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Tourism in an upland glaciated area - The Lake District
Tourism in a glaciated upland area – The Lake District
Why do people visit the lake district.
The Lake District in northwest England became a National Park in 1951. The Lake District is renowned for its mountains, hills (fells) and lakes. Glaciers carved the mountains during the last Ice Age , creating broad valleys and jagged peaks. Current surveys show that 15.8 million visitors come to the Lake District annually. Most come to enjoy the scenery, peace and walking, but many others visit specific attractions or participate in outdoor activities.
The physical attractions of the Lake District include:
- Lakes such as Windermere and Ullswater offer opportunities for water sports such as canoeing and paddle boarding, cruises, and fishing.
- Adventure activities such as rock climbing, abseiling and gorge scrambling.
- Hiking and mountain biking.
The cultural/historical attractions of the Lake District include:
- The home of Beatrix Potter, Hill Top, is close to Lake Windermere and is popular with tourists.
- Scenic towns and villages such as Grasmere and Ambleside are popular with tourists.
- Monuments such as Muncaster Castle at Ravenglass.
- The landscape inspired writers and poets like William Wordsworth.
What are the impacts of tourism in the Lake District?
Tourism in the Lake District has a range of social, economic and environmental impacts.
Social Impacts of Tourism in the Lake District
- Current data suggest 15.8 million people visit the Lake District each year. Consider the impact of this on the 40,000 local people.
- 83% of visitors to the Lake District travel by car. Over half of these people use their car as the primary form of transport within the park. This causes severe congestion on the narrow, winding roads.
- House prices are high in the Lake District, with 20% of the properties either second homes or holiday rentals.
- Jobs in tourism are typically seasonal and poorly paid.
Economic Impacts of Tourism in the Lake District
- Tourist revenue in the Lake District was £3 billion in 2019, supporting hotels, shops and restaurants.
- Fifteen thousand local people are employed in tourism in the Lake District, working in shops, restaurants, hotels and other businesses.
- New businesses, such as adventure tourism, create new jobs for local people.
- Congestion slows business communications in the Lake District.
Environmental Impacts of Tourism in the Lake District
- The main honeypot sites and footpaths experience considerable erosion , litter, and damage to verges by cars.
- Ecosystems are affected by pollution from cars and boats.
- Farmland is affected by walkers leaving litter, trampling crops and disturbing sheep and cattle.
- Lakeshore erosion is a continuing problem around Windermere. Tourists and locals enjoy walking by the lakeshore, but it destroys plant life and leads to erosion of the area. Soil gets washed away, and then only a stony beach remains rather than a natural area of reeds and water-loving plants.
How is tourism in the Lake District being managed?
Managing Traffic Congestion
The Department of Transport funds the Go Lakes Travel Programme through a £6.9m initiative. It aims to change how visitors travel to and around the Lake District, focusing on more sustainable travel methods, including:
- Reducing congestion by Improving public transport services and traffic management.
- Developing integrated cycling and walking networks with wheelchair access.
- Creating transport hubs , like the one at Ambleside, and using integrated ticketing allows people to use different modes of transport.
- Expanding park and ride schemes , such as the Honister Rambler, connecting town car parks with popular footpaths and villages.
- Developing dual carriageways to improve access.
Managing Footpath Erosion
Fix the Fells is a partnership programme between the Lake District National Park, National Trust, Natural England, Lake District Foundation, Friends of the Lake District and Cumbria County Council to repair erosion scars which have developed over the years and to make sure that these scars are prevented in the future.
The Lake District fells are enjoyed by millions of walkers every year, but the high-level paths can be surprisingly fragile, and the sheer number of visitors leaves a mark on the landscape. Over time the grass is compacted by heavy foot traffic and dies. Heavy rainfall quickly washed away the exposed soil down the steep slopes into streams, rivers and eventually, the lakes, where the increased silt causes havoc for fish and other species.
The work aims to prevent this loss of grass and soil by designing and creating paths resilient to wear and tear and reducing the impact on the surrounding landscape. On steep slopes, you may see ‘pitching’ where stone has been laid, while on less steep slopes, the paths may have been repaired by a ‘soil inversion’ technique with a digger.
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8 million visitors come to the Lake District each year spending a total of £925 million! Most come to enjoy the scenery, peace and quiet and walking but many others visit specific attractions or take part in an outdoor activity.
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MANAGEMENT of the PROBLEMS As shown above Tourism in the Lake District faces a range of threats and challenges. These include competing destinations via low cost airlines; accessibility issues in terms of increasing congestion on the M6 and the impact of tolling; the need to significantly raise the quality standard of the tourism offer including the honeypot towns; and a lack of nationally significant cultural attractions.
Tourism is managed in many ways within the Lake District National Park;
The stated that an “active zoning” approach would help; this would focus tourists in honeypot areas such as Windemere and Keswick whilst protecting other areas from high tourist numbers. It also suggested a Market Towns Initiative, to include a number of the key towns within and around the Lake District National Park - Ambleside, Windermere, Keswick, Ulverston, Cockermouth, Millom and Egremont. Proposed schemes include improving the public realm (space) in both Windermere and Ambleside, and developing speciality tourism in Keswick.
The Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project (UPLRP) was a 10 year project (2002 to 2011) which set out to repair the majority of landscape scars caused by the erosion of fells paths in the Lake District. They used Stone Pitching which involves digging stone into the ground to form good solid footfalls. This ancient technique is used extensively in the central fells using stone which is naturally occurring. In February 2004 £914,841 had been spent on this project. Case study – Whiteless Pike, Buttermere
The two photos are from the same location near Buttermere. The path had become so deep and loose that a second path had developed alongside. Soil was being eroded into nearby streams. Management was only needed for 20m of path along a steep gradient. The solution was to use local stone to pitch the path. ( )
Transport initiatives have focussed on public transport, sustainability and getting people out of their cars. The Lake District's roads were not designed for car use which is one reason why that long, long queue is still with us. Statistics tell us the other. Ninety two percent of visitors drive to the Lake District. That's 92 percent of an estimated 16 million people a year. The B4 network for example includes a Cross Lakes Shuttle which links the lakes of Windermere and Coniston Water and services the honey pot sites of Hawkshead, Grizedale and Tarn Hows. The Shuttle has an integrated timetable and through-ticketing and there are cycle racks on the boats and minibuses that provide the service.
Another sustainable travel option is the ‘Give the Driver a Break’ scheme which is local authority-led and designed to get people out of their cars. In 2012 Government funding of £7 million was secured for a three-year scheme called 'Drive Less, See More'. It has an ambitious goal: a unified 'boats, bikes, boots and buses' network throughout the national park. initiative wants to cut 11,000 tonnes of carbon emissions and ease congestion in visitor honeypots of Bowness, Windermere, Ambleside, Coniston and Grasmere. A bike-friendly bus has also been launched.
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- Lake District Case Study
The Lake District National Park is located in Cumbria in Northwest England. It is renowned for its lakes, forests, mountains, glacial features, and famous figures such as Beatrix Potter. The park covers 912 sq. mi/2,362 km 2 and was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017. What glacial formations can be found in the Lake District? What are the impacts on the Lake District? How can it be managed? Let’s dive into our Lake District Case Study!
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- Cell Biology
TRUE or FALSE: A landform that has been created during glacial periods through abrasion and plucking.
TRUE or FALSE: A corrie is formed when sediment is left behind by a glacier, creating a round-shaped hill
What are some glacial processes ?
What are some social impacts of the Lake District?
True or False: Tourism provides jobs for the locals as tour guides, water sports instructors, and local shops.
What are some environmental impacts at the Lake District?
What management strategies are in place in the Lake District?
What are some conservation strategies in place in the Lake District?
_____ and _____ are examples of glacial depositional landforms
Tourism generates _____ to the Lake District
_____ ,_____ and ____ are examples of challenges faced at the Lake District
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- Challenges In The Human Environment
- Changing Economic World
- Coasts Geography
- Diverse Places
- Dynamic Landscapes
- Energy Security
- Glaciated Landscapes
- Climate Change Causes
- Cold Environments
- Depositional Landforms
- Erosional Landforms
- Glacial Depositional Landforms
- Glacial Environment
- Glacial Erosion
- Glacial Landforms
- Glacial Movement
- Glacial Processes
- Glacial System
- Glacier Mass Balance
- Periglacial Landscapes
- Periglacial Processes
- Pleistocene Climate Change
- Global Resource Management
- Globalisation
- Health And Human Rights
- Living With The Physical Environment
- Living World
- Migration and Identity
- Regenerating Places
- River Landscapes
- Superpowers of the World
- Sustainable Urban Development
- Water Cycle
Lake District case study formations
The Lake District is a glaciated landscape made up of many distinctive glacial formations such as drumlins, corries, arêtes , glacial troughs, and lakes . Let’s take a closer look!
Glacial erosional formations
Helvellyn mountain, located in the Lake District, is one of England’s tallest mountains and is home to several erosional formations such as the Striding Edge arête . What is a glacial erosional landform?
A glacial erosional landform is a landform that has been created during glacial periods through the processes of abrasion and plucking. Examples of glacial erosional landforms include glacial troughs , corries , arêtes, and U-shaped valleys.
Helvellyn mountain, standing at 3,113 ft/949 m above sea level, was formed approximately 450 million years ago and is composed of igneous rock with many of the glacial features formed during the last glacial period over 20,000 years ago. Helvellyn mountain comprises Swirral Edge arête and Striding Edge arête, where the Red Tarn corrie or lake can be found. What is a corrie ?
A corrie or cirque is a steep-sided hollow created on the side of a mountain by a glacier. Often a corrie lake or tarn is formed once the ice has melted.
These glacial features were formed by rotational slip, plucking , and freeze-thaw weathering, which still affects the landscape today. Another formation found in the Lake District is ribbon lakes such as Ullswater. These lakes occupy deep glacial troughs or U-shaped valleys, with Lake Windermere named the largest ribbon lake in the Lake District.
Glacial depositional formations
The Lake District is also home to several glacial depositional landforms , including moraines and drumlins, which form when debris or sediment is left behind by a moving glacier. As a result of deposition, boulder clay has been deposited at the bottom of valleys as drumlins, with the majority located in Swindale. Ground moraines also cover the Lake District in areas such as Bannerdale and Haweswater, despite being mainly covered by vegetation. These moraines were formed during the Younger Dryas period, displaying the extent of the plateau ice fields during this period .
Younger Dryas is a period of extreme cold from around 12,900 to 11,700 BP (before present).
Lake District case study impacts
On average, 15.8 million tourists visit the Lake District each year, bringing in £1.48 million as of 2018. However, despite the benefits that tourism brings to the region, there are many negative impacts too. Let’s explore the impacts below!
Social impacts
Public transportation has improved significantly due to investment in tourism, with the Lake District also offering a beautiful, scenic place for locals and tourists alike to go walking and hiking.
However, about 90% of visitors who visit the Lake District come by car, which causes severe congestion and traffic problems, especially in the summer, with attractions such as the Bowness shopping centre also becoming extremely busy during this period. Another disadvantage is that tourists might not always support local businesses, as they might buy from big supermarkets on the way to the park rather than from local shops.
The housing prices have also increased as 20% of the properties in the Lake District are private or secondary homes. This has also reduced housing availability for the local people, with many of the holiday homes not occupied for most of the year. This forces local people to move out of the area to find affordable housing in the outskirts, such as Kendal.
Economic impacts
Tourism brings in around £1.48 million a year , with tourists visiting sites such as Hill Top, the family home of Beatrix Potter, beside Lake Windermere. This provides jobs for over half of the workforce in the Lake District as tour guides, water sports instructors, and in local shops and cafes. Money from tourism can also be invested in conservation and improving public transport. However, jobs in tourism are often seasonal and may not pay as well, with shops also perhaps catering more to tourists rather than locals.
Environmental impacts
The Lake District is a national park home to many animals, birds, insects, and plants. However, the Lake District is also threatened by many factors, such as increased littering from tourists. Pathway erosion also occurs due to the sheer volume of tourists walking along the paths in the Lake District and especially in the Cat Bells.
Fuel spillages result from ferries and power boating, causing water pollution and affecting local wildlife such as fish and birds. Lake Windermere also allows ferries, power boating, windsurfing, and water sports to occur, with the wash from these faster, damaging vehicles eroding the shore at an alarming rate. Air pollution and congestion cause damage to the environment due to the extreme volume of cars that drive to the Lake District, with vehicles often parked on grass verges also causing damage.
Lake District case study management
Several initiatives have been implemented to minimise damage caused by tourism. Read on to learn more about management in strategies in the area.
Traffic management
Effective road networks must be planned to manage traffic and congestion in the Lake District. This includes placing dual carriages and roads alongside the Lake District to manage traffic and reduce congestion in the town. Heavy lorries can be diverted away from the scenic routes, with traffic also slowed through measures such as cattle grids in the countryside and maximum speed limits.
Public transport
Bus lanes and Park and Ride operate in towns, limiting congestion and encouraging people to park on the outskirts and take a bus to the national parks instead. This will also help to improve air quality.
Management in tourist hotspots
Repairing and reinforcing paths will encourage people to stay on the routes and deter them from walking in protected areas. Roadsides and protected areas can be fenced off to prevent tourists from parking, and car parks can be reinforced to avoid damage and encourage people to park there.
Bins are also provided along walking routes for people to place their rubbish, reducing litter. Signs can also be placed alongside routes encouraging people not to dump their waste.
Housing management
Local authorities should build more affordable housing for local people within the area and perhaps limit holiday homes to provide for the local population.
Envrionmental management
Speed limits can be implemented for cars and boats to reduce environmental damage and pollution. Pedestrians are encouraged to keep to established routes, reducing environmental damage and erosion.
Lake District case study challenges
Despite these management strategies in place, there remain challenges within the Lake District, especially with tourists. For example, visitors can trample crops, leave gates open and disturb wildlife while out walking with dogs in particular, which puts them in conflict with farmers and park rangers. There is also conflict over the speed limit for boats, with many water sports, such as water skiing, relying on high speeds.
Tourists can also conflict with locals due to increased traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution. Mass tourism also results in the erosion of footpaths and littering in beauty hotspots, spoiling the landscape. Secondary homes and increased house prices also remain a significant issue in the Lake District, with local people pushed out to the outskirts.
Lake District case study conservation
Many conservation schemes are in place in the Lake District to protect the landscape and its wildlife. Through the National Trust and local wildlife charities, over 70 rangers look after the Lakes through path repairs, litter picking, and wildlife monitoring. Along with wildlife conservation, historic sites and the famous walls that define and shape the landscape must also be maintained and restored.
Management strategies such as encouraging tourists to stick to the paths and reducing traffic congestion through Park and Ride schemes also help to conserve the landscape and reduce noise and air pollution. The Armathwaite hall estate is also located in the Lake District wildlife park and is home to over 100 species, such as lemurs, zebras, goats, and donkeys.
Lake District Case Study - Key takeaways
- The Lake District comprises glacial erosional landforms such as corries and arêtes and depositional landforms such as drumlins and moraines.
- Positive impacts of tourism and the Lake District include improved public transportation, job opportunities for locals, and bringing in around £1.48 million a year by offering a beautiful location for locals and tourists to explore.
- Negative impacts to the Lake District include congestion, increased house prices, environmental damage, and footpath erosion.
- Management strategies include traffic management, encouraging public transport, increasing accessibility for housing, and repairing footway paths to reduce erosion. Over 70 rangers and volunteers have been conserving the park through litter picks and wall and path restorations.
- Challenges that still threaten the Lake District are conflicts between locals and tourists, such as increased traffic and wildlife disturbance by dogs. Housing availability remains to be a significant conflict.
- Fig. 1 - Helyvellyn mountain in the Lake District (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helvellyn_Striding_Edge_360_Panorama,_Lake_District_-_June_09.jpg) by David Iliff (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Diliff) Licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
- Fig. 2 - Lake Windermere (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_windermere_in_2005.jpg) by Edward Taylor (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jmstylr) Licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
- Fig. 3 - Drumlins in Trusmadoor, Lake District (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_on_a_Drumlin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818555.jpg) by Michael Graham (https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/3141) Licensed by CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
- Fig. 4 - Holiday home in Grisedale, Lake District (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holiday_Cottage_Lake_District_-_geograph.org.uk_-_10553.jpg) by Paul Birrell (https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/322) Licensed by CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
- Fig. 5 - Motorboat on Lake Windermere (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motor_Boat_on_Lake_Windermere_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2062234.jpg) by Peter Trimming (https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/34298) Licenced by CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
Flashcards in Lake District Case Study 12
Improvement of public transport
Fuel spillages
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Frequently Asked Questions about Lake District Case Study
What challenges does the Lake District face?
The Lake District's challenges include congestion, noise and air pollution, littering, footpath erosion, increased house prices, and conflicts between tourists and farmers, as crops and livestock can be disturbed.
How is the Lake District being managed?
The Lake District can be managed through planning effective road networks, maximum speed limits, encouraging tourists to use public transport such as Park and Ride, repairing footpaths and making housing affordable for local people.
What makes the Lake District a distinctive landscape?
The Lake District comprises multiple erosional and depositional glacial features such as glacial troughs, corries, arêtes, U-shaped valleys, drumlins, and ground moraines. Helvellyn mountain is a crucial example of Swirral edge arête and Striding edge arête.
How did glaciers shape the Lake District?
Through plucking, abrasion, freeze-thaw weathering and glacial deposition, the Lake District was shaped by glaciers during the Younger Dryas period. These processes are carved into the landscape forming ribbon lakes, arêtes and U-shaped valleys that make up the Lake District today.
What caused the Lake District?
The Lake District was caused by glaciers during the Younger Dryas period, a period of extreme cold from around 12,900 to 11,700 BP. This resulted in the glacial processes of abrasion, free-thaw weathering and deposition, forming the features that can still be seen today.
Test your knowledge with multiple choice flashcards
TRUE or FALSE: A landform that has been created during glacial periods through abrasion and plucking.
TRUE or FALSE: A corrie is formed when sediment is left behind by a glacier, creating a round-shaped hill
What are some glacial processes?
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- Adventure tourism in the Lake District: a rebranding case study
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The Quaternary ice age
Shrinking the education gender gap, adventure tourism in the lake district, a rebranding case study.
The Lake District, together with the rest of Cumbria, is seeking to become the Adventure Capital of the UK by 2018. This article looks at the changes taking place, the impacts and the challenges involved. It is a useful case study of rural rebranding or managing rural change
- Volume 29, 2015/ 2016
- Changing Places/Changing Spaces Making Places/Regenerating Places or Diverse Places
- Glaciated landscapes
Tourism is a vital part of the economy for rural areas such as the English Lake District. The mountains and lakes of this part of northwest England have attracted walkers and sightseers for centuries, but for tourism to remain vibrant the interests of the next generation of visitors must be considered.
One recent rebranding strategy has been to focus on the growing niche market of adventure tourism. This market is expanding for several reasons:
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Case Study - Lake District
Tourism in glacial landscapes - lake district.
In 2017, 19.1 million tourists visited the Lake District (a Cumbrian National Park) each year. This high level of popularity has had the following impacts:
Economic impacts of tourism in the Lake District
- In 2017, tourists spent £1.4bn in the Lake District.
- In 2017, 19.1 million people visited the Lake District.
- In 2017, 18,565 jobs were created by tourism in the Lake District.
- Lots of people are buying holiday homes in towns like Ambleside in the Lake District. The property prices are so high that many locals are being forced away.
- Windermere Lake Cruises is a business that takes tourists around Lake Windermere.
Social impacts of tourism
- Almost 90% of tourists reach the Lake District by car. In peak tourist season (in the summer), traffic in and out of the Lake District is very bad.
- There is a train line running from London to Oxenholme and from Oxenholme to Windermere, however, the train can be expensive.
- Most local businesses in Ambleside cater to tourists for food, alcohol (pubs), and hiking equipment.
- As many as 55% of homes in the Lake District are rental homes (either holiday homes or rented out to tourists). 17.7% of houses in the Lake District are holiday homes up from 16% in 2013.
- Ambleside is only large enough to have a primary school, but not a secondary school.
- Gosforth is not large enough to have its own GP's surgery.
Environmental impacts of tourism
- Tourists often walk off paths, damaging farmland, disturbing sheep and harming grass verges.
- Catbells and Helvellyn are two popular tourist walks. Paths and routes can be so popular that there is erosion.
- Lake Windermere is a popular place for water sports and cruises, which creates noise pollution and disturbs local wildlife.
Coping With Tourism Impacts in the Lake District
Below are some strategies being used to help cope with the impacts of tourists in Lake District National Park in Cumbria:
Coping with footpath erosion
- The most eroded paths at Catbells and Helvellyn are covered with new earth and the surrounding area can be reseeded.
Coping with traffic
- In Ambleside, there are Controlled Parking Zones in the centre that only allow 1 hour of parking.
- In 2018 and 2019, there was controversy around 4x4 vehicles being allowed to cross green land carrying tourists.
Coping with high property prices
- The ratio of average income to house prices in the Lake District is 9.5:1.
- 17.7% of houses in the Lake District are holiday homes up from 16% in 2013.
- Housing Associations like the South Lakes Housing Association try to support affordable housing.
Coping with pollution from water sports
- Zoning schemes forbid some water sports from specific areas of lakes.
- Lake Windermere has a speed limit.
1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards
1.1 Natural Hazards
1.1.1 Natural Hazards
1.1.2 Types of Natural Hazards
1.1.3 Factors Affecting Risk
1.1.4 People Affecting Risk
1.1.5 Ability to Cope With Natural Hazards
1.1.6 How Serious Are Natural Hazards?
1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards
1.1.8 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards
1.2 Tectonic Hazards
1.2.1 The Earth's Layers
1.2.2 Tectonic Plates
1.2.3 The Earth's Tectonic Plates
1.2.4 Convection Currents
1.2.5 Plate Margins
1.2.6 Volcanoes
1.2.7 Volcano Eruptions
1.2.8 Effects of Volcanoes
1.2.9 Primary Effects of Volcanoes
1.2.10 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes
1.2.11 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions
1.2.12 Immediate Responses to Volcanoes
1.2.13 Long-Term Responses to Volcanoes
1.2.14 Earthquakes
1.2.15 Earthquakes at Different Plate Margins
1.2.16 What is an Earthquake?
1.2.17 Measuring Earthquakes
1.2.18 Immediate Responses to Earthquakes
1.2.19 Long-Term Responses to Earthquakes
1.2.20 Case Studies: The L'Aquila Earthquake
1.2.21 Case Studies: The Kashmir Earthquake
1.2.22 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010
1.2.23 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015
1.2.24 Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards
1.2.25 Protecting & Planning
1.2.26 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2
1.2.27 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards
1.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards
1.2.29 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills
1.3 Weather Hazards
1.3.1 Winds & Pressure
1.3.2 The Global Atmospheric Circulation Model
1.3.3 Surface Winds
1.3.4 UK Weather Hazards
1.3.5 Changing Weather in the UK
1.3.6 Tropical Storms
1.3.7 Tropical Storm Causes
1.3.8 Features of Tropical Storms
1.3.9 The Structure of Tropical Storms
1.3.10 The Effect of Climate Change on Tropical Storms
1.3.11 The Effects of Tropical Storms
1.3.12 Responses to Tropical Storms
1.3.13 Reducing the Effects of Tropical Storms
1.3.14 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina
1.3.15 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan
1.3.16 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014
1.3.17 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards
1.3.18 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards
1.3.19 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills
1.4 Climate Change
1.4.1 Climate Change
1.4.2 Evidence for Climate Change
1.4.3 Natural Causes of Climate Change
1.4.4 Human Causes of Climate Change
1.4.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment
1.4.6 Effects of Climate Change on People
1.4.7 Climate Change Mitigation Strategies
1.4.8 Adaptation to Climate Change
1.4.9 End of Topic Test - Climate Change
1.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change
1.4.11 Climate Change - Statistical Skills
2 The Living World
2.1 Ecosystems
2.1.1 Ecosystems
2.1.2 Food Chains & Webs
2.1.3 Ecosystem Cascades
2.1.4 Global Ecosystems
2.1.5 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds
2.2 Tropical Rainforests
2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests
2.2.2 Interdependence of Tropical Rainforests
2.2.3 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests
2.2.4 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests
2.2.5 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests
2.2.6 Deforestation
2.2.7 Impacts of Deforestation
2.2.8 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest
2.2.9 Why Protect Rainforests?
2.2.10 Sustainable Management of Rainforests
2.2.11 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest
2.2.12 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests
2.2.13 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests
2.2.14 Deforestation - Statistical Skills
2.3 Hot Deserts
2.3.1 Hot Deserts
2.3.2 Interdependence in Hot Deserts
2.3.3 Adaptation of Plants to Hot Deserts
2.3.4 Adaptation of Animals to Hot Deserts
2.3.5 Biodiversity in Hot Deserts
2.3.6 Case Study: Sahara Desert
2.3.7 Desertification
2.3.8 Reducing the Risk of Desertification
2.3.9 Case Study: Thar Desert
2.3.10 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts
2.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts
2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments
2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments
2.4.2 Interdependence of Cold Environments
2.4.3 Adaptations of Plants to Cold Environments
2.4.4 Adaptations of Animals to Cold Environments
2.4.5 Biodiversity in Cold Environments
2.4.6 Case Study: Alaska
2.4.7 Sustainable Management
2.4.8 Case Study: Svalbard
2.4.9 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments
2.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments
3 Physical Landscapes in the UK
3.1 The UK Physical Landscape
3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape
3.1.2 Examples of the UK's Landscape
3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK
3.2.1 Types of Wave
3.2.2 Weathering
3.2.3 Mass Movement
3.2.4 Processes of Erosion
3.2.5 Wave-Cut Platforms
3.2.6 Headlands & Bays
3.2.7 Caves, Arches & Stacks
3.2.8 Longshore Drift
3.2.9 Sediment Transport
3.2.10 Deposition
3.2.11 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes
3.2.12 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering
3.2.13 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering
3.2.14 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast
3.2.15 Coastal Management - Managed Retreat
3.2.16 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness
3.2.17 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage
3.2.18 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis
3.2.19 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK
3.2.20 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts
3.3 River Landscapes in the UK
3.3.1 The Long Profile of a River
3.3.2 The Cross Profile of a River
3.3.3 Vertical & Lateral Erosion
3.3.4 River Valley Case Study - River Tees
3.3.5 Processes of Erosion
3.3.6 Sediment Transport
3.3.7 River Deposition
3.3.8 Waterfalls & Gorges
3.3.9 Interlocking Spurs
3.3.10 Meanders
3.3.11 Oxbow Lakes
3.3.12 Floodplains
3.3.13 Levees
3.3.14 Estuaries
3.3.15 Case Study: The River Clyde
3.3.16 River Management
3.3.17 Hydrographs
3.3.18 Flood Defences - Hard Engineering
3.3.19 Flood Defences - Soft Engineering
3.3.20 River Management Case Study - Boscastle
3.3.21 River Management Case Study - Banbury
3.3.22 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK
3.3.23 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers
3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK
3.4.1 The UK in the Last Ice Age
3.4.2 Glacial Processes
3.4.3 Glacial Landforms Caused by Erosion
3.4.4 Tarns, Corries, Glacial Troughs & Truncated Spurs
3.4.5 Types of Moraine
3.4.6 Drumlins & Erratics
3.4.7 Snowdonia
3.4.8 Land Use in Glaciated Areas
3.4.9 Conflicts in Glacial Landscapes
3.4.10 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes
3.4.11 Coping with Tourism Impacts in Glacial Landscapes
3.4.12 Case Study - Lake District
3.4.13 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK
3.4.14 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes
4 Urban Issues & Challenges
4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges
4.1.1 Urbanisation
4.1.2 Factors Causing Urbanisation
4.1.3 Megacities
4.1.4 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos
4.1.5 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro
4.1.6 UK Cities
4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester
4.1.8 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool
4.1.9 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol
4.1.10 Sustainable Urban Life
4.1.11 Reducing Traffic Congestion
4.1.12 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges
4.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges
4.1.14 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills
5 The Changing Economic World
5.1 The Changing Economic World
5.1.1 Measuring Development
5.1.2 Limitations of Developing Measures
5.1.3 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth
5.1.4 The Demographic Transition Model
5.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model
5.1.6 Physical Causes of Uneven Development
5.1.7 Historical Causes of Uneven Development
5.1.8 Economic Causes of Uneven Development
5.1.9 Consequences of Uneven Development
5.1.10 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?
5.1.11 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya
5.1.12 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica
5.1.13 Case Study: Economic Development in India
5.1.14 Case Study: Aid & Development in India
5.1.15 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria
5.1.16 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria
5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World
5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World
5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills
5.2 Economic Development in the UK
5.2.1 Causes of Economic Change in the UK
5.2.2 The UK's Post-Industrial Economy
5.2.3 The Impacts of UK Industry on the Environment
5.2.4 Change in the UK's Rural Areas
5.2.5 Transport in the UK
5.2.6 The North-South Divide
5.2.7 Regional Differences in the UK
5.2.8 The UK's Links to the World
6 The Challenge of Resource Management
6.1 Resource Management
6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources
6.1.2 Uneven Distribution of Resources
6.1.3 Food in the UK
6.1.4 Agribusiness
6.1.5 Demand for Water in the UK
6.1.6 Water Pollution in the UK
6.1.7 Matching Supply & Demand of Water in the UK
6.1.8 The UK's Energy Mix
6.1.9 Issues with Sources of Energy
6.1.10 Resource Management - Statistical Skills
6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit
6.2.2 Increasing Food Consumption
6.2.3 Food Supply & Food Insecurity
6.2.4 Impacts of Food Insecurity
6.2.5 Increasing Food Supply
6.2.6 Case Study: Thanet Earth
6.2.7 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply
6.2.8 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali
6.2.9 End of Topic Test - Food
6.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Food
6.2.11 Food - Statistical Skills
6.3.1 Water Surplus & Water Deficit
6.3.2 Increasing Water Consumption
6.3.3 What Affects the Availability of Water?
6.3.4 Impacts of Water Insecurity
6.3.5 Increasing Water Supplies
6.3.6 Case Study: Water Transfer in China
6.3.7 Sustainable Water Supply
6.3.8 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams
6.3.9 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project
6.3.10 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project
6.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Water
6.3.12 Water - Statistical Skills
6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy
6.4.2 Increasing Energy Consumption
6.4.3 Factors Affecting Energy Supply
6.4.4 Impacts of Energy Insecurity
6.4.5 Increasing Energy Supply - Solar
6.4.6 Increasing Energy Supply - Water
6.4.7 Increasing Energy Supply - Wind
6.4.8 Increasing Energy Supply - Nuclear
6.4.9 Increasing Energy Supply - Fossil Fuels
6.4.10 Carbon Footprints
6.4.11 Energy Conservation
6.4.12 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar
6.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - Energy
6.4.14 Energy - Statistical Skills
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Coping with Tourism Impacts in Glacial Landscapes
End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK
- Population Change
- The Demographic Transition Model
- Population Pyramids
- China's One Child Policy - Case Study
- Kerala, India - Case Study
- Le Code de la Famille - Case Study
- Kindertransport - Case Study
- Quiz - Population Change
- Ways of Dividing up the World
- Measuring Development
- Hurricane Ivan - Case Study
- Cahora Bassa Dam - Case Study
- Bulgaria and Ireland - Case Study
- Quiz - The Development Gap
- Reasons for Tourism's Growth
- Ayia Napa - Case Study
- Importance of Tourism
- Tourism in the UK
- Blackpool - Case Study
- The Lake District - Case Study
- Antarctica - Case Study
- Cotton Tree Lodge - Case Study
- Quiz - Tourism
- Food Chains and Webs
- Biomes and Climates
- Climate and Location
- Stratification
- Adaptations
- Epping Forest (Case Study)
- Location and Climate
- Malaysia (Case Study)
- The Thar Desert (Case Study)
- The Sonoran Desert (Case Study)
- Quiz - Living World
- Land Processes that Shape the Coastline
- Marine Processes that Shape the Coastline
- Barton-on-Sea - Case Study
- Landforms from Deposition
- Maldives Case Study
- Minehead - Case Study
- Studland Bay - Case Study
- Keyhaven Marshes - Case Study
- Quiz - Coastal Zone
- The Structure of the Earth
- Plate Margins
- The Andes - Case Study
- Ocean Trenches
- Sichuan Earthquake - LEDC Case Study
- Kobe Earthquake - MEDC Case Study
- Prediction. Protection and Preparation
- Mount St Helens - Case Study
- Monitoring Volcanoes
- The Yellowstone Supervolcano - Case Study
- Indian Ocean Tsunami - Case Study
- Quiz - Restless Earth
The Lake District National Park Case Study
About the lake district.
- The Lake Districtis a glaciated upland area in Cumbria, north-west England.
- It stretches 64km from north to south, and 53km east to west.
- It became a National Park in 1951
Tourism Attractions and Opportunities
- The ribbon lakes and tarns are part of a unique and hugely varied landscape, and a recreational resource.
- Lake Windermere specialises in ferry cruises.
- Most people sail between the main centres of Windermere and Ambleside.
- Small boats are allowed on many lakes.
- Areas are set aside for windsailing and power-boating so the activities do not clash and there are quiet areas.
- Fishing from the shore or boats is becoming more popular.
- One of the most popular reasons why people visit the lake district
- Routes vary from short and flat to extremely long and tough *cough, cough-school trip-cough, cough*
- Public access to the fells is unrestricted.
- Many guides have been written for walkers and climbers. The most famous is by Wainwright, but Wordsworth also wrote one.
- The Lake District has been occupied since the end of the ice age 10,000 years ago, and evidence of early settlement remains.
- The land has been farmed for centuries, leaving a distinctive field pattern with drystone walls.
- Many 19th Century writers and artists, such as John Ruskin, loved the area.
- Beatrix Potter's family had a summer home there, which is why she later settled there at Hill Top beside Lake Windermere.
Impacts of Tourism
- 12 million tourists, compared with 42,239 residents
- Over 89% of visitors come by car, often just for the day, yet many roads (including A roads) are narrow and winding. Buses and delivery vehicles have to use these to service both locals and tourists.
- Queues are a common problem, especially towards the end of the day when day trippers are heading home.
- Towns like Bowness-on-Windermere were not originally built for the huge volumes of traffic that arrive in the summer, especially at weekends. Congestion and parking are serious problems. A new car park has been built at Braithwaite Fold on the edge of town, and another has been extended, but capacity is still inadequate. In desperation, some people park on grass verges, causing serious damage.
- Both physical and cultural honeypot sites - beauty spots, small shopping centres and historic houses all attract hundreds of visitors daily.
- Cat Bells is quite an easy climb, so many people walk up the smaller mountain, meaning it suffers from serious footpath erosion.
- Bowness is an extremely busy shopping and recreation centre in the summer.
- Hill Top, Beatrix Potter's house, attracts families.
- Almost 20% of property in the Lake District National Park is either second homes or holiday let.
- Some local people make a good income from owning and letting second homes, but there are several issues with them.
- Holiday cottages and flats are not occupied all year.
- The same is true of second homes, so their owners are not part of the community full time.
- Holidaymakers do not always support local businesses, often doing a supermarket shop at home before their trip. On the other hand, the main supermarket in Windermere is often full of visitors buying food and drink for their stay.
- Demand for property from outsiders increases property prices in the Lake District, causing problems for local people who are forced out to find affordable homes on the edge of the region in Kendal or Penrith. This is the most serious problem.
- Water sports are not allowed on some of the lakes, but Lake Windermere, the largest lake, has ferries and allows power-boating, windsurfing and other faster and more damaging activities. The main issue is the wash from faster vehicles eroding the shore. Fuel spills are not uncommon, causing pollution.
Tourism Management Strategies
- County strategic roads, often dual carriageways, are built on the edges of the Lake District to help move traffic in and out as efficiently as possible.
- Distributor roads link the small towns and key tourist villages.
- Access roads are small and take less traffic. Many people do not drive beyond the larger settlements. Some routes are 'scenic' and sometimes there is a choice, which splits traffic between routes.
- Traffic on smaller roads can be slowed by traffic-calming measures in villages, cattle grids in the countryside and an overall maximum speed limit.
- Heavy lorries should be kept off scenic routes.
- Where possible bus lanes operate in towns, although narrow streets limit this.
- Park-and-ride schemes encourage people to leave their cars at the edge of national parks and go by bus. Costs are lower than town car parks.
- Buses in most rural areas remain a difficulty as roads are so narrow.
- Repairing footpaths improves appearance and encourages people to stay on the path.
- Reinforcing path surfaces reduces further damage.
- Signposting routes limits the number of paths.
- Fence off roadsides so people cannot damage verges.
- Develop several new small car parks and hide them by landscaping using tree planting.
- Reinforce car park surfaces to prevent damage. 'Waffles' are large concrete slabs with holes in them. Soil fills the holes and grass grows, giving a hard green surface.
- Bins should be provided at key points and emptied regularly. Overflowing bins encourage more litter.
- Local authorities could build more houses for rent and developers could erect more low-cost homes for sale.
- Possible ban on second homes.
- Speed limits for boats to limit the amount of wash caused - but would have to be very low to prevent erosion - defeats the point: going fast!
- Windermere speed limit is 18kph.
- Limiting the noisiest and most damaging sports to certain parts of the lakecan restrict the amount of damage done.
Tourism Conflicts
- Visitors can trample crops and disturb livestock, but signs and education have limited these problems.
- Tourists have offered hill farmers new opportunities for diversification in different economic times.
- Income can be made from B&B accomodation, holiday cottage converted from farm buildings, camping and caravan sights. Activities such as pony trekking and paintballing can be offered.
- Many jobs are created.
- Many businesses thrive and make a profit.
- Seasonality is a problem.
- Unpredictable visitor numbers
- March 2005, ban on boat users exceed 10mph (15km/h) (actually introduced in 2000 but a period of time was allocated for application.
- Suppoters: South Windermere Sailing Club, Ambleside Anglers Association, Cumbria Wildlife Trust, Lake District National Park Authority.
- Opponents: 'Holidays Afloat', Shepard's Boatyard, Windermere Lake Cruises, Windermere Water-Ski Authority.
- Facts and figures
- Archaeology and history
- Economy and employment
- Landscape and geology
- History of tourism
Impacts of tourism
- Sustainable tourism
- Weather and climate
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- John Muir Award
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- Tourism >
Large numbers of visitors bring both great advantages to the area along with some big challenges.
Positive impacts
- The needs of tourists create new jobs
- Tourists support local shops and products
- Money from tourists can be used to conserve and improve the area
- Services for tourists benefit local people, for example public transport and roads
- Local people value and care for the environment
Negative impacts
- Jobs in tourism are often seasonal and wages are low
- Prices rise in shops as tourists have more money to spend
- Shops cater for the requirements of tourists not local people
- Large numbers of tourists can damage the environment. For example footpath erosion - take a look at Fix the Fells (opens in new window)
- Demand for holiday homes pushes up house prices for local people. Read more in Affordable housing
- More pollution and litter
- More traffic congestion and parking issues
The Lake District National Park Authority looks after this unique corner of England, encouraging people to enjoy and understand its beauty and helping those who live and work here. Our staff include rangers and field workers, advisers at our visitor centres, planners and ecologists.
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The Making of a Cultural Landscape
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For centuries, the English Lake District has been renowned as an important cultural, sacred and literary landscape. It is therefore surprising that there has so far been no in-depth critical examination of the Lake District from a tourism and heritage perspective. Bringing together leading writers from a wide range of disciplines, this book explores the tourism history and heritage of the Lake District and its construction as a cultural landscape from the mid eighteenth century to the present day. It critically analyses the relationships between history, heritage, landscape, culture and policy that underlie the activities of the National Park, Cumbria Tourism and the proposals to recognise the Lake District as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It examines all aspects of the Lake District's history and identity, brings the story up to date and looks at current issues in conservation, policy and tourism marketing. In doing so, it not only provides a unique and valuable analysis of this region, but offers insights into the history of cultural and heritage tourism in Britain and beyond.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part i | 109 pages, lake district history and identity, chapter 1 | 27 pages, the lake district landscape: cultural or natural, chapter 2 | 18 pages, setting the scene, chapter 3 | 20 pages, the landscape encountered by the first tourists, chapter 4 | 18 pages, landscape and society: the industrial revolution and beyond, chapter 5 | 23 pages, american tourists in wordsworthshire: from ‘national property' to ‘national park', part ii | 87 pages, lake district tourism themes, chapter 6 | 19 pages, the imaginative visitor: wordsworth and the romantic construction of literary tourism in the lake district, chapter 7 | 21 pages, ‘inhabited by strangers': tourism and the lake district villa, chapter 8 | 26 pages, the origins and development of mountaineering and rock climbing tourism in the lake district, c. 1800–1914, chapter 9 | 17 pages, sport, tourism and place identity in the lake district, 1800–1950, part iii | 64 pages, lake district tourism case studies, chapter 10 | 18 pages, claife station and the picturesque in the lakes, chapter 11 | 22 pages, furness abbey: a century and a half in the tourists' gaze, 1772–1923, chapter 12 | 22 pages, the post-industrial picturesque placing and promoting marginalised millom.
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Lake DistrictNational Parks aim at conserving the natural and cultural landscapes while allowing visitors to access them. What attracts tourists to the area? What are the Impacts?
What strategies are used to reduce the negative impacts from tourism?
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In 2017, tourists spent £1.4bn in the Lake District. In 2017, 19.1 million people visited the Lake District. In 2017, 18,565 were created by tourism in the Lake District. Lots of people are buying holiday homes in towns like Ambleside in the Lake District. The property prices are so high that many locals are being forced away.
Tourism in the Lake District has a range of social, economic and environmental impacts. Social Impacts of Tourism in the Lake District. Current data suggest 15.8 million people visit the Lake District each year. Consider the impact of this on the 40,000 local people. 83% of visitors to the Lake District travel by car.
Lake District Case study. The Lake District National Park is England's largest park and includes Scafell Pike - its highest mountain, Wastwater - its deepest lake and thriving communities like Keswick and Bowness-on-Windermere. There are 42,400 permanent residents and a huge amount of activities for visitors on offer, including walking ...
Lake District Case Study - Key takeaways The Lake District comprises glacial erosional landforms such as corries and arêtes and depositional landforms such as drumlins and moraines. Positive impacts of tourism and the Lake District include improved public transportation, job opportunities for locals, and bringing in around £1.48 million a ...
A rebranding case study. The Lake District, together with the rest of Cumbria, is seeking to become the Adventure Capital of the UK by 2018. This article looks at the changes taking place, the impacts and the challenges involved. It is a useful case study of rural rebranding or managing rural change. Tourism is a vital part of the economy for ...
A condensed case study of tourism and impacts in the Lake District. Teaching resources available here: https://goo.gl/p3XuuG
In 2017, tourists spent £1.4bn in the Lake District. In 2017, 19.1 million people visited the Lake District. In 2017, 18,565 jobs were created by tourism in the Lake District. Lots of people are buying holiday homes in towns like Ambleside in the Lake District. The property prices are so high that many locals are being forced away.
Historical and Cultural. The Lake District has been occupied since the end of the ice age 10,000 years ago, and evidence of early settlement remains. The land has been farmed for centuries, leaving a distinctive field pattern with drystone walls. Many 19th Century writers and artists, such as John Ruskin, loved the area.
Negative impacts. Jobs in tourism are often seasonal and wages are low. Prices rise in shops as tourists have more money to spend. Shops cater for the requirements of tourists not local people. Large numbers of tourists can damage the environment. For example footpath erosion - take a look at Fix the Fells (opens in new window)
Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like Where is the Lake District located?, How many tourists and residents are there in the Lake District?, Why do tourists visit the Lake District? and others.
Number of tourists that visit the Lake District every year. £1.146 billion. Money spent by tourists in the Lake District every year. One honeypot site in the Lake District is..... William Wordsworth's house ... Cycling, rowing, canoeing and kayaking. Sets found in the same folder. GCSE Geography - Tourism - Kenya Case Study. 28 terms ...
Tourism - The lake district case study. Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Get a hint. How many visitors each year? 14 million, making it England's largest national park. 1 / 10. ... A-level geography case study - The Sundarbans. Teacher 32 terms. BerryWBHS. Preview. Mangawhai-Pakiri Case Study. 16 terms. hari ...
Lake District Tourism Case Studies. chapter 10 | 18 pages Claife Station and the Picturesque in the Lakes . By Sarah Rutherford. Abstract . chapter 11 | 22 pages Furness Abbey: A Century and a Half in the Tourists' Gaze, 1772-1923 . By Jason Wood. Abstract . chapter 12 | 22 pages The Post-Industrial Picturesque? Placing and Promoting ...
The Lake District is an upland area in Cumbria, north-west England, stretching 64km from north to south and 53km east to west. The national park attracts 15 million visitors a year for a range of reasons. Scenery: The Lake District is located in a mountainous region of Cumbria with Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England.
What is the local household income? £27 000. What percentage of properties are holiday homes? 16%. What percentage of the Lake District's economy comes from tourism? over 50%. Because of the park and ride system in the Lake District, how many fewer miles have been done? 48 million. Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms ...