essays for upsc mains pdf free download

General Studies-I

General Studies-II

General Studies-III

General Studies-IV

Indian Language

English

Optional Subject paper-1

Optional Subject Paper -2

If You want to share Your Study Material with Other send me     [email protected]

? Current Affairs 360° in just 2 minutes (Revise the Complete Notes).

? Read Less, Learn More.?

Download from Google App

If you don’t have access to    UPSC Prelims material    and  UPSC Mains material  and   UPSC Optionals material    and Test Series [Prelims/Mains] and also Magazine you can also follow their website and be updated.

All pdf which are provided here are for education purposes only. please utilize them for building your knowledge and don’t make them commercial. we request you to respect our hard work. we are providing everything free here. upscpdf.com will not charge any cost for any service here., if you are new to upsc field, we recommend you to know about   upsc prelims   and  upsc mains   and   upsc optionals   and test series [prelims/mains] and also magazine   for better understanding. all our advertisements are decent ads [we don’t compromise in the quality] and if anyone have any problem with website or advertisements please contact me   [email protected], upscpdf.com does not own this book, neither created nor scanned. we just providing the links already available on internet. if any way it violates the law or has any issues then kindly contact us. thank you., related articles more from author, vision ias mains 2021 modern history printed notes pdf, vision ias smart cities printed notes pdf, vision ias disaster management notes pdf.

• Advertisement
• Privacy Policy

Javascript not detected. Javascript required for this site to function. Please enable it in your browser settings and refresh this page.

• Skip to primary navigation
• Skip to main content
• Skip to primary sidebar

UPSC Coaching, Study Materials, and Mock Exams

Enroll in ClearIAS UPSC Coaching Join Now Log In

Call us: +91-9605741000

IAS Study Materials and Notes

ClearIAS is one of the few websites in India which provides high-quality study materials of Static Topics and Current Affairs for free.

Click each of the buttons given below to explore the Free UPSC Study Materials of ClearIAS Academy.

Free UPSC Study Materials: Online Notes of ClearIAS for Prelims and Mains

1. indian history.

Indian History

2. Geography

3. economics, 4. indian polity.

Indian Polity

5. Environment

Environment

6. Science and Technology

Science and Technology

7. Current Affairs

Current Affairs

9. World History

World History

10. Indian Society

Indian Society

11. Foreign Relations

Foreign Relations

12. International Affairs

International Affairs

13. Internal Security

Internal Security

14. Disaster Management

Disaster Management

15. Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude

Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude

Free IAS Study Materials – Latest Notes for UPSC Prelims and Mains

1. indian history notes – indian history and culture.

Indian History Notes

2. Geography Notes – Indian and World Geography

Geography Notes

3. Economics Notes – Indian Economy

Economics Notes

4. Indian Polity Notes – Constitution, Social Justice etc

Indian Polity Notes

5. Environment Notes – Biodiversity, Climate Change etc

Environment Notes

6. General Science Notes – Science and Technology

Science and Technology Notes

7. Current Affairs Notes – National and international

Current Affairs Notes

8. CSAT – Prelims General Studies Paper II

Free ias study materials – latest notes for additional areas in upsc mains, 1. world history – gs paper 1.

World History Notes

2. Indian Society – GS paper 1

Indian Society Notes

3. Foreign Relations – GS paper 2

Foreign Relations Notes

4. International Affairs – GS paper 2

International Affairs Notes

5. Internal Security – GS paper 3

Internal Security Notes

6. Disaster Management – GS paper 3

Disaster Management Notes

7. Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude – GS paper 4

Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude Notes

UPSC Mains Special – Paper-wise Previous Year Question Papers

1. gs paper 1, 2. gs paper 2, 3. gs paper 3, 4. gs paper 4, 5. essay paper.

Essay Paper

ClearIAS Study Materials are widely used by UPSC Toppers

Download PDFs from ClearIAS Online Store

In addition to our online notes, ClearIAS also releases PDF notes (eBooks).

Some of our popular ebooks are:

• ClearIAS Current Affairs Capsules (Red Books)
• ClearIAS Most Probable Prelims Questions (Green Books)
• Budget/Economic Survey Summary (Orange Books)
• Toppers Notes (Blue Books)

Check the ClearIAS online store .

UPSC Syllabus: Topics and Keywords Decoded

Check the UPSC Syllabus section from the ClearIAS Menu.

We have created articles on almost every topic mentioned in the UPSC Syllabus as part of the ClearIAS UPSC CSE syllabus topic and keyword explainer project.

No other website/platform offers such a comprehensive coverage of the UPSC Syllabus – static and current affairs topics – for FREE.

Decode the UPSC CSE syllabus keywords

ClearIAS UPSC Syllabus Explainer

• ClearIAS Blog

We have 1000s of highly useful notes published topic-wise. To find the latest articles published on the ClearIAS website/app, check ClearIAS Blog .

ClearIAS online study materials are one of the most simple and easy-to-learn notes on any subject. That’s the reason why we are equally loved by school students just like IAS exam toppers.

All the online notes of ClearIAS given below are completely free. We are on a mission to support the free learning of 1 million+ learners and to make their learning an enjoyable experience.

Check the Latest Study Materials of ClearIAS

Classes + exams + notes + books + skills + guidance + student’s effort = success.

The prelims-cum-mains strategy should be a mix of classes , mock exams, and online study materials with offline study materials such as IAS textbooks  and NCERT .

ClearIAS Classes – Online Courses by Top Faculties and Mentors in India

If you are looking for online classes and personal mentorship for the UPSC Civil Services Exam, join ClearIAS Classes .

ClearIAS Classes involve expert guidance from top faculties and mentors in India – which will help you learn fast and focused.

ClearIAS Prelims cum Mains (PCM) course  is an umbrella program which offers most of the resources of ClearIAS like video classes, mock exams, study materials etc in a single package.

The PCM Course of ClearIAS offers almost everything you need to crack the UPSC CSE like:

• Instant access to 1000+ Hours of Expert Classes (recorded) which cover the entire UPSC CSE GS syllabus of Prelims and Mains
• Automatic Access to the latest Current Affairs Classes (Live or Recorded)
• Doubt Clearing Sessions
• Personal Mentorship
• Easy-to-learn Study Materials (PDF)
• ClearIAS UPSC Prelims Online Mock Test Series
• ClearIAS UPSC Previous Year Re-Take Exams
• Interview Guidance etc.

We also offer sub-sets of the PCM Programs to those aspirants who wish to subscribe to smaller packages. The popular sub-packages are the  PMB Program and the PMB+ Program .

For those students, who cannot afford  ClearIAS PCM, PMB, or PMB+ Programs , ClearIAS has conceptualised the TTT Approach to clear IAS – which includes 3 Ts (tools) – Textbooks, Test Series, and Techniques.

3 ClearIAS strategies for success in the UPSC Civil Services Exam

For best results, we strongly recommend aspirants follow the three methods developed by ClearIAS in their UPSC preparation.

• ClearIAS Prelims-cum-Main Integrated Approach : By this method, we intend for aspirants to prepare for Mains and Prelims in an integrated manner. Overlapping topics should be combined. Non-overlapping topics (subject only for Mains) should be identified and learned separately. By following this method, aspirants will be ready to face the Main exam much earlier than other aspirants who start solely from the Prelims syllabus.
• ClearIAS TTT approach :  We advise you to make ‘ T-T-T ‘ ie. ‘Text-books’, ‘Test-series’, and ‘Techniques’ as the core part of your UPSC preparation strategy.
• ClearIAS Test-based approach : Mock Exams are the fundamental basis of the ClearIAS learning program. Our method of training is such a way that aspirants learn by taking mock exams. ClearIAS Test-series – which integrates learning with test-taking – combines textbooks and techniques to make aspirants exam-ready at the earliest.

Importance of  Text Books for UPSC CSE

You need standard textbooks to learn many subjects mentioned in the UPSC syllabus . Don’t hesitate to invest in good books.

Now, you can buy online the recommended books for UPSC Prelims and Mains .

In the UPSC Civil Services study material list of any serious aspirant, the following categories of materials are recommended.

• Standard IAS Books for Civil Services Exam – Eg: Laxmikanth for Indian Polity.
• School and Graduation Text Books – Eg: NCERT, NIOS, IGNOU etc.
• Newspapers and Magazines – Eg: The Hindu, Yojana, Kurukshetra etc.
• Online UPSC Study Materials – Eg: ClearIAS.com, Government websites like PIB etc.

Importance of  Test Series for UPSC CSE

As you may know, only when tested in an exam atmosphere with negative marking, you can improve your ability to deliver in the actual exam hall.

Try for free the UPSC Prelims online mock exams by ClearIAS – in the new innovative platform which integrates learning with test-taking. You would be surprised to find out how fast you can learn!

Importance of  Techniques for UPSC CSE

Success in UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) = 50% Knowledge + 50% Skills (Strategies).

ClearIAS has developed various techniques to clear the IAS exam with ease. Some of them:

• Memory Techniques
• Question Paper Solving Techniques
• Intelligent Elimination Techniques

IAS Preparation: Guidance and Strategies

You can go through the links below for specific guidance for each stage of UPSC CSE.

• UPSC Prelims Guidance .
• UPSC Mains Guidance .
• UPSC Interview Guidance .

You can read more about  UPSC Exam Guidance here . Also, please find the most popular posts highlighting guidance and strategies for IAS preparation.

• A Note Before You Begin IAS Preparation or Coaching .
• Prelims OR Mains – Which Stage (Topics) Should You Prepare First for the UPSC Civil Services Exam?
• Smart Work for IAS Preparation .
• Strategy and Books for Early Birds To Clear IAS Exam .
• Civil Service Prelims 6 Month Strategy – How Can You Clear UPSC Prelims in 6 Months?
• CSAT – What is the best strategy to prepare for the CSAT?
• 100-Day Action Plan to Clear IAS Prelims
• IAS Books for Civil Services Prelims and Mains Exam Preparation .
• Strategy and Study Plan for Clearing the IAS Mains Exam .
• How To Select IAS Mains Optional As Per The Latest UPSC Syllabus .
• How To Write A Good Essay In Civil Service Mains Exam?
• What to Study for Ethics Paper in IAS Mains GS?
• World History for UPSC Mains: Understanding The Basics .
• Security and Disaster Management for UPSC Mains Exam .
• Indian Society For UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam .
• How to clear the Civil Services prelims?
• How to clear the Civil Services mains?
• How to clear the Civil Services interview?

UPSC Books and Study Materials for Free Download

• NCERT Books Download.
• Yojana Magazine Download.
• Kurukshetra Magazine.
• Pratiyogita Darpan Magazine .
• IGNOU Books .
• ClearIAS downloads .

UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Mock Exams

• Previous year UPSC question papers
• UPSC prelims mock tests
• UPSC mains mock tests

Most Popular ClearIAS Resources

• ClearIAS Courses
• Guidance Articles
• UPSC eBooks (PDFs)
• ClearIAS Mobile Apps
• Study Materials (Downloads Section)
• UPSC Toppers Strategies

Important links:

• Free Programs of ClearIAS
• Premium Programs of ClearIAS
• UPSC Syllabus (Decoded Notes)
• ClearIAS Blog (Latest Study Materials)

Subscribe to ClearIAS YouTube Channel for FREE Videos:

Subscribe to ClearIAS YouTube Channel  to learn from ClearIAS Videos.

Subscribe to ClearIAS Telegram Channel for FREE Updates:

Join  ClearIAS Telegram Channel to get the latest updates from ClearIAS, which includes study materials and tips to clear the UPSC Civil Services Exam.

Subscribe to ClearIAS Whatsapp Channel for FREE Updates:

Join ClearIAS Whatsapp Channel to get the latest updates from ClearIAS, which includes study materials and tips to clear the UPSC Civil Services Exam.

Book a FREE UPSC Mentorship Session with a ClearIAS Expert

Is your ambition to become an IAS, IPS, or IFS officer?

Do you want to surprise all by cracking UPSC CSE in the shortest possible time?

Register now for a free UPSC Mentorship session  with an expert mentor of ClearIAS!

Reader Interactions

February 1, 2013 at 12:02 pm

sir i will be appearing for ias after 4 years can i start my prepration now and what rank do i require

March 29, 2013 at 2:42 pm

Rank required depends upon the number of vacancies each year Girish…It also depends on your category. For last few years, around 1000 vacancies are reported for all the 24 Civil Services combined. Around half of the seats come under reservation. To get IAS, a general category candidate needs an All India Rank less than 80. The link ‘Till Which Rank Can An Aspirant Get Into IAS, IPS or IFS?‘ would be a good read.

May 16, 2016 at 1:45 pm

Sir, myself Minto OOmmen John. im 26 . Im preparing for IAS Exam next year… can you suggest some study materials (which includes books) which cover all the basic syllabus..

May 26, 2016 at 10:36 pm

dear Sir it’s not a good question .but it’s important for me because Sir I have no any idea about how to prepare IAS . after engineering . Sir I have completed my engineering in previous yr .but I have no idea to which subjects preferred for IAS exam .Sir I have completed my engineering with computer science . so kindly I request you to please help me or guide me . but I want to choose political science it’s happen or not

May 26, 2016 at 10:44 pm

You can take any subject of interest. If you like political science you may take that optional. The single page which may answer all your queries is www.clearias.com/faqs/

August 27, 2016 at 1:46 pm

Sir, Bca degree is enough for graduation .i am bca student integral university frm Lucknow.

October 2, 2018 at 9:41 am

Start ur preparation with NCERT especially from 6-12 th class

May 16, 2017 at 3:22 pm

Sir I’m Tusar . I’m preparing for ias from this yr .can u tell me about d cutoff mark for prelims

November 1, 2016 at 12:03 am

I want free study materials

February 4, 2017 at 3:51 am

Hi! thats a good info all together. i was also looking around the web for some upsc notes and end up here.

May 31, 2013 at 12:01 am

sir, i am preparing for civils now and i am going to appear the exam next year. i have decided to prepare my own notes through different sources i have, but how to start it? and how to prepare notes?should i frame my own questions ? or is it enough to prepare notes for previous questions ?pls suggest me sir.

May 31, 2013 at 10:01 am

When you prepare notes, prepare it point-wise for each topic and not question-answer mode. See an example for the topic ” Indus Valley Civilization” : https://www.clearias.com/indus-valley-civilization/.

Apart from this, you need to write and practice answers for different questions. Try you own questions as well as previous questions by UPSC. This writing practice will surely turnout highly useful for mains. All the best!

May 2, 2015 at 8:10 pm

Thanks a lot sir!

June 4, 2013 at 10:57 am

thanku sir.

June 8, 2013 at 10:06 am

SIR I WANT TO PREPARE FOR IAS WITH MATHS AS ONE OF MY OPTIONAL SUBJECT.MANY OF MY FRIENDS AND TEACHERS ARE DISCOURAGING THAT YOU ARE NEEDED TO GO TROUGH VAST AND DIFFICULT SYLLABUS.IS THIS SUBJECT PREPARATION EASY?? ELSE PLEASE SUGGEST A GOOD OPTIONAL SUBJECT WITH MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

June 10, 2013 at 10:45 pm

Dear Sudheer,

Every subject including Maths has its own plus and minus. The below mentioned link might give you better insights. After going through the link, refer UPSC syllabus and previous UPSC question papers. Take a decision based on your interest. All the best!

https://www.clearias.com/select-ias-mains-optional-latest-upsc-syllabus/

June 17, 2016 at 4:14 pm

namskaar sir.. mera naam anam h maine b.sc pcm se kiya h but sir meri fmly problm ki vjh se re aa gyi thi phle maine b.sc ko 5 year me comlete kiya h… kya m ias ka exam de skta hu sir…??? mtlb ias k exam k liye m elligible hu…???

August 16, 2013 at 10:42 pm

Sir, What should do the weak students for IAS pre and mains in accurate 1year? Please give your valuable advise now.

October 20, 2013 at 5:03 pm

You may go through the posts : https://www.clearias.com/strategy-and-books-for-early-birds-to-clear-ias-exam/ and https://www.clearias.com/smart-work-ias-preparation/.

April 23, 2018 at 5:12 pm

Hello sir mujh IAS ky liy kya krna chiy plzz

July 27, 2018 at 12:04 am

Actually we cant judge one year preparation is sufficient to crack IAS.. It depends on person to person.. One person will complete one topic in 3hrs, another person will complete that same topic in 6hrs.. The Main thing is hardwork.. Complete the syllabus as soon as possible…

March 11, 2014 at 11:34 am

very nice sir iam preparing for ias it will be useful if you attash some mock test for ias pt paper1

March 21, 2014 at 4:06 pm

sir i am now 29 years…i belong to st category……i have been trying for 6 years….but could not be serious…..several times i have changed my optional………now i determined to take anthropology………so pls help me

June 1, 2014 at 1:53 pm

Sir if I pass ias pre do I have to write ias main on tat year nly or I can take preparation and write next year. Kindly respond

November 18, 2014 at 12:32 pm

Ambika madam i think i clear IAS exam with in 6 month , so why you take most time . Everyone clear exam if they do smart work not hardwork , for another any question contact me on number 9041414194

July 19, 2016 at 4:26 pm

tell me bro how to prepare this exams

July 23, 2016 at 12:29 pm

hii .. i am bio technology 1st year student. i m average student.. i want to give ias exam after Completeng my bio technology course.. i am very passionate about it.. but i m very confused which subject i should talk for the mains exam.. plzz rply if any suggestions thank you..

June 22, 2014 at 7:56 pm

Sir m doin btech write nw hw cn I prepare myself for appaering in the civil services exam from now only I might appear for it after 6 yrs n I am from general category how do I get started..from now only

June 27, 2014 at 4:27 pm

sir please the name of books for hindi medium student for ias

June 28, 2014 at 6:30 pm

Please tell me the books prescribed for economics as optional

July 26, 2014 at 7:07 pm

Dear sir please give the study materials for public administration

July 30, 2014 at 5:41 am

Sir, plz suggest me for ias prelims cum mains book, in market a lots of book have for all papers

August 8, 2014 at 10:18 pm

I want to start my preparation for IAS now. I am 11std now. Sir please suggest me what I have to do .

August 14, 2014 at 7:47 pm

Sir I am going to appear the IAS mains exam after 3 Years. How do i start prepearing for the exam any suggestion……………..

August 18, 2014 at 10:46 am

Sir i am Arts section student

i stdd optnl eng politcl and history

for d IAS point f vw

wch i take 4 ias exam preparation kindly help me sir

August 23, 2014 at 12:33 pm

September 28, 2017 at 11:06 pm

simply go through news paper..the hindi…PIB…news at 9:00 o’clock…

September 1, 2014 at 5:19 pm

Dear sir please give the study materials for public administration in hindi both paper

September 8, 2014 at 11:13 pm

Respected Sir how can i download the environment portion of Dr. Anoob Razak in pdf format of all pages.. Early response is highly solicited in this matter… Really its worthy pdf for preparation of Environment section prepared in presentation by Dr.Razak sir….Please help in this regard.

September 15, 2014 at 12:57 pm

I am pratyush and i want to crack civil services with rank under 100 to get IAS post. I am student of b sc ii . Kindly give your valuable suggestion.

October 2, 2014 at 1:20 am

sir,i am shashi. i have completed b.tech from mechanical.plz give me a suggestion to prepare for IAS easily.

October 13, 2014 at 4:37 pm

sir mene apna optional subject physics chuna h IAS ki preparation k liye.please tell me the min. n best books sir.mere sare frnd mazak udate h ki tujhse to bilkul nhi hone vala kyunki tune physic selwct ki h optinal m please help me sir

November 13, 2014 at 10:47 pm

Sir am Akash Anand i like to do IAS after my degree course am going to do IAS can i start my preparation now which types of books i want to prepare

December 7, 2014 at 10:20 am

sir I want to prepare for IAS but problem is that i am from Hindi medium.. will you provide notes/books for Hindi medium student..???

December 25, 2014 at 8:37 am

Dear sir please give the study materials for public administration in hindi both paper plzz sir help me or mjh top 10 m aana h sir..plzz hlp me suggest me book

November 18, 2016 at 5:27 pm

I am disabled. If can I take botany optional subjects. It good for me ah

January 12, 2015 at 5:58 pm

Book on public administration by M.Laxmikath,the best book book.

January 29, 2015 at 11:29 pm

Hi sir I am 25years old and belongs to General categeory, could you please suggest me that is it the right time to prepare for civils

February 8, 2015 at 9:46 pm

Yes. Start preparation NOW!

December 28, 2016 at 1:54 pm

Hi sir i am 20 years old i want to prepare fo upsc without coaching in hindi meadium i belong to sc catagoery please suggest me right direction

February 4, 2015 at 12:24 am

sir, This is N.Ramana BaBu,completed Intermediate,aimed to complete CA&civils at a time.

is it correct goal………………………………………………………

WILL APPEAR ON

2018-CA (will be completed)

2019-CIVILS(will be completed)

DURATION OF TIME (3 YEARS) 12H / day-CIVILS 2H/ day-CA

I NEED YOUR SUGGESATION…………………………………………… mobile-no:7799296504

February 11, 2015 at 9:52 pm

respected sir, i am nikhil malik ,right now i am in prefinal year of my B.Tech. but i want to prepare for civil services can you please suggest me which subjects from which books i have to study first in order to get brief knowledge of civil services vast syllabus…..???/

February 27, 2015 at 1:11 pm

sir i m in 2nd year of my ug , n i wanna top ias exam in my 1st attempt with completion of my graduation ,,,plz tell me how can i start n what material should i study ….. my optional subject would be public administration

March 1, 2015 at 10:34 pm

Sir, I’m going to step in to my 2nd year UG in a couple of months….I want to start preparing now as I really need to become an IAS. Suggest me some materials, books and suggestions on what topic to start with,how to start preparing. Please help me ASAP.so that I can start early and pass out with flying colors…

March 2, 2015 at 12:36 am

hi, i m going to appear in the 2015 CSAT. please tell me yojana of which all month s should i follow.. i thought it might be from Aug 2014 up to aug 2015. please advice

March 14, 2015 at 7:35 pm

respected sir, iam ANIL NAIK studing btech from electronics and communications i want to start preparation for ias right now piz give me your suggestions and which books should i fallow and my categeory(phc&st)how much rank should i get.plz give your suggestions

June 16, 2016 at 10:33 am

beta balwadi chi kitab wact padega india thabhi yto badhega india

March 23, 2015 at 6:35 pm

I am an Engineer working in a IT company, my friends and family wants me to appear for IAS Examination,can I start my IAS preparation from today onward and secure chance in prelims 2015 i.e. this year 23rd august.

please respond coz its very necessary for me to get experts advice before starting.

March 23, 2015 at 7:40 pm

Yes, if you follow a good time table and get right guidance. The link Strategy for Beginners should be a good starting point.

April 1, 2015 at 7:53 pm

respected sir,this anudeep ,iam going to complete with in 1 year my graduation,.i have to prepare for ias,so can u suggest me that what i have to refer books

April 3, 2015 at 12:32 pm

sir,i have lot of doubts.so please clarify me. now iam studying eee 2nd year.i know ug is required for writing ias.my doubt is,what is preliminary exam and main exam.is there any posible to write exam in tamil that is my mother tongue.please reply me.

April 19, 2015 at 4:33 pm

HAI I WANT TO WRITE INDIAN FOREIGN SERVICE EXAM. WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE?ALSO WHEN ARE THE EXAMS STARTING? Please Reply me. Thanks.

June 6, 2015 at 8:14 pm

Sir Muje aap hindi medium ki M.LAXMIKANT ki BHARAT KI RAJVIYVASTHA OR ECONOMIC KI RAMESH SINGH KI SOFT COPY UPLOAD KARE PLS

June 9, 2015 at 2:50 pm

sir i am a student of B.tech 4 year from electrical branch.so pls guide me about complete syllabus and preparation tips.

June 14, 2015 at 3:53 pm

Hello sir I am about to start preparing for ias but I have a doubt regarding subject_is anthropology is available to choose for prelims in objective questions answer paper?

June 18, 2015 at 10:49 am

Roshni sodi Hello sir i m from Maharashtra state completed m.sc (Botany). mein upsc exams dena chati hu. MInd Mein thopusand queries aati hai upsc study Sstart kaise aur kha se karna chaiye. My bigest problem is that i m from other medium English language ki bhaut problems hai thats is why i m going to give exams in hindi language. and meri grapssing power hindi language mein bhaut achi hai . English improvement ke liye mujko kya refer karna chaiye. English dictionary bhi kaise improve karni chaiye. plzzzzzzzz sir suggest me.

June 23, 2015 at 4:28 pm

Sir plz me suggest for making points to point notes About all the gs papers

June 29, 2015 at 9:53 am

Sir, I have completed my bsc and want to appear the IAS exam but I am confused that from what i will start please suggest.

July 1, 2015 at 11:14 pm

I have completed my BE in Electronics and Communication Engineering. I have applied for the IAS exam for the first time with MAthematics as my optional subject. So kindly help me by telling how to prepare for the exam.

July 3, 2015 at 10:13 am

Roshni sodi sir plzz tell me english improvmenbk liy kya karna chaiy

July 14, 2015 at 12:40 am

Sir i am sheikh waseem from kashmir

I am from general category how much difficult is this exam for mee… According to rank wt is the cutoff in general category….

July 17, 2015 at 3:51 am

Sir, I am osman rasheed…… Can u plz suggest me the study material for preparing preliminary this year. Thank u

August 1, 2015 at 8:51 am

Hello sir, I have read many of your blogs, the queries asked to u and the answers made by you. You have answered them all very sincerely, and in a way that a person can easily get you. I also have a question how to make up a timetable sir

August 1, 2015 at 10:54 am

Hi Niharika, Thanks a lot for the nice comment. Please find how much time is left to you before the exam. If you have more than 6 months, concentrate on mains topics first and then focus on prelims. If you are a beginner, NCERT texts can be a starting source. Daily time table is upto you, but we advise studying all subjects on a daily basis allocating 45-60 min/subject.

August 6, 2015 at 2:54 am

Sir my name is Vaibhav Rai and I am a student of NIT AGARTALA 4th year civil engineering. Sir will you advise to opt for core engineering subject instead of economics or history and of which institute I should join for correspondence course

August 6, 2015 at 11:21 am

Iam a student of nit I want to prepare for civil service exams iqm the beginner what subject should I prefer first

August 6, 2015 at 5:04 pm

Hello sir I am a bsc biotech 1st year student my dream is too become an I.a.s officer bt due too some financial condition I am unable too join classes so what should I do nd which books should I refer nd is 1 year sufficent for the preaparation so called self study eagerly waiting for your reply..

August 7, 2015 at 8:17 pm

Sir can u please provide me a link for some handwritten notes of UPSC Toppers in Anthropology..?

August 15, 2015 at 8:55 pm

R .,Sir… kindly send me the topics .

August 20, 2015 at 8:09 am

Hello clear ias… I pursued my MBA recently. Now preparing for ias 2016.. I wish to take management as optional, many say it has no scope of scoring subject in civil services exams.. I want to know your suggestions on this sir.. and one more thing, my math skils are not so good ,will that be a problem for prelims.. plz enrich me with the proper guidance sire….

August 21, 2015 at 1:15 pm

sir i want to take ohilosophy as optional so what are the books

August 23, 2015 at 3:02 pm

hllo sir, i am in b.tech final year and i want to clear ias 2016.what should be my strategy?i dont want to take any technical subject as optional instead i like theoretical subject with concepts. which subject should i opt for? also sir , if i want to practice sample questions then how can i get it checked by any faculty so that i can improve my answer writing skill?

August 28, 2015 at 11:05 pm

Sir Do you provide full paper wise study material for ias pre and mains in hard copy notes???as i m a service personnel so i can read only 4 to 5 hrs a day,sometimes may be less than that. therefore i want effective study in less time. So can you provide???if yes then pls reply with your contact number i will contact you

September 3, 2015 at 5:51 pm

Sir i am sanjay studing btech from mechanicali want to start preparation for ias right now piz give me your suggestions and which books should i fallow and my categeory(phc&st)how much rank should i get.plz give your suggestions

September 6, 2015 at 11:09 pm

thr r so many group but all lacks good admin .. so all are nothign but information overload with no filtering but this group I like this group best Indian Administrative Service (Raz Kr) : https://www.facebook.com/groups/abwf4india/

September 8, 2015 at 10:48 am

SIR, I am aishwarya doing 1st year BSc …I will be appearing for IAS 4 years later, is it necessary for me to go to any coaching class from now

October 9, 2015 at 8:23 am

Sr pls i want to become ias how to start preparation …pls suggest first step

October 17, 2015 at 8:40 am

Preparation now only started

October 18, 2015 at 1:28 pm

Which newspaper is good to read for ias exam and strategy. Times of india is good for this?

November 4, 2015 at 8:16 pm

sir how many years of preparation is required to become an IAS.

November 6, 2015 at 2:14 pm

Sir i am pushpraj singh and i want to become IAS officer plese tell me that how will i prepearing for prilime

November 7, 2015 at 8:27 am

sir..i m going to appear for upsc d very next year..please suggest me d strategy for its prepn.as well as d perfect study material so that i can achieve my final success in my first attempt itself..plz suggest me sir..

November 8, 2015 at 9:36 pm

Hello sir. I am Reding B.A Part 3 year so how to start IAS study

November 18, 2015 at 10:15 pm

Sir, I’m reading in B.A iii semester, so how to prepare become an IAS officer. Please give some suggestions for me

November 26, 2015 at 12:20 am

sir..am an engineering student doing my 3rd year…i wanted to knw how to prepare for ias exam n i want to get clear in first attempt ..plzzz help me out …n wana knw can i strt studying frm now itself ??? if so then which books to refer ????

May 14, 2018 at 1:31 pm

Yes, Reema are you clearing IAS exams in First Attempts But one think Remember it Hardwork and dedication is more important in your life……

December 4, 2015 at 5:15 pm

Sir, im studying inter1st year cec now can i start preperation for right now for the 2022 civil exams because it it easy to crack the exam .. And when the exam year is syllabus will be change … Or plz suggest me some ways to prepare the exam right now .

December 5, 2015 at 10:30 am

sir, i am studying 3rd year btech . i want to prepare ias and i want to clear it at the end of 2019. i am choosing physics as my optional subject. plz give me right pdf notes to prepare.plz give me right correct web site to prepare.

December 8, 2015 at 11:08 pm

Sir need to know :- 1) if a person graduated through correspondence will he be eligible for IAS. 2) if one has zero knowledge as of now and working in a company & can spend merely 4 hours for study, can he crack this exam in one go 3) please name the books one has to buy in the beginning since in your link so many books name are given which somewhere creates a mess.

December 21, 2015 at 4:49 pm

Sir I want to clear my civil service exam .I am confusing about the study materials so plz help me sir .

December 23, 2015 at 12:22 pm

I am doing job in IT company and this year i have completed my B.tech. But I want to go for civil services so kindly suggest me from where I need to start. Stating that I don’t know actually which subjects I need to take first.

December 28, 2015 at 3:57 pm

dear sir, i am student of ece from government engg colege cbsa,my name is avodh anil raj.iam a 2nd yr stud of b tech,do u sujjest me laxmikant is best for optional, ans the hindu megazine..

January 16, 2016 at 11:59 am

J.Soujanya Dear sir, I am the student of cse engg college I want to prepare for IAS exam so I want to go for civil service plse tell me from where I have to start for reading I dont no anything about the IAS exam but I want to prepare for exam help me by giving notes because i am a married women they will not send me any coaching But i want to become an IAS by following your guidelines

February 6, 2016 at 4:48 pm

Sir,i’m preparing for IAS since last one year,im also master of four subjects like as,Psychology,Chemstry,Law,and English Literature.suggest me which subject would be best as option for me in such Exam.

February 6, 2016 at 4:56 pm

@Majid: All the four subjects you mentioned are available as optional subjects. Refer previous year questions and take the subject you feel as most comfortable.

February 6, 2016 at 5:01 pm

Sir,How much securing is Law subject,in IAS exam?

February 13, 2016 at 10:40 am

Sir I want to crack ias in 2017 is this one year is enough to complete my preparation

February 13, 2016 at 11:04 am

@Sai Tulasi: Yes.

February 13, 2016 at 7:52 pm

Sir mai abi BA 1st part (eco. honrs) me hu. Kya mai optional subject me geography rakh skti hu jbki BA me yeh subject nhi h mera And abhi mujhe kaisi tyyari krni chahiye

May 6, 2016 at 11:59 pm

YES YOU CAN. YOU SHOULD BE SURE AND CONFIDENT. STARTS PREPARATION AND IT IS GOOD TIME TO DECIDE. AAP KO KOI AUR JANKARI CHAHIYE TO AAP MAIL KAR SAKTE HO.

February 15, 2016 at 5:01 pm

Hi , I have two boys, they are their secondary school, but I am aiming them to clear IAS in future as destination, would you please advise what all degree needs to clear before reaching IAS study?

March 10, 2016 at 12:56 pm

Hello Sir/Madam, Would u plz.tell me how much scoriing is Law Subject???

March 20, 2016 at 9:43 pm

Hi sir/ma’am, Where can I get hindi study material for (indian language compulsory) for upsc main exam .

April 7, 2016 at 12:01 am

Hello sir, I am Manoj just little bit confused about choosing IAS preparation or Doing Chartered accountant which is the best to do when it comes to result.

April 24, 2016 at 1:42 pm

Hello sir I am salman now iam finished 1 year b.sc cs and 2yrs more to complete my ug course ..then I want to prepare for civil service xam in what manner I will prepare

May 3, 2016 at 10:57 am

Namaskar!!!!! Sir, I would like to say u with my pleaset that thank u very much for give us various valuable informition of about ias.

May 3, 2016 at 11:06 am

hello sir/madam, thank you very much.Can i became an ias without coaching?

May 6, 2016 at 4:19 pm

sir,i want to preparation for IAS but problem is that i am from hindi medium ….will you provide notes/books /videos for hindi medium .

May 8, 2016 at 7:26 pm

i am ias aspirant so at present i completed my degree first year and wanted to start preparing for prelims my main core subjects in degree are biotechnology biochemistry chemistry how should i start my preparation for prelims what are books to be refered and topics to be prepared for prelims

May 10, 2016 at 12:02 pm

Sir, I want to appear for IAS exam but after 5 years. So plz suggest me that I should start my preparation from now onwards or later?

May 11, 2016 at 11:46 pm

AGR pta Chile to humey bta dena please

May 10, 2016 at 4:59 pm

Sir i am first time trying for ias exam by self study can i clear this exam by self study or this is not possible without coaching

May 24, 2018 at 2:24 am

agar dil me ias ki tsvir h to 101%

May 11, 2016 at 11:45 pm

Sir l am student of B.A from punjab and belong to S.C catagory. Please sir suggest me how can I practise for upsc. Which books are using for upsc practise. And what is the syllabus of upsc. Please help me how I can prepare upsc. After m.a history qualification….

May 12, 2016 at 10:23 am

sir how to study these.? do i have to learn the whole books entirely?

May 14, 2016 at 11:20 am

I belong to ST category n 30 years old due to some personal problem I could not prepare my self for civil service exam till. But now I have decided to do attempt pls help me how can I start my practice with best and even I would like to join some institute as well. Please reply me with your best opinion. How to proceed with best practices.

May 15, 2016 at 9:36 am

Sir,I am a btech student. I am waiting for start my 3 rd year studies. I was a Tamil medium student. When I was entered into the college the communication skills was very difficult for me.I am a middle class family. So give the guidelines for preparing for IAS exam.

May 15, 2016 at 11:17 am

Hi! I’m anil congrats for your success sir I live in village so guide me sir which bookes i’ll refer

May 15, 2016 at 10:32 pm

Hello sir…. I’m pursuing b.e(c.e) in second year…. I want to crack IAS exam… What should I do for good preparation for this exam… By which I could crack this exam…

May 24, 2016 at 11:32 am

Respected Sir, My name is Sravan.I just completed my b.tech 1st year.I have very much interest in civils.Can I start my preparation now or should I wait for some more time sir?

May 24, 2016 at 11:53 am

You may start now. Early the best. Start reading newspapers and NCERT books. Also closely follow clearias.com articles and study-materials.

May 24, 2016 at 5:21 pm

Sir i m 3rd year MBBS student,I want to prepare for IAS exam please suggest me the books I should start with.

May 24, 2016 at 6:43 pm

ClearIAS has been providing free online study materials for UPSC CSE. We hope our study-materials to give your right direction and will help you to understand difficult concepts faster. You need to supplement the same with UPSC exam preparation books, newspapers, NCERT books etc. In final year, to boost your marks for UPSC Prelims, we advise you all to enroll for ClearIAS Prelims test series, which offers high-quality questions and all-India mock-test-platform.

May 24, 2016 at 11:18 pm

Sir mere 10th me 45% or12th me 54% percent hai kya me upsc de ne ke kabil hu ya nhi

May 25, 2016 at 7:56 pm

I am 33 year old and i done my +2 in 2004 can i give the exm of iad

May 25, 2016 at 11:24 pm

Hello sir ,my name ìs sakshi..i am from haryana.sir i just want to know how can i prepare for IAS.plzz tell me about study meterial properly……plzzz sir i need your help

May 26, 2016 at 5:13 pm

AAP KIS MEDIUM SE IAS KI PREPARATION KARNA CHAHTE HAIN AUR KIS YEAR KE EXAM KE LIYE ?

POLITY ECONOMY & GEOGRAPHY SUBJECTS MEIN AAPKI BASIC KNOWLEDGE KYA HAI ?

IN DO BAATON KO JAANE BINA KOI AAPKI HELP KAISE KAR PAYEGA?

May 26, 2016 at 9:37 am

SIR, I am Vipan Sain from yamuna nagar haryana and i appeared in CS-2016. I have done MSc Industrial Chemistry. But the medium of my study is mixed. I have studied in hindi medium upto 10th and after that i have studied in english medium from 12th to MSC. I can learn only science and maths in english and the rest of the subjects like history, geography,public add, constituition of india etc can’t in english. So you are humblly requested, please guide me properly. I shall be thankful to you for this. Thanking you.

Regards: Vipan Sain MOB:9991102010 Email: [email protected]

May 29, 2016 at 11:11 am

Sir,i am ram prakash and belonging at rural area. For ias prelism how many ncert books useful from class 6th to 12th standard.please tells about ncert hindi medium books class wise by name…..thanks

May 29, 2016 at 12:19 pm

I am in bsc 3rd year and I have read all NCERT books, also I read newspaper daily. Please suggest me what would be my next step.?????

May 29, 2016 at 12:23 pm

Get the recommended IAS preparation books mentioned in this website, and follow our free online study materials. Then enroll for ClearIAS Prelims mock test series and check the archives of our main mock tests.

May 29, 2016 at 2:17 pm

hello, can you please suggest me for psychology books or notes. thank you !

May 30, 2016 at 10:32 pm

Nicely compiled. Thanks for making our preperation simple.

June 1, 2016 at 10:55 pm

sir …I m mbbs student 3rd year …and I like this ias exam then plz provide any likely suggestions and my optional subjects in my sub….which optional subj for ias exam ?

June 2, 2016 at 3:24 pm

Respected sir ……Greetings of the day. ……. I am Subodh kumar i have completed my MBA in 2010.I want to prepare for upsc preliminary exam and I fill the form for upsc preliminary 2016 also. So,please suggest me some books.

Graduation -History 2006 MBA -Mkt /HR 2010

Thanks &Regards

Subodh kumar

June 3, 2016 at 10:38 pm

sir , is there is any quantitative aptitude test like reasoning , maths , data interpretation etc in pre exams….??? please guide how to prepare that & which book we should buy?? thankuu…..

June 6, 2016 at 9:11 am

Sir,Iam from manipur Iam kh sahidur rahaman I have giving 6sem for bsc this year.I want to prepare for upsc prelim exam please suggest me how to prepare & guided me properly.

June 7, 2016 at 10:07 am

so without coaching any guidance can we crack the cse exam ? sir.

June 11, 2016 at 7:02 pm

hey clearias.com u have put great info …i have more 4 years left …so how can i start my preparation ..just give me a tip

June 16, 2016 at 7:40 pm

sir I have done engineering in computer science branch now I am not interested in doing mtech as a pg.. I am planning to do ma in geography…Will it anyway help in cracking any of the government exams??. if not .. what are other good options in which I can do PG which are actually beneficial ..

And if ma in geography is a good option what can I do after ma to get a good reputed job ?

June 17, 2016 at 7:53 pm

Hello sir I am a student of class 12 PCM I want to start preparing just after my exam i started reading newspaper and ncert too can you provide me the list of basic books which I may understand now without any help and prepare and also I want to take psychology as an optional is it scoring and easy enough thanks for help and you own a fabulous site it helps me a lot

June 18, 2016 at 12:35 pm

namskaar sir mera naam aman h… maine b.sc pcm se kiya h but sir meri fmly problm ki vjh se re aa gyi thi isliye maine 5 year me b.sc complete kiya h…. sir m ias k exam dene me elligible hu kya plzzzz reply me sir plzzzz…

June 18, 2016 at 12:41 pm

Please provide me all study Materials of IAS preparation to study myself, and also guidelines for my questions with whom I will be connected any time and can take any time help. As I don’t have enough money to join any institute or to pay for online preparation.

June 18, 2016 at 9:58 pm

SIR I HAVE COMPLETED MY SECOND PUC &I WANY BECOME A IAS OFFICER WHICH COURSE SHOUDEI PREFER

June 19, 2016 at 11:07 pm

Sir, Mai Indian Army Mai clerk Ki post par karyrat hui. Mujhe ICS (IAS) Preliminary ke notes our books Ki need hai. IAS optional subjects ke tor par Political Science and International Relationship books ke sath GS and ethics yani Complete books Ki need hai agar aap provide karwa sakte ho to Pl Apne Contact No reply Mai bheje aur provide karwane Ki kripa kare. I will be thankful to you sir. (Hindi Medium).

June 19, 2016 at 11:18 pm

Sir I am Mr Babooram belong to Jodhpur Rajasthan and presently serving in the Indian army on post of Clerk. My optional subject is political Science for ICS-16 and May I request to you to provide notes for ICS prelims and books for the prelims. I will be thankful to you.

Thanks 19 Jun 2016

Mr Babooram 9414297691

June 20, 2016 at 1:32 pm

Sir i have a tattoo on my hand.Is it is a problem for IAS?

July 5, 2016 at 1:13 pm

Hello sir my name is khemu and i m 19 years old, so how should i start preparation for IAS. Because i don’t know what to

Pls respond its very necessary Thank you.

July 8, 2016 at 11:16 am

Sir, i have completed my bsc this year What i should choose now for preparation of ias Kya msc chemistry is k liye theek rahegi….

July 16, 2016 at 9:17 am

Hello sir., My self Tanya Agrawal ,i have passed 12th from science in 2016. Now i have choosen B. A. In graduation for upsc civil service,, plz tell me did i take the right dicision…. And also guide me for my future study..

July 29, 2016 at 7:59 pm

Hello sir my self md muzaffar and i want to become a ias

July 29, 2016 at 9:30 pm

sir, actually I’ve started coaching for ias exam. But i can give 2019 exam because of age so please tell me that how to begin my study

July 30, 2016 at 12:03 am

Sir call me now plz my no- 8120662037

July 31, 2016 at 10:16 am

Please send me the information about all types of UPSC exam and mock test questions paper.

July 31, 2016 at 12:17 pm

sir,mene 12th pass kiya kya me 3sal me IAS ka syllabus complete kr sakta hu.. will you suggest me how to prepare for these exam??

August 4, 2016 at 3:21 pm

Respected sir, Sir i have completed my graduation this year. I have done bsc. in geography from calcutta university. Plz suggest me how to prepare for civil services examination by taking geography as a optional subject and also suggest some preparation tips for general studies mains. Plz suggest me valuable books and readings. Regards,

August 6, 2016 at 7:32 pm

Sir, i have cleared my s.y B.Sc. so i can start preparation for IAS s exam???

August 9, 2016 at 11:37 pm

I’m clg finally yr..I have to prepare in IAS ..so help me

August 14, 2016 at 12:18 pm

Is it a compulsive to join a class for getting prepared for UPSC exams…

August 18, 2016 at 2:03 pm

CLEAR IAS ki site ko Kya ham Hindi me nahi padh sakte Kya.Hindi medium ke liye

August 21, 2016 at 5:46 pm

Sir, I am studying B.E. 3rd year. I am interested o become an I.A.S. Will the time be sufficient? Is it possible without joining any coaching centre?

August 27, 2016 at 11:49 pm

Sir, I’m Usha persuing B.Tech second year.i want to be an I.A.S. So can u please suggest me wat shud i start with?please do reply sir

August 28, 2016 at 5:36 am

Sir I want to write ias exam in Tamil. It is possible..??

May 24, 2018 at 2:25 am

August 28, 2016 at 4:35 pm

Dear Sir, I have completed B Sc in 2010 and just completing B Sc I have gotten a job in Central Govt. But I would like to job in Civil Services can I do. Now I am old just 28 yr. Please tell me age limit and how to preparation to became an IAS officer

August 29, 2016 at 9:46 pm

Hi I am a 2nd zoology student. I want to be an IAS. I shall be grateful if you suggest me some study material , some basic tips & Information & what will better as optional subject. ………….Thanking you……. ph 8972095774

August 29, 2016 at 9:47 pm

Hi I am a 2nd zoology student. I want to be an IAS. I shall be grateful if you suggest me some study material , some basic tips & Information & what will better as optional subject. ………….Thanking you…….

September 12, 2016 at 1:05 am

plz suggests me how i prepare ias exam in hindi i want to give online hindi test for ias pre exam 2017

September 12, 2016 at 4:52 pm

Respected sir /mam can

Anybody crack the exam of IAS without maths as a subject

September 15, 2016 at 6:06 pm

sir i am vagdevi i completed inter now i am going to join verterniary course but now onwards can i start preparation to become an ias officer plz respond sir

September 26, 2016 at 8:55 am

i have ias preparation & gk group than anyone enterested than join my group my contect num is 8115021352 my name is SUSHIL sir

September 30, 2016 at 8:11 am

good morning, sir i need optional subjects notes. can you provide me the same my subjects are philosophy and public administration.

October 9, 2016 at 11:35 am

October 10, 2016 at 7:19 pm

Hello Sir,Sir mene apne IAS k prepration aaj hi start ki h and sir m abhi engineering kr rha hu(civil branch)and sir m apna optional subject civil engineering lena chahta hu bt sir mere friends bolte h ki 4 yr bad m engineering optional subject hat jayega kya y sahi h and abhi mujhe kuch samj nhi aa rha h mere optional subject ka What should i do

October 23, 2016 at 2:31 pm

Sir ..i want to know .how to kept so much things in mind ?because its a very vast syllabus.

November 1, 2016 at 11:19 pm

Sir plz sending me ips material

November 24, 2016 at 10:19 pm

sir,i am studied 3rd year civil engineering.if i will write upsc exam on my final year.that i confirmly to write the upsc exam on my final year which subject i can choose. that following civil engineering,history,geography,public administration.

November 30, 2016 at 3:04 am

Dear Sir/Maam , I really appreciate your hard work for us .The way you write Articles are awesome and i would request you to post some lectures (Articles)on Optional Subject like PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION that will be your most kindness ….

Thanks and Regards, Iftikhar With lots and tons of love

December 4, 2016 at 2:05 pm

sir i m doing a c class job in revenue dept. i m jst 19 years old how can i prepare for ias nd which books i must read???

April 30, 2017 at 3:08 pm

U r eligible only if u r graduate@Rohit

December 5, 2016 at 11:02 pm

how i can join online test prelim paper in hindi suggest me.

December 11, 2016 at 7:22 pm

I want to start preparation for IAS now I am b.sc first year now sir please suggest me what I have to do

December 22, 2016 at 9:39 pm

I have many dreams to become IAS but I have no way to start. I am studying b tech 1 year. How should I start my studies

January 16, 2017 at 9:51 am

Hi online advised team

I ask some questions about me I am only 19 year Present study B.sc To advise me what do this time for become an IAS

And how preparation

January 24, 2017 at 10:18 pm

Sir i am totally confused. I am not able to understand how to prepare for IAS pre and mains . Kindly suggest me notes(WRITERS) so i can start my perpration.

February 3, 2017 at 11:47 pm

Best book for psychology to clear ias preliminary examination

February 10, 2017 at 4:10 pm

Sir I want to give the I a s civil service exam you give me the full information about mains exam which subjects I choose please give all the subjects name thanks

February 21, 2017 at 11:27 pm

Sir my self deepak, i would like to say few things which is i m doing graduation final year from B.A(POL.SCI.) sir how should be require my preparation strategy.. N what is being a point to initial point..? Which books do u prefer me kindly tell me??

March 2, 2017 at 11:43 pm

I cmpltd my B. Com and currently working in ICICI Bank, How can I prepare N which books do I prefer to qualify in this prelims-17

March 23, 2017 at 12:57 am

Sir I’m passed BSc ( mscs )59% and intermediate 51.3% Im eligible for ias or not my life dream of ias please tell me right suggest and which books refer me

April 6, 2017 at 12:46 pm

[email protected]

April 9, 2017 at 7:21 pm

sir, i have jst done wid my class 10 boards exam! sir i hve strong will to became an ias officer… which field would you suggest me to take provided i hve least intrest in science! sir i would be grateful for your guidance !

April 28, 2017 at 10:26 pm

Sir. I am nursing student so i am eligible for IAS or not….

April 30, 2017 at 3:05 pm

Yes,u r eligible @Gayatri

May 20, 2017 at 2:24 am

Sir I am studing in 1st year mechanical engg . I have string will to IAS officer.so that which subject i can choose. Techanical or non techanical.and what difficult occurs when i choose a techanical subject

May 25, 2017 at 11:19 am

suggest books foe Management Optional

May 28, 2017 at 11:38 am

Hello sir My self divyjyoti Pandey. I want to start preparation for IAS.now I am B.A last year.sir please suggest me what I have to do.

June 2, 2017 at 10:46 am

Sir i am now in bsc 1st year I want to become an IAS please guide me……

June 7, 2017 at 9:39 pm

I don’t know proper strategy about IAS criterion .please inform me for my better awareness .

June 29, 2017 at 1:48 pm

Hello sir I have completed puc science I am looking for IAS preparation. I am not understanding optional subjects please help me to know what is the next step?

July 24, 2017 at 9:56 pm

Hai Sir, my self is ganeshkumar ,my wife she is passed BSc Computer Application ,Sir i am totally confused. I am not able to understand how to prepare for IAS pre and mains in my wife . Kindly suggest me notes(WRITERS) so she can start in her perpration.

August 16, 2017 at 10:27 pm

sir i m curently doing be final yr i wil strt upsc prepartion how to prepare and get a good score in upsc

September 6, 2017 at 5:52 pm

In clear IAS in this site the main exams Kannada materials provides

September 12, 2017 at 6:31 am

Sir i want to see the model answers with limited words which i can able to write in upsc mains plssssssss sir do this favour for me

October 19, 2017 at 4:52 pm

sir please suggest optional for upsc im electrical engineering graduate

October 21, 2017 at 5:21 pm

Sir please suggest me that I am a B.Sc student having Chemistry as my honours paper with 46.94% in my graduation. Am I eligible for civil service and can i choose any other subjects like History,Geography,Physics etc as my optional paper than Chemistry for civil service Mains?

November 4, 2017 at 10:51 am

I think there is no percentage criteria of graduation to appera UPSC exam.Just you have to become a graduate from a recognized university.So,nothing to worry about graduation’s percentage.Just focused on UPSC preparation. All the very best!

November 4, 2017 at 10:44 am

Sir,I am an ‘IAS’ aspirent.I have chosen ‘Political Science & International Relation’ as my optional in mains.So,Please can you give me some suggestions regarding my preseparation.Please send your suggestions through my whats app no-7636895255.

December 21, 2017 at 10:28 pm

Hi sir, I have already read your blogs, articles, free study material, test series, Those are very nice…… (Like every person can easily get it )

Now i want to revise my old testseries 2017……. It was very useful for me in the further exams too……. So,pls tell me how will i get the test series again in my account?

December 22, 2017 at 8:51 am

Appreciate your interest in ClearIAS Test Series, and thank you for writing to us.

Irrespective of the date of joining, subscription to ClearIAS Prelims Test Series 2017, has ended for all subscribers on the date of Preliminary Exam, ie 18-06-2017.

Now, as the platform is loaded with ClearIAS Prelims Test Series 2018, all previous test details are deleted.

To ensure quality and stay up-to-date with the latest requirements of UPSC, we provide a new/revised test series every year, once the Prelims is over for next year Prelims. There is nothing unusual in this process and this is how all major test series providers who provide access to students based on a season-based model work.

If you are looking for Prelims 2018, you can now join ClearIAS Prelims Test Series 2018 at a discounted rate. We will be adding lot many additional tests this year (including NCERTs and CSAT). This would give you a massive early advantage and almost 9 months until next year Prelims for the complete coverage of our most probable questions. User account details (username/password etc) of all users will remain the same for Prelims 2018 as well.

December 27, 2017 at 10:18 pm

Sure… I will join in 2018 test series..

Thank you so much for your response….

December 22, 2017 at 5:07 pm

very nice sir i am now in first year of the engineering i think i have to start with my basics now.

January 1, 2018 at 2:45 pm

I impressed by your sincere reply on behalf of the institution I know it is not possible to reply each and every comment but pls help me regarding for my query is that every one told that read newspaper like the Hindu but in that newspaper what to learn and what to leave plz help me????

January 1, 2018 at 7:25 pm

Hi, We have written an article already about how to read ‘The Hindu’. Please use the search option given on clearias.com to find the article. Or just google ClearIAS.com + The Hindu.

January 3, 2018 at 9:21 am

Thanks sir I got my answer

January 10, 2018 at 10:45 am

sir, will the clear ias notes will be enough for the preparation,and if not can you please suggest the books apart from the notes

January 10, 2018 at 12:26 pm

Please also refer recommended IAS books and take ClearIAS mock exams.

January 27, 2018 at 2:34 pm

Sir, I am 3rd year engineering student pursuing dual degree course from IIT Delhi. I will complete my degree both(B.Tech and M.Tech) in June of 2020. Though I could have access to my grade sheet on online portal onward June but I would have stamped certificate in my hand only at the end of November. Can you please tell me whether I am eligible for UPSC 2019 or not?

February 3, 2018 at 12:02 am

Hi sir i am in kuwait i want ias preparation book materials. So how i can purchege book online use full and effective materials please Help me

April 12, 2018 at 6:27 pm

Sir ,iam kasturi from vizag i’ve completed my degree 1st yr .i’ve selected bca group for these two months holidays i want to prepare for basics of civils exams .will u please tell me which kind of book will be correct for me at this time.actually i dont want to waste my holidays sir!so please send me rply

April 22, 2018 at 3:18 pm

Which subject is best for us a exam

April 28, 2018 at 10:54 am

Sir,i am kesavarthini. I want to know the basics and study materials for ias exams. Please reply me sir

May 6, 2018 at 3:22 am

Sir, I completed B,com ca and LLB, actually how many years to take complete IAS (without fail) As I am a female, I have to consider my future (marriage) life and on and on. What next I supposed to do. Please advice and guide me. I complete LLB this year, expecting result

May 14, 2018 at 1:42 pm

Sir Good afternoon…

Respected sir, I abinash Maharana complete B.sc computer science and my dream IAS officer but how to prepare IAS exams without coaching, because we’re poor family and I work night labor So help me how to cover all topics…… And recommend book’s

May 15, 2018 at 4:12 am

Sir, I have completed BSc in mathematics honours but there is a problem, I have completed in five years. Am I eligible for IAS exam preparation? Please guide me sir Thank you

June 14, 2018 at 7:44 am

Sir I am bsc bio student. I want to fight for this but I don’t have all knowledge about it can you provide my any link about its full info.

June 23, 2018 at 11:03 am

Sir main computer science se b. Teck karne ka bad ise optional subject bana sakta hu

July 18, 2018 at 2:13 pm

Sir good afternoon, I want free materials & notes ( UPSC & IAS)

July 19, 2018 at 1:32 am

Hye sir i want to good preparation of UPSC exam

August 25, 2018 at 3:39 pm

sir, there are free notes available chapter wise of NCERT for class 6 and 7 but then after it is not available….please sir kindly help with other standards also it is greatly helpful….thanks in advance.

September 6, 2018 at 9:20 am

Sir. Im a student of 2nd year B.Com.I wanna join your institude.

October 24, 2018 at 2:39 pm

Sir plz help me. I m on duty army job but….I wants to be future planning I. A. S. Officer Plz guide lines 8685868801

November 7, 2018 at 9:37 am

sir i belong to a poor family in a village area and i have no money to join a coaching sir i want to know that is there any fisality in your coaching to coach ourselves who are poor?

November 26, 2018 at 10:52 am

Sir i have only two attempts left for cse ..ie 2019 and 2020,and iam a begginer .so please guide me that is it possible to crack cse with only two attempts left ..currently iam working as an Assistant Teacher in UP ..i can study for 6-7 hours a day .. please sir ..

November 26, 2018 at 11:47 am

Yes, you can. Start from ClearIAS Beginners Guide . This should give you all the details. All the best!

December 15, 2018 at 4:25 pm

Thank you all for commenting. As we have released a new ebook to clarify most of your queries, we are closing this comment thread. It has been pretty long, isn’t it?

Download our ebook “UPSC Civil Services Exam – The Beginner’s Guide to Success” from the “Start” section in the Menu.

Don’t lose out without playing the right game!

Follow the ClearIAS Prelims cum Mains (PCM) Integrated Approach.

Join ClearIAS PCM Course Now

UPSC Online Preparation

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
• Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
• Indian Police Service (IPS)
• IAS Exam Eligibility
• UPSC Free Study Materials
• UPSC Exam Guidance
• UPSC Prelims Test Series
• UPSC Syllabus
• UPSC Online
• UPSC Prelims
• UPSC Interview
• UPSC Toppers
• UPSC Previous Year Qns
• UPSC Age Calculator
• UPSC Calendar 2024
• About ClearIAS
• ClearIAS Programs
• ClearIAS Fee Structure
• IAS Coaching
• UPSC Coaching
• UPSC Online Coaching
• Important Updates
• Announcements
• Book Review
• ClearIAS App
• Work with us
• Advertise with us
• Privacy Policy
• Terms and Conditions
• Talk to Your Mentor

Featured on

and many more...

ClearIAS Programs: Admissions Open

Thank You 🙌

UPSC CSE 2025: Study Plan

Subscribe ClearIAS YouTube Channel

Get free study materials. Don’t miss ClearIAS updates.

Subscribe Now

IAS/IPS/IFS Online Coaching: Target CSE 2025

Cover the entire syllabus of UPSC CSE Prelims and Mains systematically.

free-resource works!

• Our Selections
• Admission 

Already have an account? Log In

Don't have an account? Sign Up

Create Password

Please Enter a New Password. Must Be At Least 8 Characters.

Forgot Password?

Please Enter Your Email Address To Receive a Verification Code

Back to log in

Reset Password

Free Resources

• Quick Links

QUICK LINKS

Session Expired

Your Session is Expired

Vision IAS Essay Material Notes 2023 PDF

Swamy Vivekananda

September 14, 2022

Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing by Anudeep Durishetty IAS PDF

Upsc civil services mains 2021 essay question paper pdf download.

January 8, 2022

UPSC Mains 2020 Essay Question Paper PDF

January 8, 2021

Vision IAS Essay Latest Value Added Materials PDF

December 31, 2020

Vision IAS Essay Latest Updated Complete Materials PDF

Receive the latest articles in your inbox.

Email Address

Subscribe Now

Home > UPSC IAS (Mains) Exam

UPSC IAS (Mains) Exam / 05 Jan 2024

Free Study Material - UPSC (Paper - I: Essay) IAS Mains Exam

Syllabus: (Paper-I: Essay)

Q. sunrise industries: can this be the next big thing for india, structure of the essay:, introduction:.

• The meaning of sunrise industry should be clarified with a lucid example.
• Do give an idea of what all is going to come in the body of the essay.
• Also clarify your stand to the question asked in the topic.
• Mention various sunrise industries in Indian context.
• Briefly explain in each case why it is apt to classify it as Sunrise industry.
• Discuss the futuristic importance of each one of them in the Indian context.
• Mention the possible threats to Indian economy due to the sunrise industries.
• If your stand is that it’s the next big thing, then do negate those threats.
• Mention the bottlenecks for these Sunrise industries.

Conclusion:

• Write down the measures that need to be taken by various actors viz. government, civil society, citizenry to fully reap the potential of sunrise industries.

Content of the Essay:

Definition of Sunrise industry:

Sunrise industry is a colloquial term for a burgeoning sector or business that is just in its infancy but shows promise of a rapid boom. It generally has plenty of “buzz” surrounding them as public awareness about the sector increases and investors get attracted to its long-term growth prospects. Examples include e-commerce, cloud computing etc.

Characteristics of Sunrise Industry:

1. High growth rates 2. Numerous start-ups 3. High degree of innovation 4. Abundance of venture capital funding. Various Sunrise Industry in India

1. E-Commerce – e-commerce encompasses a range of economic activities such as retail, travel, tourism, food and beverages etc. It is going to be driven by growing Internet population, smartphones access and increased online shoppers.

2. IT Industry - Global technology spend will increase, not decrease in future, and this will create a lot more opportunities for the Indian IT industry. According to Nasscom, The Indian IT industry is likely to grow 7-9 per cent in next decade. There is going to be a net addition of nearly 1.5 lakh jobs to the industry every year.

3. Food processing Industry - In today’s world, time has become extremely precious, and a fast-paced world has got habituated, in fact, addicted, to a ready-made culture. Thus, growing youth population, which is also going to be more urban, is more likely to shift to Ready to Eat Food.

Further, The food processing industry connects the farmers with their consumers, adding value on the way.

According to reports, during 2009-13, India’s exports of processed food and related products increased at a compounded annual growth rate of 21.9% to $36.1 billion. Further, the Indian food industry is estimated to grow to about $200 billion by 2015.

Mega Food Parks have set a great precedent for public-private partnerships where the private sector invests in infrastructure, while the government brings in technology and knowledge to help farmers earn reasonably, without suffering losses.

4. Tourism – Diversity of culture, varied geographical and climatic conditions provides immense opportunity for tourism sector in India. Realising this, the government has also started schemes like Swadesh Darshan, which has prepared thematic tourism circuits like Ramayana circuit.

5. Cloud Computing - Cloud Computing and its increasing usage among Indian enterprises is expected to create over a million new jobs by 2022. Its annual growth is forecast at 17 per cent. It facilititates other sectors of the economy as well by permitting an increase in IT innovation, which, in turn, supports business innovation that leads to accelerated development schedules, faster project completion, shorter time to market for new products, and lower operational costs.

6. New and Renewable Energy – Under INDC, India has pledged to increase the share of non-fossil fuels to 40% in its energy mix by 2030. India has set an ambitious target of 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022. Certain other newer source of energy like hyderogen fuel, biofuel are also witnessing high level of research and they can be the next big thing in fuel basket.

7. Electric Mobility – E-Rickshaw has already started replacing conventional rickshaw in most of the cities across India. Government of India targets to completely shift to electric vehicles by 2030 under FAME India Mission. This industry is also driven by increasing level of air pollution in various Indian cities.

Threats from Sunrise Industry:

1. Its rapid emergence may push into obsolescence a competing industry sector that is already in decline. E.g. e-commerce can make brick and mortar shops obsolete. 2. Structural Unemployment – Any sunrise industry shall require a new skill set and the people from competing industry may lose job as there would be a mismatch between the skills they posses and skills required in these new industries. 3. Life Style Changes could be detrimental –e.g. Processed food could be tastier but less nutritious. Smartphones and other IT revolutions may induce sedentry life style.

Bottlenecks for sunrise Industry:

1. Viability - The buzz they generate at the onset may be based largely on speculation for the possibilities the industry represents, rather than any tangible business activity. E.g. mobile industry remained unviable for a major part of second half of 20th century.

2. Short Life Cycyle – e.g. The compact-disc industry, which was a sunrise industry in 1990s, but it became sunset industry within a decade.

3. Failure to Meet global standard - e.g. lack of phytosanitary measures in Indian food processing industry.

4. Chalta Hai Culture of India – “Old habbits die hard”. Sunrise Industries will require new set of standards and skills.

5. Poor Quality of Higher Education – None of our universitities feature in global top 100 universities list. Around 80% of our engineering graduates are not employable. So, there is lack of skilled workforce to be employed in fast changing sunrise industry.

6. Lack of Digital Infrastructure – Most of the sunrise industries are related to digital infrastruture in one way or another. Internet Penetration in rural India is still as low as 20%.

7. Lack of Physical Infrastructure – It makes trade and logistics costly in India. E.g. logistics consists 25% of the cost of manufacturing firm in India while it is lesss than 15% in case of China.

8. Complicated Legal Structure – e.g. Flipkart was first forced to shift its headquarter to Singapore and then it was sold to a Walmart. Lack of autonomy in operating ecommerce business is being considered a prime reason for this exit.

Steps Needed:

1. By Government

• Infrastructure – Road, Rail, Ports are facilitator to any industry.
• Quality Education – We need world class universitites to avoid brain drain and also provide skilled workforce to sunrise industries in India.
• Ease of doing business – Although we have improved 30 points n World Banks ease of doing business ranking in 2017, we still perform very poorly in many areas like contract enforcement.

2. By Corporates

• Skill Training to Youths – Indian IT industry measures like Infosys and TCS has adopted inhouse training model to create the skilled workforce needed for IT industry. Other Sunrise industries needs to do the same.
• Venture Capital Investment – Venture capitalists needs to support entrepreneurs in these sunrise industries
• R&D – Companies in India need to invest more in R&D because most of the sunrise industries are based on latest tools and technologies.

3. Citizenry

• We need to be progressive towards latest scinetific developments.
• We need to ward off “chalta hai” culture
• Human Resource Development should be a priority in every household.

Recent Article

Get in Touch

Social links.

Connect with social account.

Test Series

Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Plot No. A-12,13, Flat No. 201, 2nd Floor, Ansal Building, Mukherjee Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110009

Dhyeya IAS © 2024 | All rights reserved | Developed & Maintained by WNT / Sitemap.xml

Enquiry Now

Download : Free Study material for UPSC, State PSC, IBPS, MBA GDPI, APFC, CPF, SSC and other competitive exams

• Win23 Economy Update Handouts
• Win22 Economy Update Handouts
• Win21 Economy Update Handouts
• Win20 Economy Update Handouts
• NCERT & NIOS

NCERT Free Mock Test Series by Venkat Sir

• UPSC Question Papers
• Toppers’ / senior players’ Notes
• Powerpoints for Lecture

Win23 Economy Update Lectures and Handouts

visit https://mrunal.org/win23

Win22 Economy Update Lectures and Handouts

Yes Mitron, for upcoming UPSC Prelims and Mains 2022, to provide free updates to economy’s current affairs, budget & Economic survey- I’ll be conducting Win22 Series. So far following free lectures completed or will be completed (Use Free Unlock Code ‘Mrunal.org’ ) Click on the URL to watch the lecture. Un-clickable URL means = I’m yet to schedule the lecture.

• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#1A1: Cryptocurrency, CBDC, Digital Payments & More . (CLICK)  
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#1A2: RBI Monetary Policy, Money Multiplier
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#1B: Banks, NBFC, NPA, IBC, BASEL
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#1C&D: Share Market, Insurance, Pension
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#2A&B: Budget Taxation
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#2C&D: Subsidies, Disinvestment, Deficit
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#3A&B: Import, Export, WTO Intl. Agreements
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#4A: Sectors of 👨‍🏫Economy-Agriculture
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#4B: Mfg, Service, Ease of Doing Biz
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#4C: GDP, Inflation, Unemployment
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#5: Infrastructure
• 👨‍🏫Economy Pillar#6: HRD, SDG, Health, Edu, Poverty, Schemes

📥Download Handouts for Win21 Series: Server#1: Click Me  

Win21CSP Economy Update Lectures and Handouts

Yes Mitron, for upcoming UPSC Prelims and Mains 2021, to provide free updates to economy’s current affairs, budget & Economic survey- I’ve been conducting Win21 Series. So far following free lectures completed or will be completed (?Use Free Unlock Code ‘Mrunal.org’ )

• ?‍?1) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economic Survey & Budget 2021 Overview: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economic-survey-budget-2021-overview/CHTCUG4L
• ?‍?2) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar 1A: RBI’s Monetary Policy: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar-1a-rbis-monetary-policy/01NKBYT9
• ?‍?3) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar 1B: Banking & NBFC Sector:  https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar-1b-banking-nbfc-sector/34V4L365
• ?‍?4) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar 1C: SEBI & Share Market: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar-1c-sebi-share-market/38AIWX5X
• ?‍?5) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar#1D: Insurance & Pension: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar1d-insurance-pension/56V7XF2H
• ?‍?6) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar#2A: GST, Taxation, Budget: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar2a-gst-taxation-budget/WTAPP50X
• ?‍?7) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar#2B: 15th FC Report Number2, Black Money, Tax Ombudsman, Global Minimum Tax & more: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar2b/PVOKQFSP
• ?‍?8) Mrunal’s [Win21CSP] Economy Pillar#2C&D: Subsidy, Fiscal Deficits, Countercyclical Fiscal Policy & More https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar-2cdsubsidydeficits/7DSB011Y
• ?‍? 9) Mrunal’s [Win21] Economy Pillar#3: International Trade, Balance of Payment FDI, FII, CAD, Agreements, Organizations https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21csp-economy-pillar3-international-trade/TK7B43UJ
• ?‍?10) Mrunal’s [Win21] Economy Pillar#4A&B: Sectors of Economy- Agriculture, Manufacturing, Services https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21-economy-pillar4ab-sectors-agriculture-mfg/RJGONFPN
• ?‍?11) Mrunal’s [Win21] Economy Pillar#4C: GDP, Inflation, Unemployment Updates: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21-economy-pillar4cgdpinflationunemployment/3QMO5EOP
• ?‍?12) Mrunal’s [Win21] Economy Pillar#5: Infrastructure- Mining, Telecom (5G AGR), Infra Pipeline, Monetization Pipeline, GATI Shakti etc Updates: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21-economy-pillar56-hrd-infrastructure/DT4Y0QWC
• ?‍?13) Mrunal’s [Win21] Economy Pillar#6- HRD, BNI, SDG Index & Final Revision/Roundup Before Prelim-2021 #EndGame: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-win21-economy-final-roundup-b4-prelims-endgame/PSEWT7AG (Scheduled on 5th October, Tuesday night 9PM Welcome to attend it ?Use Free Unlock Code ‘Mrunal.org’)

Welcome to attend it ?Use Free Unlock Code ‘Mrunal.org’

Download its Handouts

• ? Download PDF Handouts
• ?‍? Budget-2021: Video Lecture of Mrunal on Youtube!
• ? Budget-2021: Download Summary Powerpoint

click to know more!

[feature_headline type=”left” level=”h4″ looks_like=”h4″ icon=”inr”]Win20CSP Economy Update Handouts

If you’re old batch student from 2019, you’d have my full length economy handout from Plus courses. This win20CSP series contains FREE updates that occurred after Prelim-2019 such as budget, economic survey, RBI operation Twist, LTRO, new monetary policy updates, Income Tax new slabs & so forth. ?Download Handout

• Download PDF Handouts click me

?‍?Watch Free Lectures & PowerPoints(?Free unlock code “Mrunal.org”)

• Lecture#1: Pillar1A upto RBI’s monetary policy
• Lecture#2: Pillar1B-Burning Issues in Banking to 1C: SEBI/Sharemarket
• Lecture#3: Pillar1D Insurance to 2A: Intro to Budget & Economic Survey 2020
• Lecture#4: Pillar2: indirect taxes to 15th Finance Commission Report
• Lecture#5: Pillar2: Black Money, Subsidies, Disinvestment
• Lecture#6: Pillar2: Atma Nirbhar Bharat, Fiscal Stimulus Package, PM Care Funds, Fiscal Deficit, FRBM & More
• Lecture#7: Pillar3A: Updates in Balance of Payment, Currency Exchange
• Lecture#8: Pillar3B: Updates in IMF, WTO, RCEP, International Orgs & Agreements,
• Lecture#9: Pillar4A: Sectors of Economy → Agriculture: schemes, APMC Ordinance & More
• Lecture#10: Pillar#4B: Assemble in India,MSME Dwarfism
• Lecture#11: Pillar#5: Infrastructure: Private Railways, NIP Pipeline, GOCO-PPP, Public Data Infra, Tulip Internship, Nagarvan & More
• Lecture#12: Pillar#6: HRD-Education Policy 2020, Health, Human Development

NCERT & NIOS Textbooks

Topicwise Zip Files Uploaded here: click on the names

• NCERTs (History, Geography, Science, Economy etc)
• NIOS (Culture, Environment biodiversity (EnB)
• Tamilnadu State Edu. Board books (for History)
• [Mock Test #1] NCERT 100 MCQs from Class 6 (All), 8 (Science) & 10 (All)
• [Mock Test #2] NCERT 100 MCQs from Class 7 (All Subject), 8 (only Social Science), 9 (All Subjects)
• [Mock Test #3] India Yearbook Chapter 1 to 12: one hundred MCQs for UPSC Prelims
• [Mock Test #4] NCERT Class 11 (All Subjects) 100 MCQs from History, Geography, Science, Environment for UPSC Prelims
• [Mock Test #5] India Yearbook Chapter 13 to 19: One hundred MCQs for UPSC Prelims General Studies Paper-1
• [Mock Test #6] NCERT Class 12 (All Subject): One hundred MCQs for Prelims General Studies Paper-1
• [Mock Test#7] Full Length General Studies Prelims Paper with 100 MCQs by Venkat Sir
• [Mock Test#8] Full Length General Studies Prelims Paper with 100 MCQs by Venkat Sir

Civil Service Prelims Question Papers

Civil service mains question papers, topper / senior player notes notes.

• [MPPSC] Handwritten Revision Notes for Prelims: Madhya Pradesh Geography, Census, Schemes, Places
• [Download] IAS Topper Notes for Geography Optional- VP Gautham (AIR-138/CSE-2013)
• Ashish Agrawal (AIR-209 | CSE-2013): Mains GS1, GS2, GS3 handwritten Notes
• Ashish Agrawal (AIR-209 | CSE-2013): Public Administration handwritten Notes
• Sociology Kshitij Tyagi
• GS & PubAd Neeraj Singh (All India Rank 11/CSE-2011)
• GS, PubAD & Commerce: Om Kashera (All India Rank 17/CSE-2011)
• [Psychology] Handwritten notes of an ex-candidate (~200 pages), Last 34 years UPSC Mains question papers (1979-2012), NCERT, NIOS free download
• [Download] Gujarati Literature Optional Subject Mindmaps/Notes for UPSC Mains Examination

Powerpoint for Lectures

• Download Server: Mediafire

Explore Our Affordable Courses

• UPSC Online
• UPSC offline and Hybrid
• UPSC Optional Coaching
• UPPCS Online
• BPSC Online
• MPSC Online
• MPPSC Online
• WBPSC Online
• OPSC Online
• UPPCS Offline Coaching
• BPSC Offline Coaching
• UPSC Test Series
• State PSC Test Series
• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS
• SUBJECT WISE CURRENT AFFAIRS
• DAILY EDITORIAL ANALYSIS
• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS QUIZ
• Daily Prelims(MCQs) Practice
• Daily Mains Answer Writing
• Free Resources

• Offline Centres
• NCERT Notes
• UDAAN Notes
• UPSC Syllabus
• UPSC Prelims PYQs
• UPSC Mains PYQs

One Year Plan for UPSC 2025: How PW OnlyIAS Can Elevate Your Preparation

Prepare for UPSC 2025 with a strategic 1-year plan and comprehensive support from PW OnlyIAS. Get guidance, resources, and tools to ace every stage of the exam.

The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) is one of the most challenging and prestigious exams in India. Clearing it requires not only dedication but also a strategic approach, especially if your target year is 2025. With the right plan and resources, aspirants can navigate the extensive syllabus and the intense competition. One such resource is the comprehensive foundation courses offered by PW OnlyIAS, which are designed to provide holistic support throughout the preparation journey. This blog outlines a One year preparation plan for UPSC 2025 and highlights how PW OnlyIAS can be a game-changer for your preparation.

One Year Plan for UPSC 2025 Preparation

Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Exam in a year requires a well-structured strategy, dedication, and consistency. This plan is designed to guide you through each phase of preparation, ensuring that you cover the vast syllabus while also developing the necessary skills to excel in all three stages of the exam. By following this plan, you can optimize your study time and enhance your chances of success in UPSC 2025.

1. Understand the Syllabus and Exam Pattern (Month 1)

Before diving into the preparation, it’s crucial to thoroughly understand the UPSC syllabus and exam pattern. The exam consists of three stages: Prelims, Mains, and the Interview. The syllabus is vast, covering subjects from history, geography, and polity to current affairs and ethics.

• Download and print the UPSC syllabus for both Prelims and Mains.
• Study the previous years’ question papers to understand the pattern and type of questions asked.
• Identify your strengths and weaknesses in the subjects.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

2. Build a Strong Foundation (Months 2-4)

The first few months should focus on building a solid foundation in all General Studies (G.S.) subjects. This includes understanding basic concepts and interlinking them with current events.

• Start with NCERTs and standard reference books for each subject.
• Enroll in the Titan 2025 course by PW OnlyIAS if you are comfortable with English, or Prahar 2025 if you prefer Hinglish. Both courses offer a structured approach with two G.S. lectures daily.
• Attend CSAT classes included in these courses to prepare for the increasingly challenging G.S. Paper II.

3. Integrate Current Affairs (Ongoing)

Current affairs are an integral part of UPSC preparation. Begin reading newspapers like The Hindu or Indian Express daily, and make notes of important events.

• Follow the Weekly Current Affairs Lectures provided by PW OnlyIAS, which are designed to keep you updated with all significant happenings.
• Use resources like the Current Wallah monthly magazine from PW OnlyIAS for a consolidated view of monthly current affairs.

4. Practice Answer Writing and MCQs (Months 5-7)

Answer writing is crucial for Mains, while practicing multiple-choice questions (MCQs) is essential for Prelims. Developing these skills early on will help you manage time better during the actual exam.

• Start practicing answer writing regularly with the guidance of Answer Writing Classes offered by PW OnlyIAS.
• Daily MCQs and Mains questions, provided by PW OnlyIAS, help in consistent practice and understanding of the exam pattern.

5. Focus on Optional Subject (Months 8-9)

Your optional subject plays a significant role in your Mains score. Choose your optional wisely based on interest, availability of resources, and previous performance trends.

• Dedicate time to cover the entire syllabus of your optional subject, ensuring a deep understanding of all topics.
• Attend any available specialized classes or resources provided by PW OnlyIAS for optional subjects.

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

6. Revision and Mock Tests (Months 10-11)

Revision is key to retaining what you’ve learned. Alongside revision, take mock tests to assess your preparation level and get accustomed to the exam environment.

• Use the Udaan series for static quick revision and the Udaan 500+ compilations for current affairs revision, both provided by PW OnlyIAS.
• Enroll in mock test series to simulate the exam scenario and identify areas of improvement.
• Focus on revising through daily class notes and e-books offered by PW OnlyIAS.

7. Prelims and Mains Strategy (Month 12)

In the final month before the Prelims, focus entirely on Prelims preparation. After Prelims, shift focus to Mains preparation, particularly on answer writing, ethics, and essay.

• In the last month before Prelims, take at least one mock test daily and revise both static and current topics.
• After Prelims, begin intensive Mains preparation. Use Prahar Mains Wallah for quick revision booklets and prepare for the Interview stage with MIRP (Mains & Interview Residential Program) by PW OnlyIAS if you clear Prelims.

How PW OnlyIAS Helps Aspirants

PW OnlyIAS offers a range of foundation courses designed to cater to the diverse needs of UPSC aspirants. Here’s how these courses can be instrumental in your one year UPSC 2025 preparation plan:

Comprehensive Coverage with LIVE Classes

The foundation courses, such as Titan 2025 , Prahar 2025 , and others, offer live classes covering every aspect of the UPSC syllabus. With two G.S. lectures daily, aspirants can ensure comprehensive coverage of all subjects. The courses are available in various languages, catering to different linguistic preferences.

Access to Recorded Lectures

For those who may miss a live session or want to revisit a concept, recorded lectures are available. This flexibility allows aspirants to learn at their own pace without missing out on any content.

Integrated CSAT and Current Affairs Preparation

CSAT has become more challenging in recent years, and PW OnlyIAS includes CSAT classes in all its foundation courses. Additionally, weekly current affairs lectures keep aspirants updated with all relevant events, ensuring they are well-prepared for both Prelims and Mains.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Daily Practice and Revision Tools

Daily MCQs, Mains questions with model answers, and class notes provided by PW OnlyIAS ensure continuous practice and regular revision. This approach helps aspirants to retain information and apply it effectively in the exam.

Doubt Resolution and Personalized Support

PW OnlyIAS offers regular doubt sessions with faculty and a 24X7 Doubt Engine, ensuring that no query goes unresolved. This constant support system helps aspirants to stay focused and clear any conceptual or technical doubts immediately.

Specialized Resources for Prelims and Mains

The UPSC Wallah set of 24 comprehensive G.S. books, along with specialized resources like Udaan and Prahar Mains Wallah booklets, provide aspirants with all the study material needed for effective revision and preparation.

Mains & Interview Residential Program (MIRP)

Under the Titan 2025 Batch, aspirants who clear the 2025 Prelims will be offered the Mains & Interview Residential Program (MIRP) by PW OnlyIAS. Through this program, students are invited to their offline center for further preparation, including free residential facilities. This program provides a significant advantage, especially during the crucial Mains and Interview stages.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Preparing for UPSC 2025 within a year is undoubtedly challenging, but with a well-structured plan and the right guidance, it is achievable. PW OnlyIAS offers a robust foundation for aspirants, providing not just content but also the tools and support needed to succeed. Whether it’s through daily live classes, comprehensive study materials, or personalized doubt resolution, PW OnlyIAS equips aspirants with everything they need to crack the exam. With dedication, discipline, and the right resources, your dream of becoming a civil servant can be within reach.

We hope you found this post about the difference between UPSC prelims and mains beneficial. If you are preparing for UPSC, enroll in the PW’s best Online UPSC courses today!

FAQs On One Year Plan for UPSC 2025

Can i prepare for upsc 2025 in one year, what makes pw onlyias different from other coaching platforms, is there any offline support provided by pw onlyias, can i switch between the english and hinglish medium in pw onlyias courses, are there any resources provided for quick revision before the exam.

UPDATED :     

Recommended For You

UPSC CDS 2 Exam Date 2024, Schedule, & Timing

UPSC NDA Exam Date 2024, Check NDA 1 & 2 Schedule

UPSC CDS 2 Admit Card 2024 Released & Steps to Download

UPSC NDA Admit Card 2024 Released & Steps to Download

UPSC 2025 Vacancy, Expected Numbers, & Notification

UPSC Prelims Admit Card 2025 Date & Steps to Download

Latest comments.

Recent posts

Upsc cds 2 exam date 2024, schedule, & t..., upsc nda exam date 2024, check nda 1 & 2..., upsc cds 2 admit card 2024 released & st..., upsc nda admit card 2024 released & step..., upsc 2025 vacancy, expected numbers, & n..., archive calendar.

Need help preparing for UPSC or State PSCs?

Connect with our experts to get free counselling & start preparing

THE MOST LEARNING PLATFORM

Learn From India's Best Faculty

Our Courses

Our initiatives, beginner’s roadmap, quick links.

PW-Only IAS came together specifically to carry their individual visions in a mission mode. Infusing affordability with quality and building a team where maximum members represent their experiences of Mains and Interview Stage and hence, their reliability to better understand and solve student issues.

Subscribe our Newsletter

Sign up now for our exclusive newsletter and be the first to know about our latest Initiatives, Quality Content, and much more.

Contact Details

G-Floor,4-B Pusha Road, New Delhi, 110060

• +91 9920613613
• [email protected]

Download Our App

Biginner's roadmap, suscribe now form, fill the required details to get early access of quality content..

Join Us Now

(Promise! We Will Not Spam You.)

CURRENT AF.

<div class="new-fform">

Select centre Online Mode Hybrid Mode PWonlyIAS Delhi (ORN) PWonlyIAS Delhi (MN) PWonlyIAS Lucknow PWonlyIAS Patna Other

Select course UPSC Online PSC ONline UPSC + PSC ONLINE UPSC Offline PSC Offline UPSC+PSC Offline UPSC Hybrid PSC Hybrid UPSC+PSC Hybrid Other

</div>

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2013: History Paper 2 (Section B) | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

SECTION - B

Q5: (a) "For Kant, Enlightenment is mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error." Ans: Introduction Immanuel Kant, a prominent philosopher of the Enlightenment period, famously defined Enlightenment as "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity." According to Kant, this period represents a pivotal shift in human consciousness, where individuals transition from ignorance to a state of intellectual maturity and autonomy. This essay explores Kant's concept of Enlightenment as humanity's final coming of age and its implications for individual and societal development. Kant’s Concept of Enlightenment

Explanation: Immaturity, for Kant, is characterized by a lack of understanding and reliance on others for guidance. It is a state where individuals are dependent on external authorities for their beliefs and decisions.

Example : An example of immaturity would be adherence to traditional beliefs without questioning their validity or understanding their origins.

Explanation: Enlightenment represents the process of freeing oneself from intellectual dependence and embracing reason and critical thinking. It is a transition from relying on tradition or authority to using one's own intellect to make informed decisions.

Example : The shift from accepting religious dogma without question to adopting a rational and empirical approach to understanding the world.

Explanation: Kant emphasized that the use of reason is crucial in overcoming immaturity. Enlightened individuals use reason to question established norms and seek knowledge independently.

Example : The scientific revolution, where figures like Galileo and Newton applied reason and observation to understand natural phenomena, exemplifies the application of reason in overcoming traditional ignorance.

Explanation:  Enlightenment fosters intellectual autonomy, where individuals think critically and independently, rather than conforming to external authorities.

Example : The development of democratic institutions and human rights, where individuals are encouraged to think critically about governance and personal freedoms.

Explanation:  As more individuals achieve Enlightenment, societies move towards greater progress and rationality. This leads to reforms in education, law, and governance.

Example : The spread of public education and the emphasis on scientific inquiry and secularism in modern societies reflect the broader impact of Enlightenment thinking.

Conclusion Kant's notion of Enlightenment as mankind's final coming of age underscores the importance of intellectual independence and reason in overcoming ignorance and error. By transitioning from a state of immaturity to one of informed autonomy, individuals and societies can achieve significant progress and transformation. Enlightenment thus represents a crucial turning point in human development, where the pursuit of knowledge and reason becomes central to personal and societal advancement. (b) "Six hundred thousand men had died. The union was preserved, the slaves freed. A nation 'conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal' had survived its most terrible ordeal." Ans: Introduction The statement reflects on the profound consequences of the American Civil War, highlighting the tremendous human cost and the crucial outcomes of preserving the Union and ending slavery. This analysis will explore how the Civil War tested the nation's foundational principles and led to significant transformations in American society. The Human Cost

Explanation: The Civil War resulted in unprecedented casualties, with estimates of approximately 600,000 soldiers dying. This immense loss of life underscored the war's brutal nature and its deep impact on American families and communities.

Example : The Battle of Gettysburg alone resulted in about 51,000 casualties, illustrating the heavy human toll of the conflict.

Explanation: The staggering number of deaths had profound social and economic effects, including widespread mourning, the disruption of family structures, and a significant burden on the nation's resources.

Example : Many widows and orphans were left behind, creating social challenges and increasing the need for veterans' assistance programs.

Explanation: The preservation of the Union was a central goal of the Civil War. The defeat of the Confederacy ensured that the United States remained a single, unified nation rather than splitting into separate entities.

Example : The successful conclusion of the war and the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House marked the end of the secessionist movement and preserved national unity.

Explanation: Following the war, the Reconstruction era aimed to rebuild the South and integrate formerly enslaved individuals into society. This period was crucial in addressing the political, social, and economic consequences of the war.

Example : The Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th) were pivotal in abolishing slavery and establishing civil rights for African Americans.

Explanation:  The Civil War led to the emancipation of enslaved people, fundamentally altering the social and economic fabric of the nation. The abolition of slavery was a major achievement, aligning with the nation's founding principles of equality.

Example : The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 declared all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory to be free, and the 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery throughout the United States.

Explanation:  The end of slavery set the stage for subsequent civil rights movements and reforms. It was a significant step toward realizing the nation's ideals of liberty and equality for all.

Example : The civil rights movements of the 20th century, including the struggles for voting rights and desegregation, were built on the foundation laid by the end of slavery.

Conclusion The American Civil War, with its immense human cost, ultimately preserved the Union and ended slavery, affirming the nation's commitment to the principles of liberty and equality. The war's aftermath and the Reconstruction efforts were pivotal in reshaping American society, setting the stage for future advancements in civil rights and national unity. The conflict demonstrated the resilience of the United States in upholding its core values amidst profound challenges. (c) "Colonialism not only deprives a society of its freedom and its wealth, but of its very character, leaving its people intellectually and morally disoriented." Ans: Introduction Colonialism, with its systemic exploitation and control, profoundly impacts societies beyond the mere loss of freedom and resources. It disrupts the cultural and moral fabric of the colonized peoples, leaving them in a state of disorientation. This analysis explores how colonialism affects societies intellectually and morally. Deprivation of Freedom and Wealth

Explanation: Colonial powers often stripped societies of their autonomy, imposing foreign rule and governance structures. This loss of political freedom undermined the ability of local populations to self-govern and make decisions affecting their lives.

Example : British rule in India replaced indigenous political systems with colonial administration, limiting local governance and autonomy.

Explanation: Colonial regimes extracted resources and wealth from colonies for their own benefit, disrupting local economies and reducing the wealth available to native populations.

Example : In the Belgian Congo, the extraction of rubber and other resources led to severe exploitation and economic deprivation for the local people.

Explanation:  Colonialism often involved the imposition of foreign cultures, languages, and educational systems, leading to the erosion of indigenous cultures and traditions.

Example : The introduction of Western education in India marginalized traditional knowledge systems and languages, affecting cultural continuity.

Explanation:  The experience of colonial rule caused psychological trauma and a sense of inferiority among colonized peoples. This psychological impact led to a loss of self-identity and confidence.

Example : The systemic racism and segregation policies in South Africa under apartheid affected the self-esteem and social cohesion of the black population.

Explanation:  The imposition of foreign values and norms often conflicted with traditional moral frameworks, leading to confusion and moral ambiguity among the colonized people.

Example : The spread of colonial legal systems and Christian missionary activities in various parts of Africa created conflicts with indigenous legal and moral practices.

Conclusion Colonialism's impact extends beyond the immediate loss of freedom and wealth, deeply affecting the intellectual and moral fabric of colonized societies. The imposition of foreign rule and cultural values leads to the erosion of indigenous identities and creates long-lasting psychological and moral disorientation. The legacy of colonialism thus reflects a profound and multifaceted disruption of the affected societies' sense of self and cultural coherence. (d) "If the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (that resulted in the creation of the Union of Soviet Republics or Soviet union) inaugurated an international competition for the hearts and minds of people all over the globe the Chinese Revolution raised the stakes of the struggle." Ans: Introduction The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent formation of the Soviet Union marked the beginning of an intense global ideological competition between communism and capitalism. This competition escalated with the Chinese Revolution of 1949, which further intensified the struggle for ideological influence across the world. The Chinese Revolution not only expanded the scope of this ideological contest but also significantly altered its dynamics. The Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

Explanation: The Bolshevik Revolution established the Soviet Union as the first major socialist state, promoting Marxist-Leninist ideology and inspiring communist movements worldwide.

Example : The formation of the Comintern aimed to support and coordinate communist parties across different nations, impacting revolutionary activities in countries like Germany and Spain.

Explanation: The Soviet Union's establishment challenged the existing capitalist order, creating a polarized world divided between communist and capitalist ideologies.

Example : The ideological rivalry was evident in events like the Cold War, where the Soviet Union and the United States vied for global influence.

Explanation:  The victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Mao Zedong not only created a new major communist power but also extended the ideological struggle into Asia, a region of significant strategic importance.

Example : The establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) significantly shifted the balance of power in Asia and influenced communist movements in neighboring countries such as Korea and Vietnam.

Explanation:  The Chinese Revolution heightened the global competition between communism and capitalism by introducing a major nation-state with substantial economic and military resources into the communist bloc.

Example : The Korean War (1950-1953) and the Vietnam War (1955-1975) were partially fueled by the ideological contest between the communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union and China, and the capitalist bloc, led by the United States.

Explanation:  The success of the Chinese Revolution inspired and influenced revolutionary movements and anti-colonial struggles in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Example :  The Chinese model of agrarian revolution and peasant-based insurgency was emulated by movements like the Naxalites in India and various guerrilla movements in Latin America.

Conclusion The Chinese Revolution of 1949 significantly escalated the ideological competition initiated by the Bolshevik Revolution. By establishing a major communist power in Asia, the Chinese Revolution intensified global ideological conflicts and influenced revolutionary movements worldwide. The resulting struggle between communism and capitalism not only reshaped international relations but also had profound impacts on global political dynamics throughout the 20th century. (e) "Decolonization has finished. It definitely belongs to the past. Yet somehow it has refused to become history." Ans: Introduction Decolonization, the process by which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, is often viewed as a historical event that concluded with the end of formal colonial rule in the mid-20th century. However, despite the formal end of colonialism, its legacy and consequences continue to influence global politics, economics, and societies, making it a persistent and evolving issue rather than a completed chapter of history. The Conclusion of Decolonization

Explanation: Decolonization largely concluded between the 1940s and 1970s, with many countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean gaining independence from European colonial powers.

Example : India gained independence from Britain in 1947, followed by numerous other nations in Africa, such as Kenya in 1963 and Algeria in 1962.

Explanation: The end of colonial rule resulted in the establishment of new nation-states, with formal sovereignty and new political institutions.

Example : The creation of the United Nations General Assembly provided a platform for newly independent states to voice their concerns and aspirations.

Explanation:  Many post-colonial states inherited economic structures that perpetuated exploitation and inequality, impacting their development trajectories.

Example :  Countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo continue to face economic instability and exploitation linked to their colonial past.

Explanation:  The borders and political systems established during colonial times often ignored ethnic and cultural divisions, leading to ongoing conflicts and instability.

Example : The artificial borders drawn by colonial powers in Africa have contributed to conflicts such as the Darfur crisis and the Rwandan Genocide.

Explanation:  Post-colonial societies grapple with the legacies of cultural suppression and the struggle to reclaim and preserve their identities.

Example :  In India, the legacy of British colonial education and cultural impositions continues to influence societal attitudes and identity.

Explanation:  The concept of neocolonialism describes how former colonial powers and multinational corporations maintain influence over former colonies through economic and political means.

Example :  The continued economic dominance of Western countries and corporations over many developing nations reflects neocolonial practices.

Conclusion While formal decolonization concluded in the mid-20th century, its impacts have not faded into history. The legacy of colonialism continues to shape global inequalities, political conflicts, and cultural identities. The persistence of these issues highlights the enduring influence of colonial history on contemporary global dynamics, making decolonization an ongoing and evolving concern rather than a completed historical process. Q6: (a)  “In spite of the careful framing of the Character, the role of UNO as peacekeeper and international mediator has been somewhat lackluster and muted and that continues to be so even after the end of the Cold War.” Elucidate. Ans: Introduction The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945 with the primary objectives of maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, and fostering social and economic development. Despite its noble charter and the significant resources devoted to its peacekeeping and mediatory roles, the UN's effectiveness in these areas has often been criticized as lackluster and muted. This critique persists even after the end of the Cold War, raising questions about the organization's ability to fulfill its foundational mandates. Role of the UN as a Peacekeeper and Mediator

Explanation:  The UN's peacekeeping operations have faced numerous challenges, including inadequate resources, limited mandates, and difficulties in enforcing peace agreements.

Example : The UN's mission in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide is frequently cited as a failure due to its inability to prevent or halt the mass killings despite having a presence on the ground.

Explanation:  The UN Security Council (UNSC) often struggles with political deadlock, especially among its permanent members (P5), which impedes effective decision-making and intervention.

Example : The Syrian Civil War exemplifies this issue, where geopolitical interests of P5 members have led to inaction and ineffective responses to the crisis.

Explanation:  The UN's role in mediating international conflicts has sometimes been limited by its lack of enforcement mechanisms and reliance on the cooperation of conflicting parties.

Example :  The prolonged Israeli-Palestinian conflict has seen numerous UN-mediated talks and resolutions, yet a lasting peace agreement remains elusive.

Explanation:  The UN is often criticized for its bureaucratic inefficiencies and slow response times, which can undermine its effectiveness in crisis situations.

Example : The UN’s response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake was marred by logistical delays and coordination problems, impacting the effectiveness of aid delivery.

Conclusion Despite the UN's well-crafted charter and its significant role in the international system, its performance as a peacekeeper and mediator has often been hampered by structural, political, and operational challenges. The lackluster and muted effectiveness of its efforts, both during and after the Cold War, underscores the need for reforms and more robust mechanisms to address global conflicts and maintain peace effectively. The continued relevance of the UN in global affairs hinges on its ability to overcome these challenges and adapt to evolving international dynamics. (b) "Change in Britain came comparatively peacefully through democratic process in the first half of the nineteenth century and a model of a functioning democracy through the ballot box was successfully put in place." Elaborate. Ans: Introduction In the first half of the 19th century, Britain underwent significant political and social changes that contributed to its development as a model of functioning democracy. Unlike many other countries that experienced violent upheavals, Britain achieved a relatively peaceful transition through democratic reforms, culminating in a system that operated largely through the ballot box. Peaceful Political Change through Democratic Processes

Explanation:  These Acts were pivotal in expanding the electorate and redistributing parliamentary representation. The 1832 Reform Act, for example, addressed the issue of "rotten boroughs" and extended voting rights to the middle class.

Example : The 1867 Reform Act, known as the Second Reform Act, further broadened the electorate by including many working-class men, thus strengthening the democratic base of Britain.

Explanation:  Political parties like the Conservative and Liberal parties became well-established and played a crucial role in the democratic process. Their development was a key aspect of Britain’s peaceful transition to democracy.

Example : The formation of the Liberal Party in 1859, through the amalgamation of various reformist groups, exemplified the growing sophistication of Britain’s political landscape.

Explanation:  The expansion of the electorate and the establishment of more inclusive voting rights led to increased political participation. This was a major step towards a functioning democracy.

Example:  The introduction of the secret ballot in 1872 helped ensure that voting was conducted in a private and secure manner, reducing the influence of intimidation and bribery.

Explanation:  Reforms were enacted gradually, allowing for adjustments and accommodations that minimized social unrest. This approach ensured a smooth transition towards more inclusive governance.

Example : The Education Act of 1870, which made elementary education compulsory, was part of broader social reforms that supported a more informed and engaged electorate.

Conclusion Britain's transition to a functioning democracy in the 19th century was marked by a series of gradual, peaceful reforms rather than violent upheavals. The strategic introduction of reform acts, the development of political parties, and the expansion of political rights contributed to establishing a robust democratic framework. This model of democratic change through the ballot box provided a significant contrast to the more tumultuous political transformations occurring in other parts of the world during the same period. Q7: (a) "New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an economic phenomenon." Critically examine. Ans: Introduction The period of New Imperialism, spanning roughly from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, is often analyzed through the lenses of both nationalism and economic interests. While some historians argue that this era of imperial expansion was driven primarily by economic factors, others assert that nationalism played a more critical role. This examination explores the argument that New Imperialism was fundamentally a nationalistic rather than merely an economic phenomenon. Nationalistic Motivations

Explanation: Nations engaged in imperialism to enhance their global prestige and assert dominance over rivals. The acquisition of territories was often a matter of national pride and strategic positioning.

Example : The "Scramble for Africa" was as much about outmaneuvering European rivals as it was about economic exploitation. For instance, Britain and France’s race to claim African territories like Sudan and Morocco reflected nationalistic competition.

Explanation: Nationalistic ideologies often involved notions of cultural superiority and the belief in a civilizing mission. This was linked to national identity and the desire to project power globally.

Example : The British Empire’s justification for its actions often included the idea of the “White Man’s Burden,” which framed imperialism as a noble endeavor to bring civilization to supposedly “inferior” peoples.

Explanation: Imperial expansion was used to unite domestic populations and distract from internal issues. Nationalistic fervor helped consolidate national identity and unity.

Example : In Germany, Otto von Bismarck’s foreign policy and colonial ventures were partly aimed at bolstering national unity and support for the Kaiser’s regime amidst internal social and political challenges.

Explanation:  While nationalism played a crucial role, economic interests were also significant. The desire for resources, markets, and investment opportunities drove imperial expansion.

Example : The exploitation of rubber in the Congo under King Leopold II of Belgium demonstrates the economic motivations behind imperialism, even if framed within a nationalistic context.

Explanation:  Strategic control of trade routes and key economic resources was a driving factor, indicating that economic considerations were closely intertwined with nationalistic ambitions.

Example :  The British control of the Suez Canal was crucial for maintaining a trade route to India, reflecting the blend of nationalistic and economic motivations.

Conclusion New Imperialism was characterized by a complex interplay of nationalistic and economic factors. While national pride, prestige, and cultural superiority were significant driving forces, economic exploitation and strategic interests were also crucial. Thus, it is critical to recognize that New Imperialism was not solely a nationalistic phenomenon; rather, it was an amalgamation of nationalistic fervor and economic ambition, each influencing and reinforcing the other in shaping imperial policies and practices. (b) "By the 1980s the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the country's role as a Superpower." Elucidate. Ans: Introduction By the 1980s, the Soviet Union, once a formidable superpower, faced severe internal challenges that undermined its ability to maintain its global status. The Communist system, which had initially propelled the USSR to superpower status, was increasingly exposed as inadequate in addressing both economic and political pressures. This period marked the beginning of the Soviet Union's decline, culminating in its eventual dissolution in 1991. Internal Economic Problems

Explanation: The Soviet economy suffered from stagnation due to central planning inefficiencies and lack of innovation. The rigid control over production and resources led to widespread inefficiencies and shortages.

Example : The production of consumer goods was neglected, leading to a scarcity of everyday items and a lower standard of living compared to Western countries.

Explanation: The USSR allocated a significant portion of its budget to military expenditure, particularly during the Cold War. This left little for economic development and consumer welfare.

Example: The arms race with the United States, including costly initiatives like the Strategic Defense Initiative, strained the Soviet economy.

Explanation: Widespread corruption and inefficiencies within the bureaucratic structure hampered effective governance and economic management. The centralized nature of the Communist system often led to misuse of power and resources.

Example : Corruption scandals among high-ranking officials eroded public trust and further weakened administrative effectiveness.

Explanation: The Communist Party's resistance to political reform and openness stifled necessary changes. This lack of flexibility prevented the USSR from adapting to evolving political and social demands.

Example : Mikhail Gorbachev’s attempts at reform through policies like Glasnost and Perestroika were too limited and poorly implemented, failing to address deep-seated systemic issues.

Explanation:  Increasing public dissatisfaction with the Communist regime stemmed from economic hardships and lack of political freedom. This discontent was evident in various protests and movements.

Example : The Baltic states, including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, saw growing nationalist movements demanding independence from Soviet control.

Explanation:  The ideological rigidity of Marxism-Leninism struggled to justify the state's failures, leading to a loss of faith in Communist ideology among both the populace and the elite.

Example :  The failure to deliver on the promises of a classless society and prosperity contributed to disillusionment with the Communist ideology.

Conclusion By the 1980s, the Soviet Union's Communist system proved increasingly incapable of sustaining its superpower status. Economic stagnation, military overreach, political corruption, and ideological rigidity all contributed to the USSR's decline. Despite attempts at reform, these systemic issues could not be effectively addressed, leading to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of its role as a global superpower. Q8: (a) "The European Union is the new sick man of Europe". Critically evaluate. Ans: Introduction The phrase "The European Union is the new sick man of Europe" reflects concerns about the EU’s stability and effectiveness in recent years. This comparison is reminiscent of the 19th-century term "sick man of Europe," which referred to the Ottoman Empire's decline. The EU, once a symbol of economic and political integration, has faced numerous challenges that have raised doubts about its resilience and future. Economic Challenges

Explanation: The EU has experienced slow economic growth compared to other global economies. The financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent Eurozone debt crisis exposed vulnerabilities in the EU’s economic structure.

Example : Countries like Greece and Spain faced severe recessions and high unemployment rates, necessitating bailout packages and austerity measures.

Explanation: The EU’s member states have struggled with high levels of public debt and fiscal imbalances, complicating economic recovery and stability.

Example : Italy and Portugal have faced prolonged economic stagnation and high debt-to-GDP ratios, impacting overall EU economic health.

Explanation: The rise of nationalist and anti-EU sentiments in various member states has led to political fragmentation and instability within the Union.

Example : The Brexit referendum in 2016, where the UK voted to leave the EU, highlighted significant divisions and questioned the cohesion of the Union.

Explanation: The complex governance structure of the EU often leads to slow decision-making and challenges in implementing policies uniformly across member states.

Example : The handling of the migrant crisis and the response to the COVID-19 pandemic revealed inconsistencies in policy implementation and coordination among member states.

Explanation:  Many EU countries face demographic challenges due to an aging population, which places a strain on social welfare systems and economic productivity.

Example :  Germany and Italy have low birth rates and increasing elderly populations, leading to concerns about pension sustainability and labor shortages.

Explanation:  Economic hardships and political discontent have led to social unrest and public protests in several EU countries, further straining the Union.

Example : Protests in France over pension reforms and the Yellow Vests movement exemplify growing public dissatisfaction with EU-related policies.

Conclusion While the comparison of the EU to the "sick man of Europe" reflects legitimate concerns about economic, political, and social challenges, it is essential to recognize the EU's efforts to address these issues. The Union remains a significant global actor with ongoing reforms and adaptations. However, overcoming the current difficulties requires effective leadership, cohesive policies, and robust economic strategies to restore and maintain its stability and influence in the global arena. (b) "There must be an end to white monopoly on political power, and a fundamental restructuring of our political and economic systems to ensure that the inequalities of apartheid and addressed and our society thoroughly democratized." Ans: Introduction The statement emphasizes the need to dismantle the white monopoly on political power and undertake a comprehensive restructuring of political and economic systems to address the inequalities entrenched by apartheid. It underscores the necessity of transforming society to ensure a thorough democratization that rectifies the legacy of racial discrimination and unequal distribution of resources. End to White Monopoly on Political Power

Explanation: Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government from 1948 to 1994. White minority rule systematically marginalized the black majority and other racial groups.

Example : The National Party's policies ensured that political power was concentrated in the hands of the white minority, with black South Africans being denied basic political rights and representation.

Explanation: The end of apartheid in 1994 marked a significant shift towards political inclusivity. Nelson Mandela’s presidency symbolized the transition from a racially exclusive regime to a more representative government.

Example : The democratic elections of 1994, which allowed all South Africans to vote, were pivotal in dismantling the white monopoly on power and establishing a multi-racial democracy.

Explanation: The restructuring aimed to create a more inclusive political system that reflects the demographic composition of South Africa. It involved legal and institutional reforms to promote equality and justice.

Example : The adoption of the new South African Constitution in 1996 enshrined fundamental human rights and established mechanisms for addressing past injustices.

Explanation: Economic restructuring was necessary to address the economic disparities created by apartheid. This involved policies to redistribute wealth and opportunities more equitably.

Example : The introduction of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) initiatives aimed to improve economic opportunities for previously disadvantaged groups by promoting their participation in business and industry.

Explanation:  Apartheid created significant socio-economic disparities, with black South Africans being disproportionately affected by poverty and lack of access to education and healthcare.

Example : Programs like the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) were designed to improve living standards, provide housing, and enhance access to essential services.

Explanation:  Democratization involved not just political reforms but also efforts to ensure equal participation in all aspects of society, including economic and social spheres.

Example :  The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to address human rights violations and promote healing and reconciliation.

Conclusion The quest to end white monopoly on political power and restructure South Africa’s political and economic systems was fundamental to the post-apartheid transition. While significant progress has been made in dismantling apartheid-era inequalities and democratizing South African society, ongoing challenges remain. Addressing these issues requires continued commitment to fairness, equality, and inclusive development to ensure that the legacy of apartheid does not persist in new forms.

Top Courses for UPSC

video lectures

Semester notes, sample paper, past year papers, previous year questions with solutions, practice quizzes, study material, upsc mains answer pyq 2013: history paper 2 (section b) | history optional for upsc (notes), extra questions, shortcuts and tricks, mock tests for examination, objective type questions, important questions, viva questions.

UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2013: History Paper 2 (Section B) Free PDF Download

Importance of upsc mains answer pyq 2013: history paper 2 (section b), upsc mains answer pyq 2013: history paper 2 (section b) notes, upsc mains answer pyq 2013: history paper 2 (section b) upsc questions, study upsc mains answer pyq 2013: history paper 2 (section b) on the app.

Welcome Back

Create your account for free.

Forgot Password

Unattempted tests, change country, practice & revise.

General Studies

All Programmes

Study Material

Mains Articles for 23-August-2024

by Vajiram & Ravi

Internship Initiatives to Match Skill Sets with Opportunity in India

What’s in today’s article?

Why in News?

• About the Internship Scheme Announced in the Union Budget 2024-25
• Highlights of the Portal that will Enable Youth to Apply Directly for Internship

• Under a special package outlined in the Union Budget 2024–25, a new portal is being developed to allow youth to apply directly for internships with the nation's top 500 enterprises. 
• The portal will be made available to potential applicants once the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) releases the guidelines for the internship scheme (announced in the Budget).

About the Internship Scheme Announced in the Union Budget 2024-25:

• The Union Budget 2024-25 had announced the PM’s Package for Employment and Skilling with an overall outlay of Rs 2 lakh crore.
• The internship scheme was announced (in the Budget) after the issue of unemployment became contentious during the Lok Sabha polls held earlier this year.
• In an effort to close the skills gap and help young people find their first jobs, the government would offer one crore youth internships in 500 of the top companies in five years. 
• The government is keen to ensure that those at the margins, especially those less skilled and less employable, are able to make the most of this internship scheme.
• Allowance: An internship allowance of Rs 5,000 per month along with a one-time assistance of Rs 6,000 will be provided to interns.
• Companies will be required to use their corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding to cover the training cost and 10% of the internship cost.
• The scheme is projected to cost over Rs 66,000 crore, and each company would have to shell out over Rs 13 crore for it.
• Although the industry has generally welcomed the internship scheme, certain questions have been raised.
• For example, the eligibility criteria for companies and interns to be selected as part of the plan.
• Whether it will be mandatory (for companies) and the basic qualifications an individual needs to have to qualify as a beneficiary.
• The government plans to talk to the top 500 companies and mutually agree on a voluntary quota system for taking on board interns.
• The quota system would be based on the CSR expenditure of these companies.

Highlights of the Portal that will Enable Youth to Apply Directly for Internship:

• The idea is not to upload any existing database of the country’s youth on the portal, because some may not want to participate in this internship scheme.
• Rather, the employers will post their internship openings, and these will be matched with the data submitted by the candidates, enabling a free flow of information on the portal.
• Objective: The portal will facilitate matching of skill sets of the applicants with the type of internship opportunities provided by the companies.

Q.1. What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

CSR is a theory that asserts that businesses should act in a manner that benefits the well-being of society and the environment. The Companies Act 2013 provides that certain companies must mandatorily contribute a certain amount towards CSR activities in India.

Q.2. What is the PM’s Package for Employment and Skilling?

Announced in the Union Budget 2024-25, the PM’s Package for Employment and Skilling consists of key initiatives that will facilitate employment, skilling and other opportunities for 4.1 crore youth over a 5-year period. It will be supported by a massive central outlay of Rs. 2 lakh crores.

The Significance of PM Modi’s Visit to Kyiv: A Shift in India's Foreign Policy

Why is PM Modi going to Ukraine?

Pm modi's visit to kyiv: a shift in india's traditional foreign policy on ukraine, impact of this visit on india’s relations with russia.

Today, PM Modi will hold talks with Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv. Modi will be the first Indian prime minister to visit Ukraine after diplomatic relations were established in 1992.

• To reinforce India's foreign policy of strategic autonomy
• PM Modi's visit to Kyiv could be seen as a response to the backlash India faced after Modi's visit to Moscow, which coincided with rising tensions due to the Ukraine conflict. 
• The visit is aimed at reinforcing India's foreign policy of strategic autonomy and countering the perception of India's over-reliance on Russia.
• To extend support for Ukraine’s sovereignty
• This visit may also serve as a gesture of support for Ukraine’s sovereignty, as it coincides with Ukraine's Independence Day.
• India's potential role as a mediator in the Ukraine conflict
• India's potential role as a mediator in the Ukraine conflict is highlighted by its balanced relationships with the G7, Russia, and the Global South. 
• Ukraine, lacking substantial support from these regions in peace efforts, sees India's involvement as crucial.
• Kyiv's recent diplomatic engagements with countries like China and India's planned visit suggest an effort to find an effective mediator for negotiations with Russia. 
• India's unique position, viewed as equidistant from major global powers, makes it a strong candidate for facilitating peace talks.
• Departure from India’s traditional foreign policy stance
• India's traditional foreign policy has been closely aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, a relationship that continued with Russia but did not extend to Ukraine after its independence in 1991. 
• Similarly, India's engagement with Poland diminished after the Warsaw Pact's dissolution and Poland's shift towards the West. 
• The ongoing visit of Prime Minister Modi to Ukraine and Poland signals a significant departure from India's historical bias towards Russia and marks a new chapter in India's engagement with central and eastern Europe.
• Reasons behind this departure
• Bilateral relations between India and Ukraine suffered significantly after the Russia-Ukraine war began in February 2022, with trade volume dropping from $3.39 billion in 2021-22 to less than $1 billion in the following two years. 
• Despite this, the conflict has opened new opportunities for India to engage with Ukraine. 
• India's leadership, including PM Modi, has maintained strategic balance while increasing direct engagement with Ukrainian counterparts through meetings at multilateral forums and bilateral discussions.
• India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and National Security Advisor Ajit Doval have also been in regular contact with Ukrainian officials. 
• The possibility of post-war reconstruction presents significant opportunities for India, including in defence industrial cooperation. 
• Ukraine's agricultural strength , especially as a major source of sunflower oil, adds to its strategic importance for India in the future.
• Not a reflection of weakening ties with Russia
• India's engagement with Ukraine is not a reflection of weakening ties with Russia, despite the discourse suggesting otherwise. 
• India's international actions are driven by its own agency as a confident and powerful nation, not by a need to appease or distance itself from Russia. 
• Framing Prime Minister Modi's visit to Ukraine as either an abandonment of Russia or a "redemption tour" post his Moscow visit overlooks India's independent capacity to navigate international relations.
• Common interests will always guide international relations
• India's strong relationship with Russia, including cooperation in areas like military hardware and economic support, continues despite Russia's engagement with China, India's main geopolitical rival. 
• Similarly, India's engagement with Ukraine will not alter its relationship with Russia. 
• Common interests guide international relations, and India's desire to play a peacemaking role, as indicated by PM Modi in Warsaw, requires engagement with all relevant parties, including Ukraine.

Q.1. How does PM Modi's visit to Kyiv signify a change in India's foreign policy?

PM Modi's visit to Kyiv signifies a departure from India's traditional pro-Russia stance, showcasing a more balanced foreign policy approach and reinforcing India's strategic autonomy on the global stage.

Q.2. Will India's engagement with Ukraine affect its relations with Russia?

India's engagement with Ukraine will not weaken its relations with Russia, as international relations are guided by common interests, and India's strategic decisions are made independently of external pressures.

Explained | A look at Ongoing Indian Space Missions

Key Achievements Post-Chandrayaan-3

Roadmaps and future plans, involvement of newspace india ltd. (nsil), private sector participation, regulatory updates.

• After the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 on the moon, India's space program has continued to make significant strides, even though activities at the Sriharikota spaceport have been relatively quiet.
• Aditya L1 Mission: Launched on September 2, 2023, this solar science mission reached its orbit around the Earth-Sun Lagrange point (L1) by January 2024, marking a crucial step in solar observation.
• Gaganyaan TV-D1: The first abort mission for India’s human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan, successfully tested the Crew Escape System on October 21, 2023, showcasing the readiness for future manned missions.
• XPoSat: Launched on January 1, 2024, this satellite is India’s second space-based observatory dedicated to studying polarized radiation from space, enhancing our understanding of cosmic phenomena.
• INSAT-3DS: This meteorological satellite, launched on February 17, 2024, is vital for proving the reliability of ISRO’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), especially before the upcoming NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission.
• Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD): ISRO conducted successful landing experiments for its scaled-down Reusable Launch Vehicle, laying the groundwork for future orbital return flight tests.
• Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): With the successful third development flight on August 16, 2024, ISRO has completed the development phase of SSLV, enabling its transfer to industry for broader use.
• Gaganyaan Program: India is focusing heavily on its human spaceflight program, with astronaut candidates undergoing advanced training. The first uncrewed Gaganyaan mission is expected by late 2024, with a crewed mission planned thereafter.
• Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): ISRO is developing a new heavy-lift launch vehicle to support its ambitious goals, including a future Indian space station and extensive lunar exploration.
• Lunar Exploration: ISRO has a 25-year roadmap for lunar exploration, including plans for an Indian on the moon by 2040 and long-duration lunar missions.
• NSIL has been assigned the responsibility for conducting space missions and managing commercial activities.
• This includes collaborations with SpaceX for satellite launches and the development of the LVM-3 rocket in partnership with private entities.
• Agnikul Cosmos: Successfully launched its SoRTeD-01 vehicle, marking the first use of a semi-cryogenic engine in India.
• Skyroot Aerospace and Others: Private companies are making significant progress in developing launch vehicles and space technologies, with upcoming missions like Vikram 1.
• IN-SPACe: India’s new space regulatory body has been active, issuing important guidelines and licenses, including allowing 100% FDI in space sectors with specific ceilings in certain areas.
• Overall, India’s space program is rapidly evolving, with a strong emphasis on research, development, and collaboration with private companies to achieve its ambitious space exploration goals.

Q1. What are navigation satellites used for?

Applications of navigation satellites include terrestrial, aerial and marine Navigation, Disaster Management, Vehicle tracking and fleet management, Precise Timing, Mapping and Geodetic data capture, Visual and voice navigation for drivers etc. 

Q2. What is GPS? 

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment.

Government Bans 156 Fixed Dose Combination Drugs: A Major Crackdown on Irrational FDCs

• Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs

156 fixed dose combination drugs banned

The Union Health Ministry has banned 156 fixed dose combination (FDC) medicines, citing "no therapeutic justification" and potential risks to patients. FDC drugs combine multiple active ingredients, which can be helpful for conditions like tuberculosis and diabetes but may also deliver unnecessary or harmful components. 

Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs: 

• Combination products, also known as fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs), are combinations of two or more active drugs in a single dosage form. 
• The Food and Drug Administration, USA defines a combination product as ‘ a product composed of any combination of a drug and a device or a biological product and a device or a drug and a biological product or a drug, device, and a biological product ’.
• It is widely accepted that most drugs should be formulated as single compounds. 

Acceptability 

• The dosage of each ingredient meets the requirement of a defined population group and 
• The combination has a proven advantage over single compounds administered separately in therapeutic effect, safety or compliance. 

Advantages of FDC Drugs 

• FDC formulations have unique advantages such as complementary mechanism of action, synergistic effects , better tolerability , elongated product life-cycle management , and cost savings .
• Use of FDCs is a rational approach for achieving optimal therapeutic benefits while minimizing pill-burden.

Challenges/Demerits of FDC Drugs

• There are increased chances of adverse drug effects and drug interactions compared with both drugs given individually.
• The most pressing concern with irrational FDCs is that they expose patients to unnecessary risk of adverse drug reactions .
• Medical practitioners who patronize such combinations could be the centre of controversy when subjected to litigation in consumer forums.
• This is due to the fact that these combinations do not find mention in standard text or reference books and reputed medical journals. 
• Pharmaceutical manufacturers, however, continue to reap the benefits of huge sales, and therefore continue to promote combinations with vigour.
• About the news
• The government has banned 156 fixed-dose combination (FDC) medicines, including antibiotics for fevers and colds, painkillers, and multivitamins, citing potential risks to human health.
• The Union Health Ministry issued a gazette notification under Section 26 A of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 , prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and distribution of these medicines.
• The ban follows recommendations from an expert committee and the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), both of which found no therapeutic justification for the ingredients in these FDCs.
• Key highlights
• The banned drugs include common combinations like anti-allergic medicines with nasal decongestants, antibiotics with acne creams, and migraine medicines with anti-nausea drugs. 
• Notably, the ban also includes the mefenamic acid-tranexamic acid combination and sildenafil with blood vessel relaxants. 
• This is the largest crackdown on FDCs since 2016 when 344 drugs were banned, a decision later upheld for 328 combinations in 2018. 
• Some pre-1988 drugs previously exempt from the ban are now included, which has surprised the pharmaceutical industry, raising concerns about the immediate withdrawal of these long-used products from the market.

Q1. Why did the Indian government ban 156 fixed-dose combination drugs?  

The Indian government banned 156 fixed-dose combination drugs due to the lack of therapeutic justification and potential risks to patients, based on recommendations from an expert committee and the Drugs Technical Advisory Board.

Q2. What is the impact of the ban on the pharmaceutical industry?

The ban on 156 fixed-dose combination drugs has taken the pharmaceutical industry by surprise, raising concerns over the immediate withdrawal of long-used products and questioning the inclusion of pre-1988 medicines.

© 2024 Vajiram & Ravi. All rights reserved