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Prelude to war

• Comparison of North and South
• The high commands
• Strategic plans
• The war in 1861
• The Peninsular Campaign
• Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) and Antietam
• Fredericksburg
• The Emancipation Proclamation
• African American troops
• Trans-Mississippi theatre and Missouri
• Operations in Kentucky and Tennessee
• The Copperheads
• The Southern home front
• Photography
• Chancellorsville
• Conscription and the New York City draft riot
• Arkansas and Vicksburg
• Chickamauga and Chattanooga
• Grant’s Overland Campaign
• Sherman’s Georgia campaigns and total war
• Western campaigns
• Sherman’s Carolina campaigns
• The final land operations
• The naval war
• The cost and significance of the Civil War

What caused the American Civil War?

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• Table Of Contents

The American Civil War was the culmination of the struggle between the advocates and opponents of slavery that dated from the founding of the United States. This sectional conflict between Northern states and slaveholding Southern states had been tempered by a series of political compromises, but by the late 1850s the issue of the extension of slavery to the western states had reached a boiling point. The election of Abraham Lincoln , a member of the antislavery Republican Party , as president in 1860 precipitated the secession of 11 Southern states, leading to a civil war.

The Union won the American Civil War. The war effectively ended in April 1865 when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. The final surrender of Confederate troops on the western periphery came in Galveston, Texas, on June 2.

How many people died during the Civil War?

It is estimated that from 752,000 to 851,000 soldiers died during the American Civil War. This figure represents approximately 2 percent of the American population in 1860. The Battle of Gettysburg , one of the bloodiest engagements during the Civil War, resulted in about 7,000 deaths and 51,000 total casualties.

Important people during the American Civil War included Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States, whose election prompted the secession of Southern states; Jefferson Davis , the president of the Confederacy ; Ulysses S. Grant , the most successful and prominent general of the Union; and Robert E. Lee , Grant’s counterpart in the Confederacy.

The modern usage of Confederate symbols, especially the Confederate Battle Flag and statues of Confederate leaders, is considered controversial because many associate such symbols with racism , slavery , and white supremacy . The flag was revived as a popular symbol in the 1940s and ’50s by the Dixiecrat Democratic splinter group and others who opposed the American civil rights movement .

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American Civil War , four-year war (1861–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America .

The secession of the Southern states (in chronological order, South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas , Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina ) in 1860–61 and the ensuing outbreak of armed hostilities were the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction over slavery . Between 1815 and 1861 the economy of the Northern states was rapidly modernizing and diversifying. Although agriculture—mostly smaller farms that relied on free labour—remained the dominant sector in the North, industrialization had taken root there. Moreover, Northerners had invested heavily in an expansive and varied transportation system that included canals, roads, steamboats, and railroads; in financial industries such as banking and insurance; and in a large communications network that featured inexpensive, widely available newspapers, magazines, and books, along with the telegraph.

By contrast, the Southern economy was based principally on large farms (plantations) that produced commercial crops such as cotton and that relied on slaves as the main labour force . Rather than invest in factories or railroads as Northerners had done, Southerners invested their money in slaves—even more than in land; by 1860, 84 percent of the capital invested in manufacturing was invested in the free (nonslaveholding) states. Yet, to Southerners, as late as 1860, this appeared to be a sound business decision. The price of cotton, the South’s defining crop, had skyrocketed in the 1850s, and the value of slaves—who were, after all, property—rose commensurately. By 1860 the per capita wealth of Southern whites was twice that of Northerners, and three-fifths of the wealthiest individuals in the country were Southerners.

The extension of slavery into new territories and states had been an issue as far back as the Northwest Ordinance of 1784. When the slave territory of Missouri sought statehood in 1818, Congress debated for two years before arriving upon the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This was the first of a series of political deals that resulted from arguments between pro-slavery and antislavery forces over the expansion of the “peculiar institution,” as it was known, into the West. The end of the Mexican-American War in 1848 and the roughly 500,000 square miles (1.3 million square km) of new territory that the United States gained as a result of it added a new sense of urgency to the dispute. More and more Northerners, driven by a sense of morality or an interest in protecting free labour, came to believe, in the 1850s, that bondage needed to be eradicated . White Southerners feared that limiting the expansion of slavery would consign the institution to certain death. Over the course of the decade, the two sides became increasingly polarized and politicians less able to contain the dispute through compromise. When Abraham Lincoln , the candidate of the explicitly antislavery Republican Party , won the 1860 presidential election , seven Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) carried out their threat and seceded, organizing as the Confederate States of America .

In the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, rebels opened fire on Fort Sumter, at the entrance to the harbour of Charleston , South Carolina. Curiously, this first encounter of what would be the bloodiest war in the history of the United States claimed no victims. After a 34-hour bombardment, Maj. Robert Anderson surrendered his command of about 85 soldiers to some 5,500 besieging Confederate troops under P.G.T. Beauregard . Within weeks, four more Southern states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) left the Union to join the Confederacy.

With war upon the land, President Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for three months. He proclaimed a naval blockade of the Confederate states, although he insisted that they did not legally constitute a sovereign country but were instead states in rebellion. He also directed the secretary of the treasury to advance $2 million to assist in the raising of troops, and he suspended the writ of habeas corpus , first along the East Coast and ultimately throughout the country. The Confederate government had previously authorized a call for 100,000 soldiers for at least six months’ service, and this figure was soon increased to 400,000.

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By: History.com Editors

Updated: April 20, 2023 | Original: October 15, 2009

The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states’ rights and westward expansion. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America; four more states soon joined them. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, ended in Confederate surrender in 1865. The conflict was the costliest and deadliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and much of the South left in ruin.

Causes of the Civil War

In the mid-19th century, while the United States was experiencing an era of tremendous growth, a fundamental economic difference existed between the country’s northern and southern regions.

In the North, manufacturing and industry was well established, and agriculture was mostly limited to small-scale farms, while the South’s economy was based on a system of large-scale farming that depended on the labor of Black enslaved people to grow certain crops, especially cotton and tobacco.

Growing abolitionist sentiment in the North after the 1830s and northern opposition to slavery’s extension into the new western territories led many southerners to fear that the existence of slavery in America —and thus the backbone of their economy—was in danger.

Did you know? Confederate General Thomas Jonathan Jackson earned his famous nickname, "Stonewall," from his steadfast defensive efforts in the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas). At Chancellorsville, Jackson was shot by one of his own men, who mistook him for Union cavalry. His arm was amputated, and he died from pneumonia eight days later.

In 1854, the U.S. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which essentially opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict. Pro- and anti-slavery forces struggled violently in “ Bleeding Kansas ,” while opposition to the act in the North led to the formation of the Republican Party , a new political entity based on the principle of opposing slavery’s extension into the western territories. After the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case (1857) confirmed the legality of slavery in the territories, the abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859 convinced more and more southerners that their northern neighbors were bent on the destruction of the “peculiar institution” that sustained them. Abraham Lincoln ’s election in November 1860 was the final straw, and within three months seven southern states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas—had seceded from the United States.

Outbreak of the Civil War (1861)

Even as Lincoln took office in March 1861, Confederate forces threatened the federal-held Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 12, after Lincoln ordered a fleet to resupply Sumter, Confederate artillery fired the first shots of the Civil War. Sumter’s commander, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered after less than two days of bombardment, leaving the fort in the hands of Confederate forces under Pierre G.T. Beauregard. Four more southern states—Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee—joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter. Border slave states like Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland did not secede, but there was much Confederate sympathy among their citizens.

Though on the surface the Civil War may have seemed a lopsided conflict, with the 23 states of the Union enjoying an enormous advantage in population, manufacturing (including arms production) and railroad construction, the Confederates had a strong military tradition, along with some of the best soldiers and commanders in the nation. They also had a cause they believed in: preserving their long-held traditions and institutions, chief among these being slavery.

In the First Battle of Bull Run (known in the South as First Manassas) on July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson forced a greater number of Union forces (or Federals) to retreat towards Washington, D.C., dashing any hopes of a quick Union victory and leading Lincoln to call for 500,000 more recruits. In fact, both sides’ initial call for troops had to be widened after it became clear that the war would not be a limited or short conflict.

The Civil War in Virginia (1862)

George B. McClellan —who replaced the aging General Winfield Scott as supreme commander of the Union Army after the first months of the war—was beloved by his troops, but his reluctance to advance frustrated Lincoln. In the spring of 1862, McClellan finally led his Army of the Potomac up the peninsula between the York and James Rivers, capturing Yorktown on May 4. The combined forces of Robert E. Lee and Jackson successfully drove back McClellan’s army in the Seven Days’ Battles (June 25-July 1), and a cautious McClellan called for yet more reinforcements in order to move against Richmond. Lincoln refused, and instead withdrew the Army of the Potomac to Washington. By mid-1862, McClellan had been replaced as Union general-in-chief by Henry W. Halleck, though he remained in command of the Army of the Potomac.

Lee then moved his troops northwards and split his men, sending Jackson to meet Pope’s forces near Manassas, while Lee himself moved separately with the second half of the army. On August 29, Union troops led by John Pope struck Jackson’s forces in the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas). The next day, Lee hit the Federal left flank with a massive assault, driving Pope’s men back towards Washington. On the heels of his victory at Manassas, Lee began the first Confederate invasion of the North. Despite contradictory orders from Lincoln and Halleck, McClellan was able to reorganize his army and strike at Lee on September 14 in Maryland, driving the Confederates back to a defensive position along Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg.

On September 17, the Army of the Potomac hit Lee’s forces (reinforced by Jackson’s) in what became the war’s bloodiest single day of fighting. Total casualties at the Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg) numbered 12,410 of some 69,000 troops on the Union side, and 13,724 of around 52,000 for the Confederates. The Union victory at Antietam would prove decisive, as it halted the Confederate advance in Maryland and forced Lee to retreat into Virginia. Still, McClellan’s failure to pursue his advantage earned him the scorn of Lincoln and Halleck, who removed him from command in favor of Ambrose E. Burnside . Burnside’s assault on Lee’s troops near Fredericksburg on December 13 ended in heavy Union casualties and a Confederate victory; he was promptly replaced by Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker , and both armies settled into winter quarters across the Rappahannock River from each other.

After the Emancipation Proclamation (1863-4)

Lincoln had used the occasion of the Union victory at Antietam to issue a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation , which freed all enslaved people in the rebellious states after January 1, 1863. He justified his decision as a wartime measure, and did not go so far as to free the enslaved people in the border states loyal to the Union. Still, the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side. Some 186,000 Black Civil War soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in 1865, and 38,000 lost their lives.

In the spring of 1863, Hooker’s plans for a Union offensive were thwarted by a surprise attack by the bulk of Lee’s forces on May 1, whereupon Hooker pulled his men back to Chancellorsville. The Confederates gained a costly victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville , suffering 13,000 casualties (around 22 percent of their troops); the Union lost 17,000 men (15 percent). Lee launched another invasion of the North in June, attacking Union forces commanded by General George Meade on July 1 near Gettysburg, in southern Pennsylvania. Over three days of fierce fighting, the Confederates were unable to push through the Union center, and suffered casualties of close to 60 percent.

Meade failed to counterattack, however, and Lee’s remaining forces were able to escape into Virginia, ending the last Confederate invasion of the North. Also in July 1863, Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took Vicksburg (Mississippi) in the Siege of Vicksburg , a victory that would prove to be the turning point of the war in the western theater. After a Confederate victory at Chickamauga Creek, Georgia, just south of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in September, Lincoln expanded Grant’s command, and he led a reinforced Federal army (including two corps from the Army of the Potomac) to victory in the Battle of Chattanooga in late November.

Toward a Union Victory (1864-65)

In March 1864, Lincoln put Grant in supreme command of the Union armies, replacing Halleck. Leaving William Tecumseh Sherman in control in the West, Grant headed to Washington, where he led the Army of the Potomac towards Lee’s troops in northern Virginia. Despite heavy Union casualties in the Battle of the Wilderness and at Spotsylvania (both May 1864), at Cold Harbor (early June) and the key rail center of Petersburg (June), Grant pursued a strategy of attrition, putting Petersburg under siege for the next nine months.

Sherman outmaneuvered Confederate forces to take Atlanta by September, after which he and some 60,000 Union troops began the famous “March to the Sea,” devastating Georgia on the way to capturing Savannah on December 21. Columbia and Charleston, South Carolina, fell to Sherman’s men by mid-February, and Jefferson Davis belatedly handed over the supreme command to Lee, with the Confederate war effort on its last legs. Sherman pressed on through North Carolina, capturing Fayetteville, Bentonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh by mid-April.

Meanwhile, exhausted by the Union siege of Petersburg and Richmond, Lee’s forces made a last attempt at resistance, attacking and captured the Federal-controlled Fort Stedman on March 25. An immediate counterattack reversed the victory, however, and on the night of April 2-3 Lee’s forces evacuated Richmond. For most of the next week, Grant and Meade pursued the Confederates along the Appomattox River, finally exhausting their possibilities for escape. Grant accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9. On the eve of victory, the Union lost its great leader: The actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington on April 14. Sherman received Johnston’s surrender at Durham Station, North Carolina on April 26, effectively ending the Civil War.

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Causes of the Civil War

• Slavery entrenched in the U.S. (MO comp)
• Political system unable to peacefully resolve slavery issue
• Secession of states:

1. Kansas-Nebraska Act

2. Rise of Republican Party

3. Reaction to Dred Scott

4. Reaction to John Brown

5. Election of 1860

6. Lincoln’s Response to Secession

7. Fort Sumter Conflict

Why secession?

• Southern states believed that the union no longer protected their rights or promoted their welfare.
• Specifically, they worried that Northern restrictions on slavery would undermine their way of life.

Why Preserve the Union?

• President Lincoln made the preservation of the union his paramount goal.
• He argued that the South did not have the legal right to secede because the constitution was a contract the South couldn’t break.

Feb. 9, 1861

• Jefferson Davis is elected President of the Confederate States of America
• 6 States had already seceded from the Union

March 4, 1861

• Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States
• Lincoln in his first inaugural address:

“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressor”

April 12, 1861

• Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina is bombarded by South Carolina troops.
• The Union is forced to surrender the fort
• Lincoln reacts by declaring “a state of insurrection” and calls for volunteer soldiers
• By May 6, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Arkansas secede bringing the number of Confederate states to 11.

April, 1861

• Lincoln orders a naval blockade of the South.
• This is part of the Anaconda Plan--the strategy of economic strangulation of the South..
• In the long run, it was a significant union advantage.
• Discussion Question: why would talk of a naval blockade be unpopular in 1861?

July 21, 1861

• The first major battle of the war, the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) is fought.
• Both sides expect the war to be short.
• Poorly trained Union forces are defeated by the Confederates.

August, 1861

• Congress passes the first Confiscation Act.
• The Act authorized the seizure of all property used in military rebellion, including slaves.
• This was the first step toward emancipation
• In 1862, the Second Confiscation Act declared that slaves that came within the Union lines would be “forever free”.

April 6-7, 1862

• On the Western front, the Battle of Shiloh results in 13,000 Union casualties and 11,000 Confederate losses.
• The Union is able to claim a costly victory.
• Discussion question: how could the Union “win” but suffer more casualties?

April 16, 1862

• President Jefferson Davis signs the Conscription Act, the first draft in American History.
• The Union also eventually used a draft (starting March 3, 1863)

September 17, 1862

• The Battle of Antietam becomes the bloodiest single day of the war--and in American History.
• The total casualties are 23,110 dead, wounded, or missing.
• The battle is essentially a draw, but it ends Lee’s planned invasion of the North.
• The aftermath...

September 23, 1862

• The preliminary text of the Emancipation Proclamation is issued.
• Lincoln waited for a Union “victory” to issue the Proclamation.
• It freed the slaves in the rebelling states as of January 1, 1863.
• Discussion question: Why did Lincoln wait until 1863 to emancipate the slaves?

December 13, 1862

• The Battle of Fredericksburg is a major victory for the Confederates with significant Union Casualties.
• At the conclusion of 1862, there is no end in sight to the war, with neither side holding a clear advantage on the battlefield.

May 22-July 4, 1863

• Union General Ulysses S. Grant, commander on the Western front, begins his attack on Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• Grant uses a siege or blockade of Vicksburg designed to starve the enemy into submission.
• After running out of food, the Confederates surrender the city on July 4.
• Vicksburg was key to controlling the Mississippi River and cutting the Confederacy in half.

July 1-3, 1863

• The Battle of Gettysburg rages in Pennsylvania—a confederate victory would open a path to Washington DC.
• Both sides suffer extreme casualties (a combined total of over 50,000 dead and wounded).
• The Confederates are defeated and Lee is forced to retreat back to Virginia.

November 19, 1863

• Lincoln issues the Gettysburg Address:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth,upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow, this ground -- The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here.

It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that, from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here, gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Discussion Question: why is the Gettysburg address considered a great speech?

March 10, 1864

• After successfully leading his troops to victory in the West, Grant is named top commander of the Union Army.
• Grant is the last in a long string of Generals given command. Many disappointed Lincoln by being too cautious, including McClellan.
• On August 29, the Democrats nominate George McClellan for President.

September 2, 1864

• William T. Sherman captures Atlanta and burns much of the city.
• He then proceeds on his infamous March to the Sea, destroying everything in his path.
• This victory boosts Lincoln’s chance for reelection.

"War is cruelty. There's no use trying to reform it, the crueler it is the sooner it will be over."�

-William Tecumseh Sherman �

• Definition: Warfare in which opponents attack civilians and the economic system of the enemy in addition to its soldiers.
• Examples: Sherman’s March and the Siege of Vicksburg
• Discussion: is total war moral? What limits would you place on total war if you were Commander-in-chief?

November 8, 1864

• Election Day. Lincoln is reelected by a wide electoral margin, but by fewer than 500,000 votes in the popular election.
• Discussion question: should presidents face elections during times of war or should elections be delayed until after the war?

January 31, 1865

• The House passes the 13th amendment abolishing slavery. It then goes to the states for ratification.
• Review: why didn’t the Emancipation Proclamation abolish slavery?

April 3, 1865

• Union troops enter Richmond.
• 2 Days later, President Lincoln tours the City. He sits in President Davis’ chair.
• The end is near.

April 9, 1865

• Lee formally surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.
• Both men are cordial and respectful. Grant offers generous terms and food to Lee’s men.

April 14, 1865

• Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. He dies the next day.
• Andrew Johnson, a former Southern Democrat, becomes President.

Ford’s Theatre

Results of the Civil War

• 620,000 killed
• Union preserved
• Slavery abolished
• Power of federal government solidified
• Southern society in shambles

An End and a New Beginning

• What was won?
• What was lost?
• How would we rebuild?

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The American Civil War 1861–1865.

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Explore our timeline of the American Civil War and learn about the important events and battles that happened throughout this period of American history – from John Brown's Raid to the adoption of the 13th Amendment. View the American Revolution and War of 1812 timelines.

Pre-War 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865

1854  

• May 30 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act is signed into law
• October 16 - John Brown raids Harpers Ferry, Virginia (Now West Virginia)
• October 18 - U.S. Marines storm engine house at Harpers Ferry and capture  John Brown

November 1860

• November 6 - Abraham Lincoln elected 16th President of the United States
• November 10 - South Carolina Senator James Chestnut Jr. resigns his seat in the U.S. Senate
• November 11 - South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond resigns his seat in the U.S. Senate
• November 18 - Georgia legislature appropriates $1,000,000 to arm the state

December 1860

• December 20 - South Carolina adopts an Ordinance of Secession
• December 26 - Major Robert Anderson evacuates Fort Moultrie for Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor

1861  

January 1861

• January 2 - South Carolina troops seize Fort Johnson in Charleston Harbor
• January 3 - Georgia state troops seize Fort Pulaski
• January 4 - Alabama state troops seize the U.S. Arsenal at Mount Vernon, Alabama
• January 5 - U.S. Senators from seven Southern states meet in Washington, D.C. to discuss secession
• January 6 - The state of Florida seizes the Apalachicola Arsenal
• January 7 - Mississippi and Alabama State Conventions meet to discuss secession
• January 8 - Jacob Thompson of Mississippi - the Secretary of the Interior and last Southern member of President James Buchanan's Cabinet - resigns
• January 9 - Mississippi secedes from the Union
• January 9 -  The Star of the West fails to relieve Fort Sumter
• January 10 - Florida adopts an Ordinance of Secession
• January 11 - Alabama adopts an Ordinance of Secession
• January 14 - Federal troops occupy Fort Taylor at Key West in order to prevent its seizure by secessionist forces
• January 16 - Crittenden Compromise dies in the U.S. Senate
• January 19 - Georgia adopts an Ordinance of Secession
• January 20 - Mississippi state troops seize Ship Island in the Gulf of Mississippi
• January 24 - Georgia state troops seize the U.S. Arsenal at Augusta
• January 26 - Louisiana adopts an Ordinance of Secession

February 1861

• February 1 - Texas adopts an Ordinance of Secession and schedules a referendum for February 23
• February 4 - Delegates from the seceded states meet to establish the Confederate government
• February 8 - The convention of seceded states adopts a provisional constitution
• February 9 - Jefferson Davis elected provisional Confederate President
• February 15  - The Provisional Confederate Congress establishes a Peace Commission to prevent war with the United States
• February 16 - Texas state troops seize the U.S. Arsenal at San Antonio
• February 18 - Jefferson Davis inaugurated as provisional president of the Confederacy
• February 19 - Louisiana state troops seize the U.S. paymaster's office in New Orleans
• February 23 - President-elect Lincoln arrives in Washington, D.C.
• February 23 -  Voters in Texas approve referendum to secede
• March 2 - After forcing the resignation of Governor Sam Houston, Texas formally joins the Confederacy. 
• March 4 - Abraham Lincoln becomes the 16th President of the United States of America
• March 15 - Lincoln meets with his Cabinet to discuss whether or not to resupply Fort Sumter
• April 11 - The Confederates demand the surrender of Fort Sumter
• April 12 - The Confederates in Charleston bombard Fort Sumter
• April 13 - Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces
• April 17 - Virginia adopts an Ordinance of Secession and schedules a referendum for May 23
• April 18/19 - Federal troops burn the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry to prevent it from falling into the hands of secessionists. The Confederates are nonetheless able to seize valuable military supplies when they occupy Harpers Ferry
• April 19 - Pratt Street Riot in Baltimore, Maryland
• April 19 - President Lincoln declares a blockade of Southern ports
• April 20/21 - Federal forces attempt to destroy the Gosport Navy Yard at Norfolk, Virginia by setting it ablaze. Secessionists put out the fires and salvage a large portion of the facility
• April 21 - The slave ship Nightingale is captured by the USS Saratoga
• April 22 - Robert E. Lee accepts command of Virginia forces
• April 23 - United State Army Officers in San Antonio, Texas are seized as prisoners of war
• April 30 - New York Yacht Club offers its vessels to the Federal government
• May 3 - Lincoln calls for volunteers to join the Union Army for a three-year term
• May 6 - Arkansas and Tennessee adopt Ordinances of Secession. Tennessee schedules a referendum for June 8
• May 13 - U.S. troops occupy Baltimore, Maryland
• May 20 - North Carolina adopts an Ordinance of Secession
• May 20 -  Kentucky declares its neutrality
• May 21 - The Confederate Congress agrees to move the Confederate capital from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia
• May 23 - Virginia voters ratify the State Convention's decision to secede
• May 24 - Federal troops seize Alexandria, Virginia
• May 24 - Zouave leader Elmer Ellsworth killed in Alexandria by James W. Jackson
• June 1 - Skirmish at Fairfax Court House, Virginia
• June 2 - P.G.T. Beauregard takes command of Confederate forces in northern Virginia
• June 8 - Tennessee voters approve referendum to secede
• June 10 - Engagement at Big Bethel, Virginia
• June 16 - Thaddeus Lowe demonstrates the potential of hot air balloons to the government in Washington, D.C.
• June 17 - Engagement at Boonville Missouri
• June 17 - Action at Vienna, Virginia
• July 5 - Engagement at Carthage, Missouri
• July 7 - Skirmish at Laurel Hill, Virginia (now West Virginia)
• July 11 - Engagement at Rich Mountain, Virginia (now West Virginia)
• July 18 - Engagement at Blackburn's Ford, Virginia
• July 21 - War's first major battle erupts at Manassas (Bull Run), Virginia
• July 26 - Federal forces evacuate Fort Fillmore, New Mexico Territory
• July 27 - Union Major Isaac Lynde surrenders his command at San Augustine Springs, New Mexico Territory
• July 27 - Major General George McClellan put in command of the Federal Division of the Potomac
• July 31 - Ulysses S. Grant promoted to brigadier general

August 1861

• August 3 - Balloon ascension by John LaMountain at Hampton Roads, Virginia
• August 5 - President Lincoln signs the Revenue Act of 1861 into law, creating the first national income tax in American history
• August 10 - Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri
• August 12 - Confederates ambushed by Mescalero Apaches in Big Bend country south of Fort Davis, Texas
• August 14 - Soldiers of the 79th New York mutiny near Washington, D.C.
• August 29 - Capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark, North Carolina
• August 30 - Acting without higher approval, Major General John C. Frémont issues an edict freeing the slaves of all Confederate sympathizers in Missouri

September 1861

• September 3 - Confederate troops enter Kentucky, ending the state's neutral status
• September 5 - Skirmish at Papinsville, Missouri
• September 6 - Federal forces seize Paducah, Kentucky
• September 10 - Engagement at Carinfex Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia)
• September 12 - Siege of Lexington, Missouri begins
• September 12 to 15 - Battle of Cheat Mountain, Virginia (now West Virginia)
• September 20 - Union garrison surrenders Lexington, Missouri
• September 26 - Skirmish near Fort Thorn, New Mexico Territory

October 1861

• October 3 - The Battle of Greenbrier River (Camp Bartow), Virginia (now West Virginia)
• October 9 - Engagement on Santa Rosa Island, Florida
• October 12 - First ironclad in the U.S. Navy, USS St. Louis , launched at Carondelet Missouri
• October 21 - Battle of Ball's Bluff (Leesburg), Virginia
• October 24 - Western Union completes the first trans-continental telegraph line
• October 25 - Union Major Charles Zagonyi's "famous" charge into Springfield, Missouri
• October 31 - Secessionist Missouri legislators meet at Neosho and vote to leave the Union

November 1861

• November 1 - George McClellan replaces Lieutenant General Winfield Scott as general-in-chief of the U.S. Army
• November 2 - General John C. Fremont removed from command of the Department of the West by President Lincoln
• November 7 - Engagement at Belmont, Missouri
• November 8 - The Confederate emissaries to England and France are removed from the British vessel RMS Trent , initiating the "Trent Affair" and endangering the United States' relationship with Great Britain
• November 8/9 - Engagement at Ivy Mountain, Kentucky
• November 12 - The blockade runner Fingal , bought by Confederates in England, arrives in Savannah
• November 21 - Judah P. Benjamin confirmed as Confederate Secretary of War. Benjamin had been serving as Jefferson Davis's Acting Secretary of War since September 17
• November 22 - Union begins bombardment of Fort McRee in Pensacola, Florida
• November 28 - Missouri admitted to the Confederacy despite never officially seceding from the Union

December 1861

• December 8 - CSS Sumter seizes Northern merchant ship Eben Dodge in the mid-Atlantic
• December 9 - The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress
• December 9 - Engagement at Chusto-Talasah (Bird Creek), Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
• December 11 - Disastrous fire in Charleston, South Carolina
• December 23 - Skirmish at Dayton, Missouri
• December 26 - Engagement between Confederate forces and Unionist Native Americans at Chustenahlah, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
• December 26 - United States releases Mason and Slidell, ending the Trent Affair
• December 27 - Skirmish near Hallsville, Missouri
• December 30 - Banks in New York suspend specie payments

1862  

January 1862

• January 10 - Engagement at Middle Creek, Kentucky
• January 15 - Edwin M. Stanton confirmed as U.S. Secretary of War
• January 18 - The Confederate Congress votes to formally organize the Confederate Territory of Arizona
• January 19 - Battle of Mill Springs (Logan's Cross Roads), Kentucky
• January 22 - Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee by USS Lexington
• January 30 - The USS Monitor is  launched at Greenpoint, New York

February 1862

• February 3 - President Lincoln declines an offer of war elephants from the King of Siam
• February 6 - Surrender of Fort Henry, Tennessee
• February 7/8 - Battle of Roanoke Island, North Carolina
• February 10 - Union forces destroy the Confederate "Mosquito" fleet at Elizabeth City, North Carolina
• February 14 - Union ironclad gunboats attack Fort Donelson, Tennessee
• February 15 - All-out Confederate counter-attack at Fort Donelson
• February 16 - Fort Donelson surrenders unconditionally to Ulysses S. Grant
• February 20/21 - Battle of Val Verde, New Mexico Territory
• February 22 - Jefferson Davis inaugurated as President of the Confederate States of America. He had been serving as the Confederacy's provisional president since February 1862
• February 23 - Federal troops occupy Fayettsville, Arkansas
• February 25 - Federal troops occupy Nashville, Tennessee
• March 3 - The Union Army arrives at New Madrid, Missouri
• March 6 - Lincoln asks Congress to provide funds to states willing to begin the gradual abolition of slavery
• March 7/8 - Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern), Arkansas
• March 8 - CSS Virginia engages and destroys the USS Cumberland and the USS Congress
• March 9 - USS Monitor and CSS Virginia battle at Hampton Roads, Virginia
• March 11 - Lincoln relieves McClellan from his position as general-in-chief of the Federal Armies
• March 14 - New Bern, North Carolina captured
• March 14 - Union forces capture New Madrid, Missouri
• March 18 - George W. Randolph appointed Confederate Secretary of War
• March 23 - Battle of First Kernstown, Virginia
• March 24 - Riot at abolition meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio
• March 26 - Engagement at Apache Canyon, New Mexico Territory
• March 28 - Battle of Glorieta Pass, New Mexico Territory
• April 4 - Federal ironclad gunboat runs the batteries at Island No. 10 on the Mississippi River
• April 5 - Siege of Yorktown, Virginia begins
• April 6/7 - Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing), Tennessee begins
• April 8 - Battle of Fallen Timbers
• April 8 - Island No. 10 falls to Union forces under Major General John Pope
• April 10 - Congresses passes Lincoln's suggested resolution offering financial aid to those states willing to begin the gradual abolition of slavery
• April 10 - Battle of Fort Pulaski begins
• April 11 - Surrender of Fort Pulaski, Georgia
• April 16 - Slavery abolished in the District of Columbia
• April 18 - Bombardment begins at Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, 70 miles below New Orleans, Louisiana
• April 24 - Federal fleet passes forts below New Orleans, Louisiana
• April 25/26 - Bombardment and surrender of Fort Macon, North Carolina
• April 29 - Union "army group" advances on Corinth, Mississippi
• May 5 - Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia
• May 7 - Engagement at West Point (Eltham's Landing), Virginia
• May 8 - Battle of McDowell, Virginia
• May 9 - Bombardment of Pensacola, Florida
• May 10 - Naval engagement at Plum Run Bend, Arkansas
• May 10 - Union forces capture Norfolk, Virginia
• May 11 - Confederate sailors blow up the CSS Virginia to keep her from falling into Union hands
• May 15 - Battle of Drewry's Bluff, Virginia
• May 20 - Lincoln signs the Homestead Act
• May 23 - Engagement at Front Royal, Virginia
• May 25 - Battle of First Winchester, Virginia
• May 26 - Skirmish at Calico Rock, Arkansas
• May 29/30 - Confederates evacuate Corinth, Mississippi
• May 31  - Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), Virginia begins
• June 1 - Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks) ends
• June 1 - General Robert E. Lee takes command of the Army of Northern Virginia
• June 3 to 5 - Evacuation of Fort Pillow, Tennessee
• June 6 - Battle of Memphis, Tennessee
• June 7 - William Mumford hanged in New Orleans for destroying the U.S. flag
• June 8 - Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia
• June 9 - Battle of Port Republic, Virginia
• June 12 - J.E.B. Stuart begins his "Ride Around McClellan"
• June 13  - Skirmish at New Market, Virginia
• June 16 - Battle of Secessionville, South Carolina
• June 19 - Lincoln signs a law prohibiting slavery in the Western territories
• June 25 - Seven Days Battles begin at Oak Grove (French's Field), Virginia
• June 26 - Battle of Mechanicsville, (Beaver Dam Creek), Virginia
• June 27 - Battle of Gaines' Mill (First Cold Harbor), Virginia
• June 27/28 - Action at Garnett's and Golding's Farms, Virginia
• June 28 - Passage of Vicksburg batteries by Flag Officer D.G. Farragut's deep water fleet
• June 29 - Battle of Savage Station, Virginia
• June 30 - Battle of Glendale (Frayser's Farm), Virginia
• July 1 - Battle of Malvern Hill, Virginia
• July 2 - Morrill Land Grant Act approved by President Lincoln
• July 12 - John Hunt Morgan's Confederate raiders capture Lebanon, Kentucky on their first raid
• July 13 - Garrison at Murfreesboro, Tennessee captured by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
• July 14 - West Virginia Statehood Bill passes the Senate
• July 15 - CSS Arkansas sorties from Yazoo River and passes the combined Union fleets
• July 16 - Confederate representative meets with Napoleon III of France to discuss foreign aid
• July 22 - President Lincoln presents the Emancipation Proclamation to his Cabinet
• July 29 - Belle Boyd, Confederate spy, captured

August 1862

• August 5 - Engagement at Baton Rouge, Louisiana
• August 6 - CSS Arkansas scuttled near Baton Rouge, Louisiana
• August 9 - Battle of Cedar Mountain (Slaughter Mountain), Virginia
• August 10 - German-American Unionist are massacred by Confederates on the banks of the Nueces River in Texas
• August 11 - Confederate partisans capture Independence, Missouri
• August 13 - Skirmish on Yellow Creek, Missouri
• August 15 - Skirmish at Clarendon, Arkansas
• August 17 - Sioux uprising begins in southwest Minnesota
• August 19 to 21 - Federal raid on Louisville & Nashville Railroad
• August 22 - Affair at Catlett's Station, Virginia
• August 24 - CSS Alabama commissioned at sea off Portugal's Azores Islands
• August 27 - Stonewall Jackson captures and plunders Union supply depots at Manassas Junction, Virginia
• August 28 - The Battle of Second Manassas (Bull Run) begins at Brawner's Farm (Groveton), Virginia
• August 29/30 - Battle of Richmond, Kentucky
• August 30 - The Battle of Second Manassas ends with a decisive Confederate victory

September 1862

• September 1 - Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill), Virginia
• September 2 - Major General George B. McClellan restored to command in Virginia
• September 9 - Skirmish at Barnesville, Maryland
• September 13 - Federal soldiers near Frederick, Maryland find Lee's Special Order No. 191
• September 14 - Battle of South Mountain Gaps, Maryland
• September 15 - Capture of Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia)
• September 17 - Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Maryland
• September 17 -  Union forces evacuate Cumberland Gap, a strategically important mountain pass near the junction of Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky
• September 17 - Munfordville, Kentucky surrenders to Confederate forces
• September 19 - Battle of Iuka, Mississippi
• September 19/20 - Battle of Shepherdstown (Boteler's Ford), Virginia (now West Virginia)
• September 21 - Citizens of San Francisco, California contribute $100,000 for relief of Federal wounded
• September 22 - President Lincoln issues his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
• September 25 - Fighting at Snow's Pond, Kentucky
• September 27 - One of the first Federal regiments of black soldiers is organized in New Orleans, Louisiana

October 1862

• October 1 - Skirmish near Sharpsburg, Maryland
• October 3 - Battle of Corinth, Mississippi
• October 8 - Battle of Perryville (Chaplin Hills), Kentucky
• October 10 - Fighting at Harrodsburg and Danville Cross Roads, Kentucky
• October 10 - Jefferson Davis asks Virginia to draft 4,500 blacks to complete fortifications at Richmond
• October 11 - Skirmish near Helena, Arkansas
• October 15 - Skirmish at Neely's Bend on the Cumberland River in Tennessee
• October 18 - Garrison captured at Lexington, Kentucky in Morgan's Raid
• October 22 - Skirmish at Fort Wayne, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
• October 24 - Union Major General William Rosecrans replaces Major General Don Carlos Buell as commander of the Army of the Ohio
• October 29 - Skirmish at Island Mound, Missouri, the first time in the Civil War that African American soldiers fight as part an organized unit

November 1862

• November 5 - Lincoln orders that Major General George McClellan  be replaced with Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac
• November 21 - James A. Seddon replaces George W. Randolph as Confederate Secretary of War
• November 28 - Engagement at Cane Hill, Arkansas

December 1862

• December 2 - Skirmish at Leed's Ferry on Virginia's Rappahannock Rive
• December 5 - Engagement at Coffeeville, Mississippi
• December 7 - Engagement at Hartsville, Tennessee
• December 7 - Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas
• December 11 to 15 - The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia
• December 12 - USS Cairo sunk on the Yazoo River, Mississippi
• December 18 - Skirmish at Lexington, Tennessee
• December 20 - Confederate cavalry led by General Earl Van Dorn raids Holly Springs, Mississippi
• December 22 - Confederate cavalry under James Hunt Morgan crosses the Cumberland River to begin the Christmas Raid in Kentucky
• December 26 - Confederate cavalry under JEB Stuart leaves winter encampment to raid the rear of the Army of the Potomac in Stafford County, Virginia
• December 26 to 29 - Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Mississippi
• December 27 - Skirmish at Dumfries, Virginia
• December 31 - Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest's clash at Parker's Cross Roads, Tennessee
• December 31 - Battles of Stones River begins near Murfreesboro, Tennessee

1863  

January 1863

• January 1 - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect
• January 2 - The Battle of Stones River concludes
• January 9 to 11 - The Battle of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Arkansas
• January 12 - Skirmish at Lick Creek, Arkansas
• January 17 - Lincoln approves Congressional resolution authorizing the Treasury to issue $100,000,000 in new notes in order to pay Union soldiers and sailors. President Lincoln also calls for regulation of the national currency
• January 22 - Union Major General Ambrose Burnside's "mud march" ends in failure
• January 25 - Burnside relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac and replaced with Major General Joseph Hooker
• January 31 - Confederate ironclads temporarily break the blockade in Charleston Harbor

February 1863

• February 5 and 7 - Skirmish at Olive Branch Church, Virginia
• February 13 - Skirmish near Washington, North Carolina
• February 15 - Skirmish at Arkadelphia, Arkansas
• February 18 to 21 - The Cherokee National Council meets at Cowskin Prairie to disavow Stand Watie's pro-Confederate faction and abolish slavery 
• February 26  - Confederate guerrillas attack freight train near Woodburn, Tennessee
• March 3 - Abraham Lincoln signs the Conscription Act, creating the first national military draft in American history
• March 11 - Confederates at Fort Pemberton block Union attempt to bypass Vicksburg's defenses
• March 14 - USS Mississippi runs aground near Port Hudson. The ship's crew scuttles the vessel in order to keep it from falling into Confederate hands
• March 17 - Engagement at Kelly's Ford, Virginia
• March 24/25 - Union amphibious expedition skirmishes with Confederates, Steele's Bayou, Mississippi
• March 26 - West Virginia votes for gradual emancipation in the state
• March 27 - Skirmish at Palatka, Florida
• April 7 - Naval attack on Charleston, South Carolina
• April 11 - Siege of Suffolk, Virginia by Confederates begins
• April 17 - Union Colonel Benjamin Grierson's Raid from La Grange, Tennessee to Baton Rouge, Louisiana begins
• April 21 - Generals Jones and Imboden begin Confederate raid on the B&O Railroad,Virginia (now West Virginia)
• April 24 - Confederate government passes a tax in-kind on one-tenth of all produce
• April 30 - Battle of Chancellorsville begins near Fredericksburg, Virginia
• May 1 - Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi
• May 2 - During the Battle of Chancellorsville, Confederate General T.J. "Stonewall" Jackson is accidently shot by his own men
• May 3 - Second Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia
• May 3/4 - Chancellorsville Campaign continues with the Battle of Salem Church
• May 6 - Battle of Chancellorsville ends with Confederate victory
• May 10 - Death of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
• May 12 - Battle of Raymond, Mississippi 
• May 14 - Engagement at Jackson, Mississippi
• May 16 - Battle of Champion Hill (Baker's Creek), Mississippi
• May 17 - Battle of Big Black River Bridge, Mississippi
• May 19 - First assault on Vicksburg, Mississippi
• May 21 - Engagement at Plains Store, Louisiana
• May 22 - Second assault on Vicksburg
• May 22 - Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana begins
• May 27 - First assault on Port Hudson
• June 7 - Battle of Milliken's Bend, Louisiana
• June 9 - Battle of Brandy Station (Fleetwood Heights), Virginia
• June 13 to 15 - Battle of Second Winchester
• June 14 - Second Assault on Port Hudson
• June 15 - Fight at Stephenson's Depot, Virginia, part of the Second Battle of Winchester
• June 17 - Engagement in Wassaw Sound, Georgia 
• June 20 - West Virginia joins the Union as the 35th state
• June 23 - Tullahoma Campaign begins in Middle Tennessee
• June 28 - Union Major General George G. Meade replaces Joseph Hooker as head of the Army of the Potomac
• July 1 - Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania begins
• July 2 - Second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, heavy fighting in The Wheatfield
• July 3 - Morgan's raiders cross the Cumberland River near Burkesville, Kentucky
• July 3 - Battle of Gettysburg concludes
• July 4 - Confederates surrender Vicksburg, Mississippi
• July 4  - Lee's forces begin to retreat from Gettysburg
• July 5 - Engagement at Birdson Ferry, Mississippi
• July 6 - Skirmish at Williamsport and Hagerstown, Maryland
• July 8 - Surrender of Port Hudson, Louisiana
• July 8 - General John Hunt Morgan crosses the Ohio River into Indiana at Brandenburg, Kentucky
• July 10 - Action at Falling Waters, Maryland
• July 10 - Siege of Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina begins
• July 11 - First assault on Fort Wagner
• July 13 - Draft riots in New York City
• July 17 - Engagement at Honey Springs, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
• July 18 - Assault on Battery Wagner, led by the 54th Massachusetts
• July 19 - Engagement at Buffington Island on the Ohio River
• July 23 - Skirmish at Manassas Gap, Virginia
• July 26 - John Hunt Morgan captured at Salineville, Ohio
• July 29 - Queen Victoria reconfirms British policy of neutrality

August 1863

• August 1 - Federal cavalry advance from Witteburg on campaign to capture Little Rock, Arkansas
• August 8 - Robert E. Lee offers to resign as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
• August 17 - Federals begin bombardment of Fort Sumter as siege of Fort Wagner continues
• August 26 -  Engagement at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia
• August 27 - Skirmish at Bayou Meto (Reed's Bridge), Arkansas

September 1863

• September 5 - Laird Rams detained at Liverpool
• September 6 - Confederates evacuate Fort Wagner and Morris Island, South Carolina
• September 8 - Confederates repulse attack at Sabine Pass (Fort Griffin), Texas
• September 9 - Federal army enters Chattanooga, Tennessee
• September 10 - Little Rock, Arkansas captured by Union forces
• September 15 - Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus
• September 18 - Confederates force their way across Chickamauga Creek
• September 18 - Skirmish at Bristol in east Tennessee
• September 19 - Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia
• September 20  - Day two of the Battle of Chickamauga, Union troops retreat to Chattanooga, Tennessee

October 1863

• October 5 - Torpedo attack on USS New Ironsides outside Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
• October 9 - Bristoe Station Campaign begins in Virginia
• October 14 - Battle of Bristoe Station, Virginia
• October 16 - U.S. Grant named to command Union Military Division of the Mississippi
• October 17 - Lincoln calls for 300,000 additional volunteers to join the army 
• October 19 - Cavalry engagement known as the Buckland Races, Virginia
• October 20 - Skirmish at Warm Springs, North Carolina
• October 26 - Fight at King's House near Waynesville, Missouri
• October 28 - Engagement at Wauhatchie, Tennessee
• October 29 - Fighting at Warsaw and Ozark Missouri

November 1863

• November 3 - Engagement at Grand Coteau (Bayou Bourdeau), Louisiana
• November 4 - Knoxville Campaign begins
• November 7 - Battle of Rappahannock Station, Virginia
• November 16  - Battle of Campbell's Station, Tennessee 
• November 17  - Longstreet lays siege to Knoxville, Tennessee
• November 19 - President Lincoln delivers the "Gettysburg Address"
• November 20 - Edward Everett sends complimentary letter to Lincoln on his address at Gettysburg
• November 23 - Battle of Orchard Knob begins near Chattanooga, Tennessee
• November 24 - Battle of Lookout Mountain, Tennessee
• November 25 - Battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee
• November 26 - Mine Run Campaign begins in Virginia
• November 27 - Engagement at Payne's Farm, Virginia
• November 29 - Assault on Fort Sanders, Tennessee
• November 30 - General Braxton Bragg resigns from command of the Army of Tennessee

December 1863

• December 1 - Mine Run Campaign concludes in Virginia 
• December 3 - Siege of Knoxville, Tennessee concludes
• December 8 - Lincoln issues Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
• December 14 - Engagement at Bean's Station, Tennessee
• December 16 - Skirmish at Salem, Virginia
• December 21 - Skirmish at Hunter's Mill, Virginia
• December 23 - Fight at Culpepper Court House, Virginia

1864  

January 1864

• January 11 - Rosser's Raid in West Virginia
• January 18 - Skirmish at Grand Gulf, Mississippi
• January 23 - Skirmish near Newport, Tennessee
• January 27 - Engagement at Fair Gardens (Kelly's Ford), Tennessee
• January 28 - Operations around New Bern, North Carolina
• January 29 - Cavalry skirmish at Medley, West Virginia

February 1864

• February 2 - Southern navy captures U.S. gunboat Underwriter but is forced to burn and flee
• February 3 - Union General William T. Sherman begins the Meridian Campaign in Mississippi
• February 11 - Skirmish at Lake City, Florida
• February 14 - Federal troops capture Meridian, Mississippi
• February 17 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley sinks the USS Housatonic
• February 20 - Battle of Olustee (Ocean Pond), Florida
• February 22 - Engagement at Okolona, Mississippi
• February 28 - Kilpatrick's Raid on Richmond begins
• February 29 - George Custer's cavalry fights skirmishes during a raid on Albermarle County, Virginia
• March 1 - Federal cavalry raid by Judson Kilpatrick and Ulric Dahlgren on Richmond, Virginia
• March 5 - Confederate government orders all vessels to give half freight capacity to government shipments
• March 9 - U.S. Grant promoted to Lieutenant General
• March 12 - Red River Expedition begins in Louisiana
• March 20 - Confederate raider CSS Alabama arrives at Cape Town, South Africa
• March 21 - Nevada and Colorado territories admitted into the Union
• March 22 - Fighting at Bald Spring Canon on Eel River, California
• March 25 - Attack on Paducah, Kentucky by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
• April 8 - Battle of Mansfield (Sabine Crossroads), Louisiana (Red River Expedition)
• April 9 - Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana (Red River Expedition)
• April 12 - Capture of Fort Pillow, Tennessee by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
• April 20 - Plymouth, North Carolina captured
• April 22 - The motto "In God We Trust" first stamped on U.S. coins
• April 23 - Engagement of Cane River Crossing, Louisiana (Red River Expedition)
• April 25 - Action at Mark's Mills, Arkansas on Steele's Camden Expedition
• April 26 - Union fleet trapped by low water on the Red River near Alexandria, Louisiana
• April 28 - Skirmishes at Princeton, Arkansas on Steele's Camden Expedition
• April 30 - Engagement at Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas on Steele's Camden Expedition
• May 5 - Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia
• May 6 - Day two of the Battle of the Wilderness, General James Longstreet is seriously wounded in combat
• May 7 - Sherman begins his Atlanta campaign
• May 7 - Union troops seize Tunnel Hill on the first day of the Atlanta Campaign, an important tunnel on the Western & Atlantic Railroad. 
• May 8 - Battle of Spotsylvania, Virginia
• May 8  - Engagement at Dug Gap , Georgia
• May 9 - Engagement at Swift Creek, Virginia
• May 11 - Battle of Yellow Tavern, Virginia on Sheridan's Richmond Raid
• May 12 - Battle of Spotsylvania continues with the fight for the Bloody Angle
• May 12 - Death of J.E.B. Stuart
• May 13  - Battle of Resaca, Georgia begins
• May 15 - Battle of New Market, Virginia
• May 18 - Engagement at Yellow Bayou (Bayou de Glaize), Louisiana (Red River Expedition)
• May 20 - Battle of Ware Bottom Church
• May 23 - Battle of North Anna River, Virginia
• May 25 - Battle of New Hope Church, Georgia
• May 27 - Battle of Pickett's Mill, Georgia
• May 28 - Skirmish near Jacksonville, Florida
• May 28 - Battle of Dallas, Georgia
• May 29 - Confederates capture wagon train at Salem, Arkansas
• May 31 - Combat at Bethesda Church, Virginia
• June 1 - Major Union attack at Cold Harbor, Virginia
• June 3 - All-out Union assault at Cold Harbor, Virginia
• June 5 - Battle at Piedmont, Virginia
• June 6 - Engagement at Lake Chicot (Dutch Bayou), Arkansas
• June 8 - Abraham Lincoln nominated for a second term as U.S. President
• June 10 - Battle of Brice's Cross Roads (Guntown), Mississippi
• June 11 - Skirmish at Pine Mountain, Georgia
• June 11 - Battle of Trevilian Station, Virginia
• June 15 - First attack on Petersburg, Virginia
• June 19 - USS Kearsarge sinks CSS Alabama near France
• June 21 - Christopher Memminger resigns as Confederate Secretary of the Treasury
• June 22  - Battle of Kolb's Farm (Culp's Farm), Georgia
• June 27 -  Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia
• June 29  - Skirmish at Reams Station, Virginia on Wilson's Raid

July 1864

• July 9 - Battle of Monocacy, Maryland
• July 12 - Early's raid of Fort Stevens, DC
• July 14 - Battle of Tupelo (Harrisburg), Mississippi
• July 17 - Confederate General J.B. Hood replaces J. Johnston as commander of the Army of Tennessee
• July 18 - Battle of Cool Spring, Virginia
• July 20 - Engagement at Rutherford's Farm, Virginia
• July 20 - Battle of Peachtree Creek, Georgia
• July 22  - Battle of Atlanta, Georgia
• July 24  - Second Battle of Kernstown, Virginia
• July 28 - Battle of Ezra Church, Georgia
• July 30 - Capture and burning of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
• July 30 - Battle of The Crater at Petersburg, Virginia

August 1864

• August 2 - Cavalry skirmish at Hancock, Maryland
• August 4 - Operations around Brazos Santiago, Texas
• August 5 - Battle of Mobile Bay, Alabama
• August 6 - CSS Tallahassee departs Wilmington, North Carolina on a 3-week cruise
• August 7 - Engagement at Moorefield, West Virginia
• August 9 - Confederates detonante bomb aboard ship at City Point, Virginia
• August 16  - Engagement at Guard Hill (Front Royal), Virginia
• August 18 - Battle of Globe Tavern (Weldon Railroad), Virginia begins
• August 20 - Cavalry combat at Lovejoy's Station on the Macon & Western Railroad in Georgia
• August 21 - Battle of Glove Tavern (Weldon Railroad) concludes
• August 21 - Skirmish at Summit Point, West Virginia
• August 23 - Fort Morgan, at the entrance to Mobile Bay, Alabama, falls to the Federals
• August 25 - Second Battle of Reams Station, Virginia
• August 31  - Battle of Jonesborough, Georgia
• August 31 - Union Gen. George McClellan nominated for President by Democratic Party at Chicago convention

September 1864

• September 1 - Confederates evacuate Atlanta, Georgia
• September 2 - Federal Army enters Atlanta
• September 4 - John Hunt Morgan killed in Greenville, Tennessee
• September 7 - Evacuation of Atlanta citizens ordered by Union General William T. Sherman
• September 8 - George McClellan accepts nomination as Democratic candidate for President
• September 16 - Confederate General Wade Hampton's raid at Coggins Point (Great Cattle Road), Virginia
• September 19 - Battle of Third Winchester (Opequon), Virginia
• September 22 - Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia
• September 23 - Skirmish at Athens, Alabama
• September 27  - Battle of Pilot Knox (Fort Davidson), Missouri
• September 27 - Massacre at Centralia, Missouri
• September 28 - Skirmish at Decatur, Georgia
• September 29 - Battle of Fort Harrison (Chaffin's Farm), Virginia
• September 30 - Skirmish at Carter's Station, Tennessee
• September 30 - Battle of Peebles' Farm, Virginia

October 1864

• October 2 - Engagement at Saltville, Virginia
• October 5 - Battle of Allatoona Pass, Georgia
• October 6 - Cavalry engagement at Brock's Gap, Virginia
• October 7 - Capture of CSS Florida by USS Wachusett at Bahia, Brazil
• October 7 - Battle of Darbytown Road, Virginia
• October 9 - Engagement at Tom's Brook, Virginia
• October 12 - Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney dies in Washington, D.C.
• October 13 - Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby robs train near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
• October 19 - Raid on St. Albans, Vermont
• October 19 - Battle of Cedar Creek (Belle Grove), Virginia
• October 22 - Battle of Byram's Ford, Missouri
• October 23 - Battle of Westport (Kansas City), Missouri
• October 25 - Battle of Mine Creek (Marais Des Cygnes), Kansas
• October 27 - Battle of Boydton Plank Road (Burgess' Mill), Virginia
• October 27 - Engagement at Fair Oaks and on Darbytown Road, Virginia
• October 27 - Union navy uses "torpedo" to sink Confederate ironclad Albermarle at Plymouth, North Carolina
• October 30 - Skirmish at Muscle Shoals, Alabama

November 1864

• November 2 - Affair at Hazen's Farm near Devalls Bluff, Arkansas
• November 4  - Engagement at Johnsonville, Tennessee
• November 8 - Abraham Lincoln is re-elected President of the United States
• November 11 - Battle of Bull's Gap, Tennessee
• November 15 - William T. Sherman departs Atlanta on the March to the Sea, leaving Atlanta in ruins
• November 24 - Skirmish at Columbia, Tennessee
• November 25 - Confederates fail at attempt to set fire to New York City hotels and Barnum's Museum
• November 28 - Rosser's Raid on New Creek near Keyser, West Virginia
• November 29 - Colonel J.M. Chivington leads Sand Creek Massacre in the Colorado Territory
• November 29 - Battle of Spring Hill, Tennessee
• November 30 - Battle of Franklin, Tennessee
• November 30 - Engagement at Honey Hill, South Carolina

December 1864

• December 1 - Union General John Schofield's army evacuates Franklin and retreats to Nashville
• December 4 - Engagement at Waynesborough, Georgia
• December 6 - Salmon P. Chase named Chief Justice of the United States
• December 10 - Federal Army arrives in front of Savannah, Georgia
• December 13 - Storming of Fort McAlister, Georgia
• December 15 - Battle of Nashville, Tennessee begins
• December 17 - Action near Franklin, Tennessee
• December 19 - Skirmish at Rutherford Creek, Tennessee
• December 20 - Confederates evacuate Savannah, Georgia
• December 24 - First attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina
• December 25 - Federals abandon first attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina
• December 28 - Engagement at Egypt, Missouri

1865  

January 1865

• January 12 - Francis Preston Blair Sr. attempts to negotiate peace with Jefferson Davis
• January 13 - Second attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina begins
• January 15 - Fort Fisher stormed
• January 23 - Joseph E. Johnston opposes Sherman's march through the Carolinas
• January 31 - U.S. House passes 13th Amendment abolishing slavery

February 1865

• February 1 - Sherman's march through the Carolinas in "full swing"
• February 3 - Union and Confederate officials meet to discuss peace
• February 5 - Battle of Hatcher's Run (Armstrong's Mill), Virginia begins
• February 6 - John C. Breckinridge named Confederate Secretary of War
• February 17 - Columbia South Carolina burned
• February 17 - Evacuation of Charleston, South Carolina
• February 22 - Wilmington, North Carolina captured
• March 2 - Engagement at Waynesboro, Virginia
• March 4 - Abraham Lincoln inaugurated for second term as President
• March 6 - Battle of Natural Bridge, Florida
• March 6 - Lincoln appoints Hugh McCulloch as United States Secretary of the Treasury
• March 7-10  - Battle of Kinston (Wyse's Fork) , North Carolina 
• March 10 - Engagement at Monroe's Cross Roads, South Carolina
• March 13 - Jefferson Davis signs law authorizing black men to serve in Confederate Army
• March 16 - Battle of Averasborough, North Carolina
• March 18 - Confederate Congress adjourns
• March 19 - Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina
• March 22  - Wilson's Raid on Selma, Alabama
• March 25 - Battle at Fort Stedman, Virginia
• March 27  - Siege of Spanish Fort, Alabama begins
• March 27 - Lincoln meets with Generals U.S. Grant and William T. Sherman at City Point, Virginia
• March 29 - Appomattox Campaign begins
• March 29 - Engagement at Lewis Farm
• March 30 - Cavalry skirmish at Montevallo, Alabama during Wilson's Raid
• March 31 - Battle of White Oak Road, Virginia
• March 31 -  Engagement at Dinwiddie Court House, Virginia
• April 1 - Battle of Five Forks, Virginia
• April 2 - Confederate Government evacuates Richmond, Virginia
• April 2 - Selma, Alabama assailed and captured 
• April 2 - Confederate lines at Petersburg breached and Fort Gregg stormed
• April 3 - Richmond and Petersburg occupied by Federals
• April 4 - Lincoln visits Richmond, Virginia
• April 6 - Battle of Sayler's Creek (Sailor's Creek), Virginia
• April 7 - Engagement at High Bridge, Virginia
• April 7 -  Engagement at Cumberland Church, Virginia
• April 8 - Siege of Spanish Fort, Alabama concludes
• April 8 - Battle of Appomattox Station
• April 9 - Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House
• April 12 - Mobile, Alabama surrenders
• April 13 - Skirmish at Raleigh, North Carolina
• April 14 - United States flag raised over Fort Sumter, South Carolina
• April 14 - Abraham Lincoln is shot at Ford's Theatre
• April 15 - Abraham Lincoln dies. Andrew Johnson sworn in as President of the United States
• April 16 - Capture of Columbus and West Point, Georgia
• April 18 - Sherman and J. Johnston sign armistice at Durham Station, North Carolina
• April 26 - General Joseph Johnston surrenders to General William T. Sherman at Durham Station, North Carolina
• April 26 - John Wilkes Booth captured and killed in the Garrett Barn, Port Royal, Virginia
• April 27 - Explosion of the riverboat Sultana
• May 2 - A $100,000 reward offered for the arrest of Jefferson Davis
• May 4 - Surrender of Confederate General Richard Taylor's forces at Citronelle, Alabama
• May 10 - Confederate President Jefferson Davis captured by U.S. troops at Irwinville, Georgia
• May 12 - Skirmish at Palmito Ranch, Texas - the last engagement of the Civil War
• May 23 to 24 - Grand Review of Union armies in Washington, D.C.
• May 26 - Surrender of Confederate General E.K. Smith's Trans-Mississippi forces, New Orleans, Louisiana
• May 29 - President Andrew Johnson proclaims amnesty for most ex-Confederates
• June 23 - General Stand Watie surrenders Confederate forces in the Indian Territory (OK)
• June 30 - Eight Lincoln-assassination conspirators convicted in Washington, D.C.
• July 7 - Conspirators in the assassination of Lincoln are executed

November 1865

• November 10 - War criminal Henry Wirz hanged

December 1865

• December 6 - Georgia becomes the 27th state to ratify the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery in the United States.
• December 18 - Secretary of State William Seward announced to the world that the 13th Amendment has been ratified.

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Civil War Comprehensive Unit:…

Civil War Comprehensive Unit: Interactive Slides, Student Questions, & Primary Source

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Unlock a comprehensive and engaging learning experience for your American history students with this must-have PowerPoint or Google Slides presentation on the Civil War. Immerse your class in the causes and consequences of one of the bloodiest wars in American history, and explore the most pivotal battles including Fort Sumter, Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and the March to the Sea. Enhance student understanding and deepen their knowledge with a dynamic and interactive teaching tool, perfect for any American history teacher. Don’t miss out on this top-notch resource – get your Civil War PowerPoint today!

To make the lesson more interactive, this resource includes the primary source Gettysburg Address. This slide includes questions (with answers) that students can answer in groups and be turned into a class discussion.

This is a useful PowerPoint (or Google Slides) you can use to present to your class or give to them to study on their own (students could read the slides and the notes). The design is professional and with the right amount of words on each slide (i.e. NO death by PowerPoint). The content is very detailed in the notes, so if you are busy, you can simply open the slides in front of the class and read the notes (it is suggested you review the slides before class though). Furthermore, it includes a guide sheet that you can print and use when presenting. The information in the guide sheet and PPT notes include additional information that is not on the slides (in other words, it will make you look smart!). This way, the teacher can add interesting little comments or data to each slide. You can either print the whole guide sheet, or just the pages you need help with.

You can make changes to the PPT, if you deem it necessary. This presentation can be used in Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides (if you want to use Google Slides, just click the link which is found in the first slide).

Content in PPT includes:

• Election of 1860
• Union and Confederacy Map (including Border States)
• Confederate States of America
• Lincoln’s Inauguration
• Anaconda Plan
• Strengths and Weaknesses for Union and Confederacy
• First Modern War
• Contraband Camps
• Copperheads
• Military Life
• Battlefield Map
• Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
• Homestead Act
• Land-Grant College (Morrill Act)
• Pacific Railroad Act
• Peninsular Campaign
• Fort Donelson
• Battle of Shiloh and capture of New Orleans
• Confiscation Acts
• Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Battle of Chancellorsville
• Siege of Vicksburg
• Battle of Gettysburg
• Gettysburg Address
• New York Riots
• Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
• March to the Sea
• Election of 1864
• Appomattox Court House
• Lincoln’s Assassination

This presentations touches on all of the above topics and adds more detail. Students will understand the causes and consequences of the war as well as how the Union defeated the Confederacy.

This PPT follows standard American history textbooks.

How to use this product:

• Present the PowerPoint (or Google Slides) in the classroom; one slide includes an interactive activity for students to complete
• Present the Google Slides via Zoom (if distance learning)
• Present and discuss – while presenting, get students involved and create discussion questions that get students thinking like a historian and comparing historical events to current events. Some discussion questions are included in some of the slides.
• Print presentation with notes and let students read the slides (and notes)
• Alternatively: have students view the slides, and they present the material in groups

How to use the historical interactive activity: One slide has a primary source that is an interactive activity. This makes the class more interactive. Here is the suggested use:

• Have students view the primary (it can be viewed on the slide, but you could print the slide for students)
• Put the students in pairs
• Ask the provided questions (questions can be found in the notes of the PPT or in the Guide Sheet)
• Alternatively, you could print the questions on small slips and hand them out
• Discuss the answers as a class (suggested answers are provided)

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The American Civil War

Mar 18, 2019

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The American Civil War. 1861-1865 Jeffrey Johnson. The American Civil War. Timeline of Secession Battles of 1861 Battles of 1862 Battles of 1863 Battles of 1864 Battle of 1865 People Sources. Timeline of Secession.

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The American Civil War 1861-1865 Jeffrey Johnson

The American Civil War • Timeline of Secession • Battles of 1861 • Battles of 1862 • Battles of 1863 • Battles of 1864 • Battle of 1865 • People • Sources

Timeline of Secession • November 6, 1860: Lincoln is elected President of the United States of America. • November 14, 1860: Alexander Stephens gives a speech in the Georgia legislature on secession. • November 30, 1860: Mississippi legislature passes resolution in favor of secession.

Timeline of Secession • December 20, 1860: South Carolina convention passes ordinance of secession. • January 3, 1861: Georgia seizes Fort Pulaski. • January 4, 1861: Alabama seizes U.S. arsenal at Mount Vernon. • January 5, 1861: Alabama seizes Fort Morgan and Gaines.

Timeline of Secession • January 6, 1861: Florida seizes Apalachichola arsenal. • January 7, 1861: Florida seizes Fort Marion. • January 8, 1861: Floridians try to seize Fort Barrancas but are chased off. • January 9, 1861: Mississippi secedes.

Timeline of Secession • January 9, 1861: Star of the West fired on in Charleston Harbor. • January 10, 1861: Florida secedes. • January 10, 1861: Louisiana seizes U.S. arsenal at Baton Rouge, as well as Forts Jackson and St. Philip. • January 11, 1861: Alabama secedes.

Timeline of Secession • January 11, 1861: Louisiana seizes U.S. Marine Hospital. • January 14, 1861: Louisiana seizes Fort Pike. • January 19, 1861: Georgia secedes. • January 26, 1861: Louisiana secedes. • February 1, 1861: Louisiana secedes.

Timeline of Secession • February 8, 1861: Provisional Constitution of the Confederacy adopted in Montgomery, AL. • February 8, 1861: Arkansas seizes U.S. Arsenal at Little Rock. • February 12, 1861: Arkansas seizes U.S. ordnance stores at Napoleon.

Timeline of Secession • February 18, 1861: Jefferson Davis inaugurated as President of the Confederacy. • March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as 16th President of the United States. • April 12, 1861: Fort Sumter fired upon by Confederates.

Timeline of Secession

Battles of 1861 • The First Battle of Fort Sumter • South Carolina • The First Battle of Bull Run • Virginia The side that wins gets to name the Battle. For map of sites of battles in Eastern Theater

The First Battle of Fort Sumter • Took place April 12-14, 1861. • American Commander was Major Robert Anderson. • Confederate Commander was Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard. A picture of Fort Sumter.

The First Battle of Fort Sumter • Size of American force was 80. • Size of Confederate Force was about 500. • Start of the Civil War • Confederate victory Map of Fort Sumter and vicinity.

The First Battle of Fort Sumter Beauregard

The First Battle of Bull Run • Took place July 21, 1861. • American Commander was Brigadier General Irvin McDowell. • Confederate Commanders were Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnson and P.G.T. Beauregard. Johnson

The First Battle of Bull Run • The size of the American force was 28,450. • The size of the Confederate force was 32,230. • The American losses were 2,950. McDowell

The First Battle of Bull Run • The Confederate losses were 1,750. • Confederate General Bee and Colonel Bartow were killed. • Thomas J. Jackson earned the name “Stonewall” at this battle. “Stonewall” Jackson

The First Battle of Bull Run • Confederate victory. • Also known as the First Battle of Manassas. • Battle are named after cites by Americans and bodies of water by Confederate. • The side that won the battle get to name the battle. Beauregard

The First Battle of Bull Run Battle at Bull Run

Battles of 1862 • The Second Battle of Bull Run • Virginia • The Battle of Antietam • Maryland

The Second Battle of Bull Run • Also Known as Second Battle of Manassas, Manassas Plains, Groveton, Gainsville, and Brawner’s Farm. • Took place August 28-30, 1862. Action at Bull Run

The Second Battle of Bull Run • American Commander was Major General John Pope. • Confederate Commanders were General Robert E. Lee and Major General Thomas J. Jackson. Pope

The Second Battle of Bull Run • Size of American force was 75,000. • Size of Confederate Force was about 55,000. • The American losses were 13,830. • The Confederate losses were 8,350. • Confederate Victory Lee

The Second Battle of Bull Run Lee “Stonewall” Jackson

The Battle of Antietam • Also known as Battle of Sharpsburg. • Took place on September 16-18, 1862. • American Commander was Major General George B. McClellan. Fighting at Antietam

The Battle of Antietam • Confederate Commander was Robert E. Lee. • 23,100 men killed. • Inconclusive or Union strategic victory. Map of Battle

The Battle of Antietam McClellan Lee

Battles of 1863 • The Battle of Chancellorsville • Virginia • The Battle of Gettysburg • Pennsylvania • The Battle of Vicksburg • Mississippi

Battles of 1863 • The Battle of Chickamauga • Georgia • The Battle of Chattanooga • Tennessee

The Battle of Chancellorsville • Took place April 30-May 6, 1863. • American Commander was Major General Joseph Hooker. • Confederate Commanders were General Robert E. Lee and Major General Thomas J. Jackson. Lee Jackson

The Battle of Chancellorsville • Size of American force was 97,382. • Size of Confederate Force was about 57,352. • The American losses were 14,000. • The Confederate losses were 10,000. Hooker

The Battle of Chancellorsville • Major General Thomas J. Jackson is killed. • Union generals Berry and Whipple and Confederate general Paxton were killed. • Confederate victory. Cannons

The Battle of Gettysburg • Took place July 1-3, 1863. • American commander was Major General George G. Meade. • Confederate Commander was General Robert E. Lee.

The Battle of Gettysburg • Size of American force was 83,289. • Size of Confederate Force was about 75,054. • The American losses were 23,000. • The Confederate losses were 28,000. Lee

The Battle of Gettysburg • Union victory. Lee

The Battle of Vicksburg • Took place on May 18-July 4, 1863. • American Commander was Major General Ulysses S. Grant. • Confederate Commander was Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton. Pemberton

The Battle of Vicksburg • Union forces were called the Army of the Tennessee. • Confederate forces called the Army of Vicksburg. • The American losses were 10,142. • The Confederate losses were 9,091. Grant

The Battle of Vicksburg • Confederacy split in half. • Union victory

The Battle of Chickamauga • Took place September 18-20, 1863. • American Commanders were Major General William S. Rosecrans and George H. Thomas. Rosecrans

The Battle of Chickamauga • Confederate Commanders were General Braxton Bragg and Lieutenant General James Longstreet. • Union forces were called the Army of the Cumberland. Thomas

The Battle of Chickamauga • Confederate forces called the Army of Tennessee. • The American losses were 16,170. • The Confederate losses were 18,454. • Confederate victory. Bragg

The Battle of Chickamauga Longstreet

The Battle of Chattanooga • Took place November 23-25, 1863. • American Commander Major General Ulysses S. Grant. • Confederate Commander General Braxton Bragg. Grant

The Battle of Chattanooga • Union forces were called the Military Division of the Mississippi. • Confederate forces called the Army of Tennessee. Bragg

The Battle of Chattanooga • The American losses were 5,815. • The Confederate losses were 6,670. • Union victory.

Battles of 1864 • The Battle of the Wilderness • Virginia • The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House • Virginia • The Battle of Cold Harbor • Virginia

Battles of 1864 • The Battle of Petersburg • Virginia • The Battle of Nashville • Tennessee

The Battle of the Wilderness • Also known as Combats at Parker’s Stone, Craig’s Meeting House, Todd’s Tavern, Brock Road, the Furnaces. • Took place on May 5-7, 1864. Grant

The Battle of the Wilderness • American Commanders were Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and Major General George G. Meade. • Confederate Commander was General Robert E. Lee.

The Battle of the Wilderness • Size of American force was 101,895. • Size of Confederate Force was about 61,025. • The American losses were 18,400. • The Confederate losses were 11,400. Lee

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Presentation U.S. History Primary Source Timeline

In 1861, the United States faced its greatest crisis to that time. The northern and southern states had become less and less alike - socially, economically, politically. The North had become increasingly industrial and commercial while the South had remained largely agricultural. More important than these differences, however, was African-American slavery. Northerners generally wanted to limit the spread of slavery; some wanted to abolish it altogether. Southerners generally wanted to maintain and even expand the institution. Thus, slavery became the focal point of a political crisis.

Following the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln to the presidency, eleven southern states eventually seceded from the Federal Union in 1861. They sought to establish an independent Confederacy of states in which slavery would be protected. Northern Unionists, on the other hand, insisted that secession was not only unconstitutional but unthinkable as well. They were willing to use military force to keep the South in the Union. Even Southerners who owned no slaves opposed threatened Federal coercion. The result was a costly and bloody civil war. Almost as many Americans were killed in the Civil War as in all the nation's other wars combined.

After four years of fighting, the Union was restored through the force of arms. The problems of reconstructing the Union were just as difficult as fighting the war had been. Because most of the war was fought in the South, the region was devastated physically and economically. Helping freedmen and creating state governments loyal to the Union also presented difficult problems that would take years to resolve.

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American Civil War - Free Use PowerPoints

The 1850s: Road to Secession

The Antebellum South and Slavery (several)

The Underground Railroad

Road to Civil War 1 PPT

Road to Civil War 2 PPT

Road to the American Civil War (several)

Causes of the Civil War

Causes that Led to the Civil War

The American Civil War

The Civil War through Maps, Charts, Graphs and Pictures ppt

Abraham Lincoln

Robert E. Lee

Andersonville

Civil War Battles

Civil War From 1861 PPT

Civil War 1863-1865 PPT

Civil War Atrocities

A Good 'Ole Rebel

The Gettysburg Address

The Civil War (several)

The American Civil War Beginnings

The American Civil War – A Nation Divided

The American Civil War – A Nation Divided, 1861–1865

The Civil War for Kids, Index

Free Civil War Interactive Games & Activities for Kids

For Teachers

Free American Civil War Lesson Plans, Classroom Activities, Simulations, Debates, Role Play, Projects, Maps

Explore American History

For kids and teachers, creating a new nation.

• Native Americans in Olden Times
• The 13 Colonies
• Road to Revolution
• The American Revolution

Creating a New Government

• Declaration of Independence
• 1st and 2nd Continential Congress
• Articles of Confederation
• The Constitution
• 3 Branches - Executive, Legislative, Judicial
• Checks and Balances
• Bill of Rights
• Constitutional Amendments
• Jefferson and theNew Republic
• Louisiana Purchase
• Lewis & Clark
• War of 1812
• Monroe Doctrine
• Manifest Destiny
• The Oregon Trail
• Wagon Trains
• Pioneer Life & Frontier Life
• Trail of Tears
• The Alamo 1836, Texas Revolution
• Mexican - American War 1846-1848

Brink of the Storm and the Civil War

• Events Leading up to the American Civil War
• The Industrial Revolution
• American Civil War - 1861-1865
• People of the Civil War - Lincoln, Davis, Grant, Lee, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Dred Scott and more
• 13th Amendment ending slavery forever
• Reconstruction, Carpetbaggers & Scalawags
• 14th & 15th Amendments

Growth in the West

The nation grows, world war i, the great war, the roaring 20s, the great depression, world war ii, slavery in america, segregation for kids - civil rights, us holidays.

GAMES! American History Games

QUIZZES - Interactive, with Answers for Student Review

Free for Classroom Use - American History Powerpoints and Presentations

American History Lesson Plans, Units, Activities, Projects for Teachers

Full American History Index for Kids and Teachers

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• American Civil War

American Civil War PowerPoint And Google Slides Themes

American Civil War Presentation Slides

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• Perfect civil war layouts and images.
• American Civil War Overview
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War Presentation templates

Recreate a military environment with these powerful templates for google slides and powerpoint presentations. pull the trigger and work with our sprightly designs..

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