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How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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See an example

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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15 Literature Review Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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Literature reviews are a necessary step in a research process and often required when writing your research proposal . They involve gathering, analyzing, and evaluating existing knowledge about a topic in order to find gaps in the literature where future studies will be needed.

Ideally, once you have completed your literature review, you will be able to identify how your research project can build upon and extend existing knowledge in your area of study.

Generally, for my undergraduate research students, I recommend a narrative review, where themes can be generated in order for the students to develop sufficient understanding of the topic so they can build upon the themes using unique methods or novel research questions.

If you’re in the process of writing a literature review, I have developed a literature review template for you to use – it’s a huge time-saver and walks you through how to write a literature review step-by-step:

Get your time-saving templates here to write your own literature review.

Literature Review Examples

For the following types of literature review, I present an explanation and overview of the type, followed by links to some real-life literature reviews on the topics.

1. Narrative Review Examples

Also known as a traditional literature review, the narrative review provides a broad overview of the studies done on a particular topic.

It often includes both qualitative and quantitative studies and may cover a wide range of years.

The narrative review’s purpose is to identify commonalities, gaps, and contradictions in the literature .

I recommend to my students that they should gather their studies together, take notes on each study, then try to group them by themes that form the basis for the review (see my step-by-step instructions at the end of the article).

Example Study

Title: Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations

Citation: Vermeir, P., Vandijck, D., Degroote, S., Peleman, R., Verhaeghe, R., Mortier, E., … & Vogelaers, D. (2015). Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations. International journal of clinical practice , 69 (11), 1257-1267.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ijcp.12686  

Overview: This narrative review analyzed themes emerging from 69 articles about communication in healthcare contexts. Five key themes were found in the literature: poor communication can lead to various negative outcomes, discontinuity of care, compromise of patient safety, patient dissatisfaction, and inefficient use of resources. After presenting the key themes, the authors recommend that practitioners need to approach healthcare communication in a more structured way, such as by ensuring there is a clear understanding of who is in charge of ensuring effective communication in clinical settings.

Other Examples

• Burnout in United States Healthcare Professionals: A Narrative Review (Reith, 2018) – read here
• Examining the Presence, Consequences, and Reduction of Implicit Bias in Health Care: A Narrative Review (Zestcott, Blair & Stone, 2016) – read here
• A Narrative Review of School-Based Physical Activity for Enhancing Cognition and Learning (Mavilidi et al., 2018) – read here
• A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents (Dyrbye & Shanafelt, 2015) – read here

2. Systematic Review Examples

This type of literature review is more structured and rigorous than a narrative review. It involves a detailed and comprehensive plan and search strategy derived from a set of specified research questions.

The key way you’d know a systematic review compared to a narrative review is in the methodology: the systematic review will likely have a very clear criteria for how the studies were collected, and clear explanations of exclusion/inclusion criteria. 

The goal is to gather the maximum amount of valid literature on the topic, filter out invalid or low-quality reviews, and minimize bias. Ideally, this will provide more reliable findings, leading to higher-quality conclusions and recommendations for further research.

You may note from the examples below that the ‘method’ sections in systematic reviews tend to be much more explicit, often noting rigid inclusion/exclusion criteria and exact keywords used in searches.

Title: The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review  

Citation: Roman, S., Sánchez-Siles, L. M., & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in food science & technology , 67 , 44-57.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092422441730122X  

Overview: This systematic review included 72 studies of food naturalness to explore trends in the literature about its importance for consumers. Keywords used in the data search included: food, naturalness, natural content, and natural ingredients. Studies were included if they examined consumers’ preference for food naturalness and contained empirical data. The authors found that the literature lacks clarity about how naturalness is defined and measured, but also found that food consumption is significantly influenced by perceived naturalness of goods.

• A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018 (Martin, Sun & Westine, 2020) – read here
• Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology? (Yli-Huumo et al., 2016) – read here
• Universities—industry collaboration: A systematic review (Ankrah & Al-Tabbaa, 2015) – read here
• Internet of Things Applications: A Systematic Review (Asghari, Rahmani & Javadi, 2019) – read here

3. Meta-analysis

This is a type of systematic review that uses statistical methods to combine and summarize the results of several studies.

Due to its robust methodology, a meta-analysis is often considered the ‘gold standard’ of secondary research , as it provides a more precise estimate of a treatment effect than any individual study contributing to the pooled analysis.

Furthermore, by aggregating data from a range of studies, a meta-analysis can identify patterns, disagreements, or other interesting relationships that may have been hidden in individual studies.

This helps to enhance the generalizability of findings, making the conclusions drawn from a meta-analysis particularly powerful and informative for policy and practice.

Title: Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: A Meta-Meta-Analysis

Citation: Sáiz-Vazquez, O., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Pacheco-Bonrostro, J., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a meta-meta-analysis. Brain sciences, 10(6), 386.

Source: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060386  

O verview: This study examines the relationship between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Researchers conducted a systematic search of meta-analyses and reviewed several databases, collecting 100 primary studies and five meta-analyses to analyze the connection between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease. They find that the literature compellingly demonstrates that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly influence the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

• The power of feedback revisited: A meta-analysis of educational feedback research (Wisniewski, Zierer & Hattie, 2020) – read here
• How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis (Ritchie & Tucker-Drob, 2018) – read here
• A meta-analysis of factors related to recycling (Geiger et al., 2019) – read here
• Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits (Patterson, Chung & Swan, 2014) – read here

Other Types of Reviews

• Scoping Review: This type of review is used to map the key concepts underpinning a research area and the main sources and types of evidence available. It can be undertaken as stand-alone projects in their own right, or as a precursor to a systematic review.
• Rapid Review: This type of review accelerates the systematic review process in order to produce information in a timely manner. This is achieved by simplifying or omitting stages of the systematic review process.
• Integrative Review: This review method is more inclusive than others, allowing for the simultaneous inclusion of experimental and non-experimental research. The goal is to more comprehensively understand a particular phenomenon.
• Critical Review: This is similar to a narrative review but requires a robust understanding of both the subject and the existing literature. In a critical review, the reviewer not only summarizes the existing literature, but also evaluates its strengths and weaknesses. This is common in the social sciences and humanities .
• State-of-the-Art Review: This considers the current level of advancement in a field or topic and makes recommendations for future research directions. This type of review is common in technological and scientific fields but can be applied to any discipline.

How to Write a Narrative Review (Tips for Undergrad Students)

Most undergraduate students conducting a capstone research project will be writing narrative reviews. Below is a five-step process for conducting a simple review of the literature for your project.

• Search for Relevant Literature: Use scholarly databases related to your field of study, provided by your university library, along with appropriate search terms to identify key scholarly articles that have been published on your topic.
• Evaluate and Select Sources: Filter the source list by selecting studies that are directly relevant and of sufficient quality, considering factors like credibility , objectivity, accuracy, and validity.
• Analyze and Synthesize: Review each source and summarize the main arguments  in one paragraph (or more, for postgrad). Keep these summaries in a table.
• Identify Themes: With all studies summarized, group studies that share common themes, such as studies that have similar findings or methodologies.
• Write the Review: Write your review based upon the themes or subtopics you have identified. Give a thorough overview of each theme, integrating source data, and conclude with a summary of the current state of knowledge then suggestions for future research based upon your evaluation of what is lacking in the literature.

Literature reviews don’t have to be as scary as they seem. Yes, they are difficult and require a strong degree of comprehension of academic studies. But it can be feasibly done through following a structured approach to data collection and analysis. With my undergraduate research students (who tend to conduct small-scale qualitative studies ), I encourage them to conduct a narrative literature review whereby they can identify key themes in the literature. Within each theme, students can critique key studies and their strengths and limitations , in order to get a lay of the land and come to a point where they can identify ways to contribute new insights to the existing academic conversation on their topic.

Ankrah, S., & Omar, A. T. (2015). Universities–industry collaboration: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 387-408.

Asghari, P., Rahmani, A. M., & Javadi, H. H. S. (2019). Internet of Things applications: A systematic review. Computer Networks , 148 , 241-261.

Dyrbye, L., & Shanafelt, T. (2016). A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents. Medical education , 50 (1), 132-149.

Geiger, J. L., Steg, L., Van Der Werff, E., & Ünal, A. B. (2019). A meta-analysis of factors related to recycling. Journal of environmental psychology , 64 , 78-97.

Martin, F., Sun, T., & Westine, C. D. (2020). A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018. Computers & education , 159 , 104009.

Mavilidi, M. F., Ruiter, M., Schmidt, M., Okely, A. D., Loyens, S., Chandler, P., & Paas, F. (2018). A narrative review of school-based physical activity for enhancing cognition and learning: The importance of relevancy and integration. Frontiers in psychology , 2079.

Patterson, G. T., Chung, I. W., & Swan, P. W. (2014). Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits: A meta-analysis. Journal of experimental criminology , 10 , 487-513.

Reith, T. P. (2018). Burnout in United States healthcare professionals: a narrative review. Cureus , 10 (12).

Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018). How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis. Psychological science , 29 (8), 1358-1369.

Roman, S., Sánchez-Siles, L. M., & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in food science & technology , 67 , 44-57.

Sáiz-Vazquez, O., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Pacheco-Bonrostro, J., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a meta-meta-analysis. Brain sciences, 10(6), 386.

Vermeir, P., Vandijck, D., Degroote, S., Peleman, R., Verhaeghe, R., Mortier, E., … & Vogelaers, D. (2015). Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations. International journal of clinical practice , 69 (11), 1257-1267.

Wisniewski, B., Zierer, K., & Hattie, J. (2020). The power of feedback revisited: A meta-analysis of educational feedback research. Frontiers in Psychology , 10 , 3087.

Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, K. (2016). Where is current research on blockchain technology?—a systematic review. PloS one , 11 (10), e0163477.

Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. (2016). Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: a narrative review. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 19 (4), 528-542

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What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing how your work contributes to the ongoing conversation in the field. Learning how to write a literature review is a critical tool for successful research. Your ability to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic demonstrates your grasp on the topic of study, and assists in the learning process. 

Table of Contents

What is the purpose of literature review , a. habitat loss and species extinction: , b. range shifts and phenological changes: , c. ocean acidification and coral reefs: , d. adaptive strategies and conservation efforts: .

• Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question: 
• Decide on the Scope of Your Review: 
• Select Databases for Searches: 
• Conduct Searches and Keep Track: 
• Review the Literature: 
• Organize and Write Your Literature Review: 
• How to write a literature review faster with Paperpal? 

Frequently asked questions 

What is a literature review .

A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the existing literature, establishes the context for their own research, and contributes to scholarly conversations on the topic. One of the purposes of a literature review is also to help researchers avoid duplicating previous work and ensure that their research is informed by and builds upon the existing body of knowledge.

A literature review serves several important purposes within academic and research contexts. Here are some key objectives and functions of a literature review: 2  

1. Contextualizing the Research Problem: The literature review provides a background and context for the research problem under investigation. It helps to situate the study within the existing body of knowledge. 

2. Identifying Gaps in Knowledge: By identifying gaps, contradictions, or areas requiring further research, the researcher can shape the research question and justify the significance of the study. This is crucial for ensuring that the new research contributes something novel to the field.

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3. Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks: Literature reviews help researchers gain an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in previous studies. This aids in the development of a theoretical framework for the current research. 

4. Providing Methodological Insights: Another purpose of literature reviews is that it allows researchers to learn about the methodologies employed in previous studies. This can help in choosing appropriate research methods for the current study and avoiding pitfalls that others may have encountered. 

5. Establishing Credibility: A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with existing scholarship, establishing their credibility and expertise in the field. It also helps in building a solid foundation for the new research. 

6. Informing Hypotheses or Research Questions: The literature review guides the formulation of hypotheses or research questions by highlighting relevant findings and areas of uncertainty in existing literature. 

Literature review example 

Let’s delve deeper with a literature review example: Let’s say your literature review is about the impact of climate change on biodiversity. You might format your literature review into sections such as the effects of climate change on habitat loss and species extinction, phenological changes, and marine biodiversity. Each section would then summarize and analyze relevant studies in those areas, highlighting key findings and identifying gaps in the research. The review would conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on specific aspects of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity. The following literature review template provides a glimpse into the recommended literature review structure and content, demonstrating how research findings are organized around specific themes within a broader topic. 

Literature Review on Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity:  

Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, including significant impacts on biodiversity. This literature review synthesizes key findings from various studies: 

Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns contribute to habitat loss, affecting numerous species (Thomas et al., 2004). The review discusses how these changes increase the risk of extinction, particularly for species with specific habitat requirements. 

Observations of range shifts and changes in the timing of biological events (phenology) are documented in response to changing climatic conditions (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). These shifts affect ecosystems and may lead to mismatches between species and their resources. 

The review explores the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasizing ocean acidification’s threat to coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Changes in pH levels negatively affect coral calcification, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. 

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the literature review discusses various adaptive strategies adopted by species and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Hannah et al., 2007). It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for effective conservation planning. 

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How to write a good literature review 

Writing a literature review involves summarizing and synthesizing existing research on a particular topic. A good literature review format should include the following elements. 

Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your literature review, providing context and introducing the main focus of your review. 

• Opening Statement: Begin with a general statement about the broader topic and its significance in the field. 
• Scope and Purpose: Clearly define the scope of your literature review. Explain the specific research question or objective you aim to address. 
• Organizational Framework: Briefly outline the structure of your literature review, indicating how you will categorize and discuss the existing research. 
• Significance of the Study: Highlight why your literature review is important and how it contributes to the understanding of the chosen topic. 
• Thesis Statement: Conclude the introduction with a concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective you will develop in the body of the literature review. 

Body: The body of the literature review is where you provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, grouping studies based on themes, methodologies, or other relevant criteria. 

• Organize by Theme or Concept: Group studies that share common themes, concepts, or methodologies. Discuss each theme or concept in detail, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps or areas of disagreement. 
• Critical Analysis: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Discuss the methodologies used, the quality of evidence, and the overall contribution of each work to the understanding of the topic. 
• Synthesis of Findings: Synthesize the information from different studies to highlight trends, patterns, or areas of consensus in the literature. 
• Identification of Gaps: Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing research and explain how your review contributes to filling these gaps. 
• Transition between Sections: Provide smooth transitions between different themes or concepts to maintain the flow of your literature review. 

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Conclusion: The conclusion of your literature review should summarize the main findings, highlight the contributions of the review, and suggest avenues for future research. 

• Summary of Key Findings: Recap the main findings from the literature and restate how they contribute to your research question or objective. 
• Contributions to the Field: Discuss the overall contribution of your literature review to the existing knowledge in the field. 
• Implications and Applications: Explore the practical implications of the findings and suggest how they might impact future research or practice. 
• Recommendations for Future Research: Identify areas that require further investigation and propose potential directions for future research in the field. 
• Final Thoughts: Conclude with a final reflection on the importance of your literature review and its relevance to the broader academic community. 

Conducting a literature review 

Conducting a literature review is an essential step in research that involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature on a specific topic. It’s important to know how to do a literature review effectively, so here are the steps to follow: 1  

Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:  

• Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study. 
• Clearly define your research question or objective. Determine what specific aspect of the topic do you want to explore? 

Decide on the Scope of Your Review:  

• Determine the timeframe for your literature review. Are you focusing on recent developments, or do you want a historical overview? 
• Consider the geographical scope. Is your review global, or are you focusing on a specific region? 
• Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria. What types of sources will you include? Are there specific types of studies or publications you will exclude? 

Select Databases for Searches:  

• Identify relevant databases for your field. Examples include PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. 
• Consider searching in library catalogs, institutional repositories, and specialized databases related to your topic. 

Conduct Searches and Keep Track:  

• Develop a systematic search strategy using keywords, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), and other search techniques. 
• Record and document your search strategy for transparency and replicability. 
• Keep track of the articles, including publication details, abstracts, and links. Use citation management tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to organize your references. 

Review the Literature:  

• Evaluate the relevance and quality of each source. Consider the methodology, sample size, and results of studies. 
• Organize the literature by themes or key concepts. Identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing research. 
• Summarize key findings and arguments from each source. Compare and contrast different perspectives. 
• Identify areas where there is a consensus in the literature and where there are conflicting opinions. 
• Provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing research? 

Organize and Write Your Literature Review:  

• Literature review outline should be based on themes, chronological order, or methodological approaches. 
• Write a clear and coherent narrative that synthesizes the information gathered. 
• Use proper citations for each source and ensure consistency in your citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). 
• Conclude your literature review by summarizing key findings, identifying gaps, and suggesting areas for future research. 

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A literature review is a critical and comprehensive analysis of existing literature (published and unpublished works) on a specific topic or research question and provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a particular field. A well-conducted literature review is crucial for researchers to build upon existing knowledge, avoid duplication of efforts, and contribute to the advancement of their field. It also helps researchers situate their work within a broader context and facilitates the development of a sound theoretical and conceptual framework for their studies.

Literature review is a crucial component of research writing, providing a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. The aim is to keep professionals up to date by providing an understanding of ongoing developments within a specific field, including research methods, and experimental techniques used in that field, and present that knowledge in the form of a written report. Also, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the scholar in his or her field.  

Before writing a literature review, it’s essential to undertake several preparatory steps to ensure that your review is well-researched, organized, and focused. This includes choosing a topic of general interest to you and doing exploratory research on that topic, writing an annotated bibliography, and noting major points, especially those that relate to the position you have taken on the topic. 

Literature reviews and academic research papers are essential components of scholarly work but serve different purposes within the academic realm. 3 A literature review aims to provide a foundation for understanding the current state of research on a particular topic, identify gaps or controversies, and lay the groundwork for future research. Therefore, it draws heavily from existing academic sources, including books, journal articles, and other scholarly publications. In contrast, an academic research paper aims to present new knowledge, contribute to the academic discourse, and advance the understanding of a specific research question. Therefore, it involves a mix of existing literature (in the introduction and literature review sections) and original data or findings obtained through research methods. 

Literature reviews are essential components of academic and research papers, and various strategies can be employed to conduct them effectively. If you want to know how to write a literature review for a research paper, here are four common approaches that are often used by researchers.  Chronological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the chronological order of publication. It helps to trace the development of a topic over time, showing how ideas, theories, and research have evolved.  Thematic Review: Thematic reviews focus on identifying and analyzing themes or topics that cut across different studies. Instead of organizing the literature chronologically, it is grouped by key themes or concepts, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of various aspects of the topic.  Methodological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the research methods employed in different studies. It helps to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies and allows the reader to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings.  Theoretical Review: A theoretical review examines the literature based on the theoretical frameworks used in different studies. This approach helps to identify the key theories that have been applied to the topic and assess their contributions to the understanding of the subject.  It’s important to note that these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a literature review may combine elements of more than one approach. The choice of strategy depends on the research question, the nature of the literature available, and the goals of the review. Additionally, other strategies, such as integrative reviews or systematic reviews, may be employed depending on the specific requirements of the research.

The literature review format can vary depending on the specific publication guidelines. However, there are some common elements and structures that are often followed. Here is a general guideline for the format of a literature review:  Introduction:   Provide an overview of the topic.  Define the scope and purpose of the literature review.  State the research question or objective.  Body:   Organize the literature by themes, concepts, or chronology.  Critically analyze and evaluate each source.  Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies.  Highlight any methodological limitations or biases.  Identify patterns, connections, or contradictions in the existing research.  Conclusion:   Summarize the key points discussed in the literature review.  Highlight the research gap.  Address the research question or objective stated in the introduction.  Highlight the contributions of the review and suggest directions for future research.

Both annotated bibliographies and literature reviews involve the examination of scholarly sources. While annotated bibliographies focus on individual sources with brief annotations, literature reviews provide a more in-depth, integrated, and comprehensive analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. The key differences are as follows: 

References 

• Denney, A. S., & Tewksbury, R. (2013). How to write a literature review.  Journal of criminal justice education ,  24 (2), 218-234. 
• Pan, M. L. (2016).  Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Taylor & Francis. 
• Cantero, C. (2019). How to write a literature review.  San José State University Writing Center . 

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WTO / Education / 39 Best Literature Review Examples (Guide with Samples)

39 Best Literature Review Examples (Guide with Samples)

A literature review is a compilation of current knowledge on a particular topic derived from the critical evaluation of different scholarly sources such as books, articles, and publications, which is then presented in an organized manner to relate to a specific research problem being investigated.

It highlights the methods, relevant theories, and gaps in existing research on a particular subject. It can be both a summary and synthesis of information on a specific topic. A summary reiterates key information from scholarly sources, while synthesis is a new interpretation or combination of new and old material. 

As a synthesis, it can outline the intellectual progression of knowledge in a particular field or topic, which might involve stating key debates throughout the advancement period.  

Literature Review Examples

Purpose of Literature Review

Literature reviews have different purposes in scholarly articles, research papers , and books, depending on the discipline at hand. First and foremost, reviews are generally meant to showcase the extensive research carried out by an author on a particular topic and their findings, which will form the foundation of the research. It then summarizes the information to show the author’s familiarity with the topic in question.

The review also demonstrates the relationship between the topic being investigated and other topics that were under consideration. Finally, it outlines the gaps in the previous works of other scholars, which create areas of research.

Literature reviews provide a new interpretation of previous scholarly publications and aim to resolve conflicting studies done in the past. In addition, identifying existing gaps in a particular research area illustrates the starting point of the research.

Literature Review vs. Academic Research Paper

A research paper presents new ideas, arguments, and approaches toward a particular topic. The conclusions of a research paper will be based on the analysis and interpretation of raw data collected by the author and an original study. On the other hand, a literature review is based on the findings of other publications. Thus, the review highlights the author’s understanding of a topic based on the previously conducted research. It is part of a research paper.

Where, When, and Why

The need for a literature review in a publication will vary from one situation to the other and the field/discipline of research. These two factors determine what is expected from the lit review. For example, a scientific review will be more analytical on the methods and results of previous research. In contrast, a philosophical review will be more argumentative, highlighting the discrepancies and correspondences between scholars.

It can either be part of a publication or a stand-alone document. As part of a research publication, it is often placed after the introduction to the topic outlining knowledge about a particular topic and critical sources that formed the foundation of the research. As an individual document, it is prepared by students as part of course study to aid the students in familiarizing themselves with different topics in their field of study.

Lit reviews also guide students to help them synthesize theoretical methodologies and frameworks to adopt in academic research . As a publication, literature reviews are used to document existing information about a topic for readers (other scholars) to go through for whatever reasons they may have. Published studies are essentially helpful to new scholars getting into any field of research.

Types of Literature Review

Before looking into how to write a literature review, it is vital to understand the different types. The type will usually depend on the objective approach of the author.

Common types are:  

Argumentative review

An argumentative review is adopted when the research paper or publication is meant to take a contrarian viewpoint on a particular subject. The review analyses an existing argument, philosophical problem, assumption, or conclusion outlined in different studies with an objective to either support or oppose the argument. 

Integrative review

An integrative review integrates secondary data to develop new perspectives and frameworks on a topic. This is more prevalent in research that does not involve primary data. In addition, integrative reviews are more familiar with social sciences.       

Historical review

Historical reviews are used when scholars or authors place a particular idea, concept, theory, or research in a historical context. It examines the idea, theory, or issue from the first time it was discussed and outlines its evolution throughout a given period.  

Methodological review

Methodological reviews look at how a specific theory, concept, results, or findings were developed. Therefore, methodological reviews will analyze the different methods used by different scholars to arrive at conclusions or knowledge about the topic being investigated.

Some of the methods scholars use in different disciplines to obtain information are interviewing, sampling, practical experiments/data collection, research approaches, critical thinking, social experiments, etc.

Methodological reviews are hence used to discuss tested methods of research and ethics that a researcher should be aware of before undertaking their investigations.  

Systematic review

A systematic review is a more detailed and comprehensive review compared to other types of lit reviews. It highlights any existing research evidence associated with a clearly defined research problem or question. The evidence is collected, analyzed, and reported in a summarized but detailed manner. Systematic reviews are popularly presented as a cause-and-effect structure.

Theoretical review

A theoretical review delves into the different theories regarding a particular issue, challenge, concept, or theory. It identifies their inadequacy in explaining the issue or concept at hand. The review then identifies the relationships between the identified theories, and the degree of research done and poses novel hypotheses to be investigated.

Organization of a Literature Review

How an author organizes a literature review will depend on what they aim to achieve. As a consequence, there are multiple ways of organizing it which are discussed below:

Chronological 

A chronological format outlines knowledge on a particular topic based on when the scholarly source of information was published. Starting with the earliest followed up to the most recent chronological order. This format should be used if there is a clear chronological order in the development of the information; therefore, it will not be applicable in some cases. Instead, key turning points, patterns, and events that impacted the direction of the knowledge should be outlined.  

By publication

It can be organized in the scholarly publications reviewed by the author, scholar, or student. The by-publication format should only improve the review and facilitate what the author aims to accomplish. 

Scholars or students can adopt a dominant trend in research, such as history, developmental stages, steps involved in a process, etc.

Methodological

A methodological format is based on the methods used by the researcher. Thus, the order of contents in the lit review will depend on the method they will use to carry out their research, knowledge obtained from the first method appears first, and the rest of the information follows in the same order according to the methods used by the author.  

Literature reviews organized in a thematic format revolve around the subject being investigated in no order. It is, therefore, ordinarily up to the researcher or author to determine how they intend to outline the information. A thematic format will crossover from one period and publication to another, but can sometimes incorporate a chronological order.

Theoretical

Literature reviews organized in a theoretical format have their contents organized in an abstract framework established by the author to discuss different concepts, theories, and concepts and how they relate to the research at hand.

Additional sections

Depending on the objective, other sections do not fit under conventional lit review formats that one may need to add. Below are some of the sections that authors or students can include in the lit review:

• Current situation: The review can have information about the current state of things regarding the topic at hand to facilitate further understanding.
• History: Researchers can summarize the subject under investigation, literature, or concept if the review is not already in chronological format.
• Selection methods: Lit reviews are known to outline the methods or criteria used in selecting the way to present information and scholarly sources referenced in the review.
• Standards: it can also include the standards used in choosing the format to present information in the review and the scholarly literature used in the research.
• Further questions for research: The review can include questions emanating from the review and how the researcher will further explore their research to address the queries raised.

Literature Review Samples

Considerations Before Writing a Literature Review

Preparation is essential when it comes to writing. The objective should be to come up with a review that satisfactorily explores the topic being discussed. The following considerations are steps towards that if incorporated into the writing process:

Authors should seek clarification from mentors or supervisors before commencing the writing process. First, determine what is expected from the lit review. The type and number of sources to be used, the assignment (summarize, synthesize, or critique), and the type of information provided should be clear.

Find models

You should review literature from other authors in the same discipline and evaluate how those authors presented their lit reviews. Previous lit reviews can be used as guides that point authors in the right direction when writing their lit reviews.

Narrow your topic

It is always advantageous to narrow down the research topic to a specific area of research; that way, the number of sources can also be reduced. Even though conducting research will usually involve extensive research on all available materials about a particular topic, having a well-defined topic simplifies the task at hand.

Current sources

Determine if the research project or discipline ought to be based on the most recent findings or information. It is common for knowledge to become obsolete, especially in disciplines where discoveries and new inventions are made fast. If the lit review should be based on current knowledge, limit the sources to the most recent literature. Some disciplines will typically have a limit on how old the sources should be.  

How to Write a Literature Review (Expert Guide)

Once all pre-writing considerations have been taken into account, it is time to write the document. At this point, you should already be aware of what you wish to accomplish with the literature review, and the steps to writing an exemplary lit review are mentioned below:

Problem formulation

First and foremost, clearly define the topic (research area) to be investigated. For students, this will sometimes be given as an assignment. However, the research could be an academic project, which means that the author has to come up with the problem and define it themselves.

Search for relevant studies

Once the problem is clearly expressed, you should search for studies related to the topic, concept, theory, or idea and questions surrounding the topic. Most stand-alone lit reviews will generally attempt to answer a more concentrated question. On the internet, literature can be searched using keywords related to the research area. In addition to keywords, include vital variables such as synonyms and associated terms. The inclusion of Boolean operators and, or not, is also used to narrow down results to more specific publications.

Familiar sources for publications are:

• Google Scholar
• Library catalogue
• Econ lit (economics)
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Inspec (physics, engineering, and computer science )
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)

Before selecting relevant studies, go through their abstract and determine if they fit the scope needed in the investigation. Use a list to note down any chosen works. Select landmark sources in the discipline.

Evaluation of sources/data

The next step is the evaluation stage . Evaluation involves a lot of reading. Evaluation can be done in two stages; overall skimming and thorough reading. During the second stage of this step, be critical, ask questions, and take many notes.

Some of the questions authors or researchers should ask themselves are:

• What is the author’s objective? What problem, concept, or theory are they putting across?
• What are the main concepts?
• What are the methodologies used by the author to arrive at the results and conclusions?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the results and conclusions?

Use credible sources. Most cited sources are preferred as they indicate their influence in the field. Also, keep track of the citations to be later incorporated.

Identify themes, debates, and gaps

While reading the sources, identify key patterns, themes, debates/arguments, and gaps in each literature. These elements help tie the literature to the topic under investigation. Look for consistent patterns, themes, questions, challenges, methods, and inconsistencies in the same. Consistencies present critical information for consideration, while inconsistencies present opportunities for research areas.

Outline the structure

Formatting is part and parcel of a well-written work. Selecting the structure should start by creating an outline with all the information that will go into the lit review, then consider the different types of structures and select the most suitable. Next, take the basic structure of the introduction, body, and conclusion into consideration and start work from there. 

Analysis and interpretation 

Lastly, perform an in-depth analysis and interpretation of the information obtained from the scholarly research and put it into writing. The summarized, synthesized, and critically evaluated information is then written down in well-structured paragraphs that follow the chosen structure. Transition words are used to draw comparisons, connections, and contrasts.

Format 

Ordinarily, a literature review will have three key components: introduction, body, and conclusion. These components should appear in the document in the following order:

Introduction

An introduction should inform the reader which topic is being studied. It gives the reader an overall idea of the purpose and focus of the document. The introduction lets the reader know beforehand the key things that will be highlighted in the document. Therefore, the introduction should be brief and precise.

The next item is the body, where the primary purpose of the lit review is fulfilled. The body should take critical information from all the sources used and comprehensively present them. This is where the author reports the extensive analysis and interpretation results that they gathered from all the sources they reviewed. The body should be categorized into themes, ideas, and concepts within the main topic.

Lastly, a summary of what the lit review entails should be provided as a conclusion. The critical points obtained from examining the sources should be written down and linked to the primary subject of the review. Key points are those that have the most outstanding contribution to the research.

Studies used should be screened based on provenance (author’s credentials or credibility), methodology, objectivity, persuasiveness, and value related to the topic at hand.

Guidelines for Writing a Literature Review

To improve the delivery of information, there are certain elements that authors can incorporate. They are:

Use evidence

The lit review’s findings, interpretations, and general contents should be based on actual evidence or credible literature. Using citations is evidence of authentic information.

Be selective

There will always be a lot of information available from the reviewed sources. Authors should therefore be selective and discuss the key points that focus on the topic. Not all information must be included in the review.  

Word-for-word quotes are acceptable . This is even more so if a critical point or author-specific terminology or knowledge cannot be paraphrased. Quotes should, however, be used sparingly.

Summarize and synthesize

The information obtained from the sources should be summarized, and the author should use it to synthesize new arguments, concepts, or ideas related to their research.

Keep your voice

The literature review should reflect the author’s voice as it is a review of other people’s works. This can be done by starting and ending the paragraphs with an original voice, ideas, and wordings.

Use caution while paraphrasing

Any paraphrased information should be conveyed accurately and in the author’s words. A citation must always be done, even when paraphrasing has been done.

Proofread before submitting or publishing. Go through the document a few times and make the necessary changes. The review should be within the applicable guidelines. Check for language and any other errors and edit accordingly.

Do’s and Don’ts for a Literature Review 

Every researcher wants to introduce their readers to a particular topic in an informative and engaging manner. Below are tips that can be used to this effect.

The following things should be opted by the researcher when writing a lit review:

• Find a focus: Authors should take a direction, idea, concept, or argument and stick to it. The information conveyed should then be made to align with the chosen point of focus. Thus, the review is not simply a list of analyzed sources, but a detailed summary of how different sources have a focal point (intertwined).
• Well-chosen sources: The quality of the information will, to a great extent, be determined by the quality of sources used. Therefore, take time to select suitable sources and more value will be added to the review.
• Create an annotated bibliography: Creating an annotated bibliography is recommended as one reads their sources. The bibliography keeps track of sources and takes notes. This information can be used when writing the final lit review.
• Synthesize research: Information obtained from the relevant studies should be combined to come up with new or original ideas. You should present a new domain based on previous sources’ knowledge, not just restating the information.
• Argumentative approach: Well-written literature reviews will often argue to support an author’s stance on a particular topic. The author can choose to address how the author’s work is filling a particular gap or support one of the scholar’s arguments and perception towards a particular topic. However, this argumentative approach will not work in all situations; it is usually discipline-specific. 
• Convey it to the reader: It should let the reader know the document’s main idea, concept, or argument. This can be done by including a simple statement that compels the reader to think precisely and know what to expect.
• Break out your disciplinary box: The research will often be multi-disciplinary. Literature reviews should then collect interdisciplinary information from multiple sources as they add novel dynamics to the topic under investigation. It should be noted that this does not imply that the researcher should substitute the literature from the topic’s discipline with that from other disciplines. This is usually an improvement strategy that adds substance to the review.
• Look for repeated patterns: Be attentive to pick out repeated ideas, findings, and concepts from different scholars as they will often illustrate agreed research dead-end or a scholarly conclusion.
• Don’t just review for content: When reviewing the literature, examine the content and other writing and presentation techniques. Look out for unique ways information has been presented, methods used, consistent citations, and non-textual elements such as graphs, and figures used to present information. In addition, the researcher identifies theories used to predict, explain, or understand phenomena within the discipline.
• Search Web of Science and Google Scholar: Conduct citation tracking about the leading scholars already identified in the search process. Scholars cited by multiple scholars outside the principal discipline will generally indicate that there are no new publications on the topic.

The following don’ts should be avoided:

• Do not select studies that are not directly related to the topic being investigated.
• Avoid rushing when identifying and selecting sources to use to research the problem.
• Avoid the use of secondary analytical sources. Instead, opt to use sources with primary research studies or data. Secondary analytical sources will often cite primary analytical sources; research should refer to them instead.
• Do not accept other scholarly findings, theories, or interpretations without critically examining and critiquing them.
• Researchers should not outline the search procedures used to identify scholarly sources for reviewing purposes.
• Avoid including isolated statistical findings without illustrating how they were arrived at using chi-squared or meta-analytic methods.
• Do not review studies that only validate the assumptions, stances, and concepts of your thesis; consider contradicting works with alternative and conflicting stances.

Frequently Asked Questions

It is written by researchers, authors, and students who must study literature to gather knowledge on a particular topic they are interested in.

It should be placed right after the introduction of the dissertation. It places the research in a scholarly context by summarizing existing knowledge on the particular topic.

Researchers and authors are not limited in terms of how many sources they can review. Students will usually have a given number of sources to review as an assignment. However, the number of sources referenced in a lit review will vary from one topic or discipline to the other. Some topics have a vast catalog of available sources, while others have minimal sources, especially emerging issues. It is, however, advised that each key point discussed should have at least 2-3 references/sources. For example, a 10-page lit review will have an average of 30 references.

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What is a literature review? [with examples]

What is a literature review?

The purpose of a literature review, how to write a literature review, the format of a literature review, general formatting rules, the length of a literature review, literature review examples, frequently asked questions about literature reviews, related articles.

A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research.

In a literature review, you’re expected to report on the existing scholarly conversation, without adding new contributions.

If you are currently writing one, you've come to the right place. In the following paragraphs, we will explain:

• the objective of a literature review
• how to write a literature review
• the basic format of a literature review

Tip: It’s not always mandatory to add a literature review in a paper. Theses and dissertations often include them, whereas research papers may not. Make sure to consult with your instructor for exact requirements.

The four main objectives of a literature review are:

• Studying the references of your research area
• Summarizing the main arguments
• Identifying current gaps, stances, and issues
• Presenting all of the above in a text

Ultimately, the main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.

The format of a literature review is fairly standard. It includes an:

• introduction that briefly introduces the main topic
• body that includes the main discussion of the key arguments
• conclusion that highlights the gaps and issues of the literature

➡️ Take a look at our guide on how to write a literature review to learn more about how to structure a literature review.

First of all, a literature review should have its own labeled section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature can be found, and you should label this section as “Literature Review.”

➡️ For more information on writing a thesis, visit our guide on how to structure a thesis .

There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, it will be short.

Take a look at these three theses featuring great literature reviews:

• School-Based Speech-Language Pathologist's Perceptions of Sensory Food Aversions in Children [ PDF , see page 20]
• Who's Writing What We Read: Authorship in Criminological Research [ PDF , see page 4]
• A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Online Instructors of Theological Reflection at Christian Institutions Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools [ PDF , see page 56]

Literature reviews are most commonly found in theses and dissertations. However, you find them in research papers as well.

There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, then it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, then it will be short.

No. A literature review should have its own independent section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature review can be found, and label this section as “Literature Review.”

The main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.

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2 Contoh Literature Review yang Benar dan Cara Membuatnya

Sonora.ID - Apa yang dimaksud dengan literature review itu? Mengutip dari buku Metodologi Riset Bidang Sistem Informasi dan Komputer, literature review adalah proses membaca, menganalisis, mengevaluasi, dan meringkas bahan ilmiah tentang topik tertentu.

Literature review ini bukan sekadar katalog kronologis dari semua sumber yang ada, tetapi merupakan sebuah evaluasi.

Dengan menyimpulkan atau mencari benang merahnya dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya dan menjelaskan bagaimana hubungan dengan penelitian yang akan diusulkan.

Tujuan mereview literatur adalah sebagai berikut.

• Mencari tahu informasi apa yang sudah ada di bidang penelitian Anda.
• Mencari tahu orang lain yang bekerja di bidang penelitian Anda.
• Mengidentifikasi pekerjaan seminimal di penelitian Anda.
• Mengidentifikasi ide-ide utama, teori, kesimpulan, dan menetapkan persamaan serta perbedaannya.
• Menyediakan context pada penelitian Anda.
• Menunjukan hubungan antara studi dan teori sebelumnya.
• Mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam literatur.
• Mengidentifikasi metodologi utama dan teknik penelitiannya.

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Cara Membuatnya

Proses dalam mereview literatur memiliki beberapa cara, langkah atau tahapan yang harus dilalui, yakni sebagai berikut.

(1) Menentukan topik.

(2) Mencari literatur.

(3) Mengembangkan argumen.

(4) Survey...

Literature review, contoh literature review, pengertian literature review, tujuan literature review, cara membuat literature review.

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Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

Marco pautasso.

1 Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE), CNRS, Montpellier, France

2 Centre for Biodiversity Synthesis and Analysis (CESAB), FRB, Aix-en-Provence, France

Literature reviews are in great demand in most scientific fields. Their need stems from the ever-increasing output of scientific publications [1] . For example, compared to 1991, in 2008 three, eight, and forty times more papers were indexed in Web of Science on malaria, obesity, and biodiversity, respectively [2] . Given such mountains of papers, scientists cannot be expected to examine in detail every single new paper relevant to their interests [3] . Thus, it is both advantageous and necessary to rely on regular summaries of the recent literature. Although recognition for scientists mainly comes from primary research, timely literature reviews can lead to new synthetic insights and are often widely read [4] . For such summaries to be useful, however, they need to be compiled in a professional way [5] .

When starting from scratch, reviewing the literature can require a titanic amount of work. That is why researchers who have spent their career working on a certain research issue are in a perfect position to review that literature. Some graduate schools are now offering courses in reviewing the literature, given that most research students start their project by producing an overview of what has already been done on their research issue [6] . However, it is likely that most scientists have not thought in detail about how to approach and carry out a literature review.

Reviewing the literature requires the ability to juggle multiple tasks, from finding and evaluating relevant material to synthesising information from various sources, from critical thinking to paraphrasing, evaluating, and citation skills [7] . In this contribution, I share ten simple rules I learned working on about 25 literature reviews as a PhD and postdoctoral student. Ideas and insights also come from discussions with coauthors and colleagues, as well as feedback from reviewers and editors.

Rule 1: Define a Topic and Audience

How to choose which topic to review? There are so many issues in contemporary science that you could spend a lifetime of attending conferences and reading the literature just pondering what to review. On the one hand, if you take several years to choose, several other people may have had the same idea in the meantime. On the other hand, only a well-considered topic is likely to lead to a brilliant literature review [8] . The topic must at least be:

• interesting to you (ideally, you should have come across a series of recent papers related to your line of work that call for a critical summary),
• an important aspect of the field (so that many readers will be interested in the review and there will be enough material to write it), and
• a well-defined issue (otherwise you could potentially include thousands of publications, which would make the review unhelpful).

Ideas for potential reviews may come from papers providing lists of key research questions to be answered [9] , but also from serendipitous moments during desultory reading and discussions. In addition to choosing your topic, you should also select a target audience. In many cases, the topic (e.g., web services in computational biology) will automatically define an audience (e.g., computational biologists), but that same topic may also be of interest to neighbouring fields (e.g., computer science, biology, etc.).

Rule 2: Search and Re-search the Literature

After having chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the literature and downloading relevant papers. Five pieces of advice here:

• keep track of the search items you use (so that your search can be replicated [10] ),
• keep a list of papers whose pdfs you cannot access immediately (so as to retrieve them later with alternative strategies),
• use a paper management system (e.g., Mendeley, Papers, Qiqqa, Sente),
• define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of irrelevant papers (these criteria can then be described in the review to help define its scope), and
• do not just look for research papers in the area you wish to review, but also seek previous reviews.

The chances are high that someone will already have published a literature review ( Figure 1 ), if not exactly on the issue you are planning to tackle, at least on a related topic. If there are already a few or several reviews of the literature on your issue, my advice is not to give up, but to carry on with your own literature review,

The bottom-right situation (many literature reviews but few research papers) is not just a theoretical situation; it applies, for example, to the study of the impacts of climate change on plant diseases, where there appear to be more literature reviews than research studies [33] .

• discussing in your review the approaches, limitations, and conclusions of past reviews,
• trying to find a new angle that has not been covered adequately in the previous reviews, and
• incorporating new material that has inevitably accumulated since their appearance.

When searching the literature for pertinent papers and reviews, the usual rules apply:

• be thorough,
• use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP, Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), and
• look at who has cited past relevant papers and book chapters.

Rule 3: Take Notes While Reading

If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing the review, you will need a very good memory to remember who wrote what, and what your impressions and associations were while reading each single paper. My advice is, while reading, to start writing down interesting pieces of information, insights about how to organize the review, and thoughts on what to write. This way, by the time you have read the literature you selected, you will already have a rough draft of the review.

Of course, this draft will still need much rewriting, restructuring, and rethinking to obtain a text with a coherent argument [11] , but you will have avoided the danger posed by staring at a blank document. Be careful when taking notes to use quotation marks if you are provisionally copying verbatim from the literature. It is advisable then to reformulate such quotes with your own words in the final draft. It is important to be careful in noting the references already at this stage, so as to avoid misattributions. Using referencing software from the very beginning of your endeavour will save you time.

Rule 4: Choose the Type of Review You Wish to Write

After having taken notes while reading the literature, you will have a rough idea of the amount of material available for the review. This is probably a good time to decide whether to go for a mini- or a full review. Some journals are now favouring the publication of rather short reviews focusing on the last few years, with a limit on the number of words and citations. A mini-review is not necessarily a minor review: it may well attract more attention from busy readers, although it will inevitably simplify some issues and leave out some relevant material due to space limitations. A full review will have the advantage of more freedom to cover in detail the complexities of a particular scientific development, but may then be left in the pile of the very important papers “to be read” by readers with little time to spare for major monographs.

There is probably a continuum between mini- and full reviews. The same point applies to the dichotomy of descriptive vs. integrative reviews. While descriptive reviews focus on the methodology, findings, and interpretation of each reviewed study, integrative reviews attempt to find common ideas and concepts from the reviewed material [12] . A similar distinction exists between narrative and systematic reviews: while narrative reviews are qualitative, systematic reviews attempt to test a hypothesis based on the published evidence, which is gathered using a predefined protocol to reduce bias [13] , [14] . When systematic reviews analyse quantitative results in a quantitative way, they become meta-analyses. The choice between different review types will have to be made on a case-by-case basis, depending not just on the nature of the material found and the preferences of the target journal(s), but also on the time available to write the review and the number of coauthors [15] .

Rule 5: Keep the Review Focused, but Make It of Broad Interest

Whether your plan is to write a mini- or a full review, it is good advice to keep it focused 16 , 17 . Including material just for the sake of it can easily lead to reviews that are trying to do too many things at once. The need to keep a review focused can be problematic for interdisciplinary reviews, where the aim is to bridge the gap between fields [18] . If you are writing a review on, for example, how epidemiological approaches are used in modelling the spread of ideas, you may be inclined to include material from both parent fields, epidemiology and the study of cultural diffusion. This may be necessary to some extent, but in this case a focused review would only deal in detail with those studies at the interface between epidemiology and the spread of ideas.

While focus is an important feature of a successful review, this requirement has to be balanced with the need to make the review relevant to a broad audience. This square may be circled by discussing the wider implications of the reviewed topic for other disciplines.

Rule 6: Be Critical and Consistent

Reviewing the literature is not stamp collecting. A good review does not just summarize the literature, but discusses it critically, identifies methodological problems, and points out research gaps [19] . After having read a review of the literature, a reader should have a rough idea of:

• the major achievements in the reviewed field,
• the main areas of debate, and
• the outstanding research questions.

It is challenging to achieve a successful review on all these fronts. A solution can be to involve a set of complementary coauthors: some people are excellent at mapping what has been achieved, some others are very good at identifying dark clouds on the horizon, and some have instead a knack at predicting where solutions are going to come from. If your journal club has exactly this sort of team, then you should definitely write a review of the literature! In addition to critical thinking, a literature review needs consistency, for example in the choice of passive vs. active voice and present vs. past tense.

Rule 7: Find a Logical Structure

Like a well-baked cake, a good review has a number of telling features: it is worth the reader's time, timely, systematic, well written, focused, and critical. It also needs a good structure. With reviews, the usual subdivision of research papers into introduction, methods, results, and discussion does not work or is rarely used. However, a general introduction of the context and, toward the end, a recapitulation of the main points covered and take-home messages make sense also in the case of reviews. For systematic reviews, there is a trend towards including information about how the literature was searched (database, keywords, time limits) [20] .

How can you organize the flow of the main body of the review so that the reader will be drawn into and guided through it? It is generally helpful to draw a conceptual scheme of the review, e.g., with mind-mapping techniques. Such diagrams can help recognize a logical way to order and link the various sections of a review [21] . This is the case not just at the writing stage, but also for readers if the diagram is included in the review as a figure. A careful selection of diagrams and figures relevant to the reviewed topic can be very helpful to structure the text too [22] .

Rule 8: Make Use of Feedback

Reviews of the literature are normally peer-reviewed in the same way as research papers, and rightly so [23] . As a rule, incorporating feedback from reviewers greatly helps improve a review draft. Having read the review with a fresh mind, reviewers may spot inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities that had not been noticed by the writers due to rereading the typescript too many times. It is however advisable to reread the draft one more time before submission, as a last-minute correction of typos, leaps, and muddled sentences may enable the reviewers to focus on providing advice on the content rather than the form.

Feedback is vital to writing a good review, and should be sought from a variety of colleagues, so as to obtain a diversity of views on the draft. This may lead in some cases to conflicting views on the merits of the paper, and on how to improve it, but such a situation is better than the absence of feedback. A diversity of feedback perspectives on a literature review can help identify where the consensus view stands in the landscape of the current scientific understanding of an issue [24] .

Rule 9: Include Your Own Relevant Research, but Be Objective

In many cases, reviewers of the literature will have published studies relevant to the review they are writing. This could create a conflict of interest: how can reviewers report objectively on their own work [25] ? Some scientists may be overly enthusiastic about what they have published, and thus risk giving too much importance to their own findings in the review. However, bias could also occur in the other direction: some scientists may be unduly dismissive of their own achievements, so that they will tend to downplay their contribution (if any) to a field when reviewing it.

In general, a review of the literature should neither be a public relations brochure nor an exercise in competitive self-denial. If a reviewer is up to the job of producing a well-organized and methodical review, which flows well and provides a service to the readership, then it should be possible to be objective in reviewing one's own relevant findings. In reviews written by multiple authors, this may be achieved by assigning the review of the results of a coauthor to different coauthors.

Rule 10: Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older Studies

Given the progressive acceleration in the publication of scientific papers, today's reviews of the literature need awareness not just of the overall direction and achievements of a field of inquiry, but also of the latest studies, so as not to become out-of-date before they have been published. Ideally, a literature review should not identify as a major research gap an issue that has just been addressed in a series of papers in press (the same applies, of course, to older, overlooked studies (“sleeping beauties” [26] )). This implies that literature reviewers would do well to keep an eye on electronic lists of papers in press, given that it can take months before these appear in scientific databases. Some reviews declare that they have scanned the literature up to a certain point in time, but given that peer review can be a rather lengthy process, a full search for newly appeared literature at the revision stage may be worthwhile. Assessing the contribution of papers that have just appeared is particularly challenging, because there is little perspective with which to gauge their significance and impact on further research and society.

Inevitably, new papers on the reviewed topic (including independently written literature reviews) will appear from all quarters after the review has been published, so that there may soon be the need for an updated review. But this is the nature of science [27] – [32] . I wish everybody good luck with writing a review of the literature.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to M. Barbosa, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, T. Döring, D. Fontaneto, M. Garbelotto, O. Holdenrieder, M. Jeger, D. Lonsdale, A. MacLeod, P. Mills, M. Moslonka-Lefebvre, G. Stancanelli, P. Weisberg, and X. Xu for insights and discussions, and to P. Bourne, T. Matoni, and D. Smith for helpful comments on a previous draft.

Funding Statement

This work was funded by the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB) through its Centre for Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity data (CESAB), as part of the NETSEED research project. The funders had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.

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Literature review.

Syarat Pendirian Institut

Dalam dunia akademik, literature review atau tinjauan pustaka adalah suatu bentuk kajian yang sangat penting. Proses literatur review melibatkan penelaahan, pengumpulan, dan sintesis berbagai sumber literatur yang relevan dengan topik tertentu. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas pengertian, metode, dan cara membuat literatur review.

Pengertian literatur review adalah proses penelitian yang melibatkan peninjauan serta evaluasi kritis terhadap sumber-sumber literatur yang telah ada. Tujuan utama dari literatur review adalah untuk memahami dan menggambarkan keadaan penelitian terkini di bidang yang berkaitan dengan topik yang diteliti.

Dengan melakukan literatur review, peneliti dapat menemukan pengetahuan terkini, mengidentifikasi kesenjangan penelitian yang ada, serta menyusun dasar teoretis yang kuat untuk penelitian yang akan dilakukan.

Metode yang digunakan dalam literatur review dapat bervariasi tergantung pada tujuan penelitian dan disiplin ilmu yang terkait. Beberapa metode yang umum digunakan meliputi identifikasi sumber literatur yang relevan, pengumpulan data dari sumber-sumber tersebut, analisis dan sintesis data, serta penulisan laporan literatur review yang komprehensif.

Cara membuat literatur review yang efektif melibatkan beberapa langkah penting. Pertama, identifikasi topik atau area penelitian yang akan diteliti. Kemudian, lakukan pencarian literatur yang komprehensif menggunakan basis data akademik, jurnal ilmiah, dan sumber-sumber tepercaya lainnya.

Setelah itu, baca dan pahami sumber-sumber literatur yang relevan secara menyeluruh. Selanjutnya, analisis dan sintesislah data yang ditemukan, temukan pola atau tema yang muncul, dan buat rangkuman yang jelas dan terstruktur.

Dalam artikel ini, kami akan menjelaskan dengan lebih rinci tentang pengertian, metode, dan cara membuat literatur review. Kami juga akan memberikan tips praktis dan saran yang berguna dalam menyusun literatur review yang berkualitas.

Dengan memahami pentingnya literatur review dan mengikuti langkah-langkah yang tepat, Anda akan dapat menciptakan tinjauan pustaka yang berarti dan berkontribusi pada pengembangan pengetahuan dalam bidang yang Anda minati.

Selamat membaca artikel ini dan semoga informasi yang kami sajikan bermanfaat bagi Anda yang ingin mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang literatur review: pengertian, metode, dan cara membuatnya.

Pengertian Literature

Literature, atau yang dikenal juga dengan sebutan literatur dalam bahasa Indonesia, merujuk pada segala jenis tulisan yang dapat digunakan sebagai referensi atau bahan acuan dalam berbagai bidang penelitian atau karya tulis ilmiah. Definisi dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) menyebutkan bahwa literatur merupakan bahan bacaan yang digunakan baik untuk kegiatan intelektual maupun rekreasi.

Keberadaan literature sebagai referensi sangatlah penting karena dianggap memiliki banyak data yang valid. Selain itu, literatur juga dianggap memiliki manfaat abadi, yang artinya literature tidak pernah usang dan selalu berkembang seiring waktu.

Secara umum, segala jenis karya tulis termasuk dalam kategori literature selama terkait dengan topik yang dibahas dalam karya tulis ilmiah. Namun, dalam menggunakan literatur sebagai referensi, penting untuk memeriksa keabsahan data yang terdapat di dalamnya. Hal ini dapat dilakukan melalui pengecekan terhadap penulis literature, editor, dan penerbit literature tersebut.

Literature memiliki peran yang penting dalam dunia akademik dan riset. Dalam melakukan penelitian atau menulis karya ilmiah, penggunaan literature review atau tinjauan pustaka sangatlah diperlukan.

Literature review adalah proses kritis dalam mengumpulkan, mengevaluasi, dan mensintesis berbagai sumber literatur yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Dengan melakukan literature review, peneliti dapat memperoleh pemahaman mendalam tentang perkembangan penelitian terkini dan mengidentifikasi kesenjangan penelitian yang ada.

Dalam konteks pembuatan karya tulis ilmiah, penggunaan literature review yang baik dapat memberikan dasar teoretis yang kuat, menyediakan kerangka pemikiran, serta mendukung argumen yang disajikan.

Oleh karena itu, memahami pengertian literature, mengakses sumber-sumber literatur yang terpercaya, dan melakukan evaluasi kritis terhadap data-data yang terdapat dalam literature sangatlah penting untuk menciptakan karya tulis ilmiah yang berkualitas.

Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas lebih lanjut tentang pengertian literature, peran pentingnya dalam penelitian, dan bagaimana melakukan literature review secara efektif. Kami juga akan memberikan tips dan panduan praktis dalam memanfaatkan literature secara optimal dalam karya tulis ilmiah Anda.

Pengertian Review

Sebagaimana telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, literature review terdiri dari dua kata. Setelah menjelaskan pengertian literature, kita dapat memahami bahwa pengertian review merujuk pada suatu bentuk ringkasan atau evaluasi yang berasal dari berbagai sumber, seperti film, buku, berita, dan jurnal. Selain itu, review juga dapat berkaitan dengan penilaian terhadap berbagai produk yang seringkali dilakukan setelah berbelanja online.

Ulasan yang diberikan setelah berbelanja online memiliki manfaat yang signifikan bagi pemilik toko, karena dapat memberikan wawasan mengenai aspek yang perlu ditingkatkan dan aspek yang perlu dipertahankan.

Oleh karena itu, toko online sangat mengharapkan ulasan dari pelanggan mereka. Dengan adanya ulasan tersebut, pemilik toko dapat meningkatkan kualitas layanan atau produk, yang pada gilirannya dapat meningkatkan omset penjualan.

Secara prinsip, konsep review dalam literature review hampir sama dengan review produk. Dalam konteks literature review, review merujuk pada penilaian seseorang terhadap kualitas sebuah karya tulis. Karya tulis yang dimaksud dalam hal ini dapat berupa artikel jurnal, novel, buku, dan sebagainya.

Melalui literature review, seseorang dapat menentukan apakah sebuah karya tulis dapat digunakan sebagai referensi dalam penelitian atau karya ilmiah. Literature review juga memberikan manfaat bagi penulis karya tulis itu sendiri dengan memberikan wawasan tentang aspek-aspek yang perlu diperbaiki untuk meningkatkan kualitas karya tulis tersebut.

Tidak hanya itu, literature review juga bermanfaat bagi orang lain dengan membantu mereka menemukan karya tulis yang berkualitas dan dapat dijadikan referensi dalam melakukan penelitian.

Mengingat cakupan review yang sangat luas, terdapat beberapa jenis review, seperti review jurnal , review buku, review artikel, dan masih banyak lagi.

Apa Itu Literature Review?

Walaupun literature review terdiri dari dua kata, namun sebenarnya makna dari literature review tidak sekadar merupakan penggabungan dua kata tersebut. Dalam konteks penelitian, terutama dalam pembuatan karya ilmiah, literature review lebih dikenal dengan istilah tinjauan pustaka.

Dengan demikian, literature review dapat diartikan sebagai kegiatan analisis dan kritikan terhadap penelitian yang sedang dilakukan terhadap topik khusus dalam suatu bidang keilmuan.

Isi dari literature review berupa penjelasan atau pembahasan mengenai teori-teori yang terkait dengan temuan atau topik penelitian tersebut. Penjelasan teori-teori ini kemudian menjadi landasan teori yang digunakan dalam pembuatan karya ilmiah atau dalam melakukan kegiatan penelitian.

Penelitian yang sedang dilakukan melalui literature review ini bisa berupa pengembangan dari penelitian sebelumnya atau penelitian yang dilakukan untuk pertama kalinya.

Dalam menyusun literature review, terdapat beberapa langkah yang perlu dilakukan. Pertama, seseorang perlu membaca dan memahami karya tulis yang akan dianalisis. Selanjutnya, kritiklah karya tulis tersebut dan berikan ulasan atau tanggapan terhadap isi karya tulis atau literature yang sedang ditinjau.

Oleh karena itu, kegiatan literature review seringkali dikaitkan dengan mahasiswa atau dosen. Hal ini disebabkan karena mahasiswa atau dosen sering diberi tugas untuk melakukan literature review dalam konteks penelitian atau pembuatan karya ilmiah.

Metode Literature Review

Ketika ingin melakukan atau membuat literature review, terdapat beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan, antara lain systematic mapping study, systematic literature review, dan traditional review.

1. Systematic Mapping Study

Systematic mapping study merupakan salah satu metode literature review yang dilakukan secara sistematis dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Dalam metode literature review ini, pemilihan karya tulis yang akan diteliti tidak dapat dilakukan secara subjektif, melainkan harus dilakukan secara objektif.

Systematic mapping study memiliki tingkat kompleksitas yang lebih tinggi dan melibatkan lebih banyak karya tulis dibandingkan traditional review. Selain itu, peneliti yang menggunakan metode ini biasanya telah memiliki standar tertentu, seperti standar dalam pemilihan judul dan jenis karya tulis yang akan digunakan.

Dalam melakukan literature review dengan metode ini, peneliti akan mengumpulkan berbagai jenis karya tulis terlebih dahulu. Setelah itu, karya tulis tersebut akan dibaca satu per satu dan diulas atau dianalisis sesuai dengan topik penelitian yang akan diteliti.

2. Systematic Literature Review

Systematic literature review, atau biasa disingkat sebagai SLR, merupakan metode literature review yang dilakukan secara sistematis dengan tujuan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis kritis data dan temuan dari berbagai penelitian lainnya.

Dalam membuat literature review dengan metode systematic literature review, langkah-langkah dilakukan secara berurutan dan sistematis. Dengan kata lain, literature review dibuat mulai dari hal-hal yang paling mendasar kemudian menuju hal-hal yang lebih kompleks.

Proses dengan metode ini membutuhkan tahapan yang cukup panjang, namun hasil literature review yang dihasilkan akan lebih detail, akurat, dan kompleks. Oleh karena itu, dengan metode ini, penulis dapat memperoleh landasan teori yang lebih tajam dan berkualitas.

3. Traditional Review

Metode kedua yang digunakan dalam membuat literature review adalah traditional review. Traditional review merupakan metode yang umum digunakan oleh peneliti dalam membuat literature review. Hasil dari metode traditional review sering kita jumpai dalam karya tulis survey paper.

Oleh karena itu, literature review yang dihasilkan melalui metode ini lebih terfokus pada satu topik tertentu. Selain itu, karya tulis yang dipilih sudah diketahui oleh penulis sebelumnya.

Dengan metode traditional review, karya tulis yang digunakan sebagai referensi masih berkaitan dengan topik penelitian yang sedang dilakukan. Metode ini dapat membatasi referensi hanya pada topik yang sama, padahal tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwa sumber atau data yang relevan dapat ditemukan dari topik yang berbeda.

Keterbatasan dalam metode traditional review tidak hanya terbatas pada data dan sumber, tetapi juga pada wawasan dan pemahaman peneliti. Dengan kata lain, semakin luas wawasan peneliti, semakin banyak pula karya tulis atau literatur yang telah dibaca, diteliti, atau dianalisis oleh peneliti.

Manfaat Literature Review

Literature review, atau tinjauan pustaka, adalah komponen penting dalam penelitian. Melalui literature review, Anda dapat mengumpulkan dan menganalisis literatur yang relevan dengan topik penelitian Anda. Berikut ini adalah beberapa manfaat penting dari literature review dalam konteks penelitian:

1. Memahami Perkembangan Penelitian Terkini

Dengan melakukan literature review, Anda dapat memahami perkembangan terkini dalam bidang penelitian yang Anda minati. Anda dapat mengidentifikasi studi-studi terbaru, temuan-temuan penting, dan tren penelitian yang sedang berkembang. Hal ini membantu Anda untuk tetap up-to-date dan memastikan bahwa penelitian Anda relevan dengan perkembangan terkini.

2. Mengidentifikasi Kesenjangan Pengetahuan

Melalui literature review, Anda dapat mengidentifikasi kesenjangan pengetahuan atau gap dalam literatur yang ada. Anda dapat melihat area yang belum banyak diteliti atau topik yang masih kontroversial.

Dengan mengetahui kesenjangan ini, Anda dapat merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian yang relevan dan memberikan kontribusi baru dalam bidang tersebut.

3. Memperkuat Rasioanlisasi Penelitian Anda

Dalam literature review, Anda akan menemukan studi-studi terdahulu yang telah dilakukan dalam bidang yang sama atau serupa dengan penelitian Anda. Dengan merujuk pada studi-studi tersebut, Anda dapat memperkuat rasionalisasi penelitian Anda.

Anda dapat menunjukkan kebutuhan untuk penelitian lanjutan atau bagaimana penelitian Anda akan memberikan kontribusi yang berbeda dan berharga.

4. Membangun Kerangka Konseptual

Literature review membantu Anda dalam membangun kerangka konseptual untuk penelitian Anda. Anda dapat mengidentifikasi teori-teori yang relevan, konsep-konsep kunci, dan variabel-variabel yang perlu diperhatikan.

Dengan membangun kerangka konseptual yang kuat, Anda dapat mengarahkan penelitian Anda dan memperjelas hubungan antara variabel-variabel yang akan diteliti.

5. Memilih Metode yang Tepat

Dalam literature review, Anda juga dapat mempelajari metode-metode penelitian yang telah digunakan dalam studi-studi sebelumnya. Anda dapat melihat metode-metode yang telah terbukti efektif dalam bidang penelitian yang sama. Ini membantu Anda dalam memilih metode yang paling tepat untuk penelitian Anda, sehingga hasil penelitian dapat menjadi lebih valid dan dapat diandalkan.

6. Mencegah Pembaruan yang Tidak Perlu

Dengan melakukan literature review, Anda dapat memastikan bahwa penelitian yang Anda lakukan tidak mereplikasi atau mengulang penelitian yang sudah ada. Anda dapat melihat apakah pertanyaan penelitian Anda telah diteliti sebelumnya atau sudah ada jawaban yang jelas.

Jika sudah ada penelitian yang cukup, Anda dapat memfokuskan energi dan sumber daya Anda untuk mengeksplorasi aspek yang belum tercakup.

7. Memvalidasi Temuan Penelitian Anda

Melalui literature review, Anda dapat membandingkan temuan penelitian Anda dengan temuan penelitian sebelumnya. Hal ini memungkinkan Anda untuk memvalidasi hasil penelitian Anda dan melihat sejauh mana hasil Anda konsisten dengan literatur yang ada.

Jika temuan Anda sejalan dengan penelitian sebelumnya, ini akan memperkuat kepercayaan pada hasil Anda.

8. Mendapatkan Pemahaman Mendalam tentang Topik

Dalam literature review, Anda akan membaca dan menganalisis berbagai artikel dan publikasi ilmiah. Hal ini akan membantu Anda untuk mendapatkan pemahaman mendalam tentang topik penelitian Anda.

Anda akan mengembangkan wawasan yang lebih luas dan dapat melihat berbagai perspektif yang ada. Pemahaman yang mendalam ini akan membantu Anda dalam mengembangkan argumen yang kuat dan informasi yang kredibel dalam penelitian Anda.

9. Menemukan Sumber Referensi yang Relevan

Literature review juga membantu Anda dalam menemukan sumber referensi yang relevan untuk penelitian Anda. Anda akan mengidentifikasi artikel-artikel penting, buku, atau publikasi lainnya yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam penelitian Anda.

Dengan memiliki sumber referensi yang kuat, Anda dapat mendukung klaim Anda dan memperkuat argumentasi dalam penelitian Anda.

10. Menghindari Plagiarisme

Dengan melakukan literature review yang cermat, Anda dapat menghindari plagiarisme dalam penelitian Anda. Anda akan mengetahui penelitian-penelitian yang telah ada dan cara mereka menyajikan informasi.

Dengan demikian, Anda dapat memastikan bahwa Anda mengutip dengan benar dan memberikan kredit kepada penulis yang tepat. Ini penting untuk menjaga integritas akademik Anda.

Melalui literature review, Anda tidak hanya memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang topik penelitian Anda, tetapi juga memperkuat dasar penelitian Anda, mengidentifikasi kesenjangan pengetahuan, dan memperkuat argumen Anda.

Literature review membantu Anda membangun fondasi yang solid untuk penelitian Anda dan memastikan bahwa penelitian Anda memiliki kontribusi yang berharga dalam bidang tersebut.

Contoh Format Literature Review Jurnal

Contoh format literature review jurnal yang disediakan di bawah ini menguraikan bagian-bagian utama dan subjudul yang harus dimasukkan dalam literature review Anda. Ini berfungsi sebagai template yang dapat Anda adaptasi dan modifikasi sesuai dengan persyaratan khusus artikel penelitian Anda.

1. Pendahuluan

Pada bagian ini, berikan gambaran singkat tentang topik dan jelaskan pentingnya melakukan literature review. Hal ini menetapkan konteks untuk review Anda dan menyoroti kesenjangan dalam pengetahuan yang ada yang ingin Anda teliti.

2. Pertanyaan Penelitian atau Tujuan

Tuliskan pertanyaan penelitian atau tujuan Anda dengan jelas dan singkat. Bagian ini harus dengan jelas mengartikulasikan tujuan literature review Anda dan bagaimana hal itu berhubungan dengan tujuan penelitian secara keseluruhan.

3. Strategi Pencarian

Deskripsikan metodologi yang Anda gunakan untuk mencari literature yang relevan. Sertakan rincian seperti basis data yang Anda telusuri, kata kunci yang Anda gunakan, dan kriteria inklusi atau eksklusi yang Anda terapkan. Bagian ini menunjukkan kecermatan proses pencarian literature Anda.

4. Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi

Tentukan kriteria yang Anda gunakan untuk memilih studi yang akan dimasukkan dalam literature review Anda. Ini dapat mencakup faktor seperti tanggal publikasi, desain studi, lokasi geografis, atau bahasa. Dengan mendefinisikan dengan jelas kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi Anda, Anda memastikan bahwa literature review Anda fokus dan relevan.

5. Ekstraksi Data

Jelaskan informasi yang Anda ambil dari setiap studi yang dipilih. Ini dapat mencakup variabel seperti ukuran sampel, desain studi, metodologi yang digunakan, dan temuan-temuan utama. Bagian ini memungkinkan pembaca memahami karakteristik studi yang Anda masukkan dalam literature review Anda.

6. Tema dan Sintesis

Atur literature review Anda menjadi tema atau kategori berdasarkan konsep-konsep kunci, teori, atau variabel yang dieksplorasi dalam studi-studi yang dipilih. Dalam setiap tema, berikan ringkasan temuan utama dan diskusikan pola, ketidaksesuaian, atau kesenjangan dalam literature. Bagian ini menunjukkan kemampuan Anda untuk secara kritis menganalisis dan menyintesis penelitian yang ada.

7. Evaluasi Kritis

Evaluasikan kualitas dan validitas studi yang termasuk dalam literature review Anda. Bahas kekuatan dan kelemahan setiap studi dan nilai secara keseluruhan kualitas bukti tersebut. Bagian ini menyoroti kemampuan Anda dalam menilai kehandalan dan kredibilitas literature yang ada.

8. Diskusi dan Implikasi

Ringkas temuan utama literature review Anda dan diskusikan implikasinya terhadap pertanyaan penelitian atau tujuan Anda. Diskusikan kontribusi Anda terhadap pengetahuan yang ada dan identifikasi arah penelitian masa depan. Bagian ini memperlihatkan kemampuan Anda untuk menghubungkan temuan literature review Anda dengan konteks yang lebih luas.

Contoh Format Literature Review Jurnal PDF

Nah, pada bagian sebelumnya saya hanya memberikan contoh formatnya. Tapi, pada bagian ini kami akan memberikanmu contoh literature review jurnal dalam bentuk PDF yang bisa kamu akses secara langsung dan gratis!

Cara Membuat Literature Review

Literature review adalah elemen penting dalam penelitian akademik. Bagi banyak mahasiswa dan peneliti, membuat literature review sering menjadi tantangan yang membingungkan. Namun, dengan memahami konsep dasar dan mengikuti langkah-langkah yang tepat, Anda dapat menyusun literature review yang efektif dan informatif.

1. Pahami Tujuan dan Lingkup Literature Review

Sebelum memulai, penting untuk memahami tujuan dan lingkup literature review Anda. Pertanyaan yang perlu Anda jawab adalah:

• Apa topik penelitian Anda?
• Apa tujuan literature review Anda?
• Apa lingkup literatur yang akan Anda teliti?

Dengan menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini, Anda dapat mengarahkan penelitian Anda dan menentukan batasan-batasan yang sesuai.

2. Identifikasi Sumber-Sumber Utama

Langkah pertama dalam membuat literature review adalah mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber utama yang relevan dengan topik penelitian Anda. Berikut adalah beberapa sumber yang dapat Anda gunakan:

• Jurnal ilmiah terkemuka di bidang terkait
• Buku dan monograf
• Konferensi ilmiah dan prosiding
• Skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi terkait

Pastikan untuk menggunakan sumber-sumber yang terpercaya dan terkini. Anda juga dapat menggunakan database akademik seperti Google Scholar atau PubMed untuk mencari literatur yang relevan.

3. Baca dan Analisis Literatur

Setelah mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber utama, langkah berikutnya adalah membaca dan menganalisis literatur yang Anda temukan. Penting untuk mencatat poin-poin kunci dan temuan penting dari setiap artikel atau buku yang Anda baca.

Anda juga dapat membuat tabel atau diagram untuk membantu memvisualisasikan hubungan antara literatur yang berbeda. Hal ini akan memudahkan Anda dalam mengorganisir informasi dan mengidentifikasi tema-tema yang muncul.

4. Buat Rangkuman dan Sinopsis

Setelah membaca dan menganalisis literatur, buat rangkuman dan sinopsis dari setiap sumber. Ini akan membantu Anda memahami secara keseluruhan apa yang telah ditulis tentang topik penelitian Anda.

Pastikan rangkuman dan sinopsis yang Anda buat mencakup poin-poin penting, metodologi penelitian, temuan, dan kesimpulan dari setiap sumber. Anda juga dapat menambahkan komentar pribadi atau pemikiran Anda sendiri tentang setiap sumber.

5. Identifikasi Celah dalam Penelitian yang Ada

Saat menyusun literature review, penting untuk mengidentifikasi celah dalam penelitian yang ada. Tanyakan pada diri Anda:

• Apakah ada perbedaan pendapat atau hasil yang saling bertentangan dalam literatur yang Anda teliti?
• Adakah aspek penelitian yang belum banyak diteliti atau belum ada pemahaman yang mendalam?
• Apakah ada celah dalam penelitian yang dapat Anda jadikan titik fokus dalam literature review Anda?

Dengan mengidentifikasi celah ini, Anda dapat menyajikan kontribusi yang berarti dalam literature review Anda dan memberikan pemahaman baru terhadap topik penelitian.

6. Organisasi dan Struktur

Selanjutnya, Anda perlu mengorganisasi dan memberikan struktur pada literature review Anda. Berikut adalah beberapa tips untuk melakukan hal tersebut:

• Gunakan sub-bab atau sub-topik untuk mengelompokkan literatur berdasarkan tema atau isu yang relevan.
• Pastikan setiap sub-bab memiliki alur yang teratur dan terkait dengan sub-bab sebelumnya dan sesudahnya.
• Gunakan kalimat transisi atau kata penghubung yang tepat untuk menghubungkan ide-ide antara paragraf dan sub-bab.
• Gunakan tabel atau diagram untuk memvisualisasikan hubungan antara literatur yang berbeda.

Dengan memberikan struktur yang jelas, literature review Anda akan lebih mudah dibaca dan dipahami oleh pembaca.

7. Tulis dengan Gaya Bahasa yang Jelas dan Akademik

Saat menulis literature review, pastikan Anda menggunakan gaya bahasa yang jelas dan akademik. Berikut adalah beberapa tips untuk membantu Anda menulis dengan baik:

• Hindari penggunaan frasa berlebihan atau istilah yang terlalu teknis, kecuali jika itu memang diperlukan.
• Gunakan kalimat aktif dan pastikan subjek kalimat jelas.
• Gunakan paragraf pendek dan jelas dengan satu ide utama dalam setiap paragraf.
• Hindari pengulangan kata atau konsep yang sama secara berlebihan.
• Sertakan kutipan langsung atau ringkasan yang tepat dari literatur yang Anda teliti.

Dengan menulis dengan gaya bahasa yang baik, literature review Anda akan lebih profesional dan mudah dipahami oleh pembaca.

8. Periksa Kembali dan Edit Literature Review Anda

Setelah menulis literature review, jangan lupa untuk memeriksa kembali dan mengeditnya. Berikut adalah beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan saat melakukan revisi:

• Periksa tata bahasa, ejaan, dan tanda baca yang tepat.
• Pastikan argumen Anda terstruktur dengan baik dan didukung oleh bukti yang kuat.
• Periksa kutipan dan daftar referensi untuk memastikan kesesuaian format yang ditentukan (misalnya, APA, MLA).
• Baca kembali keseluruhan literature review untuk memeriksa alur dan koherensi keseluruhan.

Dengan melakukan revisi yang cermat, literature review Anda akan menjadi lebih baik dan lebih berkualitas.

Daftar Jurnal Literatur Review

Dibawah ini kami paparkan 6 daftar jurnal literatur review yang bisa Anda kunjungi, ini juga bisa Anda jadikan sebagai referensi ilmiah

Dalam artikel ini, kita telah membahas tentang literature review atau tinjauan pustaka. Literature review merupakan kegiatan yang penting dalam dunia akademik dan penelitian, di mana peneliti menganalisis, mengevaluasi, dan mensintesis sumber-sumber literatur yang relevan dengan topik penelitian.

Dalam membuat literature review, terdapat beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan, seperti systematic mapping study, systematic literature review, dan traditional review. Setiap metode memiliki pendekatan yang berbeda dalam mengumpulkan, menganalisis, dan menyajikan data dari sumber-sumber literatur.

TAK : literature review example, literature review artinya, literature review journal, literature review skripsi, literature review menurut para ahli

Sumber : https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/literature-review

Literature review adalah suatu kegiatan yang melibatkan analisis, evaluasi, dan sintesis sumber-sumber literatur yang relevan dengan topik penelitian.

Literature review penting dalam penelitian karena dapat memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang perkembangan penelitian terkini, mengidentifikasi kesenjangan penelitian yang ada, dan menyusun dasar teoretis yang kuat untuk penelitian yang akan dilakukan.

Systematic mapping study lebih fokus pada pengumpulan dan penyajian data secara sistematis, sedangkan systematic literature review melibatkan analisis kritis terhadap penelitian-penelitian yang ada.

Memilih karya tulis yang relevan dalam literature review dilakukan melalui pencarian berdasarkan topik penelitian, kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi tertentu, serta pengecekan keabsahan dan keandalan sumber literatur.

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How To Write A Literature Review - A Complete Guide

Table of Contents

A literature review is much more than just another section in your research paper. It forms the very foundation of your research. It is a formal piece of writing where you analyze the existing theoretical framework, principles, and assumptions and use that as a base to shape your approach to the research question.

Curating and drafting a solid literature review section not only lends more credibility to your research paper but also makes your research tighter and better focused. But, writing literature reviews is a difficult task. It requires extensive reading, plus you have to consider market trends and technological and political changes, which tend to change in the blink of an eye.

Now streamline your literature review process with the help of SciSpace Copilot. With this AI research assistant, you can efficiently synthesize and analyze a vast amount of information, identify key themes and trends, and uncover gaps in the existing research. Get real-time explanations, summaries, and answers to your questions for the paper you're reviewing, making navigating and understanding the complex literature landscape easier.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore everything from the definition of a literature review, its appropriate length, various types of literature reviews, and how to write one.

What is a literature review?

A literature review is a collation of survey, research, critical evaluation, and assessment of the existing literature in a preferred domain.

Eminent researcher and academic Arlene Fink, in her book Conducting Research Literature Reviews , defines it as the following:

“A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.

Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic, and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.”

Simply put, a literature review can be defined as a critical discussion of relevant pre-existing research around your research question and carving out a definitive place for your study in the existing body of knowledge. Literature reviews can be presented in multiple ways: a section of an article, the whole research paper itself, or a chapter of your thesis.

A literature review does function as a summary of sources, but it also allows you to analyze further, interpret, and examine the stated theories, methods, viewpoints, and, of course, the gaps in the existing content.

As an author, you can discuss and interpret the research question and its various aspects and debate your adopted methods to support the claim.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

A literature review is meant to help your readers understand the relevance of your research question and where it fits within the existing body of knowledge. As a researcher, you should use it to set the context, build your argument, and establish the need for your study.

What is the importance of a literature review?

The literature review is a critical part of research papers because it helps you:

• Gain an in-depth understanding of your research question and the surrounding area
• Convey that you have a thorough understanding of your research area and are up-to-date with the latest changes and advancements
• Establish how your research is connected or builds on the existing body of knowledge and how it could contribute to further research
• Elaborate on the validity and suitability of your theoretical framework and research methodology
• Identify and highlight gaps and shortcomings in the existing body of knowledge and how things need to change
• Convey to readers how your study is different or how it contributes to the research area

How long should a literature review be?

Ideally, the literature review should take up 15%-40% of the total length of your manuscript. So, if you have a 10,000-word research paper, the minimum word count could be 1500.

Your literature review format depends heavily on the kind of manuscript you are writing — an entire chapter in case of doctoral theses, a part of the introductory section in a research article, to a full-fledged review article that examines the previously published research on a topic.

Another determining factor is the type of research you are doing. The literature review section tends to be longer for secondary research projects than primary research projects.

What are the different types of literature reviews?

All literature reviews are not the same. There are a variety of possible approaches that you can take. It all depends on the type of research you are pursuing.

Here are the different types of literature reviews:

Argumentative review

It is called an argumentative review when you carefully present literature that only supports or counters a specific argument or premise to establish a viewpoint.

Integrative review

It is a type of literature review focused on building a comprehensive understanding of a topic by combining available theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence.

Methodological review

This approach delves into the ''how'' and the ''what" of the research question —  you cannot look at the outcome in isolation; you should also review the methodology used.

Systematic review

This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research and collect, report, and analyze data from the studies included in the review.

Meta-analysis review

Meta-analysis uses statistical methods to summarize the results of independent studies. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates of the effects than those derived from the individual studies included within a review.

Historical review

Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, or phenomenon emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and identify future research's likely directions.

Theoretical Review

This form aims to examine the corpus of theory accumulated regarding an issue, concept, theory, and phenomenon. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what theories exist, the relationships between them, the degree the existing approaches have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested.

Scoping Review

The Scoping Review is often used at the beginning of an article, dissertation, or research proposal. It is conducted before the research to highlight gaps in the existing body of knowledge and explains why the project should be greenlit.

State-of-the-Art Review

The State-of-the-Art review is conducted periodically, focusing on the most recent research. It describes what is currently known, understood, or agreed upon regarding the research topic and highlights where there are still disagreements.

Can you use the first person in a literature review?

When writing literature reviews, you should avoid the usage of first-person pronouns. It means that instead of "I argue that" or "we argue that," the appropriate expression would be "this research paper argues that."

Do you need an abstract for a literature review?

Ideally, yes. It is always good to have a condensed summary that is self-contained and independent of the rest of your review. As for how to draft one, you can follow the same fundamental idea when preparing an abstract for a literature review. It should also include:

• The research topic and your motivation behind selecting it
• A one-sentence thesis statement
• An explanation of the kinds of literature featured in the review
• Summary of what you've learned
• Conclusions you drew from the literature you reviewed
• Potential implications and future scope for research

Here's an example of the abstract of a literature review

Is a literature review written in the past tense?

Yes, the literature review should ideally be written in the past tense. You should not use the present or future tense when writing one. The exceptions are when you have statements describing events that happened earlier than the literature you are reviewing or events that are currently occurring; then, you can use the past perfect or present perfect tenses.

How many sources for a literature review?

There are multiple approaches to deciding how many sources to include in a literature review section. The first approach would be to look level you are at as a researcher. For instance, a doctoral thesis might need 60+ sources. In contrast, you might only need to refer to 5-15 sources at the undergraduate level.

The second approach is based on the kind of literature review you are doing — whether it is merely a chapter of your paper or if it is a self-contained paper in itself. When it is just a chapter, sources should equal the total number of pages in your article's body. In the second scenario, you need at least three times as many sources as there are pages in your work.

Quick tips on how to write a literature review

To know how to write a literature review, you must clearly understand its impact and role in establishing your work as substantive research material.

You need to follow the below-mentioned steps, to write a literature review:

• Outline the purpose behind the literature review
• Search relevant literature
• Examine and assess the relevant resources
• Discover connections by drawing deep insights from the resources
• Structure planning to write a good literature review

1. Outline and identify the purpose of  a literature review

As a first step on how to write a literature review, you must know what the research question or topic is and what shape you want your literature review to take. Ensure you understand the research topic inside out, or else seek clarifications. You must be able to the answer below questions before you start:

• How many sources do I need to include?
• What kind of sources should I analyze?
• How much should I critically evaluate each source?
• Should I summarize, synthesize or offer a critique of the sources?
• Do I need to include any background information or definitions?

Additionally, you should know that the narrower your research topic is, the swifter it will be for you to restrict the number of sources to be analyzed.

2. Search relevant literature

Dig deeper into search engines to discover what has already been published around your chosen topic. Make sure you thoroughly go through appropriate reference sources like books, reports, journal articles, government docs, and web-based resources.

You must prepare a list of keywords and their different variations. You can start your search from any library’s catalog, provided you are an active member of that institution. The exact keywords can be extended to widen your research over other databases and academic search engines like:

• Google Scholar
• Microsoft Academic
• Science.gov

Besides, it is not advisable to go through every resource word by word. Alternatively, what you can do is you can start by reading the abstract and then decide whether that source is relevant to your research or not.

Additionally, you must spend surplus time assessing the quality and relevance of resources. It would help if you tried preparing a list of citations to ensure that there lies no repetition of authors, publications, or articles in the literature review.

3. Examine and assess the sources

It is nearly impossible for you to go through every detail in the research article. So rather than trying to fetch every detail, you have to analyze and decide which research sources resemble closest and appear relevant to your chosen domain.

While analyzing the sources, you should look to find out answers to questions like:

• What question or problem has the author been describing and debating?
• What is the definition of critical aspects?
• How well the theories, approach, and methodology have been explained?
• Whether the research theory used some conventional or new innovative approach?
• How relevant are the key findings of the work?
• In what ways does it relate to other sources on the same topic?
• What challenges does this research paper pose to the existing theory
• What are the possible contributions or benefits it adds to the subject domain?

Be always mindful that you refer only to credible and authentic resources. It would be best if you always take references from different publications to validate your theory.

Always keep track of important information or data you can present in your literature review right from the beginning. It will help steer your path from any threats of plagiarism and also make it easier to curate an annotated bibliography or reference section.

4. Discover connections

At this stage, you must start deciding on the argument and structure of your literature review. To accomplish this, you must discover and identify the relations and connections between various resources while drafting your abstract.

A few aspects that you should be aware of while writing a literature review include:

• Rise to prominence: Theories and methods that have gained reputation and supporters over time.
• Constant scrutiny: Concepts or theories that repeatedly went under examination.
• Contradictions and conflicts: Theories, both the supporting and the contradictory ones, for the research topic.
• Knowledge gaps: What exactly does it fail to address, and how to bridge them with further research?
• Influential resources: Significant research projects available that have been upheld as milestones or perhaps, something that can modify the current trends

Once you join the dots between various past research works, it will be easier for you to draw a conclusion and identify your contribution to the existing knowledge base.

5. Structure planning to write a good literature review

There exist different ways towards planning and executing the structure of a literature review. The format of a literature review varies and depends upon the length of the research.

Like any other research paper, the literature review format must contain three sections: introduction, body, and conclusion. The goals and objectives of the research question determine what goes inside these three sections.

Nevertheless, a good literature review can be structured according to the chronological, thematic, methodological, or theoretical framework approach.

Literature review samples

1. Standalone

2. As a section of a research paper

How SciSpace Discover makes literature review a breeze?

SciSpace Discover is a one-stop solution to do an effective literature search and get barrier-free access to scientific knowledge. It is an excellent repository where you can find millions of only peer-reviewed articles and full-text PDF files. Here’s more on how you can use it:

Find the right information

Find what you want quickly and easily with comprehensive search filters that let you narrow down papers according to PDF availability, year of publishing, document type, and affiliated institution. Moreover, you can sort the results based on the publishing date, citation count, and relevance.

Assess credibility of papers quickly

When doing the literature review, it is critical to establish the quality of your sources. They form the foundation of your research. SciSpace Discover helps you assess the quality of a source by providing an overview of its references, citations, and performance metrics.

Get the complete picture in no time

SciSpace Discover’s personalized suggestion engine helps you stay on course and get the complete picture of the topic from one place. Every time you visit an article page, it provides you links to related papers. Besides that, it helps you understand what’s trending, who are the top authors, and who are the leading publishers on a topic.

Make referring sources super easy

To ensure you don't lose track of your sources, you must start noting down your references when doing the literature review. SciSpace Discover makes this step effortless. Click the 'cite' button on an article page, and you will receive preloaded citation text in multiple styles — all you've to do is copy-paste it into your manuscript.

Final tips on how to write a literature review

A massive chunk of time and effort is required to write a good literature review. But, if you go about it systematically, you'll be able to save a ton of time and build a solid foundation for your research.

We hope this guide has helped you answer several key questions you have about writing literature reviews.

Would you like to explore SciSpace Discover and kick off your literature search right away? You can get started here .

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. how to start a literature review.

• What questions do you want to answer?

• What sources do you need to answer these questions?

• What information do these sources contain?

• How can you use this information to answer your questions?

2. What to include in a literature review?

• A brief background of the problem or issue

• What has previously been done to address the problem or issue

• A description of what you will do in your project

• How this study will contribute to research on the subject

3. Why literature review is important?

The literature review is an important part of any research project because it allows the writer to look at previous studies on a topic and determine existing gaps in the literature, as well as what has already been done. It will also help them to choose the most appropriate method for their own study.

4. How to cite a literature review in APA format?

To cite a literature review in APA style, you need to provide the author's name, the title of the article, and the year of publication. For example: Patel, A. B., & Stokes, G. S. (2012). The relationship between personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis of longitudinal research. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(1), 16-21

5. What are the components of a literature review?

• A brief introduction to the topic, including its background and context. The introduction should also include a rationale for why the study is being conducted and what it will accomplish.

• A description of the methodologies used in the study. This can include information about data collection methods, sample size, and statistical analyses.

• A presentation of the findings in an organized format that helps readers follow along with the author's conclusions.

6. What are common errors in writing literature review?

• Not spending enough time to critically evaluate the relevance of resources, observations and conclusions.

• Totally relying on secondary data while ignoring primary data.

• Letting your personal bias seep into your interpretation of existing literature.

• No detailed explanation of the procedure to discover and identify an appropriate literature review.

7. What are the 5 C's of writing literature review?

• Cite - the sources you utilized and referenced in your research.

• Compare - existing arguments, hypotheses, methodologies, and conclusions found in the knowledge base.

• Contrast - the arguments, topics, methodologies, approaches, and disputes that may be found in the literature.

• Critique - the literature and describe the ideas and opinions you find more convincing and why.

• Connect - the various studies you reviewed in your research.

8. How many sources should a literature review have?

When it is just a chapter, sources should equal the total number of pages in your article's body. if it is a self-contained paper in itself, you need at least three times as many sources as there are pages in your work.

9. Can literature review have diagrams?

• To represent an abstract idea or concept

• To explain the steps of a process or procedure

• To help readers understand the relationships between different concepts

10. How old should sources be in a literature review?

Sources for a literature review should be as current as possible or not older than ten years. The only exception to this rule is if you are reviewing a historical topic and need to use older sources.

11. What are the types of literature review?

• Argumentative review

• Integrative review

• Methodological review

• Systematic review

• Meta-analysis review

• Historical review

• Theoretical review

• Scoping review

• State-of-the-Art review

12. Is a literature review mandatory?

Yes. Literature review is a mandatory part of any research project. It is a critical step in the process that allows you to establish the scope of your research, and provide a background for the rest of your work.

But before you go,

• Six Online Tools for Easy Literature Review
• Evaluating literature review: systematic vs. scoping reviews
• Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review
• Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples

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Consensus GPT vs. SciSpace GPT: Choose the Best GPT for Research

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Literature Review Guide: Examples of Literature Reviews

• What is a Literature Review?
• How to start?
• Picking your research question and searching
• Search strategies and Databases
• How to organise the review
• Examples of Literature Reviews
• Library summary

All good quality journal articles will include a small Literature Review after the Introduction paragraph.  It may not be called a Literature Review but gives you an idea of how one is created in miniature.

Sample Literature Reviews as part of a articles or Theses

• Hackett, G and Melia, D . The hotel as the holiday/stay destination:trends and innovations. Presented at TRIC Conference, Belfast, Ireland- June 2012 and EuroCHRIE Conference

Links to sample Literature Reviews from other libraries

• Sample literature reviews from University of West Florida

Irish Theses

• Phillips, Martin (2015) European airline performance: a data envelopment analysis with extrapolations based on model outputs. Master of Business Studies thesis, Dublin City University.
• The customers’ perception of servicescape’s influence on their behaviours, in the food retail industry : Dublin Business School 2015
• Coughlan, Ray (2015) What was the role of leadership in the transformation of a failing Irish Insurance business. Masters thesis, Dublin, National College of Ireland.
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• Last Updated: Sep 6, 2024 3:37 PM
• URL: https://ait.libguides.com/literaturereview

Free Download

Literature Review Template

The fastest (and smartest) way to craft a strong literature review that lays a solid theoretical foundation and earns marks.

Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format 4.9 star rating, 5000 + downloads

Step-by-step instructions

Tried & tested academic format

Fill-in-the-blanks simplicity

Pro tips, tricks and resources

What It Covers

This literature review template is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format and structure  for formal academic research projects. It includes the following sections:

• Before you start – essential groundwork to ensure you’re ready
• The introduction section
• The core/body section
• The conclusion /summary
• Extra free resources

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements.  We’ve also included practical examples and links to free videos to help you understand what’s required in each section.

The template can be copied to your Google Drive 0r downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), adaptable to LaTeX.

download your copy now

100% Free to use. Instant access.

I agree to receive the free template and other useful resources.

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FAQs: Literature Review Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The literature review chapter template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of literature reviews can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard format for academic literature reviews, which means it will be suitable for the vast majority of academic research projects (especially those within the sciences), whether they are qualitative or quantitative in terms of design.

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the literature review chapter will vary between universities and degree programs. These are typically minor, but it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalize your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a literature review at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require the literature review to be more extensive/comprehensive, but the structure will typically remain the same.

Can I modify the template to suit my topic/area?

Absolutely. While the template provides a general structure, you should adapt it to fit the specific requirements and focus of your literature review.

What structural style does this literature review template use?

The template assumes a thematic structure (as opposed to a chronological or methodological structure), as this is the most common approach. However, this is only one dimension of the template, so it will still be useful if you are adopting a different structure.

Does this template include the Excel literature catalog?

No, that is a separate template, which you can download for free here . This template is for the write-up of the actual literature review chapter, whereas the catalog is for use during the literature sourcing and sorting phase.

How long should the literature review chapter be?

This depends on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. As a general ballpark, literature reviews for Masters-level projects are usually 2,000 – 3,000 words in length, while Doctoral-level projects can reach multiples of this.

Can I include literature that contradicts my hypothesis?

Yes, it’s important to acknowledge and discuss literature that presents different viewpoints or contradicts your hypothesis. So, don’t shy away from existing research that takes an opposing view to yours.

How do I avoid plagiarism in my literature review?

Always cite your sources correctly and paraphrase ideas in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. You can always check our plagiarism score before submitting your work to help ease your mind. 

Do you have an example of a populated template?

We provide a walkthrough of the template and review an example of a high-quality literature research chapter here .

Can I share this literature review template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Do you have templates for the other dissertation/thesis chapters?

Yes, we do. You can find our full collection of templates here .

Can Grad Coach help me with my literature review?

Yes, you’re welcome to get in touch with us to discuss our private coaching services , where we can help you work through the literature review chapter (and any other chapters).

Additional Resources

If you’re working on a literature review, you’ll also want to check these out…

Literature Review Bootcamp

1-On-1 Private Coaching

The Grad Coach YouTube Channel

The Grad Coach Podcast

• UWF Libraries

Literature Review: Conducting & Writing

• Sample Literature Reviews
• Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
• Finding "The Literature"
• Organizing/Writing
• APA Style This link opens in a new window
• Chicago: Notes Bibliography This link opens in a new window
• MLA Style This link opens in a new window

Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts

Have an exemplary literature review.

• Literature Review Sample 1
• Literature Review Sample 2
• Literature Review Sample 3

Have you written a stellar literature review you care to share for teaching purposes?

Are you an instructor who has received an exemplary literature review and have permission from the student to post?

Please contact Britt McGowan at [email protected] for inclusion in this guide. All disciplines welcome and encouraged.

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• Selecting a Topic
• Searching Tools & Tips

Introduction

Accessing resources not found in ntu library, what a literature review is not, searching for resources, more readings and resources, getting started on your literature review, research mindset, purpose of a literature review.

• Grey Literature
• Evaluating Sources
• Research Methods
• Academic Integrity & Citations
• Submitting FYP to DR-NTU

What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is a systematic analysis and summary of the published academic writings directly relating to your topic of research. It should provide the reader with background information on your topic, and explain the significance of your research, and how your research relates to the rest of the academic publications on the topic. 

This section will guide you on what a literature review is and is not, why you need a literature review, and how you should go about getting started with your literature review. 

Be sure to check out the below links with more details on how to evaluate the sources for your literature review as well as the usage of grey literature in your literature review!

• Using Grey Literature
• Document Delivery - For Journal Articles
• Inter-library Loan - For Books

Take note that a literature review forms the basis and provides background information about your research - some common mistakes students make is when they write a literature review that fails to meet its purpose.

Your literature review should NOT be an annotated bibliography , where you list and summarize a number of articles or academic works about your research topic. The literature review should identify important academic developments of your topic, and analyze them, so as to situate your own research in this background.

Your literature review should also NOT provide only a biased view , where you only choose articles that support your findings. Remember that a literature review needs to provide a picture of how the academic debate surrounding your research topic as developed, as well as areas that are being debated, so that you can position your research within the context of the wider academic discussion.

• Searching Tools and Tips For a more in-depth guide on how to search for resources you need for your literature review, refer to this section of the guide.
• University of Wisconsin Guide on Literature Review
• University of Pittsburgh Guide on Literature Review

Four major steps:

1.Problem definition

• identify a research problem or idea
• formulate research questions
• identify relevant KEYWORDS

2.Search strategies

• identify your information needs
• develop information seeking strategies
• identify relevant information sources
• use KEYWORDS to conduct searches
• retrieve relevant articles, books, etc.
• review and summarise articles
• take detailed notes
• focus on identifying and comparing issues, variables, theories, methods and gaps
• extract key information and tabulate key items in a matrix or summarised fashion
• include pertinent variables, main issues and theories
• analyse how your study relates to the available literature
• highlight gaps in research works
• compare and contrast studies and findings
• create a list of references - a BIBLIOGRAPHY  

Research is not done in a vacuum or in isolation. It has to be positioned into the existing scholarly work. The researcher needs to know what has already been covered in his/her field of research, like:

• what variables were analysed?
• what were the relationships amongst the variables?
• what are the existing definitions, theories and findings?

Purpose of literature review

• to explore the works of others
• to look at existing relevant works in your research area
• to identify important variables from other studies pertinent to your research
• to identify gaps, misconceptions, contradictions in the issues relevant to your research
• to assist in developing your research design

Literature review is an essential entity in research and is a part of:

• dissertations
• papers  
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You are expected to comply with University policies and guidelines namely, Appropriate Use of Information Resources Policy , IT Usage Policy and Social Media Policy . Users will be personally liable for any infringement of Copyright and Licensing laws. Unless otherwise stated, all guide content is licensed by CC BY-NC 4.0 .

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Home » Contoh Literature Review dan Cara Membuatnya

Contoh Literature Review dan Cara Membuatnya

• Ascarya Academia
• May 14, 2021
• One Comment

Mengetahui cara membuat sebelum mengidentifikasi contoh literature review sangatlah urgen. Untuk itu, dalam ulasan kali ini Anda tidak hanya disajikan contoh semata, melainkan step-step yang harus Anda lakukan.

Literature review pada dasarnya adalah melakukan survei terhadap artikel ilmiah, buku, disertasi, prosiding konferensi, dan / atau materi terbitan lainnya. Tujuannya adalah untuk memberikan ringkasan, deskripsi, dan evaluasi kritis dari suatu topik, masalah, atau bidang penelitian.

Apa yang Harus Ada dalam Literature Review:

• Gambaran umum tentang subjek dan tujuan tinjauan.
• Analisis karya yang mendukung karya melawan dan bekerja dengan pandangan netral tentang subjek tersebut. Ini harus dibagi dengan jelas.
• Penjelasan persamaan dan perbedaan antar karya.
• Perbandingan pandangan berbeda dipegang oleh penulis lain.
• Kritik terhadap metodologi.
• Pemeriksaan kesenjangan dalam penelitian.
• Evaluasi bagaimana setiap studi berkontribusi pada argumen yang bersangkutan.
• Kesimpulannya merangkum tinjauan pustaka.

Beberapa poin tersebut di atas seluruhnya tercover dalam contoh literature review yang disajikan dalam artikel ini. Anda sebaiknya mengindetifikasi ketercukupan komponen di atas sambil melihat contoh.

1. Tinjau Pedoman APA dalam Artikel

Format APA adalah standar untuk tinjauan pustaka, seperti untuk disertasi, tesis, atau artikel akademis yang diterbitkan. Kenali elemen inti gaya penulisan ini, termasuk font, margin, spasi, format teks isi, halaman judul, abstrak, kutipan teks, daftar pustaka, dan kutipan.

2. Tentukan Topik

Jika Anda belum memutuskan suatu topik, Anda perlu mulai meneliti sekarang. Pemilihan topik adalah langkah yang sangat penting setiap kali Anda menulis atau meninjau tesis. Topiknya harus tidak terlalu luas atau terlalu sempit.

Topik yang sempit dengan studi yang cukup untuk mendukung ulasan Anda dapat diterima. Namun, topik yang terlalu luas akan membuat Anda sangat sulit untuk meliput berbagai macam karya yang semuanya harus dipertimbangkan untuk membentuk sebuah kesimpulan.

Mahasiswa universitas lebih suka memilih topik yang berhubungan dengan bidang studi mereka atau proyek tesis akhir mereka.

3. Pilih Literatur Anda

Ada banyak sekali database dan konten online yang Anda gunakan untuk menemukan dan memilih materi yang diterbitkan. Jika Anda termasuk dalam sebuah institusi, instruktur penelitian Anda akan menjadi pemandu yang lebih baik untuk mencari literatur.

Jika literature review adalah sesuatu yang Anda lakukan sendiri, maka Anda perlu mencari database yang relevan terkait dengan bidang studi Anda. Anda dapat mencari materi ilmiah menggunakan mesin pencari akademis seperti Google Scholar atau Academic Info. Untuk membantu Anda lihat artikel 101 Situs Pencari Jurnal Internasional Gratis .

Seringkali, selama fase penelitian Anda menyadari bahwa topik tersebut terlalu luas atau terlalu sempit. Jika perlu, perbaiki topik Anda agar sesuai dengan ulasan Anda. Jika Anda akan membuat pernyataan tesis atau tujuan, inilah saat yang tepat untuk melakukannya.

4. Menganalisis dan Mempersiapkan Literatur

Pertama, buatlah gambaran singkat dari literature yang telah Anda dapatkan. Baca sekilas isi dan dapatkan inti dari apa yang penulis coba buktikan atau sangkal. Ide yang bagus untuk membaca abstrak dan beberapa paragraf pertama dari pendahuluan di langkah ini. Anda juga dapat membuat catatan selama langkah ini.

Lihat artikel 5 Langkah Literature Review, Tips dan Trik

Selanjutnya, berdasarkan apa yang Anda baca, susun materi Anda dan pikirkan judul, dan divisi yang akan Anda gunakan untuk ulasan Anda. Saat membuat catatan, Anda harus:

• Tentukan istilah kunci
• Lihatlah statistiknya
• Identifikasi pola utama
• Periksa penekanan, kekuatan, dan kelemahan
• Periksa celah dalam literatur
• Identifikasi hubungan antar studi
• Evaluasi metodologi yang digunakan

Saat menulis review seperti contoh literature review yang disajikan nanti, mulailah dengan meringkas literatur. Anda dapat melakukan ini dalam format tabel atau peta konsep jika Anda ingin membuatnya lebih mudah.

Tabel dapat mencakup analisis ringkasan dan interpretasi. Pengolah kata atau program spreadsheet apa pun (seperti Microsoft Word atau Excel) akan baik untuk tujuan ini. Bagan juga dapat mencakup tanggal, penulis, metodologi yang digunakan, definisi istilah kunci, dan tentu saja, ringkasan.

5. Tulis Review Anda

Mulailah dengan mengidentifikasi pernyataan masalah atau tujuan Anda (atau tesis). Jelaskan mengapa bidang studi ini penting. Berikan alasan Anda untuk memilih penelitian atau literatur yang Anda pilih sebagai lawan dari materi “lain” yang mungkin relevan atau mungkin tidak relevan.

Selain itu, diskusikan tinjauan pustaka lain yang ditulis tentang topik Anda. Jelaskan bagaimana studi Anda mengisi celah dalam tinjauan yang ada atau mengapa pengulangan diperlukan.

Pastikan Anda mengutip semua referensi Anda! Juga, sertakan sebanyak mungkin subpos untuk memastikan esai terorganisir dengan baik dan koheren. Di akhir review, tulis kesimpulan.

Tidak ada aturan yang tegas untuk menulis kesimpulan yang baik. Itu tergantung pada tujuan Anda dalam meninjau bidang studi. Kesimpulan Anda dapat memberikan dukungan untuk tuduhan yang dibuat dalam pendahuluan, membantah hipotesis, atau sekadar mengkritik penelitian untuk mendorong lebih banyak pekerjaan di bidang tersebut.

Contoh Literature Review

Untuk mempermudah Anda dan juga sebagai model ideal dalam proses penulisan literature review, berikut ini merupakan salah satu contoh hasil review yang sesuai dengan standar di atas.

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Writing a Literature Review: Examples & Tutorials

• Phase 1: Scope of Review
• Phase 2: Finding Information
• Phase 3: Recording Information
• Phase 4: Evaluating Information
• Phase 5: Organizing the Review
• Phase 6: Writing the Review & Bibliography
• Tools & Resources
• Examples & Tutorials

Examples of Lit. Reviews

Sample Literature Review -Here is a sample literature review written by a librarian at American University Library.

Deshmukh, Marion F. " The Visual Arts and Cultural Migration in the 1930s and 1940s: A Literature Review. " Central European History (Cambridge University Press / UK) 41.4 (2008): 569-604. Dunjó, Jordi, et al. " Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Analysis. A Literature Review ." Journal of Hazardous Materials 173.1-3 (2010): 19-32. Gibbons, Susan. " Understanding Empathy as a Complex Construct: A Review of the Literature ." Clinical Social Work Journal 39.3 (2011): 243-52.

Liddle, H. A. (2004). Family-based therapies for adolescent alcohol and drug use: Research contributions and future research needs.   Addiction , 99 (Suppl.2), 76-92.

Mayer, David J. " Acupuncture: An Evidence-Based Review of the Clinical Literature ." Annual Review of Medicine 51:1 (2000): 49-63.

Meyer, Sebastian, Bruno Glaser, and Peter Quicker. " Technical, Economical, and Climate-Related Aspects of Biochar Production Technologies: A Literature Review. " Environmental science & technology 45.22 (2011): 9473-83.

• Writing the Literature Review Part I Defines what a literature review is - and is not.
• Writing the Literature Review Part II Organizing sources, basic steps in the writing process.
• Literature Review Overview for Graduate Students Understand how studies relate to one another, how your own ideas fit within the existing literature.
• Interactive tutorial for literature reviews in Education & Behavioral Sciences • Understanding the Literature Review • Identifying Sources for the Literature Review • Finding Review and Research Articles • Putting it All Together

Literature Review Overview

Subject Guide

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• Last Updated: Oct 17, 2023 12:56 PM
• URL: https://libguides.apsu.edu/litreview

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Dracula Gothic Literature Fiction Reading Mini-Unit English Workbook - 6 Lessons - KS3

Subject: English

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

6 September 2024

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Gothic literature is such a great way to engage pupils in reading analytically and evaluatively in fiction whilst enhancing their vocabulary.

This workbook….is more of a bunch of lessons really! This is how I suggest using it:

You will get (sample of all first lesson in the pictures):

A 6 Chapter adaptation of Dracula, which has many gothic literary elements and vocabulary for analysis!

A 24 Page workbook – 4 x pages of vocabulary and reading comprehension questions per chapter.

• The vocabulary question types move between, match definitions to meanings, synonyms and antonyms, fill the gaps, use in context and identify in context.
• Reading comprehension questions go between 5-6 per chapter and are focused on analytical and evaluative question types.

An answer booklet with sample answers for all reading comprehension questions, plus answers for the relevant vocabulary answers.

My suggestion is to work through this over 6 lessons – a chapter a lesson…the PERFECT mini-unit of work to lead up to Halloween!!!

You might also like to get your students writing a little more within a similar genre…if so check these out:

Suspense PETER Analytical Reading and Writing English Workbook Bundle

Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?

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