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Film Research Paper Topics: Tips & Ideas to Use as Inspiration

Updated 30 Aug 2024

The most challenging part of writing a research paper might be picking the right topic. Choosing one that’s interesting, compelling, and thought-provoking is critical for engaging the reader and showcasing your knowledge.

Thanks to decades of moviemaking, there are tons of film research paper topics to choose from, so it can be a bit overwhelming to lock in on a single one.

That’s why we’ve put together a comprehensive list of ideas that you can use for inspiration. Let’s dive in.

Most Interesting Film Essay Topics

When brainstorming a topic for your film research paper, it’s vital to pick something you’re passionate about. That’s how you’ll be able to put your best foot forward.

These are some of the most exciting topics that are certain to summon your inspiration muse.

• The Evolution of Female Protagonists in Action Films
• The Impact of Global Cinema on Hollywood
• Analyzing the Auteur Theory in Modern Cinema
• The Role of Soundtracks in Defining Movie Genres
• The Influence of Neo-Noir Aesthetics on Contemporary Filmmaking
• Virtual Reality in Cinema: A New Frontier or a Passing Trend?
• The Representation of Artificial Intelligence in Science Fiction Movies
• Cultural Stereotypes and Their Perpetuation in Animated Films
• The Psychological Effects of Horror Films on Audiences
• The Renaissance of Musical Films in the 21st Century
• Exploring the Cinematic Portrayals of Historical Events
• The Rise of Independent Films in the Streaming Era
• Color Theory in Film: How Palette Choices Affect Emotion
• The Depiction of Mental Illness in Modern Cinema
• The Use of Long Takes and Their Impact on Storytelling
• The Evolution of Superhero Movies: From Niche to Mainstream
• The Significance of Costume Design in Character Development
• Analyzing the Shift from Film to Digital Cinematography
• The Role of Propaganda Films in Shaping Public Opinion
• The Ethics of Documentary Filmmaking: Truth vs. Narrative
• The Influence of French New Wave on Contemporary Directors
• The Portrayal of LGBTQ+ Characters in Mainstream Cinema
• The Cultural Impact of Biographical Films
• The Art of the Film Sequel: Expansion or Exploitation?
• Cinema as a Tool for Social Change: Case Studies
• The Representation of Race and Ethnicity in Hollywood
• The Phenomenon of Cult Films and Their Dedicated Fanbases
• The Impact of Censorship on Creative Freedom in Film
• Exploring the Use of Non-Linear Narratives in Storytelling
• The Role of Film Festivals in Discovering New Talent
• The Challenges and Triumphs of Adapting Literature into Film
• The Dynamics of On-Screen Chemistry: What Makes It Work?
• The Influence of Cinema on Fashion Trends
• The Significance of Opening and Closing Shots in Films
• The Evolution of the Teen Movie Genre
• The Role of Archetypes in Film Genres
• The Impact of Global Locations on Film Production and Storytelling
• The Use of Silence as a Narrative Tool in Cinema
• The Portrayal of Villainy and Moral Ambiguity in Film
• The Legacy of Silent Films and Their Influence on Modern Cinema
• The Depiction of Space and Time Travel in Science Fiction Movies
• The Art and Technique of Film Editing: Creating Rhythm and Pace
• The Representation of War in Cinema: Glory vs. Horror
• The Influence of Social Media on Film Marketing and Audience Engagement
• The Role of Animation in Adult Storytelling
• The Impact of 3D Technology on the Viewer's Experience
• The Portrayal of Relationships and Love in Romantic Comedies
• The Use of Allegory and Symbolism in Film to Reflect Society
• The Challenges of Filming in Extreme Conditions
• The Future of Cinema in the Age of Streaming Services

Top Film History Research Paper Topics

The history of cinema is vast, so there are countless film history research topics that can captivate your reader. These are some of the most relevant you can use.

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• The Birth of Cinema: Exploring the Lumière Brothers' Contribution to Film
• George Méliès and the Invention of Narrative Cinema
• The Evolution of Silent Film Techniques and Their Modern Legacy
• Charlie Chaplin: The Impact of The Tramp on Global Cinema
• The Role of Women in Early Cinema: Pioneers Behind and in Front of the Camera
• The Transition from Silent to Sound Films: Technological and Artistic Challenges
• Expressionism in German Cinema: A Study of Visual Style and Its Influence
• The Rise and Fall of the Studio System in the Silent Era
• Early Animation Techniques: From Gertie the Dinosaur to Steamboat Willie
• Cross-Cultural Influences: How Early Cinema Traveled Across Continents
• The Hays Code: Censorship and Its Impact on Hollywood Storytelling
• Technicolor Dreams: The Introduction of Color in Hollywood Cinema
• Film Noir: Origins, Characteristics, and Key Figures
• The McCarthy Era: Blacklisting and Its Effects on Hollywood
• The Rise of the Director: Auteur Theory and Its Proponents
• New Hollywood: The 1970s Renaissance and Its Lasting Influence
• The Blockbuster Era: Jaws, Star Wars, and the New Business of Cinema
• Independent Cinema Movement: Breaking Away from Hollywood Norms
• The Digital Revolution: CGI and the Transformation of Film Production
• Global Cinema: The Influence of Hollywood on World Cinema and Vice Versa

Research Paper Topics on Music in Films

Music in films can tell a captivating story, evoke a world of emotions, and create a unique experience that lingers on long after you’ve watched the end credits. It often becomes as iconic as the films themselves, especially when it comes to musicals. Here are some captivating film research paper topics on music.

• The Evolution of Film Scores: From Silent Cinema to the Digital Age
• The Role of Music in Establishing Film Genres
• Iconic Film Composers: The Musical Styles of John Williams and Ennio Morricone
• The Impact of Jazz on Film Noir Soundtracks
• Musical Motifs in Cinema: Creating Character and Narrative Depth
• The Influence of Classical Music on Modern Film Scores
• Diegetic vs. Non-Diegetic Music: Shaping Viewer Perception
• The Use of Popular Music in Films: Cultural Context and Impact
• Music as a Narrative Device in Animated Films
• The Psychological Effects of Film Music on Audiences
• The Art of the Film Musical: Evolution from Stage to Screen
• World Music in Cinema: Exploring Cross-Cultural Soundscapes
• The Rise of the Film Soundtrack: From Background to Bestseller
• The Function of Silence: When the Absence of Music Tells the Story
• The Process of Scoring for Film: Collaboration Between Directors and Composers
• Adapting Opera and Ballet for the Film Medium
• Horror Film Scores: Techniques for Creating Tension and Fear
• The Legacy of Disney's Musical Films: Shaping Generations
• Music Video Aesthetics in Narrative Filmmaking
• The Role of Music in Documentary Films: Enhancing Realism and Emotion

Riveting Horror Film Research Paper Topics

There are quite a few scary and suspenseful horror movies that can keep viewers at the edge of their seats. Analyzing the overall genre or some of the greatest directors’ masterpieces and techniques is certain to enthrall your reader. Here are some gripping horror film research paper topics you can use.

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• The Evolution of Horror Cinema: From Gothic to Modern Psychological Thrillers
• Monsters and Myths: Cultural Significance of Horror Film Antagonists
• The Impact of German Expressionism on American Horror Films
• Social Fears and Horror Films: Reflecting Societal Anxieties Through Cinema
• The Final Girl Trope: Gender Dynamics in Slasher Films
• Horror and Comedy: Analyzing the Success of Horror-Comedy Hybrids
• The Rise of Found Footage: Authenticity and Fear in a Digital Age
• Censorship in Horror: The Battle Between Artistic Freedom and Social Responsibility
• The Influence of Literature on Horror Cinema: From Mary Shelley to Stephen King
• Horror Film Festivals: Cultivating Communities and Defining the Genre
• Sound Design in Horror Films: Crafting Fear with Audio
• Lighting and Color in Horror Cinema: Setting the Mood Without a Word
• The Art of Suspense: Building Tension in Horror Films
• Practical Effects vs. CGI in Horror: Preserving the Tangibility of Terror
• The Role of Setting: Isolated Cabins and Urban Nightmares in Horror Films
• Auteur Theory in Horror: The Signature Styles of Hitchcock, Carpenter, and Craven
• The Psychology of Jump Scares: Manipulating the Viewer's Anticipation and Fear
• Horror Film Sequels and Remakes: Innovation or Exploitation?
• The Use of First-Person Perspective in Horror Films: Immersion and Disorientation
• Horror Across Cultures: How Different Societies Scare Their Audiences

Compelling Monster Essay Topics

Movie monsters are often terrifying fictional creatures, but they sometimes represent human nature and our deepest fears as well. Let’s explore some of the more fascinating film essay topics on monsters.

• The Evolution of the Vampire Myth in Literature and Popular Culture
• Monsters as Metaphors: Analyzing the Symbolism Behind Literary Monsters
• Frankenstein's Monster: A Reflection on Humanity and Creator Responsibility
• The Role of Dragons in Eastern vs. Western Mythology
• Hybrid Monsters in Mythology: Exploring the Fear of the Unknown
• Duality of Werewolves: Exploring the Beast Within Human Nature
• The Influence of Greek Mythology's Monsters on Modern Fantasy Literature
• Grendel in "Beowulf": Monster as a Social Outcast
• The Loch Ness Monster: Myth, Hoax, or Unexplained Phenomenon?
• Monsters in Children's Literature: Fears, Morals, and Imagination
• The Psychology of Horror: Why Do We Enjoy Being Scared by Movie Monsters?
• Zombies as a Cultural Phenomenon: From Haitian Folklore to Global Apocalypse Obsession
• The Representation of Artificial Intelligence as Monstrous in Science Fiction
• Kaiju Films: The Appeal of Giant Monsters in Japanese Cinema and Beyond
• The Monster's Perspective: Sympathy for the Devil in Modern Media
• Aliens and the Fear of Invasion: Analyzing Extraterrestrial Monsters in Film
• The Role of Monsters in Video Games: Beyond the Antagonist
• Body Horror: The Monstrosity of the Human Form Transformed
• The Slasher Villain: Serial Killers as Monsters in Horror Films
• Monsters and Heroes: The Thin Line Between Antagonist and Protagonist in Comic Books

How to Pick a Good Topic for a Film Research Paper

If none of these film research paper topics have inspired you to write your paper, here’s what you can do to find new ideas:

• Make a list of your favorite films or filmmakers - Movies you’re passionate about or filmmakers you admire the most are a great place to start.
• Choose a specific historical period - If you’re interested in a specific period in film history, you can analyze that time’s movies, themes, techniques, etc.
• Pick a film genre - Focusing on a specific genre from the get-go might help you narrow down your list of ideas.
• Research different ideas - The more ideas you research, the higher your chances of finding the right topic. You should conduct thorough research on all the ideas, exploring the available literature, media platforms, published research papers, and other credible sources.
• Come up with a specific topic - Armed with relevant information, come up with a specific topic that interests you the most. Make sure it isn’t too broad so that you can go into detail and provide real value.
• Narrow down your focus - Narrowing down your topic to one or two ideas is key to writing a high-quality paper. Make sure it’s not too narrow so that you can keep the reader engaged.

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Film Extended Essay Topic Ideas for IB Diploma

Table of contents

• Writing Metier

Welcome to our guide on Film Extended Essay topic ideas. If you’re passionate about cinema and eager to explore its many facets in your Extended essay, you’ve come to the right place. 

From the nuances of film genres and styles to the intricate workings of the film industry, our list covers a wide range of topics that will inspire and challenge you. 

Each Film EE topics category offers a unique perspective on Film, inviting you to analyze, critique, and appreciate the art of cinema in new and exciting ways.

List of Film extended essay topic categories

Evolution of the Horror Genre

The Rise of Documentary Filmmaking

Characteristics of Modern Science Fiction Films

Auteur Theory in Contemporary Cinema

Feminist Film Theory and Representation of Women

Postmodernism in Film

The Impact of the French New Wave

Golden Age of Hollywood Cinema

Italian Neorealism and Its Legacy

The Art of Visual Storytelling in Cinematography

Innovations in Film Editing Techniques

The Role of Sound Design in Modern Filmmaking

Representation of Minorities in Contemporary Cinema

Film as a Tool for Social Change

The Influence of Cinema on Popular Culture

The Evolution of the Global Film Market

Independent Filmmaking vs. Major Studio Productions

The Impact of Streaming Services on the Film Industry

Now, let’s discover each of these categories and subcategories in detail with exact Film extended essay topic ideas and research questions.

IB Film EE topic ideas

Here are two topics and corresponding research questions for each subcategory in extended essay Film topics.

Film Genres and Styles

Welcome to the exploration of Film Genres and Styles. 

In this category, we’re uncovering the evolving narratives and techniques in cinema, from the chilling progression of the horror genre to the insightful storytelling in documentaries and the imaginative worlds of modern science fiction films.

• Research Question:  How have horror film techniques evolved since the 1980s, and what factors have influenced this evolution?
• Research Question:  How do contemporary horror films reflect the cultural fears and anxieties of their time?
• Research Question:  How has the advent of digital technology transformed the production and distribution of documentary films?
• Research Question:  How have documentaries about environmental issues influenced public opinion and policy?
• Research Question:  How is artificial intelligence portrayed in modern science fiction films, and what does this say about contemporary societal concerns?
• Research Question:  How have advancements in special effects technology expanded the narrative possibilities in science fiction cinema?

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Film Theory and Criticism

In Film Theory and Criticism, we engage with the intellectual frameworks shaping our understanding of cinema. 

This section delves into the auteur theory’s role in contemporary filmmaking, examines feminist perspectives in Film, and explores the complex layers of postmodernism in cinema.

• Research Question:  How does Wes Anderson’s distinctive style exemplify the concept of the auteur in contemporary cinema?
• Research Question:  How does Quentin Tarantino’s unique directing style influence audience perceptions of violence in his films?
• Research Question:  How have female protagonists in action films evolved since 2000, and how do they reflect changes in feminist film theory?
• Research Question:  How has the Bechdel Test influenced the representation of women in contemporary films?
• Research Question:  How do David Lynch’s films exemplify the characteristics of postmodern cinema?
• Research Question:  How does intertextuality contribute to the postmodern aesthetic in contemporary films?

Film History and Movements

Our path through Film History and Movements revisits the pivotal eras that have defined cinema. 

Here, we explore the groundbreaking impact of the French New Wave, the iconic era of Hollywood’s Golden Age, and the profound influence of Italian Neorealism on global filmmaking.

• Research Question:  How did the French New Wave influence the styles and techniques of independent American filmmakers in the 1960s and 1970s?
• Research Question:  What were the key cinematic innovations introduced by the French New Wave, and how have they impacted modern filmmaking?
• Research Question:  How did the star system evolve during the Golden Age of Hollywood, and what was its impact on film production and marketing?
• Research Question:  How did film noir contribute to and define the artistic achievements of Hollywood’s Golden Age?
• Research Question:  How has Italian Neorealism influenced the techniques and themes of contemporary realist filmmakers?
• Research Question:  How did Italian Neorealist films use social commentary to reflect the post-World War II reality in Italy?

Cinematography and Film Production

Focusing on Cinematography and Film Production, we explore the art and techniques behind the camera. 

This category sheds light on the craft of visual storytelling, the evolution of film editing, and the critical role of sound design in enhancing the cinematic experience.

• Research Question:  How does cinematography contribute to the emotional impact of a film, with specific examples from contemporary cinema?
• Research Question:  How have cinematic techniques evolved in the portrayal of biographical films, and how do they enhance storytelling?
• Research Question:  How has non-linear editing influenced the narrative structure and storytelling techniques in modern cinema?
• Research Question:  How did the montage techniques of Soviet cinema influence modern film editing practices?
• Research Question:  How has sound design evolved in horror films, and how does it enhance the genre’s emotional and psychological impact?
• Research Question:  How do contemporary filmmakers integrate diegetic and non-diegetic sound to create immersive film experiences?

Social and Cultural Impact of Film

In the Social and Cultural Impact of Film, we examine how cinema mirrors and influences societal dynamics . 

This section explores the representation of minorities in Film, the power of cinema as a tool for social change, and the significant role of films in shaping popular culture.

• Research Question:  How has the portrayal of LGBTQ+ characters in 21st-century films evolved, and what impact does it have on societal attitudes?
• Research Question:  How does diversity in casting affect film narratives and audience reception in contemporary cinema?
• Research Question:  How have documentary films contributed to environmental advocacy and influenced public awareness and policy?
• Research Question:  How does contemporary cinema influence public perception and understanding of mental health issues?
• Research Question:  How have superhero films influenced trends and themes in modern popular culture?
• Research Question:  How has cinema influenced fashion trends over the past two decades?

Film Industry and Business

Our final category, Film Industry and Business, takes a broader look at the evolution of the film market. 

We discuss the changing dynamics of the global film industry, the contrast between independent filmmaking and major studio productions, and the transformative impact of streaming services on traditional cinema.

• Research Question:  How have international co-productions influenced the themes, styles, and distribution of global cinema?
• Research Question:  How has globalization affected film production and distribution practices in the film industry?
• Research Question:  How do the creative freedoms and limitations in independent filmmaking compare to those in major studio productions?
• Research Question:  How have digital platforms (like Netflix, Amazon Prime) impacted the success and visibility of independent films?
• Research Question:  How have streaming services like Netflix and Hulu changed film viewing habits and preferences among audiences?
• Research Question:  How are streaming services influencing the financing, production, and distribution of films, and what does this mean for the future of cinema?

These topics are designed to be both engaging and feasible for investigation, allowing students to explore various aspects of Film within the framework of an IB Extended Essay.

As we conclude our exploration of Film Extended Essay topics, it’s clear that the world of cinema offers a rich tapestry of themes and concepts for in-depth study . 

Like with Music extended essay topics , whether you’re drawn to the artistic expressions in cinematography, the cultural reflections in film genres, or the evolving landscapes of the film industry, these topics provide a platform for a comprehensive and insightful analysis. 

Keep in mind that a successful Extended Essay in Film not only demonstrates your understanding of cinematic concepts but also reflects your ability to engage with and analyze the medium critically . 

Need a Dope Paper Written? We've Got Your Back!

If you find yourself needing guidance or support in shaping your ideas into a compelling Film extended essay, our team at Writing Metier is here to assist. 

We’re committed to helping you craft an essay that not only meets the IB criteria but also showcases your unique insights into the world of Film. Let’s turn your passion for cinema into an exceptional piece of academic work.

Free topic suggestions

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On this resource, we've put together a directory of free paper samples regarding Film Theory. The idea is to provide you with a sample identical to your Film Theory essay topic so that you could have a closer look at it in order to grasp a better idea of what a brilliant academic work should look like. You are also recommended to use the best Film Theory writing practices revealed by expert authors and, eventually, craft a top-notch paper of your own.

However, if putting together Film Theory papers entirely by yourself is not an option at this point, WowEssays.com essay writer service might still be able to help you out. For example, our experts can craft an one-of-a-kind Film Theory essay sample specifically for you. This model paper on Film Theory will be written from scratch and tailored to your custom requirements, reasonably priced, and sent to you within the pre-set period. Choose your writer and buy custom essay now!

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Genre Theory Film Essay Sample

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Introduction In the present day films are indentified through movie stars which has been successful in the past, sometimes it comes to certain genres. Singing in the rain, stardom and the famous music would be narrative based on singing. Genres are making a knowing statement about Hollywood and the importance of history and the state in 1950s and shows pros and cons of Hollywood throughout.

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Frozen 3's biggest returning character theory sounds correct after 11 years of questions.

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Frozen 3 Is Disney's Second Chance To Top A Key Part Of The First Movie

Frozen 3’s release date is tough to accept, but not for the reason you might think, the most popular elsa powers theory may be debunked by new frozen 3 tease.

• The biggest unanswered question in the Frozen franchise, the fate of Hans, will be confirmed in either Frozen 3 or 4.
• Fans can expect a massive expansion of the Frozen world with the upcoming sequels, promising two more epic adventures.
• Jennifer Lee confirmed that Frozen 3 and 4 are in development, teasing the return of a major character from the first movie.

Frozen 3 has teased the answer to one of its biggest returning character questions, and this theory now sounds correct because of it. The Frozen franchise is set to grow to a scale not yet seen, with Frozen 3 and Frozen 4 having already been announced. This is incredibly exciting for fans of the franchise, as it guarantees that two more epic adventures with Anna and Elsa will be released by Disney in the coming years. However, the sequels may also have some surprising returns , as Frozen 3 is teasing that this major character could come back.

Details are still slim on what the stories of Frozen 3 and Frozen 4 will be about, but the first hints at the film were released at 2024's D23 Expo. The massive Disney event got fans excited for all kinds of upcoming projects, but some of the biggest reveals centered around the upcoming Frozen sequels. There is all kinds of potential for the future Frozen movies to expand on the stories and characters of the first two films , and the movie has already highlighted how it will bring back one of the biggest storylines from the first movie.

Frozen 3 Or 4 Will Confirm What Happened To Hans

As teased by the director.

One of the most exciting parts of the upcoming sequels is that Frozen 3 or Frozen 4 will confirm what happened to Hans. Frozen director Jennifer Lee spoke about the upcoming projects after their big blowout reveals at D23. Lee referenced that the Frozen showcase at D23 didn't provide a lot of answers, but it did raise a lot of questions, with these questions being the subjects of storylines in Frozen 3 and Frozen 4 . One of these questions has to do with the fate of Hans , meaning that it is expected to come back in the sequels. Here are her full comments:

What we put out today at [D23] is a lot of questions. One of those questions is… “Who gave Elsa her powers?” And another question is, “What happened to Hans?” But we put up a lot of questions that will be answered. And that’s only the first page of questions [that the films will reckon with].

This seemingly confirms that Hans' story will play into one of the two Frozen sequels in some way, which is exciting news for fans of the original movie. Lee did reveal that Frozen 3 and Frozen 4 are being developed at the same time, meaning that it hasn't been confirmed which of these questions will be answered in which sequel. However, it is exciting to know that Hans' story could come back as early as Frozen 3 and no later than Frozen 4 , finally bringing back the antagonist over a decade after he was last seen in 2013's Frozen .

Frozen 3 is bound to be a success for Disney when it hits theaters, but it’s also the studio’s second chance to top a key part of the original movie.

Frozen 3 Needs To Bring Hans Back To Explain His Fate After Frozen

His fate from the first movie is ambiguous.

Despite Hans being one of the most iconic Disney villains of the modern Disney era, his fate after Frozen still hasn't been explained. Hans' villainy leads to him getting arrested and exiled for treason at the end of the 2013 film, and while he is seen being led away by guards, it isn't known what happened next. Since Frozen is a film for children, it is doubtful that the movie would have taken a route as dark as having him executed. Thus, Hans is probably still around, meaning that he could return in Frozen 3 or Frozen 4 .

After the tease of Hans' fate being explained, it would be incredibly disappointing for him not to have a significant role in the sequels . It is possible that the fate of Hans could be simply explained in a throwaway line from another character, but having him return in the flesh would be the best way to expand on the villain after his original movie role.

There's no denying that Frozen 3's new release date is incredibly hard to accept and, for one key reason, viewers will have a hard time letting it go.

Why Hans' Return In Frozen 3 Is So Important

It would be disappointing after he didn't return in frozen ii.

One of the biggest reasons that Hans' return in Frozen 3 is so important is that it has been heavily theorized by fans for years. Many fans of the original Frozen hoped to see Hans return in Frozen II , and the fact that he didn't was a bit disappointing for some. Having Hans not return for Frozen 3 would mean that franchise fans have to go through this disappointment a second time, and that's assuming that he actually returns in Frozen 4 .

On top of that, bringing Hans back would be a big draw for Frozen 3 . The fate of Hans is one of the biggest questions from the original Frozen , and after the slightly disappointing story of Frozen II , a major connetion to the original through Hans would be a great choice. There is still tons of story that could be told with Hans back in the role of antagonist, with his return having the potential to make Frozen 3 incredibly exciting.

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Frozen 3 is the follow-up to the highly successful Frozen 2, released back in 2019 by Walt Disney Pictures and Animation Studios. The film was announced on February 8 2023, The film is a direct sequel to the second film's events and also cast Idina Menzel and Kristen Bell to reprise their roles as Elsa and Anna.

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Film Theory and Analysis - Essay Example

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Extract of sample "Film Theory and Analysis"

Within this world, four characters unite to find safety and Twinkies. While Zombieland may exist in the kitsch horror genre, the film can be analyzed with the same critical tools as more artistic films. This essay examines a portion of Zombieland to consider the way elements of mise-an-scene, cinematography, editing, and sound combine to help the viewer understand the complete film.

            A film’s mise-an-scene is perhaps its most comprehensive element. Mise-an-scene is a French term referring to everything that appears on the screen. There are several prominent mise-an-scene elements in the clip from Zombieland. From an overarching perspective, one considers that the entire film world has been altered as a means of establishing the post-apocalyptic environment. In this way, there is the minimum order. There are overturned cars in many scenes. Businesses are depicted as ransacked. In addition to these atmospheric elements, these scenes establish many of the narrative concerns that will be featured throughout the film. For instance, in one scene the mise-an-scene contains a football field, a man running, and a zombie running after the man. These elements are used to establish the importance of escaping zombies. In another scene, the film displays an individual sitting on a bathroom stall. In this scene, mise-en-scene elements are combined with sound noises to create suspense and horror. A medium-range shot establishes the individual sitting in the bathroom stall. Loud zombie noises are then heard before the individual is finally attacked by a zombie.       

            Another major film element is the cinematography. Cinematography is the movement of the camera capturing the film. This specific scene makes great use of cinematography. The opening shots feature an upside-down car. The camera is then turned upside-down as a zombie enters the screen. The next major scene is a long-shot the world. This long-shot of the world demonstrates to the viewer how large-scale the zombie problem has become, as it is clear that the entire globe contains zombies. Another major cinematographic technique implemented in the scene is slow-motion. Slow-motion is implemented during the opening credit sequence and demonstrates specific zombie actions, including eating people. It seems that this technique is implemented for the pure effect of creating excitement. Additionally, it creates a degree of suspense as the viewer familiarizes themselves with the terrors that will occur throughout the rest of the film.  

            While mise-en-scene and cinematography capture images within the film, editing constitutes the fabric of the film itself. In this regard, editing is the combination of film elements to create the sequential appearance of action. Editing is prominently implemented throughout this portion of Zombieland in large part traditional continuity editing is implemented to advance the narrative. For instance, the opening shots of zombies in Washington D.C. are followed by an overhead shot of the world. Still, such continuity editing is highlighted by strong juxtapositions. For instance, the shift between these two scenes is startling as the first scene implements tight close-ups at daytime and the second scene implements a panoramic long shot in the darkness of space. Another prominent editing technique implemented is ma onstage. It’s noted that montage is the combination of disparate shots under a specific conceptual theme. One such instance of montage editing is implemented early in the film, as scenes about ways to survive the zombie-infested world are featured. Another prominent use of montage occurs during the credit sequence. During these sequins, low-motion shots of zombies are displayed. The zombies are featured participating in random actions, such as attacking or chasing humans. This montage sequence adds atmosphere to the credit sequence, as well as suspense for the upcoming film.        

            A final consideration in film analysis is sound. Sound has been considered as providing atmospheric and meaningful elements to the film’s narrative. Sound is prominently implemented in Zombieland through sound effects that startle the viewer. As the film opens there is a voice-over that is punctured by buzzing noises. These noises create an atmosphere of destruction that permeates the rest of the film. As this opening scene advances tetraether sound elements through the zombie noises. These are abrupt and startling sounds set the foundation firmly within the horror genre. Following the film’s introduction, the opening credits start. Accompanying these opening credits is a heavy metal song. The song is loud and abrasive and heightens the on-screen effects and film narrative.   

            In conclusion, this essay has examined Zombieland in agouties-an-scene, cinematography, editing, and sound. Within this context of understanding, it’s demonstrated that the film implements mise-en-scene through the creation of a post-apocalyptic world. Cinematography is witnessed through a variety of close-ups and long-shots, as well as slow-motion. In this way t, the cinematography heightens the film’s suspense elements. Editing occurs through continuity approaches, as well as montage techniques. In this way, strong juxtapositions are implemented as a means of heightening the viewer’s engagement with the narrative. Finally, the sound is implemented through heavy metal music, as well as random effects. These sound elements further enhance the atmosphere and set the foundation for the narrative concerns that will be explored throughout the film.   

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• Why don’t women use artificial intelligence?

Even when in the same jobs, men are much more likely to turn to the tech

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B e more productive . That is how Chat GPT , a generative-artificial-intelligence tool from Open AI , sells itself to workers . But despite industry hopes that the technology will boost productivity across the workforce, not everyone is on board. According to two recent studies, women use Chat GPT between 16 and 20 percentage points less than their male peers, even when they are employed in the same jobs or read the same subject.

The first study, published as a working paper in June, explores Chat GPT at work. Anders Humlum of the University of Chicago and Emilie Vestergaard of the University of Copenhagen surveyed 100,000 Danes across 11 professions in which the technology could save workers time, including journalism, software-developing and teaching. The researchers asked respondents how often they turned to Chat GPT and what might keep them from adopting it. By exploiting Denmark’s extensive, hooked-up record-keeping, they were able to connect the answers with personal information, including income, wealth and education level.

Across all professions, women were less likely to use Chat GPT than men who worked in the same industry (see chart 1). For example, only a third of female teachers used it for work, compared with half of male teachers. Among software developers, almost two-thirds of men used it while less than half of women did. The gap shrank only slightly, to 16 percentage points, when directly comparing people in the same firms working on similar tasks. As such, the study concludes that a lack of female confidence may be in part to blame: women who did not use AI were more likely than men to highlight that they needed training   to use the technology.

Another potential explanation for the gender imbalance comes from a survey of 486 students by Daniel Carvajal at Aalto University and Catalina Franco and Siri Isaksson at the Norwegian School of Economics ( NHH ). It also found a gender gap: female students enrolled in the NHH ’s only undergraduate programme were 18 percentage points less likely to use Chat GPT often. When the researchers separated students by admission grades, it became clear that the gap reflected the behaviour of mid- and high-performing women (see chart 2). Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology.

Why might this be? The researchers probed what was going on with some clever follow-up questions. They asked students whether they would use Chat GPT if their professor forbade it, and received a similar distribution of answers. However, in the context of explicit approval, everyone, including the better-performing women, reported that they would make use of the technology. In other words, the high-achieving women appeared to impose a ban on themselves. “It’s the ‘good girl’ thing,” reckons Ms Isaksson. “It’s this idea that ‘I have to go through this pain, I have to do it on my own and I shouldn’t cheat and take short-cuts’.”

A lack of experience with AI could carry a cost when students enter the labour market. In August the researchers added a survey of 1,143 hiring managers to their study, revealing that managers value high-performing women with AI expertise 8% more than those without. This sort of premium does not exist for men, suggesting that there are rewards for women who are willing to relax their self-imposed ban.

Tera Allas of McKinsey, a consultancy, worries that by the time AI is firmly embedded into modern working life, it might be designed to appeal more to men, who are its main users—potentially shutting women out in the long term. But not everyone is as concerned. Despite the fact that the early internet was dominated by men, for example, young American women were more online than their male counterparts by 2005. On top of this, Danielle Li of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology notes that the studies do not actually show whether men’s current Chat GPT use translates into better or more productive work. At the moment, the technology may be more of a digital toy, she says. Perhaps, then, high-achieving women are simply better at avoiding distraction. ■

For more expert analysis of the biggest stories in economics, finance and markets, sign up to  Money Talks , our weekly subscriber-only newsletter.

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This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline “A new gender gap”

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Key things to know about U.S. election polling in 2024

Confidence in U.S. public opinion polling was shaken by errors in 2016 and 2020. In both years’ general elections, many polls underestimated the strength of Republican candidates, including Donald Trump. These errors laid bare some real limitations of polling.

In the midterms that followed those elections, polling performed better . But many Americans remain skeptical that it can paint an accurate portrait of the public’s political preferences.

Restoring people’s confidence in polling is an important goal, because robust and independent public polling has a critical role to play in a democratic society. It gathers and publishes information about the well-being of the public and about citizens’ views on major issues. And it provides an important counterweight to people in power, or those seeking power, when they make claims about “what the people want.”

The challenges facing polling are undeniable. In addition to the longstanding issues of rising nonresponse and cost, summer 2024 brought extraordinary events that transformed the presidential race . The good news is that people with deep knowledge of polling are working hard to fix the problems exposed in 2016 and 2020, experimenting with more data sources and interview approaches than ever before. Still, polls are more useful to the public if people have realistic expectations about what surveys can do well – and what they cannot.

With that in mind, here are some key points to know about polling heading into this year’s presidential election.

Probability sampling (or “random sampling”). This refers to a polling method in which survey participants are recruited using random sampling from a database or list that includes nearly everyone in the population. The pollster selects the sample. The survey is not open for anyone who wants to sign up.

Online opt-in polling (or “nonprobability sampling”). These polls are recruited using a variety of methods that are sometimes referred to as “convenience sampling.” Respondents come from a variety of online sources such as ads on social media or search engines, websites offering rewards in exchange for survey participation, or self-enrollment. Unlike surveys with probability samples, people can volunteer to participate in opt-in surveys.

Nonresponse and nonresponse bias. Nonresponse is when someone sampled for a survey does not participate. Nonresponse bias occurs when the pattern of nonresponse leads to error in a poll estimate. For example, college graduates are more likely than those without a degree to participate in surveys, leading to the potential that the share of college graduates in the resulting sample will be too high.

Mode of interview. This refers to the format in which respondents are presented with and respond to survey questions. The most common modes are online, live telephone, text message and paper. Some polls use more than one mode.

Weighting. This is a statistical procedure pollsters perform to make their survey align with the broader population on key characteristics like age, race, etc. For example, if a survey has too many college graduates compared with their share in the population, people without a college degree are “weighted up” to match the proper share.

How are election polls being conducted?

Pollsters are making changes in response to the problems in previous elections. As a result, polling is different today than in 2016. Most U.S. polling organizations that conducted and publicly released national surveys in both 2016 and 2022 (61%) used methods in 2022 that differed from what they used in 2016 . And change has continued since 2022.

One change is that the number of active polling organizations has grown significantly, indicating that there are fewer barriers to entry into the polling field. The number of organizations that conduct national election polls more than doubled between 2000 and 2022.

This growth has been driven largely by pollsters using inexpensive opt-in sampling methods. But previous Pew Research Center analyses have demonstrated how surveys that use nonprobability sampling may have errors twice as large , on average, as those that use probability sampling.

The second change is that many of the more prominent polling organizations that use probability sampling – including Pew Research Center – have shifted from conducting polls primarily by telephone to using online methods, or some combination of online, mail and telephone. The result is that polling methodologies are far more diverse now than in the past.

(For more about how public opinion polling works, including a chapter on election polls, read our short online course on public opinion polling basics .)

All good polling relies on statistical adjustment called “weighting,” which makes sure that the survey sample aligns with the broader population on key characteristics. Historically, public opinion researchers have adjusted their data using a core set of demographic variables to correct imbalances between the survey sample and the population.

But there is a growing realization among survey researchers that weighting a poll on just a few variables like age, race and gender is insufficient for getting accurate results. Some groups of people – such as older adults and college graduates – are more likely to take surveys, which can lead to errors that are too sizable for a simple three- or four-variable adjustment to work well. Adjusting on more variables produces more accurate results, according to Center studies in 2016 and 2018 .

A number of pollsters have taken this lesson to heart. For example, recent high-quality polls by Gallup and The New York Times/Siena College adjusted on eight and 12 variables, respectively. Our own polls typically adjust on 12 variables . In a perfect world, it wouldn’t be necessary to have that much intervention by the pollster. But the real world of survey research is not perfect.

Predicting who will vote is critical – and difficult. Preelection polls face one crucial challenge that routine opinion polls do not: determining who of the people surveyed will actually cast a ballot.

Roughly a third of eligible Americans do not vote in presidential elections , despite the enormous attention paid to these contests. Determining who will abstain is difficult because people can’t perfectly predict their future behavior – and because many people feel social pressure to say they’ll vote even if it’s unlikely.

No one knows the profile of voters ahead of Election Day. We can’t know for sure whether young people will turn out in greater numbers than usual, or whether key racial or ethnic groups will do so. This means pollsters are left to make educated guesses about turnout, often using a mix of historical data and current measures of voting enthusiasm. This is very different from routine opinion polls, which mostly do not ask about people’s future intentions.

When major news breaks, a poll’s timing can matter. Public opinion on most issues is remarkably stable, so you don’t necessarily need a recent poll about an issue to get a sense of what people think about it. But dramatic events can and do change public opinion , especially when people are first learning about a new topic. For example, polls this summer saw notable changes in voter attitudes following Joe Biden’s withdrawal from the presidential race. Polls taken immediately after a major event may pick up a shift in public opinion, but those shifts are sometimes short-lived. Polls fielded weeks or months later are what allow us to see whether an event has had a long-term impact on the public’s psyche.

How accurate are polls?

The answer to this question depends on what you want polls to do. Polls are used for all kinds of purposes in addition to showing who’s ahead and who’s behind in a campaign. Fair or not, however, the accuracy of election polling is usually judged by how closely the polls matched the outcome of the election.

By this standard, polling in 2016 and 2020 performed poorly. In both years, state polling was characterized by serious errors. National polling did reasonably well in 2016 but faltered in 2020.

In 2020, a post-election review of polling by the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) found that “the 2020 polls featured polling error of an unusual magnitude: It was the highest in 40 years for the national popular vote and the highest in at least 20 years for state-level estimates of the vote in presidential, senatorial, and gubernatorial contests.”

How big were the errors? Polls conducted in the last two weeks before the election suggested that Biden’s margin over Trump was nearly twice as large as it ended up being in the final national vote tally.

Errors of this size make it difficult to be confident about who is leading if the election is closely contested, as many U.S. elections are .

Pollsters are rightly working to improve the accuracy of their polls. But even an error of 4 or 5 percentage points isn’t too concerning if the purpose of the poll is to describe whether the public has favorable or unfavorable opinions about candidates , or to show which issues matter to which voters. And on questions that gauge where people stand on issues, we usually want to know broadly where the public stands. We don’t necessarily need to know the precise share of Americans who say, for example, that climate change is mostly caused by human activity. Even judged by its performance in recent elections, polling can still provide a faithful picture of public sentiment on the important issues of the day.

The 2022 midterms saw generally accurate polling, despite a wave of partisan polls predicting a broad Republican victory. In fact, FiveThirtyEight found that “polls were more accurate in 2022 than in any cycle since at least 1998, with almost no bias toward either party.” Moreover, a handful of contrarian polls that predicted a 2022 “red wave” largely washed out when the votes were tallied. In sum, if we focus on polling in the most recent national election, there’s plenty of reason to be encouraged.

Compared with other elections in the past 20 years, polls have been less accurate when Donald Trump is on the ballot. Preelection surveys suffered from large errors – especially at the state level – in 2016 and 2020, when Trump was standing for election. But they performed reasonably well in the 2018 and 2022 midterms, when he was not.

During the 2016 campaign, observers speculated about the possibility that Trump supporters might be less willing to express their support to a pollster – a phenomenon sometimes described as the “shy Trump effect.” But a committee of polling experts evaluated five different tests of the “shy Trump” theory and turned up little to no evidence for each one . Later, Pew Research Center and, in a separate test, a researcher from Yale also found little to no evidence in support of the claim.

Instead, two other explanations are more likely. One is about the difficulty of estimating who will turn out to vote. Research has found that Trump is popular among people who tend to sit out midterms but turn out for him in presidential election years. Since pollsters often use past turnout to predict who will vote, it can be difficult to anticipate when irregular voters will actually show up.

The other explanation is that Republicans in the Trump era have become a little less likely than Democrats to participate in polls . Pollsters call this “partisan nonresponse bias.” Surprisingly, polls historically have not shown any particular pattern of favoring one side or the other. The errors that favored Democratic candidates in the past eight years may be a result of the growth of political polarization, along with declining trust among conservatives in news organizations and other institutions that conduct polls.

Whatever the cause, the fact that Trump is again the nominee of the Republican Party means that pollsters must be especially careful to make sure all segments of the population are properly represented in surveys.

The real margin of error is often about double the one reported. A typical election poll sample of about 1,000 people has a margin of sampling error that’s about plus or minus 3 percentage points. That number expresses the uncertainty that results from taking a sample of the population rather than interviewing everyone . Random samples are likely to differ a little from the population just by chance, in the same way that the quality of your hand in a card game varies from one deal to the next.

The problem is that sampling error is not the only kind of error that affects a poll. Those other kinds of error, in fact, can be as large or larger than sampling error. Consequently, the reported margin of error can lead people to think that polls are more accurate than they really are.

There are three other, equally important sources of error in polling: noncoverage error , where not all the target population has a chance of being sampled; nonresponse error, where certain groups of people may be less likely to participate; and measurement error, where people may not properly understand the questions or misreport their opinions. Not only does the margin of error fail to account for those other sources of potential error, putting a number only on sampling error implies to the public that other kinds of error do not exist.

Several recent studies show that the average total error in a poll estimate may be closer to twice as large as that implied by a typical margin of sampling error. This hidden error underscores the fact that polls may not be precise enough to call the winner in a close election.

Other important things to remember

Transparency in how a poll was conducted is associated with better accuracy . The polling industry has several platforms and initiatives aimed at promoting transparency in survey methodology. These include AAPOR’s transparency initiative and the Roper Center archive . Polling organizations that participate in these organizations have less error, on average, than those that don’t participate, an analysis by FiveThirtyEight found .

Participation in these transparency efforts does not guarantee that a poll is rigorous, but it is undoubtedly a positive signal. Transparency in polling means disclosing essential information, including the poll’s sponsor, the data collection firm, where and how participants were selected, modes of interview, field dates, sample size, question wording, and weighting procedures.

There is evidence that when the public is told that a candidate is extremely likely to win, some people may be less likely to vote . Following the 2016 election, many people wondered whether the pervasive forecasts that seemed to all but guarantee a Hillary Clinton victory – two modelers put her chances at 99% – led some would-be voters to conclude that the race was effectively over and that their vote would not make a difference. There is scientific research to back up that claim: A team of researchers found experimental evidence that when people have high confidence that one candidate will win, they are less likely to vote. This helps explain why some polling analysts say elections should be covered using traditional polling estimates and margins of error rather than speculative win probabilities (also known as “probabilistic forecasts”).

National polls tell us what the entire public thinks about the presidential candidates, but the outcome of the election is determined state by state in the Electoral College . The 2000 and 2016 presidential elections demonstrated a difficult truth: The candidate with the largest share of support among all voters in the United States sometimes loses the election. In those two elections, the national popular vote winners (Al Gore and Hillary Clinton) lost the election in the Electoral College (to George W. Bush and Donald Trump). In recent years, analysts have shown that Republican candidates do somewhat better in the Electoral College than in the popular vote because every state gets three electoral votes regardless of population – and many less-populated states are rural and more Republican.

For some, this raises the question: What is the use of national polls if they don’t tell us who is likely to win the presidency? In fact, national polls try to gauge the opinions of all Americans, regardless of whether they live in a battleground state like Pennsylvania, a reliably red state like Idaho or a reliably blue state like Rhode Island. In short, national polls tell us what the entire citizenry is thinking. Polls that focus only on the competitive states run the risk of giving too little attention to the needs and views of the vast majority of Americans who live in uncompetitive states – about 80%.

Fortunately, this is not how most pollsters view the world . As the noted political scientist Sidney Verba explained, “Surveys produce just what democracy is supposed to produce – equal representation of all citizens.”

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Scott Keeter is a senior survey advisor at Pew Research Center .

Courtney Kennedy is Vice President of Methods and Innovation at Pew Research Center .

How do people in the U.S. take Pew Research Center surveys, anyway?

How public polling has changed in the 21st century, what 2020’s election poll errors tell us about the accuracy of issue polling, a field guide to polling: election 2020 edition, methods 101: how is polling done around the world, most popular.

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