine • 4 fused coccygeal Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical vertebrae C7 T1 Thoracic vertebrae T12 L1 Lumbar vertebrae L5 S1 Sacrum S5 Coccyx Coccyx

• More by User

The Skeletal System

5. The Skeletal System. The Skeletal System. Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton. Functions of Bones. Support the body Protect soft organs

1.9k views • 152 slides

The Skeletal System. Vocabulary . Skeletal System : A system made up of bones, joints, and connective tissue. Cartilage : Flexible tissue that provides cushioning at your joints. Joint : Points at which bones meet. Ligament : Strong cords of tissue that connect bone to bone at joints.

289 views • 9 slides

The Skeletal System. Strong & Living, Structure of Bones, How Bones Form, Joints, Taking Care of Bones, Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries. Bones—Strong and Living. The word “skeleton” actually comes from a Greek word meaning “a dried body” but your bones are very much alive! Bone Strength

308 views • 15 slides

Anatomy Skeletal system

Anatomy Skeletal system. Lets check it out! APL2 and L3. Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton (206 bones adult). Skull. 22 bones connected by sutures (Fibrous joints) 8 bones of cranium + 14 facial bones

560 views • 39 slides

The Skeletal System. The skeleton , composed of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments, accounts for about 20% of body mass. There are 206 bones in the human body . Introduction -The Basics.

342 views • 25 slides

The Skeletal System. Objectives: •I will identify the major organs of the skeletal system. •I will describe four functions of bones. •I will describe three joints. •I will list three injuries and two diseases that affect bones and joints. The Skeletal System.

517 views • 16 slides

The Skeletal System. By: Derek Moore, Grace Childress, and Julie Burgjohann. Welcome to the Skeletal System. Joints and Ligaments. A joint is the site where 2 or more bones of the skeleton are attached to each other. Joints can also be called cartilage.

238 views • 9 slides

Skeletal System

Skeletal System . Joints. What are joints? . A place in the body where two bones come together is called a joint . There are two types of joints; immovable and moveable .

202 views • 7 slides

The Skeletal System. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=vya4wpS2fgk. Introduction. The skeletal system is not just made up of bones. It is made up of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments, and other connective tissues. The skeletal system has 5 primary functions……… . 5 Functions.

198 views • 10 slides

The Skeletal System. Articulations (Joints). Articulations. Joints between bones Classified according to degree of movement 3 types Synarthrotic – immovable Amphiarthrotic – slightly movable Diarthrotic – highly movable. 1. Synarthrotic. Immovable Suture. 2. Amphiarthrotic.

395 views • 20 slides

The Skeletal System. AP Biology. Divisions of the Skeletal System. Subdivided into two divisions : Axial Skeleton – bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body Appendicular Skeleton – bones of the limbs and girdles Skeletal system also includes joints, cartilages, and ligaments

321 views • 20 slides

The Skeletal System. Joints (ROM Terminology). Flexion – movement that decreases the angle of the joint & reduces the distance b/w the two bones; (typical of hinge joints & ball and socket joints)

527 views • 36 slides

Skeletal System. Objectives. Know the function of the system Know the structure and function of bones Know types of joints Describe Problems of the joints and bones Identify ways to care for the System. 206 bones. How many can you name?

228 views • 11 slides

The Skeletal System. Structural Classification of Joints. Fibrous joints Generally immovable Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable Synovial joints Freely moveable. Fibrous Joints. Bones united by fibrous tissue Examples Sutures Syndesmoses

236 views • 14 slides

The Skeletal System. Joints. Articulations of bones Functions of joints Ways joints are classified. Functional Classification of Joints. Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses. Structural Classification of Joints. Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints.

533 views • 30 slides

5. The Skeletal System. The Skeletal System. Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (connect two or more bones) Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton. Functions of Bones. Support the body Protect soft organs

1.63k views • 162 slides

SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM. HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES There are 206 bones in the human body The human skeleton is divided into the Axial and Appendicular skeletons Skeletal system also includes: Joints Cartilages Ligaments. The Functions of Bones:. Support

1.07k views • 104 slides

The Skeletal System. Joints. Articulations of bones Functions of joints Hold bones together Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally. Functional Classification of Joints. Synarthroses Immovable joints Amphiarthroses Slightly moveable joints Diarthroses

394 views • 39 slides

The Skeletal System. The Skeletal System. Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton. Functions of Bones. Support the body Protect soft organs

1.35k views • 134 slides

364 views • 36 slides

Myositis as a prominent manifestation of primary skeletal muscle peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review

• CASE BASED REVIEW
• Published: 15 May 2024

Cite this article

• Zhengyi Jin   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0005-6477-3066 1 ,
• Jiaqi Hu 1 ,
• Thumon Min 1 ,
• Lixia Chen 1 ,
• Fang Zhang 2 ,
• Ruina Kong 1 &
• Jie Gao   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-3631 1  

The patient presented to the clinic with painful muscle swelling in the right lower extremity, which improved with immunosuppressive therapy. Initially, the condition was diagnosed as polymyositis but recurred soon after. After imaging and biopsy, the final diagnosis was primary skeletal muscle peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PSM-PTCL, NOS). In this report, we discuss the challenges in diagnosing and treating this aggressive malignancy and review the literature on PSM-PTCL, NOS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Extensive intramuscular manifestation of sarcoidosis with initially missed diagnosis and delayed therapy: a case report.

Extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma of the skeletal muscle

Why so low? An unusual case of myositis in a child

Data availability.

The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Murphey MD, Kransdorf MJ (2016) Primary musculoskeletal lymphoma. Radiol Clin N Am 54:785–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2016.03.008

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Bowzyk AA, Ajithkumar T, Behan S, Hodson DJ (2018) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMJ-Br Med J 362:k3204. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3204

Article   Google Scholar  

Iizuka H, Harada S, Iwao N, Koike M, Noguchi M (2021) Primary skeletal muscle peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an autopsy case report and review of the literature. Intern Med 60:3309–3315. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.7391-21

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Hou WH, Zhou XG, Xie JL, Zheng YY, Zhang YL, Wang X (2021) Clinicopathological features and prognosis of the skeletal-muscle cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 50:1246–1251. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20210602-00403

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Binici D, Karaman A, Timur O, Tasar P, Sanibas AV (2018) Primary skeletal muscle lymphoma: a case report. Mol Clin Oncol 8:80–82. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1483

Ashton C, Paramalingam S, Stevenson B, Brusch A, Needham M (2021) Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a review. Intern Med J 51:845–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15358

Dourado E, Bottazzi F, Cardelli C, Conticini E, Schmidt J, Cavagna L, Barsotti S (2023) Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: one year in review 2022. Clin Exp Rheumatol 41:199–213. https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/jof6qn

Bohan A, Peter JB (1975) Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 292:344–347. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197502132920706

Bohan A, Peter JB (1975) Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 292:403–407. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197502202920807

Lundberg IE, Tjarnlund A, Bottai M, Werth VP, Pilkington C, Visser M, Alfredsson L, Amato AA, Barohn RJ, Liang MH et al (2017) 2017 European league against rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis 76:1955–1964. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211468

Rieux-Laucat F, Kanellopoulos JM, Ojcius DM (2021) Scaling the tips of the ALPS. Biomed J 44:383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.002

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Palmisani E, Miano M, Grossi A, Lanciotti M, Lupia M, Terranova P, Ceccherini I, Montanari E, Calvillo M, Pierri F et al (2023) Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) disease and ALPS phenotype: are they two distinct entities? Hemasphere 7:e845. https://doi.org/10.1097/HS9.0000000000000845

Oliveira JB, Bleesing JJ, Dianzani U, Fleisher TA, Jaffe ES, Lenardo MJ, Rieux-Laucat F, Siegel RM, Su HC, Teachey DT et al (2010) Revised diagnostic criteria and classification for the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS): report from the 2009 NIH International Workshop. Blood. 116:e35–e40. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-04-280347

Loudini N, Glaudemans A, Jutte PC, Suurmeijer A, Yakar D, Kwee TC (2019) The diagnostic significance of repeat ultrasound-guided biopsy of musculoskeletal soft-tissue lesions with initially inconclusive biopsy results. EJSO 45:1266–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.01.185

Surov A (2014) Imaging findings of skeletal muscle lymphoma. Clin Imaging 38:594–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.03.006

Gao S, Shu H, Yang H (2021) Imaging features of skeletal muscle lymphoma: a case report and literature review. BMC Med Imag 21:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-021-00667-4

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China

Zhengyi Jin, Jiaqi Hu, Thumon Min, Lixia Chen, Ruina Kong & Jie Gao

Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

Zhengyi Jin, Jiaqi Hu, and Thumon Min contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ruina Kong or Jie Gao .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval.

This study followed the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments; written informed consent was obtained; it was explained to the patient; she understood it, and she subsequently signed and was approved by the ethics committee of the institution. Details about the identity of the patient under study were omitted.

Disclosures

Additional information, publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Jin, Z., Hu, J., Min, T. et al. Myositis as a prominent manifestation of primary skeletal muscle peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review. Clin Rheumatol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-024-07003-5

Download citation

Received : 29 February 2024

Revised : 25 April 2024

Accepted : 09 May 2024

Published : 15 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-024-07003-5

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Skeletal muscle
• T-cell lymphoma
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research